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Journal articles on the topic 'Transactinide Elements'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Eichler, Robert. "The periodic table – an experimenter’s guide to transactinide chemistry." Radiochimica Acta 107, no. 9-11 (September 25, 2019): 865–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2018-3080.

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Abstract The fundamental principles of the periodic table guide the research and development of the challenging experiments with transactinide elements. This guidance is elucidated together with experimental results from gas phase chemical studies of the transactinide elements with the atomic numbers 104–108 and 112–114. Some deduced chemical properties of these superheavy elements are presented here in conjunction with trends established by the periodic table. Finally, prospects are presented for further chemical investigations of transactinides based on trends in the periodic table.

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2

SHINOHARA, Nobuo, and Shigekazu USUDA. "Chemistry of Transactinide Elements." Journal of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan / Atomic Energy Society of Japan 37, no. 10 (1995): 907–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3327/jaesj.37.907.

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3

Kratz, J. V. "Chemistry of the transactinide elements." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 213-214 (October 1994): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-8388(94)90875-3.

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4

Kratz, J. V. "Critical evaluation of the chemical properties of the transactinide elements (IUPAC Technical Report)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 75, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200375010103.

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In this paper, the chemical properties of the transactinide elements rutherfordium, Rf (element 104); dubnium, Db (element 105); and seaborgium, Sg (element 106) are critically reviewed. The experimental methods for performing rapid chemical separations on a time scale of seconds are reviewed, and comments are given on the special situation with the transactinides for which the chemistry has to be studied with single atoms. There follows a systematic description of theoretical predictions and experimental results on the chemistry of Rf, Db, and Sg - their mutual comparison and evaluation. The literature cited has the cutoff date of March 1999. The more recent chemical identification of bohrium, Bh (element 107), and of hassium, Hs (element 108), should be evaluated in a future Part II of this report.

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5

Nagame, Y. "Production and Chemistry of Transactinide Elements." Journal of Nuclear and Radiochemical Sciences 6, no. 3 (2005): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14494/jnrs2000.6.3_205.

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6

Steinegger, Patrick, and Robert Eichler. "Radiochemical Research with Transactinide Elements in Switzerland." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 74, no. 12 (December 23, 2020): 924–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2020.924.

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Here, we present a review on a fundamental radiochemical research topic performed by Swiss scientists in national and international collaborations, utilizing large accelerator facilities at the Paul Scherrer Institute as well as abroad. The chemical investigation of the heaviest elements of the periodic table is a truly multidisciplinary effort, which allows scientists to venture into a variety of fields ranging from nuclear and radiochemistry to experimental and theoretical work in inorganic and physical chemistry all the way to nuclear and atomic physics. The structure and fundamental ordering scheme of all elements in the periodic table, as established more than 150 years ago, is at stake: The ever increasing addition of new elements at the heavy end of the periodic table together with a growing influence of relativistic effects, raises the question of how much periodicity applies in this region of the table. Research on the heaviest chemical elements requires access to large heavy-ion accelerator facilities as well as to rare actinide isotopes as target materials. Thus, this scientific area is inevitably embedded in joint international efforts. Its fundamental character ensures academic relevance and thereby substantially contributes to the future of nuclear sciences in Switzerland.

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7

Gäggeler, H. W. "On-line gas chemistry experiments with transactinide elements." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles 183, no. 2 (September 1994): 261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02037995.

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8

Guseva, Lidia I. "Transactinide superheavy elements: isolation and chemical properties in solution." Russian Chemical Reviews 74, no. 5 (May 31, 2005): 443–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/rc2005v074n05abeh001178.

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9

Sch^|^auml;del, M. "The Chemistry of Transactinide Elements-Experimental Achievements and Perspectives." Journal of Nuclear and Radiochemical Sciences 3, no. 1 (2002): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14494/jnrs2000.3.113.

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10

Hoffman, D. C. "Atom-at-a-time studies of the transactinide elements." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 276, no. 2 (May 2008): 525–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-008-0537-6.

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11

Alstad, J., G. Skarnemark, F. Haberberger, G. Herrmann, A. Nähler, M. Pense-Maskow, and N. Trautmann. "Development of new centrifuges for fast solvent extraction of transactinide elements." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles 189, no. 1 (January 1995): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02040191.

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12

Schädel, Matthias, and Yuichiro Nagame. "From SRAFAP to ARCA and AIDA – developments and implementation of automated aqueous-phase rapid chemistry apparatuses for heavy actinides and transactinides." Radiochimica Acta 107, no. 7 (July 26, 2019): 561–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2019-3103.

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Abstract The development of automated rapid chemistry techniques and their application for batch-wise, chromatographic separations of heavy elements in the liquid-phase are outlined. Starting in the mid-1970s with manually performed separations using pressurized liquid-chromatography techniques, this development led to the first version of the Automated Rapid Chemistry Apparatus, ARCA, in the early 1980s. After a breakthrough to a much higher level of automation and miniaturization, the new apparatus ARCA II was built in the late 1980s. Based on it, the Automated Ion-exchange separation apparatus coupled with the Detection system for Alpha spectroscopy, AIDA, became operational in the late 1990s. In the context of technical and technological advancements, this article discusses the successful application of these instruments for (i) the search for superheavy elements, (ii) cross section measurements of actinide elements produced in multi-nucleon transfer reactions with actinide targets, (iii) chemical separation and characterization of the heavy actinides mendelevium, Md, and lawrencium, Lr, and (iv) studies of the transactinide elements rutherfordium, Rf, dubnium, Db, and seaborgium, Sg. Details of the separations are outlined together with the big advancements made over time and the limitations reached. For the transactinide elements, examples are given for their observed chemical behavior; often affected by an interplay between hydrolysis and complex formation. Influenced by relativistic effects, chemical properties of these elements sometimes deviated from those of their lighter homologs in the Periodic Table.

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13

Armbruster, P. "On the Production of Superheavy Elements." Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50, no. 1 (December 2000): 411–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nucl.50.1.411.

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▪ Abstract In the first century of nuclear physics, 31 radioactive elements were added to the periodic system of elements. In 1996, at GSI, element 112 was synthesized by fusion of 70Zn with 208Pb, and its atomic number was established by a decay chain linked to known isotopes. Relativistic mean field calculations of the ground-state stability of nuclei predict the next spherical proton shell not as previously assumed at Z = 114 but at Z = 120 for 304184120. Moreover, a region of spherical nuclei with depleted central density is predicted at N = 172 for 292172120 by mean field calculations. New elements are established today using recoil separators combined with decay-chain analysis. Three new elements, Z = 110–112, and 18 transactinide isotopes have been discovered since 1985, all assigned by genetical linkage to known isotopes. The production cross sections decrease exponentially going to higher elements and now have reached the 1-pb limit. Fusion aiming at higher and higher atomic numbers is a self-terminated process because of constantly increasing disruptive Coulomb forces. The limitations in the formation and deexcitation stages are presented. The rapid drop to smaller cross sections (“Coulomb falls”) is modified by nuclear structure not only in the ground state of the final product (superheavy element) but also in the collision partners and during the amalgamation process (closed shells and clusters). The prospects to produce higher elements and new isotopes by extrapolating the physics learned from reaching Z = 112 are 283114, which might be found in 76Ge/208Pb at a level of 0.1 pb and linked to 259No. At this level, about 30 transactinide isotopes are still in reach. To explain the stabilization of production cross sections in the pb range claimed in 1999 experiments, new physics delaying the descent in the “Coulomb falls” is to appear. For the FLNR experiments claiming Z = 114, no explanation is offered. For the LBL experiment claiming Z = 118, an explanation from new physics is presented. All experiments need confirmation. Verifying the centrally depleted, spherical nuclei around 292172120 would be a victory for nuclear structure physics, much more interesting than the trivial case of another doubly closed shell nucleus.

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14

Omtvedt, J. P., J. Alstad, T. Bjørnstad, Ch E. Düllmann, K. E. Gregorich, D. C. Hoffman, H. Nitsche, et al. "Chemical properties of the transactinide elements studied in liquid phase with SISAK." European Physical Journal D 45, no. 1 (June 27, 2007): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjd/e2007-00214-6.

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15

Wittwer, David, Rugard Dressler, Robert Eichler, H. W. Gäggeler, and Andreas Türler. "Prediction of the thermal release of transactinide elements (112 ≤Z≤ 116) from metals." Radiochimica Acta 101, no. 4 (April 2013): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/ract.2013.2027.

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16

Hofmann, Sigurd. "Synthesis and properties of isotopes of the transactinides." Radiochimica Acta 107, no. 9-11 (September 25, 2019): 879–915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2019-3104.

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Abstract Isotopes of transactinide elements have to be synthesized in nuclear reactions with light or heavy beam particles. The efficient production by neutron capture and subsequent β− decay as it is used for the production of isotopes of actinide elements up to fermium is no longer possible due to the lack of suitable target material. The content of this article is about the synthesis and the study of the decay properties of nuclei to which atomic, respectively proton numbers from Z = 104 to 118 could be unambiguously assigned by physical means. The results identified the reaction products as isotopes of new elements beyond the actinides, the transactinides. As such the elements received names given by the discovers ranging from rutherfordium for element 104 to oganesson for element 118 which completes the 7th row of the Periodic Table of the Elements. Intensive heavy ion beams, sophisticated target technology, efficient electromagnetic ion separators, and sensitive detector arrays were the prerequisites for discovery of the elements from Z = 107 to 118 during the years from 1981 to 2013. The results and the techniques are described. Also given is a historical introduction into early experiments and the theoretical predictions for a possible existence of an island of stability located at the crossing of the next closed shells for the protons and neutrons beyond the doubly magic nucleus 208Pb. The experimental results are compared with recent theoretical calculations on cross-sections and decay modes of these superheavy nuclei, respectively isotopes of superheavy elements. An outlook is given on further improvement of experimental facilities which will be needed for exploration of the extension and structure of the island of superheavy nuclei, in particular for searching for isotopes with longer half-lives predicted to be located in the south east and for isotopes of further new elements expected in the north-east direction of the island at the upper end of the chart of nuclei.

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17

Schädel, Matthias. "Chemistry of the superheavy elements." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2037 (March 13, 2015): 20140191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0191.

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The quest for superheavy elements (SHEs) is driven by the desire to find and explore one of the extreme limits of existence of matter. These elements exist solely due to their nuclear shell stabilization. All 15 presently ‘known’ SHEs (11 are officially ‘discovered’ and named) up to element 118 are short-lived and are man-made atom-at-a-time in heavy ion induced nuclear reactions. They are identical to the transactinide elements located in the seventh period of the periodic table beginning with rutherfordium (element 104), dubnium (element 105) and seaborgium (element 106) in groups 4, 5 and 6, respectively. Their chemical properties are often surprising and unexpected from simple extrapolations. After hassium (element 108), chemistry has now reached copernicium (element 112) and flerovium (element 114). For the later ones, the focus is on questions of their metallic or possibly noble gas-like character originating from interplay of most pronounced relativistic effects and electron-shell effects. SHEs provide unique opportunities to get insights into the influence of strong relativistic effects on the atomic electrons and to probe ‘relativistically’ influenced chemical properties and the architecture of the periodic table at its farthest reach. In addition, they establish a test bench to challenge the validity and predictive power of modern fully relativistic quantum chemical models.

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18

Langrock, Gert, Norbert Wiehl, Hans-Otto Kling, Matthias Mendel, Andrea Nähler, Udo Tharun, Klaus Eberhardt, et al. "Digital liquid-scintillation counting and effective pulse-shape discrimination with artificial neural networks." Radiochimica Acta 103, no. 1 (January 28, 2015): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2014-2281.

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Abstract A typical problem in low-level liquid scintillation (LS) counting is the identification of α particles in the presence of a high background of β and γ particles. Especially the occurrence of β-β and β-γ pile-ups may prevent the unambiguous identification of an α signal by commonly used analog electronics. In this case, pulse-shape discrimination (PSD) and pile-up rejection (PUR) units show an insufficient performance. This problem was also observed in own earlier experiments on the chemical behaviour of transactinide elements using the liquid-liquid extraction system SISAK in combination with LS counting. α-particle signals from the decay of the transactinides could not be unambiguously assigned. However, the availability of instruments for the digital recording of LS pulses changes the situation and provides possibilities for new approaches in the treatment of LS pulse shapes. In a SISAK experiment performed at PSI, Villigen, a fast transient recorder, a PC card with oscilloscope characteristics and a sampling rate of 1 giga samples s−1 (1 ns per point), was used for the first time to record LS signals. It turned out, that the recorded signals were predominantly α, β-β and β-γ pile up, and fission events. This paper describes the subsequent development and use of artificial neural networks (ANN) based on the method of “back-propagation of errors” to automatically distinguish between different pulse shapes. Such networks can “learn” pulse shapes and classify hitherto unknown pulses correctly after a learning period. The results show that ANN in combination with fast digital recording of pulse shapes can be a powerful tool in LS spectrometry even at high background count rates.

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19

Block, Michael. "Direct mass measurements and ionization potential measurements of the actinides." Radiochimica Acta 107, no. 9-11 (September 25, 2019): 821–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2019-3143.

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Abstract The precise determination of atomic and nuclear properties such as masses, differential charge radii, nuclear spins, electromagnetic moments and the ionization potential of the actinides has been extended to the late actinides in recent years. In particular, laser spectroscopy and mass spectrometry have reached the region of heavy actinides that can only be produced only at accelerator facilities. The new results provide deeper insight into the impact of relativistic effects on the atomic structure and the evolution of nuclear shell effects around the deformed neutron shell closure at N = 152. All these experimental activities have also opened the door to extend such measurements to the transactinide elements in the near future. This contribution summarizes recent achievements in Penning trap mass spectrometry and laser spectroscopy of the late actinides and addresses future perspectives.

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20

Carjan, N., F. A. Ivanyuk, Yu Oganessian, and G. Ter-Akopian. "Fission of transactinide elements described in terms of generalized Cassinian ovals: Fragment mass and total kinetic energy distributions." Nuclear Physics A 942 (October 2015): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.07.019.

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21

Malli, Gulzari L., and Jacek Styszynski. "Ab initio all-electron fully relativistic Dirac–Fock–Breit calculations for molecules of the superheavy transactinide elements: Rutherfordium tetrachloride." Journal of Chemical Physics 109, no. 11 (September 15, 1998): 4448–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.477048.

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22

Szeglowski, Z., L. I. Guseva, Dinh Thi Lien, V. P. Domanov, B. Kubica, G. S. Tikhomirowa, O. Constantinescu, M. Constantinescu, and A. B. Yakushev. "On line ion exchange separation of short-lived Zr, Hf, Mo, Ta and W isotopes as homologs of transactinide elements." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 228, no. 1-2 (February 1998): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02387316.

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23

Han, Young-Kyu, Sang-Kil Son, Yoon Jeong Choi, and Yoon Sup Lee. "Structures and Stabilities for Halides and Oxides of Transactinide Elements Rf, Db, and Sg Calculated by Relativistic Effective Core Potential Methods." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 103, no. 45 (November 1999): 9109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp9917953.

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24

NAKAHARA, Hiromichi, and Keisuke SUEKI. "Fundamentals and Present Aspects of Ion Beam Technology. V. Application of Ion Beam. 2. Production of Radioisotopes. 2.1 Synthesis of transactinide elements." RADIOISOTOPES 44, no. 8 (1995): 573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3769/radioisotopes.44.8_573.

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25

Wierczinski, B., K. Eberhardt, G. Herrmann, J. V. Kratz, M. Mendel, A. Nähler, F. Rocker, et al. "Liquid-scintillation spectroscopy of α-particle emitters and detection of spontaneous fission events for on-line studies of actinide and transactinide elements." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 370, no. 2-3 (February 1996): 532–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(95)00830-6.

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26

Kauffman, George B. "The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements. 5 Bde. 3. Aufl. Herausgegeben von Lester R. Morss, Norman M. Edelstein und Jean Fuger." Angewandte Chemie 119, no. 10 (February 26, 2007): 1584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200685471.

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27

Kratz, Jens-Volker. "Development of nuclear chemistry at Mainz and Darmstadt." Radiochimica Acta 107, no. 1 (December 19, 2018): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2018-2948.

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Abstract This review describes some key accomplishments of Günter Herrmann such as the establishment of the TRIGA Mark II research reactor at Mainz University, the identification of a large number of very neutron-rich fission products by fast, automated chemical separations, the study of their nuclear structure by spectroscopy with modern detection techniques, and the measurement of fission yields. After getting the nuclear chemistry group, the target laboratory, and the mass separator group established at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, a number of large international collaborations were organized exploring the mechanism of deeply inelastic multi-nucleon transfer reactions in collisions of Xe and U ions with U targets, Ca and U ions with Cm targets, and the search for superheavy elements with chemical separations after these bombardments. After the Chernobyl accident, together with members of the Institute of Physics, a powerful laser technique, the resonance ionization mass spectometry (RIMS) was established for the ultra-trace detection of actinides and long-lived fission products in environmental samples. RIMS was also applied to determine with high precision the first ionization potentials of actinides all the way up to einsteinium. In the late 1980ies, high interest arose in results obtained in fusion-evaporation reactions between light projectiles and heavy actinide targets investigating the chemical properties of transactinide elements (Z≥104). Remarkable was the observation, that their chemical properties deviated from those of their lighter homologs in the Periodic Table because their valence electrons are increasingly influenced by relativistic effects. These chemical results could be reproduced with relativistic quantum-chemical calculations. The present review is selecting and describing examples for fast chemical separations that were successful at the TRIGA Mainz and heavy-ion reaction studies at GSI Darmstadt.

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28

Kauffman, George B. "The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements. 3rd ed., 5 vols. Edited by Lester R. Morss, Norman M. Edelstein, Jean Fuger, and Joseph J. Katz." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 46, no. 10 (February 26, 2007): 1562–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200685471.

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29

Malli, Gulzari L. "Thirty years of relativistic self-consistent field theory for molecules: relativistic and electron correlation effects for atomic and molecular systems of transactinide superheavy elements up to ekaplutonium E126 with g-atomic spinors in the ground state configuration." Theoretical Chemistry Accounts 118, no. 3 (June 23, 2007): 473–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00214-007-0335-1.

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30

Malli, Gulzari L. "Thirty years of relativistic self-consistent field theory for molecules: relativistic and electron correlation effects for atomic and molecular systems of transactinide superheavy elements up to ekaplutonium E126 with g-atomic spinors in the ground state configuration." Theoretical Chemistry Accounts 118, no. 3 (July 31, 2007): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00214-007-0377-4.

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31

Oganessian, Yu Ts. "Synthesis reactions and radioactive properties of transactinoid elements." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 213-214 (October 1994): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-8388(94)90880-x.

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32

Nagame, Y. "Radiochemical Studies of the Transactinide Element, Rutherfordium (Rf) at JAERI." Journal of Nuclear and Radiochemical Sciences 6, no. 2 (2005): A21—A28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14494/jnrs2000.6.2_a21.

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33

Han, Young-Kyu, Cheolbeom Bae, Sang-Kil Son, and Yoon Sup Lee. "Spin–orbit effects on the transactinidep-block element monohydrides MH (M=element 113–118)." Journal of Chemical Physics 112, no. 6 (February 8, 2000): 2684–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.480842.

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34

Ionova, G. V., I. S. Ionova, V. K. Mikhalko, G. A. Gerasimova, Yu N. Kostrubov, and N. I. Suraeva. "Halides of Tetravalent Transactinides (Rf, Db, Sg, Bh, Hs, Mt, 110th Element): Physicochemical Properties." Russian Journal of Coordination Chemistry 30, no. 5 (May 2004): 352–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:ruco.0000026006.39497.82.

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35

ACKERMANN, DIETER. "SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS — SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURE AND REACTION MECHANISM." International Journal of Modern Physics E 15, no. 07 (October 2006): 1577–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301306005150.

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The elements with Z = 107 - 112 have been successfully synthesized at GSI employing 208 Pb and 209 Bi targets and producing relatively cold compound systems. The unambiguous identification of these elements via evaporation residue(ER)-α correlations and the link to known α emitters has been confirmed by independent measurements performed at RIKEN, Japan and partly by chemistry experiments. An impressive body of data which is interpreted as the synthesis of isotopes with Z = 114 - 116 and 118 has been accumulated at the FLNR, Dubna, where the alternative approach of reactions with actinoide targets forming more excited compound nuclei was pursued. Despite of a consistent systematic picture, the final confirmation, however, is still missing. These exciting results together with the possibilities opened up by the advanced experimental techniques and the nowadays available beam intensities with their expected future increase have triggered a broad range of activities. Apart from experiments to attempt the synthesis of new elements, nuclear structure investigations in the transactinoide region has become possible for Z up to 108 or 110. Heavy element chemistry has successfully placed Hs in the periodic table and is now attacking element 112. The development of accelerators and experimental methods promises advances to enable the extension of these investigations in regions closer to the "island of stability". Mass measurements using ion traps and neutron rich unstable beam species for the systematic investigation of nuclear structure and reaction mechanisms for heavy neutron rich systems are believed to complete the variety of tools in future.

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36

Schädel, Matthias. "Chemistry of the Transactinide Elements." Radiochimica Acta 70-71, s1 (January 1, 1995). http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/ract.1995.7071.s1.207.

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37

Schädel, Matthias. "Chemistry of the Transactinide Elements." Radiochimica Acta 70-71, s1 (January 1, 1995). http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/ract.1995.7071.special-issue.207.

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38

Mohapatra, P. K. "Chemical Properties of Transactinide Elements." ChemInform 35, no. 51 (December 21, 2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200451196.

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39

Türler, A. "Gas Phase Chemistry Experiments with Transactinide Elements." Radiochimica Acta 72, no. 1 (January 1, 1996). http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/ract.1996.72.1.7.

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40

"The Chemistry of the actinide and transactinide elements." Choice Reviews Online 44, no. 08 (April 1, 2007): 44–4454. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.44-4454.

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41

Guseva, L. I. "Transactinide Superheavy Elements: Isolation and Chemical Properties in Solution." ChemInform 36, no. 45 (November 8, 2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200545226.

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42

Schädel, M. "Aqueous chemistry of transactinides." Radiochimica Acta 89, no. 11-12 (January 1, 2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/ract.2001.89.11-12.721.

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The aqueous chemistry of the first three transactinide elements is briefly reviewed with special emphasis given to recent experimental results. Short introductory remarks are discussing the atom-at-a-time situation of transactinide chemistry as a result of low production cross-sections and short half-lives. In general, on-line experimental techniques and, more specifically, the Automated Rapid Chemistry Apparatus, ARCA, are presented. Present and future developments of experimental techniques and resulting perspectives are outlined at the end. The central part is mainly focussing on hydrolysis and complex formation aspects of the superheavy group 4, 5, and 6 transition metals with F

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43

"The chemistry of the actinide and transactinide elements, vol 5." Focus on Catalysts 2007, no. 3 (March 2007): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1351-4180(07)70101-0.

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44

"Critical Evaluation of the Chemical Properties of the Transactinide Elements." Chemistry International -- Newsmagazine for IUPAC 25, no. 3 (January 2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ci.2003.25.3.19b.

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45

Eichler, R. "Empirical relation between the adsorption properties of elements on gold surfaces and their volatility." Radiochimica Acta 93, no. 4 (January 1, 2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/ract.93.4.245.64069.

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SummaryA correlation is established between thermodynamic data for hypothetical macroscopic amounts of elements and experimentally accessible data on gold surfaces. The correlation between the experimentally determined standard adsorption enthalpies of elements on gold surfaces and their standard sublimation enthalpies is shown to be valid over a broad data range for various elements from light noble gases (Kr) up to heavy metals (Pb, Bi). This type of correlation is indispensable to derive thermodynamic data for macroscopic amounts of elements from results of adsorption chromatographic experiments with single atom amounts. It is also necessary to predict the behavior of single atoms from given or estimated thermochemical data. The conditions under which this correlation is valid are elaborated. Finally, predicted data for the elements 112 and 114 are used to link them to the corresponding sublimation or adsorption data. The obtained prediction intervals are of exceptional importance for the design of sophisticated experimental setups for the chemical investigation of transactinide elements on a single atom scale.

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46

Sylwester, E. R., K. E. Gregorich, D. M. Lee, B. Kadkhodayan, A. Türler, J. L. Adams, C. D. Kacher, M. R. Lane, C. Laue, and C. A. McGrath. "On-line gas chromatographic studies of Rf, Zr, and Hf bromides." Radiochimica Acta 88, no. 12 (January 1, 2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/ract.2000.88.12.837.

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The Heavy Element Volatility Instrument (HEVI), an on-line isothermal gas chromatography system, has been used to separate the volatile bromide compounds of the group 4 elements Zr and Hf and the transactinide Rf according to their volatilities, and to provide data on the gas phase chemical properties of very short-lived isotopes in amounts as low as a few atoms. For these studiesA Monte Carlo code was used to deduce the enthalpy of adsorption (ΔHVolatilities of the group 4 bromides support the conclusion from previous results for the group 4 chlorides that Rf deviates from the trend expected by simple extrapolation of the properties of its lighter homologs in the periodic table. The group 4 bromides are also observed to be less volatile than their respective chlorides, as predicted by relativistic calculations.

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47

Monroy-Guzman, Fabiola, Didier Trubert, Lucette Brillard, Michel Hussonnois, Olimpus Constantinescu, and Claire Le Naour. "Anion Exchange Behaviour of Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta and Pa as Homologues of Rf and Db in Fluoride Medium." Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society 54, no. 1 (June 17, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.29356/jmcs.v54i1.961.

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Studies of the chemical property of transactinide elements are very difficult due to their short half-lives and extremely small production yields. However it is still possible to obtain considerable information about their chemical properties, such as the most stable oxidation states in aqueous solution, complexing ability, etc., comparing their behaviour with their lighter homologous in the periodic table. In order to obtain a better knowledge of the behavior of rutherfordium, Rf (element 104), dubnium, Db (element 105) in HF medium, the sorption properties of Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta and Pa, homologues of Rf and Db, were studied in NH4F/HClO4 medium in this work. Stability constants of the fluoride complexes of these elements were experimentally obtained from Kd obtained at different F- and H+ concentrations. The anionic complexes: [Zr(Hf)F5]-, [Zr(Hf)F6]2-, [Zr(Hf)F7]3-, [Ta(Pa)F6]-, [Ta(Pa)F7]2-, [Ta(Pa)F8]3-, [NbOF4]- and [NbOF5]2- are present as predominant species in the HF range over investigation.

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48

Kratz, Jens Volker. "Critical Evaluation of the Chemical Properties of the Transactinoid Elements (IUPAC Technical Report)." ChemInform 34, no. 38 (September 23, 2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200338220.

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