Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Trame carrée'

Toute séquence aléatoire d'informations binaires peut être représentée par une marche aléatoire, dite quadrantale, située dans le premier quadrant du plan. Une telle marche peut être interprétée comme primitive de la séquence initiale. Le couplage des points de vue probabiliste et fonctionnel donne naissance à une famille de modèles. On montre que ceux-ci possèdent une bonne assise théorique et qu'ils sont pertinents pour l'analyse d'image notamment, dans le cadre d'un balayage ligne par ligne pour rendre compte de la dualité entre finesse de trame et finesse d'échelle de niveaux de gris, ainsi que du passage du discret au continu. De plus, on met en évidence une utilisation de ces marches comme sondes pour l'appréciation de certaines distances. Par ailleurs, deux autres aspects sont abordés, liés également à des questions de métriques sur trame carrée; d'une part une amélioration du calcul de la distance par la méthode de Borgefors, d'autre part un modèle de représentation de courbure de courbes planes discrétisées

The shift from single-antenna to multiple-antenna transmission contributes to the capacity increase in wireless communications systems, but the high complexity of receivers may hold back advancements. Frequency-selective multi-path-fading channels dominate in the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) uplink transmissions and cause the need for measures of equalization in the receiver. Fast, low-complexity equalizers can be implemented as linear filters that are applied to the frequency-domain multiple-antenna channel models, but good results can not be expected. Nonlinear, high performance solutions, like sphere detection, are available for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) signal detection in flat-fading channels, but their feasibility, in the presence of frequency-selective fading, is limited by high computational complexity of processing the large data input of cyclic prefixed block transmissions. In receiver design, trade-offs need to be made in terms of complexity and performance, and this master’s thesis explores the possibility of using linear signal preprocessing in order to influence MIMO detection. A novel group detection algorithm is studied, formalized and evaluated through computer simulations. The central idea in group detection is to use linear preprocessing in order to divide a MIMO channel matrix into smaller equivalent channels, and detect data symbols in each of the formed groups separately. The group detection method incorporates a channel-based adaptive grouping, and thus, using the channel characteristics, each detection is made in an optimized group. The signal preprocessing is done via minimum mean-square error (MMSE) filtering, and detection is handled by a sphere detector that achieves the same solution as maximum-likelihood detection. The proposed MMSE-based group detection is aimed at use in reception of the single-carrier transmissions in the LTE-Advanced and LTE systems uplink, which is reflected in the parameters of simulation. The performance of detection is measured by numerical bit error rate examples, which are calculated by simulating cyclic prefixed transmission in MIMO and single-antenna channels. The models include channels that exhibit Rayleigh or Ricean fading, or have a long delay spread like the Pedestrian B channel specified by 3GPP. On the basis of the simulation results, the MMSE-based group detection can outperform the other receiver methods. Group detection was tested with several group sizes, since larger groups improve performance. The group size also determines the most of the method’s complexity, but it is a parameter whose value can be selected to give the desired performance
Muutos yhden antennin lähetyksistä monen antennin lähetyksiin edistää kapasiteetin kasvua langattomissa viestintäjärjestelmissä, mutta vastaanotinten monimutkaisuus voi hillitä kehitystä. Taajuusselektiivisesti monitiehäipyvät kanavat hallitsevat 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) -järjestelmän nousevan siirtotien lähetyksissä, mikä johtaa kanavakorjauksen tarpeeseen vastaanottimessa. Nopeat, monimutkaisuudeltaan edulliset kanavakorjaimet voidaan toteuttaa lineaarisina suodattimina, joita käytetään taajuusalueen moniantennikanavamalleihin, mutta niiltä ei voida odottaa hyviä tuloksia. Epälineaarisia korkean suorituskyvyn ratkaisuja, kuten palloilmaisu, on käytettävissä monitulo-monilähtö (MIMO) -signaalinilmaisuun tasaisesti häipyvissä kanavissa, mutta niiden toteutettavuutta rajoittaa suuri laskennallinen monimutkaisuus käsiteltäessä sitä suurta datamäärää joka lähetetään syklisellä etuliitteellä täydennettyinä lohkoina. Vastaanotinten suunnittelussa on tehtävä kompromisseja monimutkaisuuden ja suorituskyvyn suhteen, ja tässä diplomityössä tarkastellaan mahdollisuutta käyttää signaalin lineaarista esikäsittelyä MIMO-ilmaisuun vaikuttamiseksi. Tutkimuksen kohteena on uudenlainen ryhmäilmaisu, joka formalisoidaan algoritmina ja jota arvioidaan tietokonesimulaatioiden perusteella. Ryhmäilmaisun ydinajatuksena on käyttää lineaarista esikäsittelyä jakamaan MIMO-kanavamatriisi pienemmiksi ekvivalenttikanaviksi ja ilmaista datasymbolit syntyneissä ryhmissä erikseen. Ryhmäilmaisumenetelmä sisältää kanavaperustaisesti mukautuvan ryhmittelyn, joka käyttää kanavan ominaisuuksia siten että jokainen ilmaisu tehdään optimoidussa ryhmässä. Signaalin esikäsittely tehdään pienimmän keskineliövirheen (MMSE) suodatuksella, ja ilmaisuun käytetään palloilmaisinta, joka saavuttaa saman ratkaisun kuin suurimman uskottavuuden menetelmä. Esitellyn MMSE-pohjaisen ryhmäilmaisun käyttökohteena pidetään yhden kantoaallon lähetyksien vastaanottamista LTE-Advanced ja LTE -järjestelmissä nousevassa siirtotiessä, mikä heijastuu simulaatioparametreihin. Ilmaisun suorituskykyä mitataan bittivirhesuhteen numeerisilla esimerkeillä, jotka lasketaan simuloimalla syklisellä etuliitteellä varustettua lähetystä MIMO- sekä yhden antennin kanavissa. Malleissa on kanavia joissa ilmentyy Rayleigh- tai Rice-häipymistä, tai joilla on pitkä viivehaje, kuten 3GPP:n määrittämällä Pedestrian B -kanavalla. Simulaatiotulosten perusteella MMSE-pohjainen ryhmäilmaisu suoriutuu paremmin kuin siihen verratut vastaanotinmenetelmät. Ryhmäilmaisua kokeiltiin usealla ryhmäkoolla, sillä suuremmat ryhmät parantavat suorituskykyä. Ryhmäkoko on parametri joka määrää suurimman osan menetelmän monimutkaisuudesta, mutta se voidaan valita siten että saavutetaan haluttu suorituskyky

A unified study on the hot carrier reliability of the Pseudomorphic High Electron Mobility Transistor (PHEMT) is carried out through Sentaurus Device Simulation, measurement, and physical analyses. A trade study of devices with four various geometries are evaluated for DC and RF performance. The trade-off of DC I-V characteristics, transconductance, and RF parameters versus hot carrier induced gate current is assessed for each device. Ambient temperature variation is also evaluated to observe its impact on hot carrier effects. A commercial grade PHEMT is then evaluated and measured to demonstrate the performance degradation that occurs after a period of operation in an accelerated stress regime--one hour of high drain voltage, low drain current stress. This stress regime and normal operation regime are then modeled through Sentaurus. Output characteristics are shown along with stress mechanisms within the device. Lastly, a means of simulating a PHEMT post-stress is introduced. The approach taken accounts for the activation of dopants near the channel. Post-stress simulation results of DC and RF performance are then investigated.
ID: 030423238; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.S.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 46-47).
M.S.
Masters
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Engineering and Computer Science

Although diverse methods/models have been studied and applied in general retail location areas, very few actually related to an important trade sector - Cash & Carry/Warehouse Club. Because of the distinguishing characteristics of this sector, the methods and models successfully used in other sectors cannot be simply transferred. To solve this problem, a thorough study has been conducted to compare the characteristics of the sector with available methods/models. Based on the outcome of this study, the regression model has been identified to be a better choice for the sector. Multiple key regression issues, such as model selection, trade area definition, overfilling and multicol linearity, measurement of competitiveness, subjective judgements and quantitative modelling, etc., have been explored in the configuration of a regression model for the sector. The resulting model based on the data from a British Cash & Carry company has achieved the highest R2 and R 2 (adj) when compared to similar research (based on literature search up to the year 2003). With the emergence of Geographic Information System (GIS), a powerful spatial information analysis tool, retail location enters the era of the use of Spatial Decision Support System technology to enhance the decision efficiency. Meanwhile, a dynamic location analysis system is important and necessary to retailers. This is why a Spatial-DSS is proposed and designed in the thesis. The designed system integrates technologies such as Database Management Systems (DBMS), Statistics Software, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Global Positioning System (GPS), Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Decision Support Systems (DSS) and others. Although these technologies have been used in various areas before, integrating them to form a coherent unity is new.

The objective of this research is to develop an understanding of the trade-offs between performance and reliability in sub 100-nm silicon-on-insulator (SOI) CMOS technologies. Such trade-offs can be used to demonstrate high performance reliable circuits in scaled technologies. Several CMOS reliability concerns such as hot-carrier stress, ionizing irradiation damage, RF stress, temperature effects, and single-event effects are studied. These reliability mechanisms can cause temporary or permanent damage to the semiconductor device and to the circuits using them. Several improvements are made to the device layout and process to achieve optimum performance. Parasitics are shown to play a dominant role in the performance and reliability of sub 100-nm devices. Various techniques are suggested to reduce these parasitics, such as the use of the following: a) optimum device-width, b) optimum gate-finger to gate-finger spacing, c) optimum source/drain metal contact spacing, and d) floating-body/body-contact. The major contributions from this research are summarized as follows: 1) Role of floating-body effects on the performance and reliability of sub 100-nm CMOS-on-SOI technologies is investigated for the first time [1], [2]. It is demonstrated through experimental data and TCAD simulations that floating-body devices have improved RF performance but degraded reliability compared to body-contacted devices. 2) Floating-body effects in a cascode core is studied. Cascode cores are demonstrated to achieve much larger reliability lifetimes than a single device. A variety of cascode topologies are studied to achieve the trade-o s between performance and reliability for high-power applications [2]. 3) The use of body-contact to modulate the performance of devices and single-poledouble- throw (SPDT) switches is studied. The SPDT switch performance is shown to improve with a negative body-bias. 4) The impact of device width on the RF performance and reliability is studied. Larger width devices are shown to have greater degradation, posing challenging questions for RF design in strained-Si technologies [3]. 5) A novel study showing the e ect of source/drain metal contact spacing and gate-finger to gate-finger spacing on the device RF performance is carried out. Further, the impact of above on the hot-carrier, RF stress, and total-dose irradiation tolerance is studied [3], [4]. 6) Latchup phenomenon in CMOS is shown to be possible at cryogenic temperatures (below 50 K), and its consequences are discussed [5]. 7) A time-dependent device degradation model has been developed in technology computer aided design (TCAD) to model reliability in CMOS and SiGe devices. 8) The total-dose irradiation tolerance and hot-carrier reliability of 32-nm CMOSon- SOI technology is reported for the first time. The impact of HfO2 based gate dielectric on the performance and reliability is studied [6]. 9) The impact of technology scaling from 65-nm to 32-nm on the performance and reliability of CMOS technologies is studied [6]. 10) Cryogenic performance and reliability of 45-nm nFETs is investigated. The RF performance improves significantly at 77 K. The hot-carrier device reliability is shown to improve at low temperatures in short-channel CMOS technologies.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how the British abolition movement used the Swedish abolitionist Carl Bernhard Wadström's argument against the slave trade. We want to investigate which rhetoric Wadström himself used and which rhetoric abolitionists used when referring to Wadström's arguments. To investigate which rhetoric is used, we have taken support in Aristotle's theories of rhetoric and, above all, his ideas on the three modes of persuasion, ethos, pathos and logos. The source material that forms the basis of the study is Wadström's book Observations on the slave trade and five other types of texts written by abolitionists where Wadström and his arguments against the slave trade are mentioned. The main result we found is that Wadström in his book uses an emotional language to convince his readers of the evil of the slave trade. However, the abolitionists do not use an emotional language in their texts when using Wadström's arguments. Abolitionists used ethos and logos as modes of persuasions to convince that slave trade should be banned.

La cité de Nîmes, territoire localisé en bordure de mer Méditerranée (Gard et partie est de l'Hérault), est créée au cours du Ier s. av. J.-C., avec à sa tête un chef-lieu (Nemausus) auquel sont rattachés de nombreux établissements répartis au sein de ce vaste territoire. La société nîmoise, tout en conservant son héritage protohistorique, est profondément influencée par le modèle socio-économique romain dans ce nouveau cadre administratif centralisé. Dans ce contexte de transition, il était intéressant d'aborder la thématique de l'alimentation carnée des habitants de cette cité entre le IIème s. av. J.-C. et le IIème s. ap. J.-C. L'étude réalisée à partir des restes fauniques des mammifères provenant du chef-lieu, d'agglomérations secondaires et d'établissements ruraux, permet d'éclairer l'exploitation des animaux dits " de bouche " dans cette cité. L'analyse propose d'aborder les questions des zones d'élevage et de la présence du bétail à l'intérieur des villes, la gestion des cheptels qui révèle des différences d'exploitation entre les troupeaux et une diversité des productions : lait, laine, force de travail et bien évidemment la viande. Les données archéozoologiques ont également permis d'observer des différences entre sites et des variations chronologiques dans le choix des espèces consommées, ainsi que dans les techniques de découpe des carcasses, les qualités de viande et la gestion des déchets d'origine animale. Les résultats font apparaître une organisation territoriale de l'économie animale nîmoise avec des lieux de production et de consommation, des activités que l'on retrouve souvent entremêlées au sein des établissements.

La presente investigación reconstruye la historia económica y agraria de los Montes de María, región ubicada en el Caribe interior colombiano, a partir del estudio de un fenómeno histórico concreto en América Latina: el impacto de la globalización económica sobre economías regionales periféricas que, por diversas razones, se insertaron en las redes del intercambio global durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y principios del XX. El análisis de este fenómeno se realiza mediante la explicación de cuatro procesos específicos: i) el surgimiento y desarrollo del capitalismo comercial en una economía campesina caracterizada por una frontera agrícola abierta; ii) las transformaciones de la economía regional y de la economía campesina a lo largo de las distintas fases del ciclo exportador; iii) la distribución del ingreso a lo largo de la cadena de producción-comercialización y los cambios en los niveles de vida de la población campesina, y iv) las dinámicas del proceso de diferenciación económica tanto al nivel de los ingresos como de la estructura de tenencia de la tierra. La investigación se basa en un exhaustivo empleo de fuentes primarias, especialmente documentos notariales consultados en varios archivos de la región, así como prensa nacional y regional. Los resultados del trabajo resaltan la importancia de un aspecto de la dinámica agro-exportadora de Colombia en el siglo XIX que ha sido poco estudiado en la literatura: el hecho de que, a pesar de los cambios estructurales y las transformaciones en la economía agraria impulsados por las fuerzas de mercado externas, la agro-exportación, cuando se basó en trabajadores rurales relativamente independientes (economías campesinas típicas), mostró una gran capacidad de adaptación que se reflejó en la continuidad de la producción, aun en periodos de crisis. En este sentido, la experiencia de los Montes de María durante el siglo XIX, con la exportación de tabaco, emula, a pequeña escala, algunos elementos que serían característicos del gran auge del café, en el siglo XX. En la reconstrucción de esta historia, además, la investigación aporta nuevas series de precios que son claves para comprender las dinámicas del cambio regional, tales como los precios campesinos de exportación, los precios de los alimentos básicos y los precios de la tierra.

The first part focuses on advantages and disadvantages conected with shipping goods by maritime transport in comparison with other transport sectors. The second part divides sea transport firstly from a commercial perspective on liner and tramp shipping, and then by type of boats. The third part describes the development and interconnectedness of international trade and maritime transport, its commodity and territorial structure. The fourth part deals with the possibility of contractual ensuring of maritime transport, liability of the carrier and conventions which govern this liability. This section also mentions the role of insurance.

Theoretical studies of communication links employing multiple transmit and receive antennas, also known as multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), have shown great potential for providing highly spectrally efficient wireless transmissions. The early investigations focused almost entirely on flat fading channels. To consider frequency selective channel one efficient method in high rate wireless systems is Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM). MIMO-OFDM combines OFDM and MIMO techniques thereby achieving spectral efficiency and increased throughput. However, because of using Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), an OFDM system is very sensitive to carrier frequency offset (CFO), which introduces inter-carrier interference. Accurate frequency synchronization is thus essential for reliable reception of the transmitted data. On the other hand, incorrect positioning of the DFT window within an OFDM word reintro­duces ISI during data demodulation, causing serious performance degradation. This dissertation deals with MIMO-OFDM synchronization. To this aim, several synchronization algorithms are studied in this manuscript and a new Maximum-Likelihood (ML) joint time-frequency MIMO-OFDM synchronization algorithm together with channel estimation is presented. Moreover, an iterative Expectation-Maximization (EM) time-frequency synchronization algorithm is introduced and at the end the problem of synchronization in MIMO-OFDMA systems is considered
La technique multi-antenne dans les systèmes de communication numérique (MIMO) sans fil augmente considérablement la capacité du canal de propagation. Les premières études se sont concentrées sur les canaux non-sélectifs en fréquence. Afin de combattre l'effet multi trajet des canaux radio-mobile, la modulation OFDM a été proposée depuis quelques années. La combinaison d'OFDM avec MIMO ouvre la porte vers des communications hauts débits. Cependant, un système OFDM est très sensible à une erreur de fréquence porteuse qui détruit l'orthogonalité entre les porteuses. Cet effet va dégrader radicalement la performance du système. Les recherches rapportées dans ce mémoire aborde le problème de la synchronisation fréquentielle et temporelle ainsi que l'estimation du canal MIMO des systèmes MIMO-OFDM. Après avoir dressé l'état de l'art de la problématique correspondante, de nouveaux algorithmes basés sur l’algorithme de maximisation de vraisemblance et l'algorithme d'espérance et maximisation (EM), ont été proposés, puis simulés. Les résultats obtenus ont été comparés avec ceux de la littérature en terme de performance et de complexité. A la fin de ce mémoire le problème de la synchronisation dans les systèmes MIMO-OFDMA est étudié et un algorithme original est proposé

Ce travail de recherche a été réalisé à partir de l’étude de plus de 64 000 restes osseux provenant de 39 ensembles chrono-stratigraphiques issus de 7 sites répartis entre la ville et ses faubourgs. A l’aide de ce mobilier inédit, cette étude s’est attachée à appréhender, au travers des restes osseux, la ville dans ses dimensions économiques, culturelles et sociales entre les 14e et 17e siècles. Ainsi, au travers des études des proportions d’espèces, des âges et des sexes des animaux consommés, il a été possible de dresser les grandes tendances de l’approvisionnement de la ville durant ces quatre siècles tout en s’attachant à montrer la multiplicité des modes d’acquisition des animaux domestiques comme sauvages. Pour s’approvisionner en bétail, Tours met à contribution non seulement les élevages locaux consacrés à la production de viande mais aussi ceux qui produisent lait et laine. Ce travail a aussi mis en lumière aux portes de la ville le traitement industriel des carcasses de bœufs (traitement boucher et collecte de graisse). Cette étude a permis de caractériser le régime en viande des citadins et de différents contextes sociaux de la ville et notamment de mettre en évidence la grande différence dans le régime en viande qui existe à Tours entre les élites religieuses, qui se nourrissent de pièces de viande de qualité, et le reste de la population, plus particulièrement les commerçants et artisans urbains, dont l’alimentation est marquée par une forte consommation d’abats
This research was conducted on the basis of over 64,000 bone remains from 39 chronostratigraphic units gathered from 7 sites located throughout the city of Tours and its immediate surroundings. The objective of this study was to use this unprecedented collection to size the economic, cultural and social dimensions of the city from the 14th to the 17th century through faunal remains. Thanks to the analysis of the proportions of species of animals eaten by age and gender, it is possible to define the main trends of meat supply in Tours over the period of time considered as well as to describe the many different ways of acquiring domestic and wild animals. In order to cater to its cattle need, Tours used local livestock bred for meat as well as milk and wool production. This research also sheds light on the industrial processing of beef carcasses (meat processing and fat collection). It is also possible to define the meat diet of city dwellers and of various social contexts of the city, highlighting for instance the difference in the meat diet of the religious elite, who ate prime cuts, and the rest of the population, more specifically city shopkeepers and craftsmen, whose diet mainly comprised of offal

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the mutual impact which social relations and entrepreneurship had in relation to the success of four actors in a rural area in northern Sweden at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Many Swedish scholars have studied the process of social differentiation, before the industrial revolution. However, we still know very little about the forces behind this process, why some peasant households became more successful than others, especially during the first half of the nineteenth century when the economic differences were increasing. To grasp this process, the notion of social position has been used as a tool to grade the population on a scale from low- to high-ranked households in an economic and political sense. The fact that households were more or less successful turns our attention to the ability among individuals and households to change their social position. A theoretical concept chosen to investigate such change is the notion of entrepreneur, which implies a focus on the actor working for personal profit in a changing economic world. The main question has been how important social relations connected to entrepreneurship are in order to promote success among peasant households in the pre-industrial society. The empirical investigation has been conducted on two different levels. The first level is a structural study analysing the physical landscape of the court district of Rödön, the economic stratification and the political activity of the population in the area and, finally, their economic behaviours as peasants and rural businessmen. The second is a qualitative study emphasising on four individual actors: the businessman Per Wikström in the town of Östersund and three of the most successful peasant households in the region. The four case studies reveal that the rural elite had a pragmatic and dynamic approach to choosing social relations outside the family. Many acquaintances grew persistent and embedded in family or kinship relations, whereas others were short-lived or sacrificed for a calculated economic gain.

A comercialização de produtos florestais não madeireiros (PFNMs) popularizou-se como atividade promotora do desenvolvimento socioeconômico de comunidades florestais com baixo impacto ambiental. Há evidências, contudo, de que a exploração possa produzir efeitos ecológicos e socioeconômicos negativos, sugerindo que é necessário monitorar tais iniciativas. A comercialização frequentemente ocorre em áreas remotas e em contextos de pobreza, como é o caso de muitas daquelas da Amazônia brasileira. Desta forma, é necessário que o monitoramento restrinja-se a avaliar os efeitos evidenciados como mais comuns em estudos anteriores. Este estudo revisa e sintetiza as evidências científicas dos efeitos da exploração de PFNMs sobre parâmetros ecológicos e socioeconômicos e, a partir daí, indica aqueles mais relevantes ao monitoramento. O estudo também levanta até que ponto o monitoramento é implementado no contexto da Amazônia brasileira e avalia quais os parâmetros importantes e viáveis de monitoramento neste caso específico. Para isso, foram realizadas revisões sistemáticas da literatura e a consulta a profissionais da área através do método Delphi. Os resultados indicam que efeitos ecológicos negativos são frequentes, principalmente quando se coletam folhas ou cascas. Alterações em órgãos ou processos fisiológicos e a taxa de sobrevivência dos espécimes explorados são parâmetros que devem ser monitorados, em particular quando se coletam frutos e partes vegetativas. Para todos os tipos de PFNMs, o tamanho e a estrutura populacional são parâmetros prioritários ao monitoramento. A riqueza de espécies da comunidade explorada merece atenção, principalmente quando se coletam frutos. Para os aspectos socioeconômicos, efeitos positivos foram mais frequentes que negativos. A contribuição da renda monetária obtida com o comércio na renda total, a regularidade de ingresso desta renda e o papel dos PFNMs como recursos de salvaguarda são parâmetros do capital financeiro prioritários ao monitoramento. Para o capital social, o empoderamento feminino, a coesão de grupo e o acesso aos benefícios gerados pela comercialização devem ser monitorados. Na Amazônia brasileira são poucas as iniciativas de implementação do monitoramento da comercialização de PFNMs. Embora este seja considerado importante, existem dificuldades que derivam principalmente da falta de apoio institucional, políticas de incentivo e de recursos financeiros. Os profissionais participantes do Delphi consideram que os parâmetros ecológicos mais importantes a monitorar neste contexto são o tamanho e a estrutura populacional do recurso explorado, o aumento da taxa de mortalidade, a quantidade total de recurso extraída e a técnica de coleta utilizada. Para os parâmetros econômicos, aspectos do mercado, como o preço pago ao coletor, a demanda e a qualidade do produto, bem como a renda monetária obtida pelos indivíduos são os parâmetros considerados mais importantes. Por fim, para os aspectos sociais, os efeitos na cultura, na qualidade de vida e na organização interna da comunidade foram priorizados. Os profissionais indicam que é viável estabelecer o monitoramento dos parâmetros levantados.
Amazon, non-timber forest products, ecological effects, socioeconomic effects, monitoring.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
外國語文學研究所
100
In this project I analyze women as exchangeable property and their value as seen in Theodore Dreiser’s novels Sister Carrie and Jennie Gerhardt. I will also examine Dreiser’s life and world views, and their relationship to these works. Using white slavery crusades and narratives in turn-of-the-century America as my historical framework, this study, in an attempt to reinterpret the notion of “women in trade,” will focus on gender issues and female identity in the context of urban capitalism. I contend that women being exchanged and their reduction to property can capture and evince their state in social transformation, a discussion based on the rationale and political ideologies stemming from white slavery issues. Carrie and Jennie, with their seeming prostitution in the metropolis, not only manifest contemporary social desires and fears, but also indicate the author’s ambivalent mindset toward the consumerist world. Chapter one will provide an overview of white slavery and associated narratives in turn of the century America, and their relationship to gender and class issues. Chapters two and three analyze the texts of Sister Carrie and Jennie Gerhardt. I will explore women as personal property and how their market value functions in the novels in comparison to white slavery narratives. The span of the two novels stipulates Dreiser’s view onto capitalism, and thus this research will highlight the author’s personal life, particularly his relations with women. Additionally, I will examine Dreiser’s publishing history, in order to delve into the significance of women in trade in his works. In sum, women and exchange underwrote manifold valences that can help us examine and redefine sexual politics and exchange activities in response to the mechanisms of urban capitalism. These mechanisms motivated Dreiser’s literary creations and impacted his career, as well as reader reception of his works, from white slavery narratives to Sister Carrie and Jennie Gerhardt.

碩士
大同大學
機械工程學系(所)
105
The purpose of this paper is to broaden and deepen the teaching content of a line-trace auto guided vehicle (AGV), which is used as an educational carrier. The line-trace AGV served as an educational carrier for educational purpose is divided into two part. One is an design and the other is a control circuit system design. With this, the teaching contents will be deepened, in addition a new type of line-trace AGV, which can provide other courses as an educational carrier for the continuing teaching purpose, will be established. Therefore, the learning content and continuing will be assured. There are two stages put in the analysis. The first stage is to define physical and kinematic parameters which can be analyzed and obtained on the line-trace AGV. The second stage is to analyze the required parameters which will affect the line-trace AGV’s performance. An experimental analysis method is used to find out the difference of all design parameters through the turning performance of line-trace AGV. A parameter will be selected as the variable. Comparing the experimental data of AGV’s turning performance, a more suitable range of design parameter will then be found. The teaching tool is helpful for students learning. The platform built by Microchip control board can detect the speeds of various AGVs made by the students. It also can help the students to analyze the AGV’s design parameters by retrieving the speed information. During the new type line-trace AGV development, in order to create a new AGV’s body, plenty of engineering design and manufacture have been developed. The training of mechanism for students is expectable. Consequently, the investigation of design parameters on the line-trace AGV had been accomplished. This new AGV system can serve as a helpful tool in teaching.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia Civil
As pontes têm desde sempre um papel preponderante no desenvolvimento das sociedades e das economias, tendo em conta as necessidades crescentes de mobilidade por parte de pessoas e de bens. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho de investigação contribui para um maior aprofundamento sobre os métodos utilizados na construção de pontes de betão armado e/ou pré-esforçado betonados “in situ”, segundo uma perspectiva mais prática da utilização dos mesmos. Na fase inicial deste trabalho identificam-se e descrevem-se de forma teórica os diferentes métodos construtivos mais correntes de tabuleiros de pontes e as respectivas estruturas provisórias do tipo cimbres, nomeadamente o cimbre ao solo, o cimbre autolançável, o cimbre de avanços sucessivos e o cimbre relativo ao processo construtivo de deslocamentos sucessivos. De seguida, aprofunda-se o estudo sobre os cimbres autolançáveis e sobre os cimbres de avanços sucessivos (carros de avanço), para a construção de pontes tramo-a-tramo e para a construção de pontes segundo o método de avanços sucessivos, respectivamente. Este estudo visa alcançar uma melhor compreensão sobre os cimbres e sobre os métodos utilizados na construção de tabuleiros de pontes, para posterior acompanhamento das diferentes fases construtivas em obra. Por fim é efectuada uma descrição detalhada das diferentes fases construtivas dos tabuleiros de duas pontes correspondentes aos casos de estudo desta dissertação de mestrado. Uma das pontes é construída tramo-a-tramo com recurso a um cimbre autolançável superior, e a outra ponte é construída segundo o método dos avanços sucessivos e com recurso a carros de avanço. Este acompanhamento em obra da construção das pontes permitiu uma melhor compreensão do funcionamento dos cimbres, da sua interacção com a obra de arte e ao mesmo tempo das diferentes fases construtivas dos tabuleiros das pontes.
Bridges have had always a predominant role in the development of societies and economies, and taking into account the growing needs for mobility of people and goods. In this sense, this research work intends to contribute to a deeper understanding of the methods used in the construction of reinforced concrete bridges and/or prestressed concreted "in situ", according to a more practical usage point of view. In the initial phase of this work, an identification and a description, in a theoretical manner, of the different construction methods of bridge decks and their falsework-type temporary structures, including full staging method, movable scaffolding method, free cantilever method and incremental launching method. Afterwards, study of movable scaffolding system and free cantilever method (form traveller), for the construction of bridges span-by-span and to the building of bridges by the free cantilever method, is done. This study aims at better understanding both of the falsework or the methods used in the construction of bridge decks for subsequent monitoring of the different phases in constructive work. Finally, a detailed description of the different phases of construction of two bridges decks used as study cases is also provided. One of the bridges is constructed span-by-span using an overhead movable scaffolding system and the other bridge is built according to the free cantilever method using successive form travellers. This follow-up work on the construction of the bridges provided a better understanding of the functioning of the falsework, its interaction with the bridge while the different phases of construction of bridges decks.

Esta tese de mestrado é dedicada às origens e impacto da Companhia Carris de Ferro na cidade de Lisboa, desde o início do século XX até ao final da década de 20, mas com uma ligeira incursão pelo final do século XIX. Sobre esta empresa, não existe uma investigação de conjunto que sirva de charneira ao advento de trabalhos mais desenvolvidos ou sequer uma série de artigos que permitam uma linha de investigação no sentido de trazer alguma luz sobre este setor da economia e o seu papel no desenvolvimento da cidade de Lisboa. Todavia, esta escassez surge-nos estranha se tivermos em atenção, por exemplo, o resultado das inovações aplicadas ao transporte urbano e os efeitos, nem sempre benéficos, que causou na mobilidade da cidade. Apesar destes testemunhos sobre o que terá sido o desenvolvimento da rede de transportes e o advento da tração elétrica, pouco se explica sobre o porquê, o como e o quando destas alterações. A Companhia Carris de Ferro foi fundada em 18 de setembro de 1872, no Rio de Janeiro, chegando a Lisboa no ano seguinte. Esta nova empresa beneficiou do resultado da profunda transformação a nível tecnológico, cientifico e técnico do final do século XIX e princípios do século XX, mas também, dos esforços políticos da autarquia lisboeta e do governo no sentido de se estabelecer uma rede de transportes na capital que se pudesse equiparar com outras cidades europeias, sendo necessário, para isso, articular este estudo com outros semelhantes a nível europeu. Através da análise detalhada das linhas e percursos das carreiras, mas também do discurso político dos vereadores da Câmara Municipal de Lisboa e das relações que dispunham com os diferentes membros que compunham a direção da Companhia Carris de Ferro, pretende se conceber uma orientação possível para esta problemática. Em suma, a partir importância estratégica da mobilidade urbana, analisa-se o impacto da Companhia Carris de Ferro em Lisboa, nomeadamente, na qualidade de agente de mudança, inovação e modernidade.
This Master's thesis focuses on the origins and impact of Companhia Carris de Ferro in Lisbon, from the beginning of the 20th Century until the end of the 20’s, but with a slight detour by the end of the 19th Century. There is no in-depth research about this company that leads to other, more developed, works, there is no series of articles that allow for a line of investigation to shed some light on this economy sector and the role it plays in the development of Lisbon. However, this shortfall is puzzling if, for instance, we take into account the results of the innovations applied to urban transportation and the, not always positive, results it caused on the city’s mobility. Despite these testimonies about the development of the transportation network and the arrival of the electric traction, there is little explanation about the why, how and when of these changes. Companhia Carris de Ferro was established on September 18th 1872, in Rio de Janeiro, arriving in Lisbon the following year. This new company benefited from the results of an extensive transformation, on a technological, scientific and technical level, which took place at the end of the 19th Century and the beginning of the 20th Century, but also from the political efforts of both the local authorities from Lisbon and the Government to establish a transportation network in the city matching those of other European cities. To do that, it was necessary to combine this article with other similar ones on a European level. Through the detailed analysis of bus lines and routes, but also through the political speeches of city councillors of Lisbon’s City Hall and the relationships they had with the different members of Carris’ board of directors, the aim is to provide a possible guidance regarding this issue. In short, based on the strategic importance of urban mobility, the impact of Companhia Carris de Ferro in Lisbon is analysed as an agent of change, innovation and modernity.

The resource curse is a defining feature of the African content. Despite vast resource wealth, Africa remains the poorest and most underdeveloped continent in the world. The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the primary laws regulating of oil and gas exploration and product activities in Angola, Nigeria and South Africa in order to determine their effectiveness in protecting the continent's depleting petroleum resources. Different regulatory models apply to Angola, following the Norwegian carried-interest model, Nigeria, where a British discretionary model has been retained, an a South africa, where a unique model has been developed. The comparison is conducted by analysing and comparing these different regulatory systems in terms of legal frameworks; the legal nature of the regulatory systems; ownership of the oil and gas resources; legal nature of licenses; organisational or institutional structures; fiscal systems; local communities benefits from these proceeds of oil and gas resources; local content; state/government participation arrangements; and environmental challenges. The study evaluates the effectiveness of these regimes by examining the extent to which they recognise and enforce state ownership of he oil and gas resourcs in situ; recognise and enforce the doctrine of Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources (PSNR); protect the environment; how they provide for institutional capacities for the management of resources; and the protection of local communities from exploitation and abuse by recognising their rights to benefit from revenues derived from these resources. An overall assessment of the three systems reveals that there is no ideal model for oil and gas regulation in Africa. The Norwegian model might well be considered an ideal model if it was applied with care and correctly in Angola. The study hopes to gain practical importance for the proper regulationof the oil and gas industries' upstream activities in Africa and assist governments of the selected jurisdictions in their policy revisions, as some recommendations are made.
Economics
LLD.

The problem of low domestic savings is inherent in most Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries. This has motivated most of the SADC countries to institute policies that seek to attract foreign capital to cover the investment deficit that arises from low domestic savings rates. This study gives robust conclusions on the effectiveness of individual tax incentives commonly used by SADC countries in attracting foreign mobile capital. This study has broadened the dimensions research can take in analysing the contribution of tax incentives to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows into developing countries. In separating individual tax incentives mainly used in the SADC region the study gives a robust analysis on the impact of each tax incentive on FDI inflows into SADC countries. The tax incentives used in this study are: tax holidays, corporate income tax (CIT), reduced CIT in specific sectors and losses carried forward. The study also derives data indices for governance, infrastructure and economic policy variables which gives the study clean and reliable data for efficient regression results. These macroeconomic data derivations assist in giving the FDI attraction analysis more variables and well behaved data in drawing conclusions. Through an analysis and comparison of trends in FDI inflows and stock data in different African regions the study draws important conclusions on the impact of the socio-economic environment in FDI attraction. The study, in consultation with data from the period 2004 to 2013 separates the SADC countries into four panels based on resource richness. Panel 1 includes the resources-rich countries, Panel 2 the resources-poor countries, Panel 3 all SADC countries, except South Africa and Panel 4 all the SADC countries. Each of the estimate models in this study, use individual tax incentives variables to avoid the effects of collinearity between different tax incentives variables and to improve the predictive power of the panel data models. This study derived tax incentives data for individual SADC countries, from Ernst and Young’s worldwide tax data. Regular tax incentives in the SADC are derived from tax holidays, corporate income tax (CIT); losses carried forward and reduced CIT in specific sectors. This study seeks to achieve two major objectives: firstly, to establish the effectiveness of tax incentives in attracting FDI inflows into SADC countries, and, secondly, to establish other variables that influence FDI inflows into SADC countries. The study estimated four panels for SADC countries, separated according to resource richness. This was done because different types of FDI are dependent on the available resources in developing countries and thus factors that influence the FDI inflows differ according to resource richness. Resource-seeking FDI moves to resources-rich economies, market-seeking FDI goes to economies that have access to larger markets and efficiency-seeking and strategic-asset-seeking FDI move to economies that ensure efficient use of their capital resources. Thus, as expected, factors that attract FDI to countries in the separate panels differ in direction of causality and magnitude of impact. The study adopts a system Generalised Method of Moments (SYS GMM) methodology to address the problem of endogeneity associated with dynamic panel data models. The estimated results established that tax holidays positively explain FDI inflows in Panel 2. CIT was found to negatively affect FDI inflows into all SADC countries despite their particular category of resource-richness. Losses carried forward are insignificant in all panels and reduced CIT in specific sectors negatively influences FDI inflows in Panel 1 and surprisingly positively influences FDI inflows in Panel 2. The lagged FDI variable shows a positive relationship with current year FDI inflows. The governance index is significant and positively affects FDI inflows in panels 1, 3 and 4. Panel 2 shows a negative relationship between governance and FDI inflows. Market potential measured by GDP growth rate is insignificantly different from zero in all the four panels in the study and negatively signed, except in models A and C of Panel 2. The stock of infrastructure is significant and negatively signed in all the panels. The log natural resources variable though insignificant in some models, mainly, exhibit a significant and negative effect in most models of the study’s panel estimations. The trade openness variable is positively related to FDI inflows in Panel 1. Panel 2 show negative effects of trade openness to FDI inflows. Financial globalisation significantly impacts positive FDI inflows in all the four panels. The economic policy variable is insignificant in all the four panels of the study, except, in model B of Panel 1 where it is weakly significant at 10% level and negatively signed. The study concludes that tax incentives are important in FDI attraction in the SADC countries; therefore, an effective tax mix that ensures efficient use of tax incentives is important to ensure sustainable FDI inflows into the region. Good governance is important in the region for FDI inflows to increase. Increasing government rents from natural resources reduces FDI inflows in the SADC. Previous year flows of FDI are positively related to current year inflows, thus consistent FDI attraction policies in the SADC are important. Infrastructure in the SADC should be consistently improved to ensure suitability with the dynamic nature of foreign investment. Financial markets should be developed to ensure effective flow of capital and growth in economies through more investment.
Economics
D. Com.. (Economics)