Relevant bibliographies by topics / Transaction differencies

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Transaction differencies'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Transaction differencies"

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WANG, CHENG, and YOUFENG WU. "FROM LOCKS TO CORRECT AND EFFICIENT TRANSACTIONAL MEMORY." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 21, no. 02 (April 2012): 1240005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126612400051.

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Transactional memory addresses a number of important issues in lock-based parallel programs. Unfortunately, the semantics of transactions are different from those of critical sections defined by locks. The semantic differences make it difficult to correctly port existing lock-based programs to transaction-based programs. Experienced programmers accustomed to lock-based programming can easily make mistakes in transaction-based programming as parallel programs running correctly using locks can run incorrectly when critical sections are converted to using transactions. This problem becomes even more severe in porting lock-based programs to use the efficient software transactional memory. In this paper, we first identify three necessary properties in a program for the program execution using transactions to be equivalent to the program execution using locks. Assuming that the input lock-based program satisfies the necessary properties (i.e., a well-behaved parallel program), we next present a correctness condition to verify the transactional memory implementation in order for the program execution using transactions to be equivalent to the program execution using locks. Finally, we develop a correct and efficient software transactional memory implementation that satisfies the correctness condition so that locks in the well-behaved parallel programs can be converted to use the efficient software transactional memory easily and correctly.
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Derlytsia, Andrii. "THE CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS OF TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC FINANCE." Economic Analysis, no. 30(3) (2020): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2020.03.072.

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Introduction. One of the least developed areas of the theory of economic institutionalism is transactional analysis of public finance. Its component – the theory of transaction costs, is mainly applied to the sphere of functioning of economic entities and the financial market. This necessitates the study of transactions in public finance as an economic phenomenon that requires an integrated approach and goes beyond purely transaction costs. The purpose of the article. The aim is to study the conceptual foundations, method and key areas of transactional analysis of public finance as a scientific field of institutional research. Method. To achieve this goal, the following general scientific methods were used: scientific abstraction, in highlighting the essential features of transactional analysis of public finance; comparative analysis, when assessing the differences in transaction costs in the public and market sectors; a systematic approach in identifying the components of transactional analysis of public finance. Results. Transactional analysis of public finance as a component of institutional research of public finance is considered. The role of transaction costs in the public sphere is shown and their ability to positively influence the efficiency of public finance due to the optimization of resource allocation in the public sector is substantiated. It is indicated that transaction costs in the public sphere are a necessary element to ensure compliance with supply and demand of public goods and other state services, which leads to increased utility of participants in collective interaction. The characteristic of the method of transactional analysis of public finance and its features is given. The main directions of transactional analysis of public finance from the standpoint of comparison of transaction costs, transaction losses and transaction benefits are outlined. The dualistic nature of transaction costs in relation to transformation costs is shown.
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Cichosz, Izabela. "Negotiation Differences between China and Poland." Journal of Intercultural Management 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joim-2016-0016.

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Abstract Interaction is a vital part of every business transaction. In creating an international agreement, communication being an important assignment can be very demanding. In business negotiation, interactions do not only evolve within the business and customers but also with the dealers and every stakeholders that is included in the business transaction. More and more transactions are cross-cultural in their nature. Cross-cultural negotiation is prone fail as the individuals involved in these transactions are ignorant on how to pact with individuals of different cultures. This paper seeks to explore differences in cross-cultural negotiation between Polish and Chinese business people.
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Fesenko, V. V. "Analysis of Price Differences for Transfer Prices Auditing in the Controlled Import Transactions." Statistics of Ukraine 82, no. 3 (September 4, 2018): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.3(82)2018.03.10.

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The article’s objective is to justify and develop a method for analyzing price differences in the controlled foreign economic transactions of enterprises, for further auditing and analyzing transfer prices in foreign economic transactions with related parties. Actual transfer prices in a controlled transaction may differ from planned ones or from the estimated market range of prices, determined by normative requirements for reports on controlled transactions. A detailed analysis of differences in estimated prices is made, which may either occur occasionally or be formed purposefully by management staff of an enterprise when performing controlled import transactions. The economically reasonable ratio of prices in performing import transactions is determined from the perspective of management control for under-pricing purposes, and from the perspective of minimizing tax liabilities for over-pricing purposes. The proposed method for analysis of price differences in the controlled foreign economic transactions is built on the differences between an actual price and its planned, intra-group, minimal, average weighted and maximal levels, thus enabling to determine six types of differences: optimization difference, anti-group difference, the difference by market potential and the difference by the effectiveness of purchases. Identification and analysis of the calculated price difference will contribute in constructing a system for recording and analysis of reasons and effects of price distortions, which can be used for audit (internal and external) and analysis of the effectiveness of such transactions. The proposed method for analyzing price differences in the controlled foreign economic transaction can help internal auditors in identifying price differences that are exposed to the risk of essential distortion due to a probability of management impact, which enables to focus audit procedures on accounting and reporting segments with the increased risk of distortion. This method can also be used as an analytical procedure involved in independent or tax audit of import transactions in testing prices for over-pricing (in order to under-price the taxation base) or under-pricing (in order to reduce the amount of custom payments).
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Setiawan, Wijayanto. "Aspek hukum kontrak dagang via internet (cyberspace transactions) dalam perspektif sistem hukum Islam." Ijtihad : Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam dan Kemanusiaan 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2010): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v10i2.123-155.

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Trade contracts via the internet (cyberspace transactions) or e-commerce or in other terms is a necessity inthe development of cyberspace in the last ten decades. In terms of the applicable legal aspects, contractstrade via the internet is having a substantial difference with the conventional contract law. From theviewpoint of Islamic Law (fiqh), the implementation of e-commerce business transactions can besamed with al-sala>m transactions in the way of payment and delivery of commodities which serve as theobject of the transaction. Transactions in e-commerce over the Internet can be aligned with the principlesof the existing transaction in the transaction al-salam, especially relating to the parties involved in thetransaction, the consensus statement and transaction through a transaction object. Based on thesestudies, the commercial transactions over the Internet is allowed as long as meet the principles of thecontract (‘aqad) in Islam, namely: (1) the parties involved in implementing the contract with proves goodand sincerity; (2) the process of conveying statements of the consensus between party is clear and notconflicting with shar’i; and (3) the object of transactions (goods or services) is something that is halal.
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Ulum, Khozainul. "MENELISIK HUKUM JUAL BELI KREDIT MELALUI KAJIAN TAFSIR AL-QURAN." JES (Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah) 2, no. 1 (September 4, 2017): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30736/jes.v2i1.28.

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In fulfilling the needs, human beings tend to do various ways and always looking for ease. In the context of the fulfillment of economic needs, for example, not everyone can get easy access to be able to get the needs. The purchasing power of each person always refers to the stability of the amount of income earned every day or every month. Therefore, it is not surprising that payment system in transaction of buying and selling that try to make easy for consumer to get what is wanted, that is credit payment. In Islam, payments in credit transactions are known as nasīah. This paper will trace the arguments of the Quran that are related to the payment of sale and purchase on credit. From the Quranic interpretation of sura al-Baqarah verse 282 and 283 above with respect to the transaction on credit, it can be summarized as follows. First, the transaction on credit in Islam is not forbidden and not makruh. In other words, it is allowed even though the price of goods sold in credit is more expensive than the price in cash. Second, in a transaction on credit, it is ordered to make record and witness to the requierments and conditions of the transaction. The purpose of these records and testimony is to safeguard the rights of each transactor and to avoid disputes in the future. In this case, ulama have difference on the form of such recording and testimonies. One side believes that the order is obligatory (wajib), and the other side thinks it sunnah. According to me, after seeing the purpose of record and testimony of the above transactions, the record and testimony in the transaction is wajib.Third, transaction made in cash (yadan bi yadin), according to the author, is also required to record and testimony. This is a form of caution, because at the moment there are many disputes in transactions that arise in the community, even though they have done the recording and testimony. Fourth, note of treaty and the receipts included in each transaction at the present have an important meaning to safeguard the rights and obligations of each party conducting the transaction. Moreover, note of treaty and receipt are a valid and concrete evidence explaining the truth of the transaction.
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Wei, Kangning, Yuzhu Li, Yong Zha, and Jing Ma. "Trust, risk and transaction intention in consumer-to-consumer e-marketplaces." Industrial Management & Data Systems 119, no. 2 (March 11, 2019): 331–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-10-2017-0489.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to compare the relative impacts of trust and risk on individual’s transaction intention in consumer-to-consumer (C2C) e-marketplaces from both the buyers’ and the sellers’ perspectives. Design/methodology/approach Two surveys were used to collect data regarding buyers’ and sellers’ perceptions and transaction intentions at a typical C2C e-marketplace. Partial least squares was used to analyze the data. A complementary qualitative study was conducted to triangulate the results from the quantitative study. Findings Institution-based trust (IBT) exerts a stronger influence on transaction intentions for buyers than for sellers. Sellers perceive a stronger impact of trust in intermediary (TII) than buyers on transaction intentions. The impacts of perceived risk in transactions are not different between buyers and sellers. Furthermore, IBT mediates the impacts of TII and perceived risk on transaction intentions for buyers. Research limitations/implications The results indicate that the impacts of trust and risk on transaction intention in e-marketplaces do differ between buyers and sellers. This suggests a need to further investigate the buyer–seller difference in online transactions. Practical implications Intermediaries need to focus on different types of trust-building mechanisms when attracting buyers and sellers to make transactions in the e-marketplace. Originality/value C2C e-marketplaces cannot survive without participation from both buyers and sellers. Most prior research is conducted from the buyers’ perspective. This research sets a starting point for future research to further explore the differences between buyers’ and sellers’ behavior in C2C e-commerce environments.
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Iradianty, Aldilla. "Digital Payment: Perspektif Gender dalam Pemilihan Jasa Pembayaran Digital." JBMI (Jurnal Bisnis, Manajemen, dan Informatika) 18, no. 1 (June 20, 2021): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26487/jbmi.v18i1.13409.

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In today's digital era buyers and sellers are using digital payment applications with non-cash payment transactions, in this transaction, there are other parties involved, namely, digital payment providers, where the digital payment provider from the buyer will continue the transaction to the financial network used by the seller. quickly, safely and cheaply, and in real-time, so that immediately the buyer and seller know whether the transaction was successful or not because they are using their smartphone devices. Gender differences, between men and women, can lead to differences in terms of spending with transactions through digital payments, therefore this study will look at whether there are differences between men and women in terms of using digital payments. The research approach used is quantitative research with the help of a questionnaire. A total of 104 users were involved in this study to be asked for information about experiences in using various payments provided by four popular digital payment providers in Indonesia, namely Gopay, Ovo, LinkAja, and Dana. For data analysis, this study uses a different test analysis for each sample, and the results show that there is no difference in the use of digital payments seen from a gender perspective.
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Goel, Manisha. "Management of Transaction Exposure." International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology 3, no. 1 (January 2012): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jssmet.2012010103.

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In an era of globalization, thousands of transactions of international trade take place among companies of different countries. But the profitability of these transactions can be completely wiped out by adverse movements in the exchange rate during this time gap. Transaction exposure is a measure of effect of exchange rate fluctuations on these transactions. Unmanaged transaction exposure can paralyze not only financial position but also competitive position of companies in market. The present study portrays transaction exposure management as practiced by various multinational companies in India. And compares management of transaction exposure by banking and non-banking and foreign and Indian MNCs. The effect of various factors on their management policy is also investigated. The results of the study evidence that the majority of firms make efforts to measure their transaction exposure. There is no significant effect of level of transaction exposure on estimation policy and decision to develop separate management system for management of transaction exposure of companies. Significant difference exists between management policies of companies of different sectors toward management of their transaction exposure. Companies are actively using various hedging strategies for managing their transaction exposure.
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Brink, Sophia. "The effect of the new revenue standard on client loyalty programmes." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 7, no. 2 (July 31, 2014): 393–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v7i2.147.

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The popularity of client loyalty programmes has increased drastically over the past few years, with more than 100 suppliers in South Africa currently making use of them. On 1 July 2007 the IASB issued IFRIC 13 to give specific guidance to suppliers on the accounting treatment of client loyalty programme transactions. In the process of compiling a new revenue standard, the International Accounting Standard Board published Exposure Draft ED/2011/6 Revenue from Contracts with Customers on 14 November 2011 to supersede virtually all existing revenue standards and interpretations under IFRS, including IFRIC 13. Although the effective date of the new revenue standard is 1 January 2017, in view of the nature of a client loyalty programme transaction it would be prudent for suppliers to start collecting data immediately for the retrospective application. Given the time limit and the minimal specific reference to client loyalty programme transactions in the proposed new model, the main aim of the research was to investigate the proposed new model’s impact on the accounting treatment of client loyalty programme transactions. The similarities and differences between the guidelines in IFRIC 13 and those of the proposed new model as well as the specific paragraphs in the proposed new model that are applicable to client loyalty programme transactions were considered. A specific recognition difference and a presentation difference has been identified between the accounting treatment of a client loyalty programme transaction under IFRIC 13 and that of the proposed new model.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Transaction differencies"

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Zemančík, Miroslav. "Měnové kurzy a jejich dopad na účetní výkaznictví dle českých účetních předpisů a IFRS." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-359771.

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The purpose of this Master's Thesis is to analyze effects of Foreign Exchange Rates on financial statements under Czech accounting regulations and IFRS. It focuses on analyzing and comparing both regulations when choosing the reporting currency or when applying rules on the usage of the correct exchange rates. By using practical excercises it compares differencies in the calculation of transaction and translation differencies with the focus on the impact on the financial statements under the both regulations.
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Lee, Jillian April. "Gender differences in psychopathology examined under an expanded transactional theory of stress framework." Thesis, [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2590.

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Jia, Yijing, and Qiongshen Wu. "The differences between Groupon and other group-buying intermediaries: : from transactional and relational coordination perspectives." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-70796.

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Groupon is a popular group-buying website offering daily deals and has experiencedfast growth. It has attracted amounts of imitators and they sprang up all over the world.We treat this phenomenon by taking Groupon as an intermediary executing coordinationbetween merchants and customers in the group-buying activities. To see the particularpractices of Groupon in operating transactional and relational coordination mechanisms,we collect diverse group-buying forms from the earliest buying club since 1860s tillnow and make comparison among various involved intermediaries. After that, five maindifferences are identified including the nature of initiator, product and service selection,pricing mechanism, frequency of deals, network and relations, which either contributesto reduction of transaction cost or maintaining the interactive relationships. Throughthese collection, comparison and analysis, we have new insights into the features ofGroupon’s group-buying coordination and accordingly implications for future electronicintermediaries.
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Li, Wen. "Numerical methods for the solution of the HJB equations arising in European and American option pricing with proportional transaction costs." University of Western Australia. School of Mathematics and Statistics, 2010. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2010.0098.

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This thesis is concerned with the investigation of numerical methods for the solution of the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equations arising in European and American option pricing with proportional transaction costs. We first consider the problem of computing reservation purchase and write prices of a European option in the model proposed by Davis, Panas and Zariphopoulou [19]. It has been shown [19] that computing the reservation purchase and write prices of a European option involves solving three different fully nonlinear HJB equations. In this thesis, we propose a penalty approach combined with a finite difference scheme to solve the HJB equations. We first approximate each of the HJB equations by a quasi-linear second order partial differential equation containing two linear penalty terms with penalty parameters. We then develop a numerical scheme based on the finite differencing in both space and time for solving the penalized equation. We prove that there exists a unique viscosity solution to the penalized equation and the viscosity solution to the penalized equation converges to that of the original HJB equation as the penalty parameters tend to infinity. We also prove that the solution of the finite difference scheme converges to the viscosity solution of the penalized equation. Numerical results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. We extend the penalty approach combined with a finite difference scheme to the HJB equations in the American option pricing model proposed by Davis and Zarphopoulou [20]. Numerical experiments are presented to illustrate the theoretical findings.
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Washington, Rynetta R. "Empirical relationships among servant, transformational, and transactional leadership similarities, differences, and correlations with job satisfaction and organizational commitment /." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2007%20Spring%20Dissertations/WASHINGTON_RYNETTA_3.pdf.

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McAdory, Alice Rae. "Transactional and transformational leadership: Differences between representative and peer -nominated effective university presidents and as a function of institution type and presidential gender." W&M ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1550154129.

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Ekholm, Julia, and Olivia Holmgren. "Kämpa, fly eller ta en snus : Skillnader och likheter mellan och inom könens skolrelaterade stress och stresshantering." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för idrottsvetenskap (ID), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-80257.

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Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka elevers upplevda stress och deras tillvägagångssätt för att hantera denna stress med hjälp av copingstrategier, vilket sedan sätts i relation till biologiskt kön. Arbetet utgår ifrån ett elektroniskt frågeformulär som inkluderar både kvantitativa och kvalitativa aspekter. Resultaten av denna studie visar sig i några fall avvika från den tidigare forskningen, vilket leder till intressanta analyser och diskussioner. Ett av dessa resultat är pojkarnas användande av emotionsfokuserade copingmetoder, som annars är färre än flickornas. Ett annat intressant och avvikande resultat är stressnivåerna inom gruppen flickor, då det visar sig att de som går ett yrkesförberedande program procentuellt är mer stressade än högskoleförberedande programmets flickor.
The purpose of this study is to examine students experienced stress and their ways of coping with that stress using coping strategies, which is later also put in relation to biological sex. The study is using a mixed method in the form of an electronic questionnaire. The results of this study turned out to deviate from previous research, which leads to interesting analyzes and discussions. One of these results is the boys’ usage of emotion-focused coping methods, which otherwise is fewer than the girls. Another interesting and deviating result is the stress levels within the girls’ group, since it turns out that girls who attend a profession-based program are more stressed, percentage wise, than the girls who attend a college-based program.
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Paavola, L. (Leila). "Maternal sensitive responsiveness, characteristics and relations to child early communicative and linguistic development." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2006. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514282035.

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Abstract The present longitudinal follow-up study had two main goals. Firstly, this study aimed to describe aspects of maternal interactive/communicative behaviour that could be considered constitutive in sensitive responsiveness. Secondly and most importantly, it aimed to find predictive relations between characteristics of mother-infant interaction around the onset of infant intentional communication and subsequent child communicative and linguistic development. The participants were 27 Finnish-speaking mothers and their healthy first-born infants. Analyses of the amount and types of maternal and infant communicative acts as well as maternal responses to infant signals were carried out from videotaped free-play samples at the infants' age of 10 months. In addition, the CARE-Index was used to rate maternal sensitivity and infant co-operativity. At 12 months, children's communicative and linguistic skills were assessed by using the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories and the Communication and Symbolic Behaviour Scales. At 30 months, the Reynell Developmental Language Scales III was used to assess comprehensive and expressive language. The results suggest that maternal activity in eliciting interaction and conversational interchanges is characteristic of sensitive responsiveness around the onset of infant intentionality. However, very distinctive aspects of verbal behaviour that might be constitutive in sensitive responsiveness were not found — probably as a result of considerable individual variation in all aspects of maternal as well as infant interactive/communicative behaviour that were analysed. As predictors of communicative and linguistic skills at 12 months, both maternal and infant characteristics made a significant contribution. In general, the predictive relations found were quite specific. In turn, except for the predictive validity of maternal sensitivity for comprehensive language at 30 months, later language outcomes were predicted only by children's communicative and linguistic skills at 12 months, suggesting that over time, language development becomes increasingly child-driven. Individual differences in early communicative capacities may also to some extent mask the language-facilitating effects of parenting. On the other hand, some potentially facilitating effects of parental behaviour may be elicited by the infant's well-advanced communicative skills. The importance to acknowledge transactional processes in parent-child interaction is highlighted — both in future research and clinical applications.
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Chen, Jia-Wei, and 陳佳薇. "Related-Party Transactions and Book-Tax Differences." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/s9pr8y.

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碩士
國立雲林科技大學
會計系
105
The difference between accounting income and taxable income that is resulted from the divergent reporting rules for book and tax purposes is denoted as book-tax differences (BTD). Note that the book-tax differences (BTD) may result from both the divergent reporting rules for book and tax purpose and from managers who are intend to achieve certain special purposes by taking various actions, e.g., earnings management, legal tax planning or aggressive tax management. Based on the listed firms in Taiwan stocks market from 1996 to 2014, this study firstly uses Tang and Firth (2011; 2012) model to estimate normal BTD (NBTD) and abnormal BTD (ABBTD), then tests the influence of related-party transaction (sales-based type and non-sales-based type) on the abnormal BTD. Secondly, this study follows Jian & Wong (2010) and divides the sales-based related-party transaction into normal and abnormal sales-based related-party transaction and further examines the influence normal and abnormal sales-based related-party transaction on abnormal BTD. The empirical results show that both the sales-based type and non-sales-based type related-party transaction are positively association with abnormal book-tax differences (ABBTD). Further evidences document that the positive association between sales-based related-party transaction and ABBTD is resulted from the influence of abnormal sales-based related-party transaction. This study implements some diagnostic checks and demonstrates that the results are robust to various specifications.
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CHUANG, ANG-JUI, and 莊昂叡. "Green Building Residential in Recognition of Transaction Price Differences Research." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2dhur5.

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碩士
長榮大學
土地管理與開發學系碩士班
107
Environmental protection is nowadays more concerned by the society. The “green building” could effectively reduce the damage to the environment, and the government takes the lead by constructing the public building green. Yet, the number of green building is still limited. Loads of literatures in the past mostly focused on the examination and evaluation system of the green building labels. Whereas, some studied the construction cost and intended to probe the ordeals of fostering the green building. In this study, we believe that the national real estate transaction price entry open access system and transaction records could accurately disclose the authentic dealing information in the green building market, and also provide the fundamental and vital guidance on public purchasing, entrepreneur productizing, and governmental authority promotion. The analysis targets in the research are the green building located in New Taipei city gaining approval within 2012 and 2015. Based on the market approach concept, the prices are hypothesized to be in similar range of real estate transaction price entry and analyze whether it prices at a significant gap between green building and non-green building. The research utilizes the transaction price of the green building and the corresponding range of the non-green building data. Conduct the paired sample t-test to compare the transaction price, after discarding the devious cases, screening types of residential building, and screening the building ages. The result reveals a significant difference exists in average transaction price in green and non-green building, and the price is higher than the non-green building in 7.23%. Discussing the influence of green building labels on transaction price in greater details, there is no significant difference in the price of diverse green building rating label.
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Books on the topic "Transaction differencies"

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Ewan, McKendrick. Ch.7 Non-performance, s.4: Damages, Art.7.4.5. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0154.

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This commentary analyses Article 7.4.5 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning proof of harm in case of replacement transactions. Under Art 7.4.5, entry into a substitute transaction generally entitles the aggrieved party to recover damages. If the aggrieved party has terminated the contract and has made a replacement transaction within a reasonable time and in a reasonable manner, it may recover the difference between the contract price and the price of the replacement transaction as well as damages for any further harm. This commentary discusses Art 7.4.5's overlap with Art 7.4.8 and the burden of proof of the aggrieved party to establish that it has terminated the contract, that it was entitled to do so, and that it has made a replacement transaction within a reasonable time and in a reasonable manner.
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Singer, Abraham A. Ronald Coase and the Difference between Markets and Firms. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190698348.003.0004.

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This chapter reviews the development of transaction cost economics and unpacks its theory of the firm. The chapter begins with the marginal revolution in economics and how it altered the way economists understood the corporation. It then reviews the work of Ronald Coase and Oliver Williamson, explaining how they provided a novel account of firms. Transaction cost economics emphasizes how firms use hierarchy and bureaucracy to overcome problems of opportunism and asset-specific investment to coordinate some types of economic activity more efficiently than markets can. The transaction cost account of the corporation’s productivity component is shown in tabular form in comparison with its historical forerunners reviewed in the previous chapter.
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Archuleta, Christopher C. Gender, intimacy, and transactive memories of romantic relationships. 1999.

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Roger, Mccormick, and Stears Chris. Part VIII Examples of Legal Risk, 28 Recharacterization. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198749271.003.0029.

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This chapter considers the risk of ‘recharacterization’, which refers to the court’s practice of deeming a transaction to be something other than what the parties intended. It argues that although English courts rarely indulge in recharacterization, there are policy considerations that may come into play and put the more adventurously structured transactions at risk. It is important that this risk, which is a legal risk, be understood and evaluated in the more extreme cases and that it is strictly confined to cases where the policy reasons for recharacterization are compelling. The remainder of the chapter discusses different ways of raising money, the risk of wrong labels, essential differences between sale and security, the lender’s dilemma, and the House of Lords’ decision in National Westminster Bank plc v Spectrum Plus Ltd.
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Roger, Mccormick, and Stears Chris. Part VI Early Perceptions of Legal Risk, 22 Settling Differences. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198749271.003.0023.

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This chapter examines some of the other legal uncertainty issues, principally in relation to set-off and netting, that were troubling various sectors of the financial markets at around the time of the Hazell v Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough Council and Re Charge Card Services Ltd cases. It first looks at a number of general, but very important, concerns that lawyers in the market had in relation to the operation of set-off and netting. Second, it considers a particular form of transaction that featured many of those (and other) concerns. Finally, it examines some of the more significant case law and legislative developments. In reviewing these issues, readers should bear in mind the huge importance that ‘certainty’ in this area of the law has now assumed.
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Ewan, McKendrick. Ch.7 Non-performance, s.4: Damages, Art.7.4.6. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0155.

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This commentary analyses Article 7.4.6 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning proof of harm by current price. If the aggrieved party has terminated the contract and has not made a replacement transaction but there is a current price for the performance contracted for, Art 7.4.6 stipulates that it may recover the difference between the contract price and the price current at the time of termination as well as damages for any further harm. The aim of Art 7.4.6 is to provide a measure of certainty by stipulating the measure of damages recoverable in the case where the aggrieved party has not entered into a replacement transaction. The burden of proof is upon the aggrieved party to prove that it was entitled to terminate the contract between the parties and that there is a ‘current price’, and upon the non-performing party to prove that the aggrieved party did enter into a replacement transaction.
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Freeman, Samuel. Liberalism and Distributive Justice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699260.001.0001.

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This volume of essays addresses a wide range of issues in contemporary political philosophy, from the different branches of liberalism and their relation to capitalism, to the basic institutions of a liberal society that underwrite political and economic justice. Samuel Freeman is a leading political philosopher and one of the foremost authorities on the works of John Rawls. This volume contains nine of his essays on liberalism, Rawls, and distributive justice. Freeman organizes his chapters into a narrative arc: from liberalism as the dominant political and economic system in the Western world, to the laws governing interpersonal transactions in a liberal society, to the broad social and political structures that determine distributive justice. Freeman analyzes the primary differences between the classical and high liberal traditions; shows why libertarianism is not a liberal view; argues for the social rather than global bases of distributive justice; demonstrates why Rawls’s difference principle supports a property-owning democracy rather than welfare-state capitalism; and shows how Rawls’s liberal principles of justice and the difference principle are to be applied in both ideal and non-ideal circumstances, effectively responding to criticisms by Amartya Sen, G. A. Cohen, and others.
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Snyder, C. R., and Beth L. Dinoff. Coping. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195119343.003.0001.

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This chapter traces the history of the coping process and will arrive at a definition that encompasses modern thinking and research, considering psychodynamic roots and defense mechanisms, appraisal/transactional processes, Type A behavior patterns, and the emergence of the individual differences view.
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Eisenberg, Melvin A. The Building Blocks of Formulas to Measure Expectation Damages; the Indifference Principle. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199731404.003.0013.

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Chapter 13 concerns the building blocks of formulas to measure expectation damages: replacement cost, market price, resale price, diminished value, and lost profits. Replacement-cost damages are based on the difference between the contract price and the actual or imputed cost of a replacement transaction. Resale-price damages are based on the difference between the contract price payable by a breaching buyer and the price the seller received on resale to a third party. Diminished-value damages are based on the difference between the value of the performance that a breaching seller rendered and the value of the performance that she promised to render. Lost-profit damages are based on the difference between the price a breaching buyer agreed to pay and the seller’s variable costs.
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Devos, Erik. Physical Commodities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190656010.003.0007.

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Unlike other financial assets, commodities have a physical component that introduces additional complexities for valuation and hedging. Physical commodities are broadly classified into energy, metals, agricultural, and livestock with each having unique characteristics. Still, commodities of the same type are subject to varying degrees of quality. Commodity investments typically use futures contracts, as opposed to spot transactions. Most futures transactions are closed before expiration and physical delivery is infrequent. The futures price is rarely equal to the spot price, and the intertemporal difference is related to the carrying costs and benefits of possessing the underlying commodity. Carrying costs include transportation, insurance, storage, and opportunity costs, while benefits are reflected in convenience yield and lease rate. Speculators seek to profit from discrepancies between markets over time. Manufacturers and end users are more likely to conduct hedging transactions, while large-scale financial institutions are more likely to conduct speculative positions.
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Book chapters on the topic "Transaction differencies"

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Manilay, Zherrina, Vanessa Nguyen, Ekaterina Novitskay, Michael Porter, Ana Bertha Castro-Cesefia, and Joanna McKittrick. "Structural Differences between Alligator Pipehorse and Bay Pipefish Tails." In Ceramic Transactions Series, 57–64. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118771587.ch6.

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Ben-Zur, Hasida. "Transactional Model of Stress and Coping." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 5561–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_2128.

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Ben-Zur, Hasida. "Transactional Model of Stress and Coping." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_2128-1.

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Endo, Noriaki, and Hayato Komori. "Regional Differences in Iwate Prefecture Road Usage Recovery Following the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake." In Transactions on Engineering Technologies, 219–31. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2717-8_16.

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Aleksandrov, Alexander, Alexey Platonov, and Yangzhou Chen. "On Stability of Difference Schemes for a Class of Nonlinear Switched Systems." In Transactions on Computational Science XXVII, 53–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-50412-3_4.

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Roy, Hiranmoy, and Debotosh Bhattacharjee. "A ZigZag Pattern of Local Extremum Logarithm Difference for Illumination-Invariant and Heterogeneous Face Recognition." In Transactions on Computational Science XXXI, 1–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56499-8_1.

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Easter, K. William. "Differences in the Transaction Costs of Strategies to Control Agricultural Offsite and Undersite Damages." In Theory, Modeling and Experience in the Management of Nonpoint-Source Pollution, 37–68. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3156-2_2.

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Taniguchi, Tsuyoshi, Makoto Haraguchi, and Yoshiaki Okubo. "Discovery of Hidden Correlations in a Local Transaction Database Based on Differences of Correlations." In Machine Learning and Data Mining in Pattern Recognition, 537–48. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11510888_53.

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Laue, Gabriele. "Bounds for the r-th Absolute Moment of a Difference of Two Random Variables." In Transactions of the Tenth Prague Conference on Information Theory, Statistical Decision Functions, Random Processes, 107–15. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9913-4_13.

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Ciftci, Olena, Katerina Berezina, and Minsoo Kang. "Effect of Personal Innovativeness on Technology Adoption in Hospitality and Tourism: Meta-analysis." In Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2021, 162–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65785-7_14.

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AbstractThis study synthesizes existing empirical results about the effect of personal innovativeness on the intention to use technology in hospitality and tourism studies published from January 2010 to March 2020 via meta-analysis. The meta-analysis with a random effects model was conducted on 29 effect sizes of this relationship documented in 28 studies collected from over 7,000 search results on Google Scholar and Scopus. The results of the analysis suggest a significant positive medium effect of personal innovativeness on the intention to use technology in hospitality and tourism research with the overall effect size (ESr) of .38 (95% CI = .32, .44, z = 10.62, p = .001). The study also found that the effect does not change significantly across industries (hotels, restaurants, and tourism and travel), types of technology by task (with transaction function and without transaction function), age groups (younger than 30 years old and 30 years old and older), and power distance cultural differences of the respondents (high-power distance and low-power distance cultures). Based on the results of this study, the authors suggest adding personal innovativeness as a construct in technology adoption models in future research in hospitality and tourism studies and continue investigating potential moderations that could explain variations in effect sizes of the impact of personal innovativeness on the technology adoption intention across different populations. From the industry perspective, hospitality and tourism organizations may rely on customers with high perceived innovativeness to serve as change agents and drive customer adoption of new technology.
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Conference papers on the topic "Transaction differencies"

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Ekşi, İbrahim Halil, and Yavuz Akçi. "An Analysis of Differences in Firms’ Perception of Banks based on Sectors and Number of Monthly Transactions." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00284.

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In this study, it was aimed to put forward the perception differences of banks, one of the most important tool of the capital market which is a political tool to develop financial improvement on owners and managers of firms. The data was collected by means of face to face meetings with the managers of 520 companies from manufacturing, trading and service sectors, randomly selected from Adana, Mersin and Gaziantep provinces. The relationship between the perception of banking services and the number of monthly transactions and provinces with the banks with which their firms have business activities was studied by analyzing the collected data and doing the frequency, percentage and ANOVA tests. According to the results of the analysis, even though there was no difference in terms of sectors, there was seen an important difference in terms of the number of monthly transactions and provinces. The satisfaction of different products and services for the firms having relatively fewer number of monthly transactions is also crucial today, when the customer satisfaction is of great importance.
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Ferrer, R. "Stability Analysis of CMFD Acceleration and Linear Prolongation for Weighted Linear Difference Schemes." In Transactions - 2020 Virtual Conference. AMNS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/t122-32408.

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Ferrer, R. "Stability Analysis of CMFD Acceleration and Linear Prolongation for Weighted Linear Difference Schemes." In Transactions - 2020 Virtual Conference. AMNS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/t32408.

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Friesz, Melinda, and Kata Varadi. "Clearinghouses Versus Central Counterparties From Margin Calculation Point Of View." In 35th ECMS International Conference on Modelling and Simulation. ECMS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7148/2021-0075.

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Clearinghouses and central counterparties (CCPs) have a notable role in financial markets, namely facilitating securities trading and derivative transactions on exchanges and over-the-counter markets. They have to clear the transactions and carry out their settlements to decrease costs and settlement risk. To efficiently carry out this activity, they need to collect adequate collateral from the trading parties as guarantees. Two main elements of these guarantees are the margin requirement and default fund contribution. Our paper focuses on the margin calculations and emphasizes their notable difference in the case of clearinghouses and CCPs. Our main result is that clearinghouses’ margin requirement is better from a procyclicality point of view; however, CCP margining is more prudent based on our results.
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Al-Harby, Fahad, Rami Qahwaji, and Mumtaz Kamala. "The Effects of Gender Differences in the Acceptance of Biometrics Authentication Systems within Online Transaction." In 2009 International Conference on CyberWorlds. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cw.2009.40.

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Terai, Hitoshi, Hitomi Saito, Yuka Egusa, Masao Takaku, Makiko Miwa, and Noriko Kando. "Differences between informational and transactional tasks in information seeking on the web." In the second international symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1414694.1414728.

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Garajová, Michaela. "The Applicable Law for the Third-Party Effects of Assignment of Claim – the Approach of the United Kingdom." In COFOLA INTERNATIONAL 2020. Brexit and its Consequences. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9801-2020-5.

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The European Commission proposed a new regulation related to the law applicable to third-party effects of the assignment of claims. By this regulation the European Commission is aiming at increasing cross-border transactions, investments and market integration. However, the proposal is facing negative positions of member states, especially the United Kingdom. Even though the United Kingdom will not be obliged to follow the rules from the proposal, because it will come into effect after the transition period ends, its approach on this matter will regulate the third party effects of the assignment of claims in case the of cross-border transactions between a person from a member state and from the United Kingdom. Taking into account the difference between the approaches of the European Union and the United Kingdom, persons involved may get into more legal uncertainty than before.
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Alao, Olakunle, and Paul Cuffe. "Towards a Blockchain Contract-for-Difference Financial Instrument for Hedging Renewable Electricity Transactions." In 2020 6th IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCon). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/energycon48941.2020.9236436.

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Ng, Annie W. Y., Alan H. S. Chan, Sio-Iong Ao, Alan Hoi-Shou Chan, Hideki Katagiri, and Li Xu. "The Testing Methods and Gender Differences in Multiple-Choice Assessment." In IAENG TRANSACTIONS ON ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES VOLUME 3: Special Edition of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists 2009. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3256252.

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"Transaction-Based Price Indices for Commercial and Office Land in Japan: Intertemporal Difference in Implicit Prices during Bubble Period." In 10th European Real Estate Society Conference: ERES Conference 2003. ERES, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2003_300.

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Reports on the topic "Transaction differencies"

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Andersen, Steffen, Julie Marx, Kasper Meisner Nielsen, and Lise Vesterlund. Gender Differences in Negotiation: Evidence from Real Estate Transactions. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27318.

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