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1
Shishkova, Irina A. "The sentimental revolution and Victorian values in American literature." Vestnik of Kostroma State University, no. 2 (2019): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2019-25-2-86-90.
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The article deals with the creative contribution of Louisa May Alcott to the Victorian period of American literature and the evolution of interpersonal relationship characteristic of the American middle class. The aim of the paper is to examine the infl uence of sentimental authors on the development of sociocultural life in the United States and their progressive interpretation of the role distribution in the family. In this regard, the article analyses the undying interest in the work of Louisa May Alcott, whose writing absorbed the ideas of sentimentalists as well as the humane impulse of the British authors. By illustrating her works with the examples from her own life, Louisa May Alcott gave hope and moral support to lots of women and children in need. Despite the skeptical attitude of some American scholars towards the "disappeared world" of Victorianism, none of them would deny the importance of its contribution to the world culture. Louisa May Alcott was not afraid to give impartial assessments to some representatives of the white population of the United States and to speak freely and fearlessly of social burning issues. The results of the article will allow to take a fresh look at Alcott’s impact on the development of the family novel
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Chattarji, Subarno. "Poetry by american women veterans." Alea : Estudos Neolatinos 16, no. 2 (December 2014): 300–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1517-106x2014000200004.
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While there is a significant body of literature - fiction, memoirs, poetry - by American male veterans that has been discussed and analyzed, writings by American women who served in Vietnam receive less attention. This essay looks at some poetry by women within contexts of collective political and cultural amnesia. It argues that in recovering women's voices there is often a reiteration of dominant masculine tropes which in turn does not interrogate fundamental structures and justifications of the Vietnam War. However, the poems are indicative of alternative visions, of "things worth living for" in the aftermath of a war that has specific reverberations in the United States of America.
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Deaver, Darcie M., Mojdeh Naghashpour, and Lubomir Sokol. "Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease in the United States: Three Case Reports and Review of the Literature." Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases 6, no. 1 (December 31, 2013): e2014001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4084/mjhid.2014.001.
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Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease (KFD), also known as histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis, is a benign, self-limiting disease that manifests primarily as cervical lymphadenopathy but may include low-grade fever, headache, and fatigue. There is a higher incidence of KFD in women aged 20-35 years and in Asian populations. A PubMed search revealed 590 articles that described KFD. Of these, 22 cases have been fully described in the United States. Ten of the 22 (45%) patients were male and 12 (55%) were female, with 20% Caucasian, 20% Asian American, and the remaining 60% of other ethnic backgrounds. In this study, we describe an additional 3 cases of KFD and discuss the diagnosis, pathology, and management of KFD.
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McMillian-Bohler, Jacquelyn, and Angela Richard-Eaglin. "Uprooting Racism: The Role of Nurses in Cultivating Improved Maternal Outcomes for Black and African American Women." Creative Nursing 27, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/crnr-d-20-00066.
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After controlling for education, socioeconomic status, and genetic factors, Black and African American patients in the United States are three to four times more likely to die in childbirth than are White patients. The literature is replete with strategies to improve maternal outcomes for Black and African American patients. Existing strategies focus on addressing poverty and individual risk factors to reduce maternal mortality, yet maternal outcomes are not improving for these patients in the United States. Recent literature suggests that a nuanced approach that considers the effects of individual and structural racism could improve maternal outcomes, especially for Black and African American patients. As nurses comprise the largest component of the health-care system, their collective power and influence can provide a powerful tool for dismantling structural racism. Some important concepts to consider regarding the care of the Black and African American population are cultural intelligence (CQ), allostatic load, and humanitarian ethos. By developing CQ and consistently including the four CQ capabilities (drive/motivation, knowledge/cognition, strategy/metacognition, and behavior/action) in all aspects of practice, nurses can help to uproot racism and cultivate experience to improve maternal health outcomes for Black and African American patients.
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Woo, Deborah. "The Socioeconomic Status of Asian American Women in the Labor Force." Sociological Perspectives 28, no. 3 (July 1985): 307–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389150.
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In the literature on United States racial and ethnic relations, a prevalent assertion is that Asian Americans exceed other ethnic groups, and often even whites, in income, occupational, and educational levels. Implicit in this view is the essential fairness argument about hard work: If Asian Americans can make it, why can't other minorities? Data presented here from the 1970 and 1980 censuses suggest that the relationship between effort and achievement is pivotal to this discussion and needs to be addressed in conceptually meaningful ways.
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Castillo, Debra A. "Anzaldúa and Transnational American Studies." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 121, no. 1 (January 2006): 260–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/003081206x129819.
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For several years now, at least since the 2000 census, the United States has in one way or another told itself that it needs to come to terms with what it means to live in a country of over forty million Latinos/as. Latina actors grace the covers of People magazine, Latin beats percolate through the earbuds of iPods, and McDonald's serves up breakfast burritos alongside its McMuffins. In the academic world, the increasing consciousness of the Latino/a presence in the United States means that it is now unthinkable for any major university not to have a program of studies focusing on the histories and cultures of this ill-defined population; it means border theory is increasingly present on our syllabi; and it means that we all nod our heads wisely when the name “Gloria Anzaldúa” is mentioned. For years before her untimely death, Anzaldúa complained bitterly about being “repeatedly tokeni[zed]” (“Haciendo Caras” xvi), as one of the same half dozen women continually called on as a resource for academic collaboration. Being a token meant that she saw clearly how she was both overhyped and treated less than seriously; worse, she felt drained of the energy that would allow her to continue her literary and political work.
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Craig, Christy. "Reading identity: American and Irish Women’s book clubs, culture, and identity." Irish Journal of Sociology 27, no. 2 (February 13, 2019): 128–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0791603519828664.
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This research examines the role of reading and book club attendance in the lives of Irish and American women’s fiction readers who actively participate in women’s book clubs utilizing mixed methodology, including ethnographic observation, participation in book club meetings, and in-depth narrative interviews. Women in Ireland and the United States used reading to develop a sense of self and to learn about the social world, as well as to construct their own identities, often in contrast to expected norms of feminine identity. Women in Ireland utilized reading and book clubs to develop knowledge and understanding; women in the United States were influenced to increase their status in order to potentially secure or retain a high-status romantic partner. At the same time, important key themes relating to social positionality and social networks, capital development, and the construction of identity were similar and central to women in both cultural environments. Reading was deeply entrenched in the identities of the women in this study and attending book clubs allowed them to continue engaging literature, construct identities, and gain knowledge about the world around them.
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Mossaad, Nadwa, Jeremy Ferwerda, Duncan Lawrence, Jeremy M. Weinstein, and Jens Hainmueller. "Determinants of refugee naturalization in the United States." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 37 (August 27, 2018): 9175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1802711115.
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The United States operates the world’s largest refugee resettlement program. However, there is almost no systematic evidence on whether refugees successfully integrate into American society over the long run. We address this gap by drawing on linked administrative data to directly measure a long-term integration outcome: naturalization rates. Assessing the full population of refugees resettled between 2000 and 2010, we find that refugees naturalize at high rates: 66% achieved citizenship by 2015. This rate is substantially higher than among other immigrants who became eligible for citizenship during the same period. We also find significant heterogeneity in naturalization rates. Consistent with the literature on immigration more generally, sociodemographic characteristics condition the likelihood of naturalization. Women, refugees with longer residency, and those with higher education levels are more likely to obtain citizenship. National origins also matter. While refugees from Iran, Iraq, and Somalia naturalize at higher rates, those from Burma, Ukraine, Vietnam, and Liberia naturalize at lower rates. We also find naturalization success is significantly shaped by the initial resettlement location. Placing refugees in areas that are urban, have lower rates of unemployment, and have a larger share of conationals increases the likelihood of acquiring citizenship. These findings suggest pathways to promote refugee integration by targeting interventions and by optimizing the geographic placement of refugees.
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Tussing-Humphreys, Lisa M., Marian L. Fitzgibbon, Angela Kong, and Angela Odoms-Young. "Weight Loss Maintenance in African American Women: A Systematic Review of the Behavioral Lifestyle Intervention Literature." Journal of Obesity 2013 (2013): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/437369.
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We performed a systematic review of the behavioral lifestyle intervention trials conducted in the United States published between 1990 and 2011 that included a maintenance phase of at least six months, to identify intervention features that promote weight loss maintenance in African American women. Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria. Generally, African American women lost less weight during the intensive weight loss phase and maintained a lower % of their weight loss compared to Caucasian women. The majority of studies failed to describe the specific strategies used in the delivery of the maintenance intervention, adherence to those strategies, and did not incorporate a maintenance phase process evaluation making it difficult to identify intervention characteristics associated with better weight loss maintenance. However, the inclusion of cultural adaptations, particularly in studies with a mixed ethnicity/race sample, resulted in less % weight regain for African American women. Studies with a formal maintenance intervention and weight management as the primary intervention focus reported more positive weight maintenance outcomes for African American women. Nonetheless, our results present both the difficulty in weight loss and maintenance experienced by African American women in behavioral lifestyle interventions.
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Mao, Yansheng, and Ximin V. "comparative study of female identity construction in Chinese and American advertisements." East Asian Pragmatics 5, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 123–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/eap.38986.
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This article investigates the issue of female identity construction in Chinese and in American advertisements from a contrastive perspective rarely adopted in the related literature. We have found that, while the identity of women constructed in the Chinese advertisements reflects the traditional expectations of women, such as being beauty-conscious, romance-pursuing, and maternal love-representing, the identities of women found in the American advertisements are those of confidence and uniqueness. Our interview data indicate that these findings are reflections of respective cultural values in the two societies. That is, women in Chinese culture are still seen as being traditional whereas women in the United States are seen as independent and goal-driven.
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KEVANE, BRIDGET. "The Hispanic Absence in the North American Literary Canon." Journal of American Studies 35, no. 1 (April 2001): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875801006545.
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I recently completed a book of interviews (Latina Self-Portraits: Interviews with Contemporary Women Writers, co-edited with Juanita Heredia, University of New Mexico Press, 2000) with ten of the most prominent Latina writers in the US; Julia Alvarez, Denise Chávez, Sandra Cisneros, Rosario Ferré, Cristina García, Nicholasa Mohr, Cherríe Moraga, Judith Ortiz Cofer, Esmeralda Santiago and Helena María Viramontes. These women, Cuban, Dominican, Mexican and Puerto Rican Americans, raised issues that ranged from the craft of writing to the inherent problems of national identities. The themes generated in our conversations with these women – their doubled ethnic identities, their complicated relationship to their communities, their difficulties in representing their communities and, finally, their work as part of the larger American canon – revealed a powerful discourse about what it means to be Latina American in the United States. After spending two years talking with these women, it is evident to me that Latina literature is a vital part of American literature and should be included in any study of comparative American literatures.
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Imoberdorf, Sebastian. "Beyond the Margins: Human Rights Against Undocumented Persons, Homosexuals, And Women in Inter-American Narrative." Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses, no. 81 (2020): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.recaesin.2020.81.07.
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This study is greatly based on article 7 of the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights” that states: “All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law.” Latin America is viewed as a place where injustices and atrocities tend to be the order of the day: violent processes of conquest and colonization, military dictatorships, drug trafficking, kidnappings, the increase in crime and insecurity, etc. Such violations have generated frequent waves of emigration (often irregular) to the United States where they seek protection and freedom but, too often, they find neither, thus producing a vicious cycle in the inter-American literature of US Latino authors. The focus is to examine three distinct groups: immigrants, homosexuals and women.
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Cohen, M. "Imagining Rhetoric: Composing Women of the Early United States; Poets in the Public Sphere: The Emancipatory Project of American Women's Poetry, 1800-1900." American Literature 76, no. 4 (December 1, 2004): 891–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00029831-76-4-891.
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Kenow, Laura J. "The All-American Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL): A Review of Literature and Its Reflection of Gender Issues." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 19, no. 1 (April 2010): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.19.1.58.
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The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL) was the first, and to date, the only women’s professional baseball league in United States history. Yet many people are unaware of the league’s existence. The purposes of this paper are to (1) review the historical and research literature on the AAGPBL, (2) examine the reflections on gender issues within this literature, and (3) discuss how these issues contributed to the success and failure of the AAGPBL. The published historical documentation and archived artifacts of the AAGPBL are quite thorough; however, research on the league is limited. Gender issues, such as the female apologetic, marginalization, and feminist reconstruction of sport are evident throughout the league’s existence. These issues enhanced the league’s success, but also contributed to its demise. The pioneering efforts of the women of the AAGPBL created a new vision of opportunity for girls and women in sport that still resonates today.
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Avallone, Charlene. "What American Renaissance? The Gendered Genealogy of a Critical Discourse." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 112, no. 5 (October 1997): 1102–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/463486.
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Since “American renaissance” criticism emerged in 1876, it has derogated women's writings while idealizing men's, despite its shifting definitions of period, canon, and literary standards. My genealogy of the critical discourse of renaissance details ways that this criticism has denied literary value to women writers, especially at historical moments of women's increased publicity and apparent gains of power, thereby helping to maintain larger gender and racial hierarchies. Because of this tradition, I argue, the renaissance discourse is inadequate to current efforts to reenvision United States literary history and to a democratic culture.
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Shain, Michelle. "Whence Orthodox Jewish Feminism? Cognitive Dissonance and Religious Change in the United States." Religions 9, no. 11 (October 29, 2018): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel9110332.
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A large literature on feminist theology and philosophy of religion has explored the various ways in which feminism has reshaped religious thought and practice within different faith traditions. This study uses Festinger’s (1965) cognitive dissonance theory and the 2017 Nishma Research Survey of American Modern Orthodox Jews to examine the effect of tension between feminism and Orthodox Judaism on lay men and women. For 14% of Modern Orthodox Jews, issues related to women or women’s roles are what cause them “the most pain or unhappiness” as Orthodox Jews. The paper examines the sociodemographic characteristics associated with this response and tests whether those who experience this cognitive dissonance are more likely to (1) advocate for changes in the role of women within Orthodox Judaism and/or (2) experience religious doubt. The analysis reveals that these individuals overwhelmingly take a feminist stance on issues related to women’s roles in Orthodox Judaism, and they also manifest more religious doubt. The paper discusses the dual potential of cognitive dissonance to either spur changes in women’s religious roles in traditional religious communities and/or threaten the demographic vitality of those communities.
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Editors, RIAS. "IASA Statement of Support for the Struggle Against Racialized Violence in the United States." Review of International American Studies 13, no. 1 (August 16, 2020): 291–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/rias.9626.
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The International American Studies Association is dismayed to see the explosion of anger, bitterness and desperation that has been triggered by yet another senseless, cruel and wanton act of racialized violence in the United States. We stand in solidarity with and support the ongoing struggle by African Americans, indigenous peoples, ethnic minorities, migrants and the marginalized against the racialized violence perpetrated against them.
As scholars of the United States, we see the killing of George Floyd and many before them as acts on the continuum of the history of the powerful committing racialized violence against the powerless in the United States from before the birth of that country to the here and now of the present day. This continuum stretches from the transatlantic slave trade, the genocide of the indigenous population, the denial of rights and liberties to women, through the exploitation of American workers, slavery and Jim Crow, to the exclusion and inhumane treatment of the same migrants who make a profit for American corporations and keep prices low for the U.S. consumer. As scholars of the United States, we are acutely aware of how racialized violence is systemic, of how it has been woven into the fabric of U.S. society and cultures by the powerful, and of how the struggle against it has produced some of the greatest contributions of U.S. society to world culture and heritage.
The desperate rebellion of the powerless against racialized violence by the powerful is in turn propagandized as unreasonable or malicious. It is neither. It is an uprising to defend their own lives, their last resort after waiting for generations for justice and equal treatment from law enforcement, law makers, and the courts. In too many instances, those in power have answered such uprisings with deadly force—and in every instance, they have had alternatives to this response.
We are calling on those in power and the people with the guns in the United States now to exercise their choices and choose an alternative to deadly force as a response to the struggle against racialized violence. You have the power and the weapons—you have a choice to do the right thing and make peace.
We are calling on U.S. law makers to listen and address the issues of injustice and racialized violence through systemic reform that remakes the very fabric of the United States justice system, including independent accountability oversight for law enforcement.
We are calling on our IASA members and Americanists around the world to redouble their efforts at teaching their students and educating the public of the truth about the struggle against racialized violence in the United States.
We are calling on our IASA members and Americanists around the world to become allies in the struggle against racialized violence in the United States and in their home societies by publicizing scholarship on the truth, by listening to and amplifying the voices of black people, ethnic minorities and the marginalized, and supporting them in this struggle on their own terms.
We are calling on all fellow scholarly associations to explore all the ways in which they can put pressure with those in power at all levels in the United States to do the right thing and end racialized violence.
There will be no peace in our hearts and souls until justice is done and racialized violence is ended—until all of us are able “to breathe free.”
Dr Manpreet Kaur Kang, President of the International American Studies Association, Professor of English and Dean, School of Humanities & Social Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, India;Dr Jennifer Frost, President of the Australian and New Zealand American Studies Association, Associate Professor of History, University of Auckland, New Zealand;Dr S. Bilge Mutluay Çetintaş, Associate Professor, Department of American Culture and Literature, Hacettepe University, Turkey;Dr Gabriela Vargas-Cetina, Professor of Anthropology, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mexico;Dr Paweł Jędrzejko, Associate Professor of American Literature, University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland;Dr Marietta Messmer, Associate Professor of American Studies, University of Groningen, The Netherlands;Dr Kryštof Kozák, Department of North American Studies, Charles University, Prague;Dr Giorgio Mariani, Professor of English and American Languages and Literatures, Department of European, American and Intercultural Studies, Università “Sapienza” of Rome;Dr György Tóth, Lecturer, History, Heritage and Politics, University of Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom;Dr Manuel Broncano, Professor of American Literature and Director of English, Spanish, and Translation, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, USA;Dr Jiaying Cai, Lecturer at the School of English Studies, Shanghai International Studies University, China;Dr Alessandro Buffa, Secretary, Center for Postcolonial and Gender Studies, University of Naples L’Orientale, Italy;
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Margulies, Max, and Leah Foodman. "Suboptimal Selective Service: An Analysis of the Obstacles to Selective Service Reform in American Political Institutions." Journal of Strategic Security 14, no. 2 (June 2021): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.14.2.1903.
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Expanding mandatory selective service registration in the United States to include women would seem to be good public policy that increases national security and reduces gender bias. Despite the recent recommendation of a congressionally-mandated commission, recent efforts to implement this important reform have repeatedly stalled. Why? In this article, we explain the failure of selective service reform through the lens of American political institutions. Neither the composition of the Supreme Court, nor the institutional incentives facing legislators, are conducive to movement on this issue. Building on the legislative entrepreneurship literature, we argue that recent trends in congressional representation and the adoption of new issue framings are the most likely factors that will increase the probability of selective service reform. The absence of selective service reform in the United States reveals important facts about agenda-setting in defense policy and how political institutions shape the relationship between the public and the military.
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Windell, Maria A. "Sanctify Our Suffering World with Tears: Transamerican Sentimentalism in Joaquíín Murieta." Nineteenth-Century Literature 63, no. 2 (September 1, 2008): 170–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2008.63.2.170.
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Abstract This essay explores the often-overlooked affective discourse that emerges from a close reading of the Mexican and European American women in the first Native American novel, John Rollin Ridge's sensational dime novel The Life and Adventures of Joaquíín Murieta, the Celebrated California Bandit (1854). Through their investment in sentimental tropes such as the tearful scene, the angelic figure, and the untimely fainting fit, these women enact what I term a transamerican sentimental diplomacy that counters the attempt of the novel's men to define the United States via a nationalistic violence (the legacy of the U.S.-Mexican War). Through their tears, pleas, and actions, the women test the cultural and political milieu of the newly minted state of California. While the women's promotion of a peaceful paradigm for borderland interaction ultimately falls short, its undeniable presence is an important counterweight to the sensational violence in Joaquíín Murieta that has thus far captivated critics.
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Nemoto, Kumiko. "Global Production, Local Racialized Masculinities: Profit Pressure and Risk-taking Acts in a Japanese Auto-parts Company in the United States." Men and Masculinities 23, no. 3-4 (May 14, 2018): 476–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x18775468.
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Expansion of global production in the automotive industry has made America’s local plants increasingly racially varied but also more financially pressured. However, research on global firms under financial pressure that focuses on the workplace dynamics of managers and production workers of different races and nationalities remains limited. This article examines the organizational processes of masculinity enactment of three groups of men—Japanese managers, American managers, and American production workers—in a financially pressured Japanese auto-parts company. It describes how Japanese managers rationalized account manipulation as a profit recovery scheme and American workers validated this approach as being self-sacrificing and representative of heroic leadership; white American managers asserted their authority over engineers, women, and Japanese men by using intimidation and emasculation; and a production worker displayed his compensated masculinity by forcing his team to engage in hiding defective products. This article discusses the implications of these acts and their legitimization of unethical behaviors with the goal of increasing corporate profits from the perspectives of masculinities and of management.
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Nandhini, C., and K. S. Mangayarkkarasi. "Mildred D. Taylor’s Song of the Tree: Role of Women in Protection of Nature." Shanlax International Journal of English 9, S1-i2-Dec (December 22, 2020): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/english.v9is1-i2-dec.3683.
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Equal to man, every woman plays an important role in maintaining natural resources management and they have the respective knowledge and experience gained through close working with environment. Even in this present condition still some writers in their work concentrate on Nature and its importance. African American Literature, the body of the literature that produced in the United States by writers of African descent, highly concentrates on slavery before the American Civil War. Their oral culture is rich in poetry that includes spirituals, gospel, music, blues, and rap. Mildred D. Taylor is an author of nine novels including The Road to Memphis and most of her works known for social issues, mainly the problem faces by African American society. Song of the Trees originally published on 1975 is her first highly acclaimed series of books about the Logan family. The Novella is all about Racism, ruling the place and how the Hunger plays a vital role in the place. This paper highly shows that even in this pathetic condition how the female characters like Caroline, Mary, and Cassie struggle to protect nature and their environment from Mr. Anderson.
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Al-Galissy, Waleed, and Bhagwan S. Jadhav. "John Updike’s Terrorist: Islamist Misogyny or a Backlash on American Feminist Propaganda?" Journal of Critical Studies in Language and Literature 1, no. 3 (August 18, 2020): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.46809/jcsll.v1i3.33.
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The United States of America launched its war on terror in October, 2001. The war was declared both as a fight againstterrorism and a mission to liberate the powerless, oppressed Muslim women. The Orientalist representation of Muslimwomen as a victim of their misogynistic culture is observed to have been re-invented by this twin rhetoric of war on terror ofthe American Government. Following the assumption that American literary artists would devote their artistic talent insupport of their government, critics and scholars have excessively approached post 9/11 literature through Edward Said’stheory of Orientalism. While it is true that some American artists represent the conflict to be between two civilizations(modern vs backward), but the theory affect has made it difficult to imagine a western literary depiction without anOrientalist lens. Consequently, western texts become vulnerable to misunderstanding or biased reading. John Updike’sTerrorist (2006), for example, has been read as an Orientalist text in which women are used to depict Muslim frustrationtoward women liberation. Focusing on the representation of women, this article explores Updike’s text as a backlash onAmerican feminist politicized discourse, a new strategy of narrative to encounter the dominant narrative and challenge thetradition of Orientalism.
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James-Chakraborty, Kathleen. "Beyond the Confederacy." English Language Notes 57, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00138282-7716251.
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Abstract Monument Avenue in Richmond, Virginia, contains the United States’ most comprehensive and controversial set of memorials commemorating the Confederacy. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, women as well as men from families that had formerly owned slaves enjoyed roles as public figures by working to keep the memory of the Confederacy alive, including by championing the erection of statues like these. This activism helped enable subsequent female family members to become public intellectuals and scholars. Scholarship on the origins of the approach enshrined in a celebrated series of memorials erected in Berlin following German reunification by one such woman suggests that Richmond’s series of monuments might be reconfigured to foster a more inclusive approach to the history of the Civil War by sharply contrasting fragments of the current memorials with new content that addresses African American and other Unionist perspectives on the conflict.
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Woods, Mary. "The First American Architectural Journals: The Profession's Voice." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 48, no. 2 (June 1, 1989): 117–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990351.
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American architectural journals first appeared in the second half of the 19th century. Encouraged by advances in printing and graphic technologies, they were part of a general trend toward specialized journalism during this period. The architectural periodical developed along with journals for women, clerics, railroad engineers, and grocers. Yet it also resulted from publishers' desires to capitalize on the success of house pattern books and the widespread interest in architecture that they created. Despite these favorable omens the early American architectural journals foundered; they had troubled and short lives, generally lasting only two years. The premise of this paper is that their success depended on the architectural profession's direct involvement and support and the backing of a major publishing house. Beginning with the first periodicals of the 1850s and 1860s, architectural journalism identified itself with the emerging profession; its editorials asserted the architects' primacy in design and construction and distinguished their role from the builders'. Professional and educational issues, in fact, took precedence over aesthetic and stylistic discussions in editorial columns and articles. Yet the journals displayed the same pragmatism that had characterized builders' guides and pattern books, the first architectural literature published in the United States.
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Johnson, Claire D., and Bart N. Green. "Diversity in the Chiropractic Profession: Preparing for 2050." Journal of Chiropractic Education 26, no. 1 (April 1, 2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7899/1042-5055-26.1.1.
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As the diversity of the United States (US) population continues to change, concerns about minority health and health disparities grow. Health professions must evolve to meet the needs of the population. The purpose of this editorial is to review current trends in the diversity of chiropractic students, faculty, and practitioners in the United States. This editorial was informed by a search of the literature, to include PubMed, using the terms chiropractic and diversity, minority, and cultural competency. Demographic information for the chiropractic profession was obtained from the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners and The Chronicle of Higher Education. These data were compared to diversity data for medical doctors and the national and state populations from the American Association of Medical Colleges and the US Census, respectively. Surprisingly little has been published in the peer-reviewed literature on the topic of diversity in the chiropractic profession. For the variables available (sex and race), the data show that proportions in the US chiropractic profession do not match the population. State comparisons to associated chiropractic colleges show similar relationships. No reliable data were found on other diversity characteristics, such as gender identity, religion, and socioeconomic status. The chiropractic profession in the United States currently does not represent the national population with regard to sex and race. Leaders in the profession should develop a strategy to better meet the changing demographics of the US population. More attention to recruiting and retaining students, such as underrepresented minorities and women, and establishing improved cultural competency is needed.
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WINTERER, CAROLINE. "IS THERE AN INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF EARLY AMERICAN WOMEN?" Modern Intellectual History 4, no. 1 (March 8, 2007): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244306001120.
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Catherine Kerrison, Claiming the Pen: Women and Intellectual Life in the Early American South (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005)Susan Stabile, Memory's Daughters: The Material Culture of Remembrance in Eighteenth-Century America (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004)Mary Kelley, Learning to Stand and Speak: Women, Education, and Public Life in America's Republic (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, 2006)Consider Abigail Adams. Known to us mostly through over one thousand letters that she exchanged with her husband, John Adams, she was a woman of redoubtable intelligence and energy. Wife of the second president of the United States, she was mother to its sixth. She traveled to France and England, rubbing elbows with dukes and diplomats; she read deeply in history and literature; she supported the literacy of black children; she was a conduit for the American reception of Catharine Macaulay's republican-friendly History of England from the Accession of James I to that of the Brunswick Line (1763–8). The letters between John and Abigail fly so fast and furious, are so full of learned banter and palpable yearning, that their marriage appears strikingly modern, a union of equals. Let us not be deceived. Abigail Adams, like other women of her generation even in the social stratosphere, had no formal schooling, and her erudition was dwarfed by the massive learning bestowed upon John. He had a Harvard BA and read law for three years. He took for granted a vast public arena in which to unleash his colossal, if tortured, political ambitions. Abigail never published a word.
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Rader, Nicole E., Sarah A. Rogers, and Jeralynn S. Cossman. "Physical Health, Mental Health, and Fear of Crime Among College Students: A Consideration of Sex Differences." Violence Against Women 26, no. 1 (February 23, 2019): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801219826749.
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This article examines how physical health and mental health affect college students’ fear of crime. Few studies have examined the influence of fear of crime on both objective and subjective measures of physical and mental health and—to our knowledge—none has examined how health measures vary by sex in the United States. In addition, most of the existing research targets older individuals, rather than college students. Using the ACHA-NCHA data set (American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment), we expand the fear of crime literature by examining both subjective and objective physical and mental health measures among college-aged men and women.
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Power-Carter, Stephanie. "RE-THEORIZING SILENCE(S)." Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada 59, no. 1 (April 2020): 99–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/010318136742415912020.
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ABSTRACT This paper describes a telling case account that occurred during an ethnographic study in the United States in a secondary school senior British Literature class with only two African American young women, Pam and Natonya. The telling case complicated silence and also made visible other reflexive processes that provided opportunities to unpack and theorize silence, which led to the articulation of the silence trilogy. Further, it also made visible how the African American woman scholar’s own lived experiences informed her attempt to make sense of how Pam and Natonya navigated the silence(s). This paper will primarily foreground the works of Scholars of Color and use Black feminist and sociolinguistic theory to explore the following question: How did two African-American females in a predominately white educational space negotiate the silence(s) (e.g., silence, silencing, and silenced)? How did the African American woman researchers of color make sense of their negotiation?
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Barlev, A., M. Yong, G. Cherkowski, K. Cetin, and J. Fryzek. "Prevalence of early-stage prostate and estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer patients receiving primary androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and aromatase inhibitors (AIs) in the United States (U.S.)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): e22126-e22126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.e22126.
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e22126 Background: AIs and ADT are used to prevent recurrence of breast and prostate cancers but have been shown to accelerate bone loss. We estimated the prevalence of early-stage ER+ breast and prostate cancer patients on hormone therapy in the U.S., as this is not well-described in the literature. Methods: Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program, published literature, clinical practice, and a large claims database were used. We began with the American Cancer Society's estimated number of new breast and prostate cancer cases for the year 2008. We then assessed the number of patients with localized/regional disease and ER+ tumors and those receiving primary ADT (both chemical and surgical) or AI therapy by applying proportions from SEER, published literature, clinical practice, and the claims database. Using these incident case counts, we calculated the 5-year prevalence using appropriate cohort-specific survival rates to sum the number of new and surviving cases over a 5-year period. Results: The estimated 5-year prevalence of early-stage ER+ breast cancer for women aged ≥50 years in the U.S. was 607,411, of which 293,904 (48.4%) were on AI therapy based on the claims database. However, because this data source was limited to women aged <65 years, we also used estimates from clinical practice to capture AI use for women of all ages. Based on clinical practice, 402,637 (66.3%) to 460,156 (75.8%) of early-stage ER+ breast cancer patients were on AI therapy. For early-stage prostate cancer, the estimated 5-year prevalence for all ages was 1,024,238, of which 141,451 (13.8%) were on primary ADT. However, these figures may underestimate current usage of hormone therapies, as our data and the literature show increasing trends in ADT and AI use for early-stage disease. Conclusions: Based on a combination of population-based data and the published literature, approximately half of all early-stage ER+ breast cancer patients and a modest proportion of early-stage prostate cancer patients are on hormone therapy in the U.S. [Table: see text]
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Scranton, Audrey. "“I won’t change who I am for anyone”." Narrative Inquiry 25, no. 1 (December 31, 2015): 148–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.25.1.09scr.
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In the United States today, Muslim women are portrayed as weak, submissive, one-dimensional, and occupying a place of contradiction. These master narratives of Muslim women as uncivilized or anti-American lead them to be misunderstood at best and victims of hate crimes at worst. In this environment, a space emerges to explore counterstories, or narratives that depict a group as desirable in the face of a detrimental dominant narrative. In order to study how Muslim women construct their identities in this environment, a thematic analysis of stories told by Muslim women in an online setting was conducted. Findings reveal four prominent constructions or responses to this narrative: (1) I am multidimensional, (2) I am strong, (3) I change the world, and (4) I am special. Implications for the study of counterstories and future directions for research are discussed.
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Ramirez, Jennifer, Linda Oshin, and Stephanie Milan. "Imagining Her Future: Diversity in Mothers’ Socialization Goals for Their Adolescent Daughters." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 48, no. 4 (March 13, 2017): 593–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022117696802.
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According to developmental niche theory, members of different cultural and ethnic groups often have distinct ideas about what children need to become well-adapted adults. These beliefs are reflected in parents’ long-term socialization goals for their children. In this study, we test whether specific themes that have been deemed important in literature on diverse families in the United States (e.g., Strong Black Woman [SBW], marianismo, familismo) are evident in mothers’ long-term socialization goals. Participants included 192 mothers of teenage daughters from a low-income city in the United States (58% Latina, 22% African American, and 20% European American [EA]/White). Socialization goals were assessed through a q-sort task on important traits for a woman to possess and content analysis of open-ended responses about what values mothers hoped they would transmit to their daughters as they become adults. Results from ANCOVAs and logistic regression indicate significant racial/ethnic differences on both tasks consistent with hypotheses. On the q-sort task, African American mothers put more importance on women possessing traits such as independence than mothers from other racial/ethnic groups. Similarly, they were more likely to emphasize self-confidence and strength in what they hoped to transmit to their daughters. Contrary to expectation, Latina mothers did not emphasize social traits on the q-sort; however, in open-ended responses, they were more likely to focus on the importance of motherhood, one aspect of marianismo and familismo. Overall, results suggest that these mothers’ long-term socialization goals incorporate culturally relevant values considered important for African American and Latino families.
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Bell, Travis R., and Roxane Coche. "High Power Kick." Communication & Sport 6, no. 6 (October 15, 2017): 745–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167479517734853.
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The 2015 Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) Women’s World Cup final, won by the United States women’s national team (USWNT), was the most-watched soccer match (men or women) in U.S. history. This quantitative content analysis examined 491 American newspaper front pages published on July 6, 2015, the day after the USWNT win. Results discuss newspapers that placed the story on their front pages (81%) and those that didn’t (19%). The significant coverage of the victory indicates a small step toward improvement of a stereotypical (lack of) media representation for female athletes. However, newspapers that omitted USWNT coverage are remnants of what scholarly literature pointed toward for years: Media put more emphasis on men’s sports, regardless of level of play, than they do on women’s sports.
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Edwards, Amelia Blandford. "The Social and Political Position Of Woman in Ancient Egypt." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 120, no. 3 (May 2005): 843–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/003081205x68133.
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When James Russell Lowell, John Greenleaf Whittier, Oliver Wen-Dell Holmes, and two hundred other prominent American Literary and intellectual figures joined efforts to bring Amelia Edwards to the United States for a public lecture tour in 1889-90, they were acknowledging her importance as a writer and educator. The author of novels, short stories, popular histories, and works of travel literature, Edwards had established a second career as an advocate for the new science of Egyptology. As cofounder of and secretary for the Egypt Exploration Fund (EEF) in 1882, Edwards wrote extensively for the Morning Post and the Academy in England and Harper's in the United States. By 1887, she had established a strong working relationship with William Copley Winslow of the Boston Museum and received honorary degrees from Smith College and Columbia College for her literary and scholarly achievements. By the time of her tour, Edwards had succeeded in fostering a new understanding of a culture more ancient and exotic than those of Greece and Rome. Audiences for her lectures in both England and America were thus prepared for her to illuminate the Egyptian past, but listeners to this lecture on the social and political position of women in ancient Egypt may have been somewhat startled to find shadows from that past cast on their own present.
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Schwandt, Hilary M., Josef Coresh, and Michelle J. Hindin. "Marital Status, Hypertension, Coronary Heart Disease, Diabetes, and Death Among African American Women and Men: Incidence and Prevalence in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Participants." Journal of Family Issues 31, no. 9 (March 26, 2010): 1211–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x10365487.
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Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States, and African Americans disproportionately experience more cardiovascular disease, including coronary heart disease (CHD), hypertension, and diabetes. The literature documents a complex relationship between marital status and health, which varies by gender. We prospectively examine the relationship between African American men’s and women’s marital status and their risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and dying using the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) data. After multivariable adjustment for individual characteristics and health status, we found that marital status was not associated with hypertension or new cases of CHD, but remaining single throughout the study period was associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes for women and an increased likelihood of death for men. Culturally appropriate interventions for African Americans are needed to decrease racial disparities in cardiovascular diseases and mortality.
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LOOSER, DIANA. "Radical Bodies and Dangerous Ladies: Martial Arts and Women's Performance, 1900–1918." Theatre Research International 36, no. 1 (December 21, 2010): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883310000684.
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This article explores women's practice and theatrical presentation of jujutsu and judo in the early years of the twentieth century in the United States, Britain and New Zealand. My discussion treats three figures in particular: Fude Yamashita, who tutored upper-class Washington socialites and performed judo demonstrations on the American stage; the English militant vote-seeker, playwright and jujutsu practitioner Edith Garrud, proponent of jujutsu as a political activist performance and coordinator of the ‘fighting suffragettes’; and New Zealander Florence Le Mar, vaudeville performer and ‘the World's Famous Ju-Jitsu Girl’, who enthralled audiences with her spectacular show designed as an educational enterprise to empower women through transferable self-defence skills. A historical survey of these women's activities contributes to our understanding of the varied ways that women during this period used performance to resist patriarchal institutions and definitions, while offering insights into some of the ways that the Japanese martial arts were reinvented following their introduction to the West.
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Baccolini, Raffaella. "The Persistence of Hope in Dystopian Science Fiction." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 119, no. 3 (May 2004): 518–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/003081204x20587.
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It is widely accepted todaythat, whenever we receive or produce culture, we do so from a certain position and that such location influences how we theorize about and read the world. Because I am an Italian trained in the United States (specializing in American modernism) in the 1980s, my reading of science fiction has been shaped by my cultural and biographical circumstances as well as by my geography. It is a hybrid approach, combining these circumstances primarily with an interest in feminist theory and in writing by women. From the very beginning I have foregrounded issues of genre writing as they intersect with gender and the deconstruction of high and low culture. Such an approach, however, must also come to terms with the political and cultural circumstances that characterize this turn of the century.
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Karaman, Nuray, and Michelle Christian. "“My Hijab Is Like My Skin Color”: Muslim Women Students, Racialization, and Intersectionality." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 6, no. 4 (February 5, 2020): 517–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649220903740.
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During the past several years a growing body of literature has encouraged sociologists to examine the intersection of race and Islam as a distinct form of racialization. What is further needed is an understanding of the experiences of racialization of Muslims through the prism of intersectionality. Applying and expanding Selod’s (2018a, 2018b) conceptualization of “gendered racialization” we argue American and international Muslim college women in the United States experience racialization at the intersection of nationality-culture; how their corporeal bodies are gendered and racially signified; religious-political expression; and legal-political policies and practices. Using data from 34 Muslim women college students we argue, first, that they are being racialized in similar practices and feel un-American and that they do not belong but how they mitigate racialization differs based on their intersecting identities. Specifically, the intersecting forces of nationality, gender and racial body signification, and religious-political expression are pertinent. Second, Muslim women college students negotiate their racialization with different coping strategies informed by their intersecting identities, notably their nationality and how they are bodily signified. These findings expose how whiteness is a malleable process for Muslim college women and choosing how to navigate racialization is determined by competing identities.
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Ide, Risako. "Where the husbands stand." Narrative Inquiry 28, no. 2 (October 19, 2018): 215–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.17003.ide.
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Abstract In this paper, I analyse women’s interview narratives from the United States and Japan about their child rearing experiences to examine how stance-taking towards their experiences and their family members manifest itself differently. Paying attention to the narratives regarding their husbands’ role in child rearing, I examine how stance-taking may be perceived through overt and implied references in the use of linguistic resources. With the American English data, I discuss how the shift of personal pronouns combined with the discourse marker but create metaframes of the speakers’ stances, categorized as “abstract/positive” and “concrete/negative.” In contrast, Japanese narratives revealed that women’s stance-taking towards their husbands was marked through the concurrent usage of supportive giving verbs (-te kureru), indexing indebtedness on the side of the women, as well as nominalization forms that categorized their partners as certain types of men based on shared social expectations.
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Peters, Janelle. "Lot's Wife in the Novels of Mary Anne Sadlier." Postscripts: The Journal of Sacred Texts, Cultural Histories, and Contemporary Contexts 5, no. 2 (November 14, 2011): 185–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/post.v5i2.185.
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The biblical figure of Lot’s wife in the novels of Mary Anne Sadlier functions typologically, assigning the role of Lot’s wife to both men and women. This essay explores how such an interpretative move functioned to reverse the charges leveled against Catholic men by muscular Christianity and Catholic women by the Protestant Cult of True Womanhood. Sadlier’s audience was the burgeoning Irish American immigrant community, but the ethnically porous character of Sadlier’s sources of inspiration for that community might be attested by her family’s Catholic catechetical publishing company’s reprint of Cardinal Wiseman’s Fabiola in the United States a mere two years after its initial publication in Britain and by her numerous translations from the French. The choice of a typological figure with a widely acknowledged perceived historical basis helped Sadlier to navigate between progressive and conservative Catholic biblical interpretation contemporary to her writing. Typology also facilitated Sadlier’s participation in the Catholic polemics against anti-Catholic, nativist literature by assimilating a negative biblical exemplar to biblically devoted Protestants.
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Chirch, Lisa M., Khalid Ahmad, Warren Spinner, Victor E. Jimenez, Susan V. Donelan, and Eric Smouha. "Tuberculous Otitis Media: Report of 2 Cases on Long Island, N.Y., and a Review of all Cases Reported in the United States from 1990 through 2003." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 84, no. 8 (August 2005): 488–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014556130508400811.
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We report 2 cases of tuberculous otitis media that were diagnosed at Stony Brook University Hospital in New York since 1999. Both patients were women, aged 30 and 31 years. One patient had grown up in Russia, the other was a native-born American who had never left the East Coast region of the United States. Both patients had been symptomatic for many months; one complained of chronic otorrhea, and the other reported otorrhea, hearing loss, and discomfort. Neither patient responded to medical management, and both ultimately underwent surgery. One was diagnosed after surgical pathology revealed acid-fast bacilli on frozen-section analysis. In the other, pathology revealed chronic inflammation and granulomata, but stains were negative and her diagnosis was delayed for almost 2 years. We also review 9 other cases of tuberculous otitis media in the United States that have been reported in the literature since 1990. Our review suggests that the number of cases is rising in areas where tuberculosis is most common—that is, in major U.S. cities. Although 3 of these 9 cases occurred as reactivation disease in immigrants, most might have occurred as a result of local transmission. Clinicians should maintain a high degree of suspicion for tuberculosis in patients with chronic otitis symptoms, particularly those who are at higher risk of exposure to tuberculosis.
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Greenberg, Amy S. "1848/1898: Memorial Day, Places of Memory, and Imperial Amnesia." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 124, no. 5 (October 2009): 1869–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2009.124.5.1869.
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Mr. Speaker, I believe that as we sow so shall we reap; and if in the minds of the present generation of boys and girls, young men and women, we sow the seeds of lukewarm patriotism, in the next we will reap a race of men and women who will care very little for love of country. … I would have this nation the absolute master of the commerce of the world. … [I]t is impossible to look up without having a feeling of pride steal over you for the patriots of '76, the sailors of '12, the boys in blue of '61, the courage of the boys in gray. …—Representative Edmund H. Driggs to Congress, 8 March 1898On 15 February 1898, the USS Maine exploded in Havana harbor, killing 266 crewmen. American journalists clamored for vengeance against the Spanish authorities they wrongly blamed for the accident. Three weeks later the Fifty-Fifth Congress unanimously voted in support of President McKinley's $50 million bill for the “national defense” (Morgan 275). By May, Spain and the United States were at war.
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Manzer, Jamie L., and Ann V. Bell. "“We’re a Little Biased”: Medicine and the Management of Bias through the Case of Contraception." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 62, no. 2 (April 12, 2021): 120–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00221465211003232.
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There is a wealth of literature demonstrating the presence of bias throughout the American health care system. Despite acknowledging such presence, however, little is known about how bias functions within medical encounters, particularly how providers grapple with bias in their patient counseling and decision-making. We explore such processes through the case of contraceptive counseling, a highly raced, classed, and gendered context. In-depth interviews with 51 health care providers reveal that providers use four primary strategies to navigate and minimize bias in their care—using scientific rationale, employing “safe” biases, standardizing counseling, and implementing patient-centered care. Paradoxically, using these strategies can exacerbate rather than resolve bias. Understanding these bias management strategies reveals provider-held biases, how they manifest within appointments, and the potential consequences for patients’ health autonomy. Such knowledge informs interventions that promote contraceptive use among women in the United States, addresses bias in health care broadly, and thus ultimately helps combat health disparities.
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Ramirez, Pablo A. "The Woman of Tomorrow." Nineteenth-Century Literature 74, no. 4 (March 2020): 502–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2020.74.4.502.
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Pablo A. Ramirez, “The Woman of Tomorrow: Gertrude Atherton and the Latina Foremother of the Californian New Woman” (pp. 502–534) Throughout the 1890s, Gertrude Atherton employs the figure of the aristocratic Californiana (Mexican Californian woman) to extend classical liberalism’s economic model of individualism to include women. By joining the aristocratic Californiana with American liberalism, Atherton transforms California’s history of capitalist development into a romance in which the creation of new markets generates not only profits, but the New Woman as well. In Atherton’s stories of Alta California, which I call “tales of romantic liberalism,” the history and evolution of California and the New Woman is narrated through the promises (or contracts) that a Californiana character makes and the obligations she accepts or rejects. The Californiana in The Doomswoman (1893) and Before the Gringo Came (1894) becomes the foundation for the New Woman, whose personal development and advancement promises to perfect liberal capitalism through her consensual romantic unions. As the decade drew to a close and the war with Spain became imminent, however, one can see in Atherton’s The Californians (1898) her growing fear that the massification of politics and culture imperiled not only liberal capitalism and democracy, but the evolution of women’s individuality as well. As a result, the evolution of the Californiana character is no longer reliant on a union with a capitalist contractarian partner but on the reaffirmation of her aristocratic individualism. Through her Californiana heroines, Atherton engages the Californio past in order to imagine the evolution of women’s individuality as the United States undergoes a shift from classical liberalism to modern liberalism and from republic to overseas empire.
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Cohler, Bertram J. "Two lives, two times." Narrative Inquiry 18, no. 1 (August 15, 2008): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.18.1.02coh.
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Life stories such as memoirs reflect the interplay of autobiographical reasoning, and collective remembrance at a time and in a place where memoirs are written. Using this perspective for understanding life-writing, I discuss memoirs written by two women who were formerly internees in the Nazi extermination camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau. Olga Lengyel (1909–2001) lost her entire family in the camp and wrote her memoir in Paris just after the war. Her account describes the atrocities that she observed with few reflections on her own experiences. Mira Ryczke Kimmelman, (1923–) wrote her memoir more than half a century later as an emigre to the United States after the war where she and her husband raised their children and where she is presently an active participant in the survivor community. Her memoir is written as what Tomkins and McAdams have portrayed as a characteristic American redemptive account of successfully overcoming adversity. Following a happy childhood and suffering through the Shoah, Mira Kimmelman is a generative mentor who lectures on her experiences and leads tours for young people back to her homeland. She is concerned that the next generation be spared the suffering of the Shoah.
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Hayani, Khadija El Hayani. "Song of Myself : A Democratic Epic." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 7 (July 25, 2020): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jul394.
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Walt Whitman's 'Song of Myself' is one of the most important poems in the American literature, important for both its use of language and its vision of equality. Throughout the poem , Walt Whitman gives emphasis on equality of all men and women. To him all humans are equal and all professions are equally honorable.(Seery, 2011)). The poem, hence celebrates the theme of democracy and the oneness of mankind, specifically the American people. The purpose of this paper is not to provide a kind of background for Whitman’s poetic principles, but try to discuss his democratic leanings in “Song Of Myself “.Whitman envisioned democracy not just as a political system but as a way of experiencing the world. In the early nineteenth century, people still harbored many doubts about whether the United States could survive as a country and about whether democracy could thrive as a political system. To allay those fears and to praise democracy, Whitman tried to be democratic in both life and poetry. He imagined democracy as a way of interpersonal interaction and as a way for individuals to integrate their beliefs into their everyday lives. “Song of Myself” notes that democracy must include all individuals equally, or else it will fail.
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P Hollis, Leah. "The Abetting Bully: Vicarious Bullying and Unethical Leadership in Higher Education." Journal for the Study of Postsecondary and Tertiary Education 4 (2019): 001–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4255.
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Aim/Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the phenomena of vicarious bullying, or an abetting bully, when a bully’s subordinate is used to inflict abuse on the target. This study examines who is most affected by this multi-faceted organizational abuse in American higher education. Background: Workplace bullying has received international attention. Recent studies in the United States have focused on workplace bullying in higher education. However, workplace bullying emerges from an elaborate social structure. This research article brings the unique perspective of vicarious bullying for analysis. Methodology: A data collection from 729 American higher education professionals was used to answer the following three research questions which were addressed in this study: RQ1: What is the overall prevalence of vicarious bullying in American higher education? RQ2: What is the likelihood of experiencing vicarious bullying in American higher education based on gender? RQ3: What is the likelihood of experiencing vicarious bullying in American higher education based on a woman’s race? A chi-square analysis was used to examine which demographic groups are more susceptible to vicarious bullying. Contribution: This article expands the literature on workplace bullying in American higher education by considering how unethical leadership can contribute to and inspire abetting and vicarious bullies who are enabled to maintain the toxic work culture. Findings: This article expands the literature on workplace bullying in American higher education by considering how unethical leadership can contribute to and inspire abetting and vicarious bullies who are enabled to maintain the toxic work culture. Recommendations for Practitioners: Vicarious bullying occurs when the organization fails to curtail managerial abuse. The result is higher turnover for women employees. Working with chief diversity officers and EEO officials can develop policies that stifle this behavior. Recommendation for Researchers: While workplace bullying has gained international attention, the organizational behavior of vicarious bullying is a unique organizational perspective that warrants further study. Impact on Society: Data confirm that women are more likely to leave their organizations to avoid workplace bullying. Women’s departures weaken an organization when they take their insight and knowledge with them. Future Research: Future research can consider the relationship between ethical leadership at the department level and executive level of higher education, and how that might have an impact on the prevalence of workplace bullying.
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Romero, Devan R., Shari McMahan, and Michelle Cathorall. "Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk." Californian Journal of Health Promotion 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v3i1.1748.
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Recent changes by the American Heart Association identify screening guidelines for CVD risk factors for those in their early twenties. Research on CVD has focused on adult populations 40 and over. If risk is identified at an earlier age, then preventative behaviors can be established to prevent the onset and prevalence of CVD. This study was conducted to identify college students’ awareness of early screening for and knowledge of CVD risk factors. Specifically, this study examined differences between men, women, and risk perception. Participants were 403 college students (male = 137; female = 266) between the ages of 18 and 25 that completed a questionnaire measuring knowledge and awareness of CVD risk. Results showed that college students had limited knowledge of CVD risk, specifically signs and symptoms. A majority of the participants identified awareness of early screening guidelines. Women rated cancer as the leading cause of death more frequently than men did. Further results indicated men continue to be more knowledgeable and aware of CVD risk. Practitioners and health educators need to use existing literature and new CVD guidelines in the United States to develop prevention programs and strategies. Prevention strategies and education should be specifically targeted toward young women and adults.
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West, Carolyn M. "Partner Abuse in Ethnic Minority and Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Populations." Partner Abuse 3, no. 3 (2012): 336–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.3.3.336.
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This review seeks to synthesize the current state of knowledge regarding gender differences in rates of physical and psychological intimate partner violence (IPV) prevalence among the four largest racial/ethnic groups in the United States, compares rates of physical and psychological IPV between sexual minorities and heterosexuals and among subgroups of sexual minorities (gay men, lesbians, bisexuals), and summarizes correlates and risk factors that are associated with rates of IPV in both ethnic and sexual minorities.A systematic search of the published literature in the past 40 years using various search engines (e.g., PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science) was conducted. The review identified 55 studies that met criteria. Few gender differences in rates of physical and psychological aggression were found among African American, Hispanic American, Asian American, and Native American men and women. Psychological aggression was most frequently reported. Bidirectional violence, which primarily took the form of minor aggression, was the most frequently reported form of physical violence. When unidirectional aggression was assessed, it was more likely to be female perpetrated, particularly among African Americans. These gender patterns were consistent across general population, student, and community studies. Respondents who reported a history of same-sex cohabitation and those who identified as sexual minorities reported higher rates of IPV than those who reported only a history of opposite-sex cohabitation and those who identified as heterosexual.Regarding sexual minority subgroup differences, bisexuals appeared to be at a greater risk of IPV, and victimization among transgendered individuals has largely been neglected in the literature. Substance abuse and use, marginalized socioeconomic status in the form of family and neighborhood poverty, and exposure to violence during childhood as a witness or victim of violence in the family of origin were consistently linked to elevated rates of IPV. Associations also were found between level of acculturation and minority stress in the form of internalized homophobia and frequency of discrimination based on sexual orientation. However, the complex association among these variables was less clear across racial groups and sexual orientation. Research limitations and future research directions are discussed.
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Valladares, Tania, Ricardo Simões, Wanderley Bernardo, Ana Carolina Basso Schmitt, Maria Regina A. Cardoso, and José Mendes Aldrighi. "Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in postmenopausal women: a systematic review." Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 65, no. 5 (May 2019): 691–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.65.5.691.
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SUMMARY BACKGROUND: Hypovitaminosis D is considered a global public health issue. Knowledge of its true dimensions will allow us to design interventions and plan preventive measures that can have a significant impact on human health. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D, defined as a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration < 30 ng/ml, in postmenopausal women around the world, as well as to identify the potential associated factors. METHODS: A systematic review was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses recommendations. Specific search terms were consulted in Medline, Excerpta Medica, and Latin-American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature databases, with no restriction for the year or language of publication. RESULTS: Of 451 studies initially identified, 32 were selected for analysis. Collectively, those 32 studies evaluated 21,236 postmenopausal women, of whom 16,440 (77.4%) had serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations < 30 ng/ml. The reported prevalence of hypovitaminosis D ranged from 29% (in the United States) to 99.4% (in China). In six of the studies, the prevalence was above 90%. CONCLUSIONS: If the criterion is the 30 ng/ml cut-off point, the majority of postmenopausal women in the world could be classified as having hypovitaminosis D. Among the studies evaluated, the lowest prevalence reported was nearly 30%. Neither latitude, region of the world, nor laboratory methodology were found to be associated with the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D.
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Elkafrawi, Deena, Giovanni Sisti, Sarah Araji, Aldo Khoury, Jacob Miller, and Brian Rodriguez Echevarria. "Risk Factors for Neonatal/Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in African American Women with Placental Abruption." Medicina 56, no. 4 (April 13, 2020): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina56040174.
Full textAbstract:
Background and Objectives: Risk factors for neonatal/maternal morbidity and mortality in placental abruption have been incompletely studied in the current literature. Most of the research overlooked the African American population as mostly Caucasian populations are selected. We aimed to find which risk factor influence the neonatal and maternal outcome in cases of placental abruption occurring in African American pregnant women in an inner-city urban setting. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study at St. Joseph’s Regional Medical Center, NJ United States of America (USA), between 1986 and 1996. Inclusion criteria were African American race, singleton pregnancy with gestational age over 20 weeks and placental abruption. Maternal age, gravidity, parity, gestational age at delivery/occurrence of placental abruption and mode of delivery were collected. Risk factors for placental abruption such as placenta previa, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, cigarette smoking, crack/cocaine and alcohol use, mechanical trauma, preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), and premature rupture of membranes (PROM) were recorded. Poor neonatal outcome was considered when anyone of the following occurred: 1st and 5th minute Apgar score lower than 7, intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD), perinatal death, and neonatal arterial umbilical cord pH less than 7.15. Poor maternal outcome was considered if any of the following presented at delivery: hemorrhagic shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), hysterectomy, postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), maternal intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and maternal death. Results: A population of 271 singleton African American pregnant women was included in the study. Lower gestational age at delivery and cesarean section were statistically significantly correlated with poor neonatal outcomes (p = 0.018; p < 0.001; p = 0.015) in the univariate analysis; only lower gestational age at delivery remained significant in the multivariate analysis (p = < 0.001). Crack/cocaine use was statistically significantly associated with poor maternal outcome (p = 0.033) in the univariate analysis, while in the multivariate analysis, hemolysis, elevated enzymes, low platelet (HELLP) syndrome, crack/cocaine use and previous cesarean section resulted significantly associated with poor maternal outcome (p = 0.029, p = 0.017, p = 0.015, p = 0.047). PROM was associated with better neonatal outcome in the univariate analysis, and preeclampsia was associated with a better maternal outcome in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Lower gestational age at delivery is the most important risk factor for poor neonatal outcome in African American women with placental abruption. Poor maternal outcome correlated with HELLP syndrome, crack/cocaine use and previous cesarean section. More research in this understudied population is needed to establish reliable risk factors and coordinate preventive interventions.