Relevant bibliographies by topics / Transaction Exposure

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Transaction Exposure'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Transaction Exposure"

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Goel, Manisha. "Management of Transaction Exposure." International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology 3, no. 1 (January 2012): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jssmet.2012010103.

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In an era of globalization, thousands of transactions of international trade take place among companies of different countries. But the profitability of these transactions can be completely wiped out by adverse movements in the exchange rate during this time gap. Transaction exposure is a measure of effect of exchange rate fluctuations on these transactions. Unmanaged transaction exposure can paralyze not only financial position but also competitive position of companies in market. The present study portrays transaction exposure management as practiced by various multinational companies in India. And compares management of transaction exposure by banking and non-banking and foreign and Indian MNCs. The effect of various factors on their management policy is also investigated. The results of the study evidence that the majority of firms make efforts to measure their transaction exposure. There is no significant effect of level of transaction exposure on estimation policy and decision to develop separate management system for management of transaction exposure of companies. Significant difference exists between management policies of companies of different sectors toward management of their transaction exposure. Companies are actively using various hedging strategies for managing their transaction exposure.
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Bogicevic, Jasmina, Ljiljana Dmitrovic-Saponja, and Marija Pantelic. "Foreign exchange transaction exposure of enterprises in Serbia." Ekonomski anali 61, no. 209 (2016): 161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka1609161b.

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Enterprises involved in international business face transaction exposure to foreign exchange risk. This type of exposure occurs when an enterprise trades, borrows, or l?nds in foreign currency. Transaction exposure has a direct effect on an enterprise?s financial position and profitability. It is one of the three forms of exposure to exchange rate fluctuations, the other two being translation exposure and operating exposure. The aim of this paper is to assess the transaction exposure of enterprises in Serbia operating internationally. In addition to identifying and measuring transaction exposure, this paper explores the practical importance that enterprises in Serbia attach to management of this type of foreign exchange risk. We do not find significant differences between domestic and foreign enterprises in their choice of the type of foreign exchange risk exposure to manage. Although transaction exposure is the most managed type of foreign exchange risk, research has shown that, compared to foreign businesses, Serbian enterprises do not use sufficient protective measures to minimize the negative impact of this type of exposure on their cash flows and profitability. We expected that there would be a statistically significant dependence between the volume of enterprises? foreign currency transactions and the level of applied transaction exposure management practices. However, the results of our research, based on a sample of enterprises in Serbia operating internationally, show that transaction exposure management practices can be influenced by factors other than the level of an enterprise?s foreign currency transactions, such as the enterprise?s country of origin.
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., Farhana, and Ratih Puspitasari. "Analisis Lindung Nilai Dengan Menggunakan Swap Dan Forward Untuk Mengurangi Resiko Transaction Eksposure." Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Kesatuan 5, no. 1 (July 16, 2018): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37641/jimkes.v5i1.26.

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Hedging is the one of activities is performed by a company or a bank to protect their business from the risk of changes caused by exchange rates or exchange rate fluctuations. There are some things that should be considered by companies whom often perform the transactions related to interest rate and exchange rate. For example, banks should monitor the company performance against losses caused by foreign exchange and also arrange the strategy, because it is necessary for the company to perform hedging. The research is purposed to learn how to minimize the risks of losses experienced by banks due to hedging techniques usage. The hedging techniques performed are swap and forward hedging. The method used in this study correlation coefficient and simple regression to determine the relationship between the variables in question. The result of this research shows that hedging technique in the buying and selling transactions of foreign exchange has more benefit rather than not. It can avoid the risks of transaction exposures. It can be seen from the significant level, Forward has the significant level in the amount of 0,000. It means the Forward Hedging Technique has an effect to the transaction exposure and Hedging transaction using Swap has the benefit rather than not. The significant level in the amount of 0,007 is smaller than 0,05. It means that Swap Hedging Technique has an effect to the transaction exposure. Accordingly, Forward and Swap deserve to be considered by companies or banks to avoid the risks of transaction exposures.
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Nimer, Khalil, Mahmoud Nassar, Naser Abu Ghazaleh, and Abdulhadi Ramadan. "Family Business and Transaction Exposure." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 6, no. 4 (October 29, 2020): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6040129.

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This study provides additional evidence and insight into theories on transaction exposure as it empirically examines the magnitude of transaction exposure in Kuwait, a developing country. Specifically, it investigates factors that might influence Kuwaiti firms’ responses to their transaction exposure and how being a family business or part of a family business group could play a mediating role in this response. Through conducting a questionnaire survey with the largest 147 industrial and commercial Kuwait firms, the results of a multinomial logistic regression indicate that theories on financial hedging seem to be inapplicable in the Kuwaiti case. However, these theories provide only partial explanations for management behavior in response to the transaction exposure of Kuwaiti companies. Findings show that a firm being part of a family business group is significantly correlated with its level of hedging, suggesting that firms that are members of a family group of businesses are expected to hedge at a higher level. This points to other theories, such as institutional theory, as playing greater roles in explaining the transaction exposure behaviors of firms in developing countries, and also suggests that family-controlled businesses are expected to engage in more innovative financial strategies and hedge at a higher level. The research findings imply that Kuwaiti firms need to be more aware of their transaction exposure and pay more attention to the related issues. Training programs in risk-management strategies should be provided to decision makers to help them evaluate the hedging strategies they employ. This study shows how different behaviors toward risk exist between firms that operate in developed and developing countries, including the effect of being part of a family business resulting in firms engaging in more innovative financial strategies when dealing with risk.
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Wever, Mark, Nel Wognum, Jacques Trienekens, and Onno Omta. "Managing transaction risks in interdependent supply chains: an extended transaction cost economics perspective." Journal on Chain and Network Science 12, no. 3 (January 1, 2012): 243–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2012.x214.

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The present study examines the management of transaction risks in supply chains. Risk management studies often ignore the wider supply chain context in which individual transactions take place. However, risk management strategies which are suitable to use when only a single transaction is considered may be inappropriate when other transactions in the supply chain are taken into account. This study addresses this issue by examining: (1) how risks arise as a result of interdependencies between the various transactions making up the supply chain; and (2) what types of contractual-based strategies actors can use to manage their risk exposure. To realize these aims, the study applies an extended Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) framework with a supply chain orientation. The framework illustrates how different types of interdependencies - pooled, sequential and reciprocal - expose companies to different sources of risk. Three strategies companies can use when facing barriers to risk minimization in sequentially interdependent supply chains are analyzed: risk transferring, risk altering and risk sharing. Examples from the agri-food sector are discussed to demonstrate the functioning of these strategies.
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Amer, Islam. "Modelling foreign exchange rate transaction exposure of UK insurance companies." Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences 32, no. 2 (November 21, 2016): 120–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeas-05-2015-0013.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the sensitivity of foreign exchange exposure through the cash flow estimation method using a sample of 59 UK insurance companies. This approach allows a decomposition of exposures into short- and long-term components. By revealing the nature of their cash flow exposures, companies can evaluate the effectiveness of their hedging programmes and focus their hedging efforts according to the nature of their exposures. Design/methodology/approach Martin and Mauer’s (2003, 2005) three-stage model is used to estimate foreign exchange rate transaction exposures for the sample of 65 UK insurance companies over the period 2004-2013. However, this paper has one important innovation to this method. Instead of the model used in previous papers, the paper uses a model from the actuarial field that was proposed by Blum et al. (2001) for modelling foreign exchange rates with their relevant constituents (inflation and interest rate). Findings The evidence shows that the currency transaction exposure for non-life insurers is greater than that of life insurers. Moreover, the author finds that large insurers exhibit lower frequencies of foreign exchange transaction exposure than small insurers. Originality/value The value of this paper comes from the fact that revealing the nature of cash flow exposures, companies can evaluate the effectiveness of their hedging programmes and focus their hedging efforts according to the nature of their exposures.
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Chan, Kam Fong, Christopher Gan, and Patricia A. McGraw. "A Hedging Strategy for New Zealand’s Exporters in Transaction Exposure to Currency Risk." Multinational Finance Journal 7, no. 1/2 (June 1, 2003): 25–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17578/7-1/2-2.

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Arcelus, F. J., Ravi Gor, and G. Srinivasan. "Foreign exchange transaction exposure in a newsvendor setting." European Journal of Operational Research 227, no. 3 (June 2013): 552–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2012.10.014.

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Brink, Sophia. "The effect of the new revenue standard on client loyalty programmes." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 7, no. 2 (July 31, 2014): 393–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v7i2.147.

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The popularity of client loyalty programmes has increased drastically over the past few years, with more than 100 suppliers in South Africa currently making use of them. On 1 July 2007 the IASB issued IFRIC 13 to give specific guidance to suppliers on the accounting treatment of client loyalty programme transactions. In the process of compiling a new revenue standard, the International Accounting Standard Board published Exposure Draft ED/2011/6 Revenue from Contracts with Customers on 14 November 2011 to supersede virtually all existing revenue standards and interpretations under IFRS, including IFRIC 13. Although the effective date of the new revenue standard is 1 January 2017, in view of the nature of a client loyalty programme transaction it would be prudent for suppliers to start collecting data immediately for the retrospective application. Given the time limit and the minimal specific reference to client loyalty programme transactions in the proposed new model, the main aim of the research was to investigate the proposed new model’s impact on the accounting treatment of client loyalty programme transactions. The similarities and differences between the guidelines in IFRIC 13 and those of the proposed new model as well as the specific paragraphs in the proposed new model that are applicable to client loyalty programme transactions were considered. A specific recognition difference and a presentation difference has been identified between the accounting treatment of a client loyalty programme transaction under IFRIC 13 and that of the proposed new model.
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Cheng, Ing-Haw, Sahil Raina, and Wei Xiong. "Wall Street and the Housing Bubble." American Economic Review 104, no. 9 (September 1, 2014): 2797–829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.9.2797.

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We analyze whether midlevel managers in securitized finance were aware of a large-scale housing bubble and a looming crisis in 2004–2006 using their personal home transaction data. We find that the average person in our sample neither timed the market nor were cautious in their home transactions, and did not exhibit awareness of problems in overall housing markets. Certain groups of securitization agents were particularly aggressive in increasing their exposure to housing during this period, suggesting the need to expand the incentives-based view of the crisis to incorporate a role for beliefs. (JEL D14, D83, E32, E44, G01, G21, R31)
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Transaction Exposure"

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Amer, Islam S. S. "Foreign Exchange Rate Transaction Exposure in Emerging Insurance Markets: A Model of the Egyptian Insurance Market." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/7333.

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Emerging insurance markets, have limited access to financial instruments that they can use to create common hedge(s) to manage foreign exchange risk. This is the first empirical study to focus on the limitations when modelling foreign exchange rate transaction exposure in emerging insurance markets. This work is based on the cash flow methodology proposed by Martin and Mauer (2003, 2005) in reference to banks, and employed by Li et al. (2009) when assessing US insurance companies. Some econometric methodological innovations have been introduced to study the limitations of modelling foreign exchange rate transaction exposure in emerging insurance markets. An extensive literature review is followed by a quantitative investigation, to answer the following research questions. 1) Is the foreign exchange transaction exposure, as measured by a fundamental (economic) method of modelling the interplay of foreign exchange rates with other economic variables, significant, for all Egyptian insurance companies? 2) Is the foreign exchange transaction exposure, as measured by a technical (statistical) way of modelling the interplay of foreign exchange rates with other economic variables, significant for all Egyptian insurance companies? 3) Is the exchange transaction exposure for the Egyptian insurance industry, as a whole, significant? Although the foreign exchange rate transaction exposure for the Egyptian insurance industry, as a whole, is insignificant (question3), the percentage of Egyptian insurers affected by foreign exchange rate transaction exposure in US dollars, estimated at the individual firm level, was found to be 22% (question 1) and 35% (question2) respectively.
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Amer, Islam Samy Soliman. "Foreign exchange rate transaction exposure in emerging insurance markets : a model of the Egyptian insurance market." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/7333.

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Emerging insurance markets, have limited access to financial instruments that they can use to create common hedge(s) to manage foreign exchange risk. This is the first empirical study to focus on the limitations when modelling foreign exchange rate transaction exposure in emerging insurance markets. This work is based on the cash flow methodology proposed by Martin and Mauer (2003, 2005) in reference to banks, and employed by Li et al. (2009) when assessing US insurance companies. Some econometric methodological innovations have been introduced to study the limitations of modelling foreign exchange rate transaction exposure in emerging insurance markets. An extensive literature review is followed by a quantitative investigation, to answer the following research questions. 1) Is the foreign exchange transaction exposure, as measured by a fundamental (economic) method of modelling the interplay of foreign exchange rates with other economic variables, significant, for all Egyptian insurance companies? 2) Is the foreign exchange transaction exposure, as measured by a technical (statistical) way of modelling the interplay of foreign exchange rates with other economic variables, significant for all Egyptian insurance companies? 3) Is the exchange transaction exposure for the Egyptian insurance industry, as a whole, significant? Although the foreign exchange rate transaction exposure for the Egyptian insurance industry, as a whole, is insignificant (question3), the percentage of Egyptian insurers affected by foreign exchange rate transaction exposure in US dollars, estimated at the individual firm level, was found to be 22% (question 1) and 35% (question2) respectively.
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Ребрик, М. А. "Нефінансові методи управління транзакційним валютним ризиком банку." Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/62241.

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Доповідь присвячена результатам дослідження нефінансових методів управління транзакційним валютним ризиком в банку
The report presents the results of the research of non-financial methods of bank's transaction currency risk managing
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Ranjbar, Ravasan Farshad. "Essays in employment, banking system and structural transformations." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E054/document.

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Le premier chapitre soutient que dans ces économies om la qualité institutionnelle des lois sur les garanties et les faillites est faible, la collatéralisation excessive rend la prise de risque sous-optimalement plus couteuse pour les emprunteurs. Cela décourage le potentiel entrepreneurial et entrave ainsi la croissance potentielle de jeunes entreprises ayant un impact important sur la création d’emplois dans l’économie.Le deuxième chapitre met l’accent sur le canal de «déconnexion». La région du MENA est caractérisée par une proportion inhabituellement élevée d’entreprises qui n’ont pas besoin de financement. Ces entreprises sont moins susceptible de considérer l’accès au crédit comme une préoccupation majeure, sont moins susceptibles d’avoir acquis des immobilisations, et sont moins susceptibles de prévoir une opération de développement.Ces résultats tiennent également en tenant compte de l’ensemble des caractéristiques standard des entreprises. Nous étudions ensuite comment la politique de collatéralisation impact les performances des entreprises à travers le canal de «déconnexion». Dans le troisième chapitre, je passe à un échantillon de pays de l’OCDE. Une littérature croissante souligne le rôle du commerce avec les économies émergentes, en particulier la Chine, dans la destruction des emplois dans le secteur manufacturier comme le processus de désindustrialisation des les économies avancées. Cependant, pour quantifier la pertinence de l’exposition aux importations en provenances des marchés émergents, nous devons démêler le canal commercial du canal de productivité traditionnel. Dans ce chapitre, nous développons un modèle simple du changement structurel dans une économie ouverte pour en déduire des implications empiriques que nous analysons pour un échantillon de pays de l’OCDE. Dans les économies ouvertes, lorsque la croissance de la productivité de l’industrie nationale est plus rapide que celle des services,mais plus lente que celle de l’industrie étrangère, alors la part industrielle peut diminuer dans les économies avancées, tant en valeur ajoutée qu’en emploi. Nous appelons ce phénomène «double désindustrialisation». Nous trouvons des effets significatifs et quantitativement pertinents du commerce sur le changement structurel dans les économies avancées. En outre, alors que de nombreuses études étudient l’accélération de l’ampleur des importations en provenance de Chine depuis 2000 pour expliquer le modèle de désindustrialisation dans les économies avancées, nous soulignons que le changement de la composition des exportations chinoises vers les secteurs des technologies d’information et de communication et la naturante changeante du progrès technologique dans les économies émergentes pourrait contribuer à la compréhension du phénomène de désindustrialisation de l’après 2000
This thesis investigates the role of collateral environment and trade exposure on the allocation of employment across firms and sectors. The first chapter argues that, in these economies with poor institutional quality of collateral and bankruptcy laws, aggressive collateralization makes the risk-taking behavior of borrowers suboptimally more costly. This discourages entrepreneurship and thus impedes the growth potential among young firms with a potentially high impact on job creation in the economy.Second chapter stresses the "disconnection" channel on the performance of firms when stringent collateral environment impedes the access of firms to financial system. Studying the 6 economies in MENA we observe region is characterized by an unusually highshare of firms that do not need external finance. These firms are less likely to view access to finance as a major concern, are less likely to have purchased fixed assets, andare less likely to plan further expansion. These findings also hold after accounting fora standard set of firm characteristics. In the third chapter, I move to a sample of OECD countries. A growing body of literature emphasizes the role of trade with emerging economies, especially with China, in job destruction in the manufacturing sectors andin the deindustrialization process currently seen in advanced economies. However, to quantify the relevance of exposure to imports from emerging markets, the trade channel needs to be disentangled from the traditional productivity channel. Developing asimple model of structural change in an open economy, I derive empirical implicationsto analyze for a sample of OECD countries. The model illustrates when productivity growth of domestic manufacturing is faster than that of services but slower than that of foreign manufacturing, the share of manufacturing in advanced economies may fall,both in terms of value added and of employment. I call this phenomenon "twin deindustrialization".My empirical results indicate significant and quantitatively relevant effects of trade on structural change in advanced economies. Furthermore, while many studies investigate the accelerating volume of imports from China post 2000 to explain the pattern of deindustrialization in advance economies, I stress that the shift in the composition of Chinese exports towards the ICT sectors and the changing nature of technological progress occurring in emerging economies are important considerations in understanding the pattern of deindustrialization in the post 2000 period
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Cederkäll, Jacob, and Rickard Karlsson. "Att säkra eller inte säkra : En kvantitativ studie om säkring av transaktionsexponering med valutaderivat." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-36476.

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With an increasingly globalized world of multinational firms dominating the global market, firms have discovered the impact of transaction exposure on their business. To handle the risk, firms can hedge their transaction exposure with currency derivatives. This paper aims to determine and explain what variables, beyond the size of the transaction exposure, affect firms’ usage of currency derivatives for hedging purposes. Previous research shows a divided estimation of what underlying causes. The variables studied to explain the usage of currency derivatives are industry affiliation, size of firm, geographical dispersal and profitability. With a sample size of 70 major Swedish internationally active non-financial firms, a multiple regression analysis was constructed to potentially demonstrate causality. To create a method triangulation, an interview with a currency derivatives expert was conducted as a complement to the quantitative strategy. The result of this paper indicates that industry affiliation possibly affects firm’s usage of currency derivatives for hedging purposes, however none of the studied variables show a sufficient statistical significance to prove a causality.
Med en allt mer globaliserad värld med multinationella företag som dominerar den globala marknaden har företagen upptäckt transaktionsexponeringens påverkan på dess verksamhet. För att hantera risken kan företag säkra sin transaktionsexponering med hjälp av valutaderivat. Denna studie ämnar till att fastslå och förklara vilka variabler, utöver transaktionsexponeringens storlek, som påverkar svenska rörelsedrivande företags användande av valutaderivat i säkringssyfte. Inom tidigare forskningen råder delade meningar om vilka bakomliggande orsaker som påverkar företags användande av valutaderivat. De variabler som undersöktes för att förklara användandet av valutaderivat är företagens branschtillhörighet, dess storlek, verksamhetens geografiska spridning samt dess lönsamhet. Med ett urval på 70 stora svenska internationellt verksamma rörelsedrivna företag gjordes en multipel regressionsanalys för att påvisa samband mellan användandet av valutaderivat i transaktionssäkringssyfte och påverkande variabler. För att skapa en metodtriangulering genomfördes även en intervju med en valutaderivatexpert som ett komplement till den kvantitativa strategin. Resultatet av studien indikerar på att branschtillhörighet möjligen kan påverka företagens användande av valutaderivat men ingen av de studerade variablerna uppvisade en tillräcklig signifikans för att statistiskt säkerställa sambanden.
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Gregová, Silvia. "Špecifiká riadenia menových operácií nadnárodných firiem." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-199943.

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International companies perform business transactions in different countries all over the world and must be able to manage their financial assets in various currencies. Significant foreign exchange alteration can markedly harm market value of any company. The companies use so called 'hedging' to avoid such situations. The aim of this master thesis is to analyze specifics of currency operations based on a case study in the international company and its transaction exposure. The thesis discovers that the selected company uses only two types of 'hedging'.
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Abring, Cecilia, and Madeleine Eriksson. "Transaktionsexponerade kassaflöden : En kvalitativ studie om hur styrdokument reglerar den praktiska hanteringen av transaktionsexponerade kassaflöden." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-120783.

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Bakgrund: I och med en ökad internationell handel har det blivit allt viktigare med en adekvat hantering av transaktionsexponering. Valutor är förknippade med olika risker och ger således upphov till skild transaktionsexponering, vid handel med utlandet. Tidigare forskning förordar att hantering av trasaktionsexponering regleras via styrdokument, och vi har identifierat en avsaknad av forskning kring hur svenska företags styrdokument är utformade. Problemformulering: I vilken utsträckning kongruerar tidigare forskning med hur svenska företag har utformat styrdokument för hantering av transaktionsexponering i olika valutor? Syfte: Syftet med studien är att, i relation till vad tidigare forskning förespråkar, undersöka och analysera hur styrdokument för hantering av transaktionsexponering är utformat i företag. Studien syftar även till att analysera skiljaktigheter i styrdokumentet för transaktionsexponering i olika valutor, samt vilka faktorer som ger upphov till eventuella avvikelser. Slutsatser: Studiens resultat tyder på en tydlig kongruens mellan tidigare forskning och etablerade tillvägagångssätt för hur styrdokument för hantering av transaktions-exponering är utformat i svenska företag. Styrdokumentet är övergripande i sin utformning; reglerar strategin för riskhantering men inte tillvägagångssättet för hanteringen. Styrdokumentet reglerar inga skillnader för hur transaktionsexponering i olika valutor ska hanteras, trots att den faktiska hanteringen uppvisar markanta skillnader. Upphov till olik hantering ger: faktorer relaterade till valutamarknadens egenskaper, företagsspecifika faktorer och andra påverkande omvärldsfaktorer. Kunskapsbidrag: Studien bidrar till en ökad förståelse och tydligare nyansering av hur svenska företag styr hantering av transaktionsexponering, utifrån ett företagsperspektiv. Vidare ämnar studien föranleda intresse för hur företag reglerar hantering av transaktions-exponering i olika valutor, och av vilken bevekelsegrund.
Background: As a result of increased international trading, adequate management of transaction exposure has become more important. Foreign currency cash flows are associated with different risks and thus give cause to distinct transaction exposure with overseas trading. Previous research advocates that management of transaction exposure is controlled through policy documents and we have identified a lack of research in how policy documents of Swedish firms are designed. Problem: To what extent is previous research agreeing with how Swedish firms have developed policy documents for managing transaction exposure of different foreign currency cash flows? Aim: The aim of the study is, compared to what previous research advocates, to examine and analyze how policy documents for managing transaction exposure are designed within the Swedish firms. The study also aims to analyze the differences in the policy document for the transaction exposure in different foreign currency cash flows, as well as the factors that give reasons to possible deviations. Conclusions: The findings of the study indicate a clear congruence between previous research and established practices of how policy documents for managing transaction exposure are designed in Swedish firms. Policy documents are comprehensive in their design; regulate the risk management strategy but not the management procedures. Even though the actual management of transaction exposure of different foreign currency cash flows indicates significant discrepancies, the policy document doesn’t regulate any of them. Giving reason for a different management are: factors related to the foreign exchange market characteristics, company-specific factors and other influencing market factors.Contribution: The study contributes to a better understanding and clearer differentiation of how Swedish firms control the management of transaction exposure, from a business perspective. Moreover, the study intends to give rise to the interest in how and on which grounds companies differently control the management of transaction exposure of different foreign currency cash flows.
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Backlund, Eric, and Jonathan Sörensson. "Valuta och internationellt bistånd : Svenska biståndsorganisationers hantering av valutaköp och valutarisk." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-120387.

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Bakgrund: Biståndsorganisationer (NGOs) är verksamma i hela världen och exponeras följaktligen mot valutarisk. Organisationerna hanterar biståndsmedel i så väl vanliga som ovanliga valutor när de på olika sätt finansierar lokala samarbetspartners. Andelen forskning om hur biståndsorganisationer hanterar valutaköp och valutarisk är begränsad och denna studie avser att studera området ytterligare. Syfte: Studien ämnar att utifrån riskhanteringsteori samt best practice analysera problematiken kring exponeringen mot valutarisk för svenska NGOs samt dess biståndsmottagare. Syftet är även att på detta sätt kunna diskutera generella strategier för svenska NGOs valutahandel och valutariskhantering. Genomförande: Den kvalitativa ansatsen utgörs av informationsinhämtning i form av nio intervjuer som utformats efter teori samt tidigare studier. Genom fem intervjuer med svenska NGOs ges en bild av hur organisationernas processer och behov ser ut relaterat till valutariskhantering. Information om hur valutarisk- och valutahantering bedrivs i praktiken samt hur experter inom området ser på NGOs nuvarande hantering baseras på fyra intervjuer med aktörer inom valutarisk- och valutahantering. Studiens empiri från genomförda intervjuer analyseras med stöd i studiens teoretiska referensram samt tidigare studier. Slutsats: Studien visar att problematiken kring valutahandel och valutariskhantering är mer komplex än den verkar vid en första anblick samt att syftet med valutariskhantering skiljer sig mellan vinstdrivande företag och ideella organisationer. Det framgår även att NGOs i nuläget överför merparten av exponeringen mot valutarisk till motpart genom avtal och att NGOs med stor andel bunden finansiering inte har möjlighet att utförligt undersöka eller implementera valutariskhantering. Slutligen har ett antal strategier utvecklats för att mer kostnadseffektivt köpa valuta.
Background: Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are active in most parts of the world and are consequently exposed to foreign exchange risk. The organizations manage aid funds in both common and uncommon types of currency when they in different ways finance local cooperation partners. The amount of previous research how aid organizations handle the management of currency trade and foreign exchange risk is limited and this study aims to examine the area further. Aim: The study aims to analyse the complex of problems regarding exposure to foreign exchange risk for both Swedish NGOs and their cooperation partners, to do so on the basis of foreign exchange risk theory and best practice. The aim is in such a way to discuss general strategies for currency trade and foreign exchange risk management for Swedish NGOs. Completion: The qualitative approach consists of nine interviews that have been designed in accordance with theory and previous research. A picture of the organizational processes and needs of Swedish NGOs regarding foreign exchange risk- and currency trade management was given by five interviews with NGOs. Information concerning how foreign exchange risk- and currency trade management is utilized in practice and how experts in the field perceive current management of NGOs was gathered from four interviews with actors within foreign exchange risk- and currency trade management. The empirical data is analysed on the basis of the theoretical framework and previous research. Conclusion: The study shows that the complex of problems regarding foreign exchange risk- and currency trade management are not as straightforward as at first glance. It also indicates that foreign exchange risk management differs between for-profit businesses and non-profit organizations. It appears that NGOs currently transfer all foreign exchange risk exposure to its counterpart through contracts. The investigation and implementation of foreign exchange risk management is not possible for NGOs with a large ratio of restricted funds. Finally a number of strategies have been developed for a more cost-effective currency trade.
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9

"Should people hedge against transaction exposure." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1989. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5886021.

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Books on the topic "Transaction Exposure"

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Credit risk and exposure in securitization and transactions. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989.

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Credit risk and exposure in securitization and transactions. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1989.

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Donaldson, T. H. Credit Risk and Exposure in Securitization and Transactions. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10361-4.

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Simon, Gleeson. Part III Investment Banking, 17 Derivatives, Clearing, and Exposures to CCPs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793410.003.0017.

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This chapter discusses requirements for derivatives, clearing and exposures to CCPs. In September 2009, as one of the primary policy responses to the crisis, G20 leaders at the Pittsburgh summit decided to promote central clearing of derivatives, and legislation is now in place to provide a framework for compelling banks to do this. However, clearing increases the risk exposures of banks providing that clearing service, since the bank retains the risks arising from the original derivative transaction, and adds to them any risks arising from the clearing process. In general, a bank will measure its derivative exposures using one of three methods: the Internal Model Method; the Standardized Method; or the Current Exposure Method. The risk weight is that which applies to the counterparty under the Standardized Approach (SA) or internal ratings-based approach for credit risk. However, these approaches will be replaced by the SA-CCR under Basel 3.
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Simon, Gleeson. Part II Commercial Banking, 7 Credit Risk. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793410.003.0007.

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This chapter discusses the concept of credit risk. Of all the risks that banks are exposed to, credit risk is the most important and the most intuitively obvious. It is important to remember that credit means more than simply loans. At the heart of financial transactions are credit exposures. For an economist, the function of a bank is maturity transformation and intertemporal transfers of resources. But in a world where debts were always repaid, these functions would be as mechanical as the transmission of water or electricity. It is the unpredictability of credit that differentiates banking from other businesses. The remainder of the chapter covers risk weighting of assets, valuation of exposures, and provisioning and expected loss.
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Fitzgerald, Hiram E., and Leon I. Puttler, eds. Alcohol Use Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676001.001.0001.

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Chapters in this volume reflect, to one degree or another, eight critical aspects of contemporary research attempting to understand the etiologic processes that heighten risk or resilience factors for substance use disorders: (1) a focus on systemic frameworks for understanding developmental process, (2) the heterogeneity of developmental pathways, (3) the role of genes and epigenetic–experience transactions, (4) risk cumulative/cascade models of the effects of exposure to adverse childhood experiences, (5) negotiating developmental transitional periods, (6) neurobiological embodiment of adverse childhood experiences, (7) links between alcohol use disorder and tobacco addictive behaviors, and (8) longitudinal studies and data analysis within and between studies.
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Beauchaine, Theodore P., and Maureen Zalewski. Physiological and Developmental Mechanisms of Emotional Lability in Coercive Relationships. Edited by Thomas J. Dishion and James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.5.

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Thestaticapproach to characterizing psychopathology classifies disorders syndromally, with little attention to development or social risk mediators. This approach, founded on biological reductionism, characterizes particular syndromes as arising from genetic and/or neural dysfunctions. In contrast, thehigh-riskapproach emphasizes exposure to adversity, with little consideration of neurobiology. Since neurobiological vulnerability × environmental risk interactions often account for more variance in developmental outcomes than do main effects, studying either in isolation can be misleading. This chapter presents an ontogenic process perspective in which neurobiological vulnerabilities interact with coercive family processes to shape and maintain emotional lability and emotion dysregulation—hallmarks of psychopathology. It emphasizes bidirectional transactions across levels of analysis (e.g., behavior ↔ autonomic function), mechanisms through which physiological systems adapt to coercion (neural plasticity, epigenesis), generalization of coercive behaviors across contexts (family, peer groups), and distinct functions of neurobiological systems in transmitting coercive behavior.
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Private equity fund exposure and protection: Leading lawyers on weighing investment risks, structuring prudent M&A transactions, and preparing for increased government involvement. [Boston, Mass.]: Aspatore Books, 2009.

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Private equity fund exposure and protection: Leading lawyers on weighing investment risks, structuring prudent M&A transactions, and preparing for increased government involvement. [Boston, Mass.]: Aspatore Books, 2009.

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Private equity fund exposure and protection: Leading lawyers on weighing investment risks, structuring prudent M&A transactions, and preparing for increased government involvement. [Boston, Mass.]: Aspatore Books, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Transaction Exposure"

1

Wang, Peijie. "Transaction Exposure." In Springer Texts in Business and Economics, 387–400. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-59271-7_16.

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Wang, Peijie. "Transaction Exposure." In The Economics of Foreign Exchange and Global Finance, 1–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00100-0_15.

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Ferro, P., A. Anderson, M. Beckett, K. Davidson, J. Marciniak, and A. Obenberger. "Tensile and Fatigue Testing of 304 Stainless Steel After Gaseous Hydrogen Exposure." In Ceramic Transactions Series, 27–33. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118996652.ch3.

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Timellini, Giorgio, and Carlo Palmonari. "Exposure to Crystalline Silica in the Italian Ceramic Tile Industry: Present State and Future Prospects." In Ceramic Transactions Series, 45–52. 735 Ceramic Place, Westerville, Ohio 43081: The American Ceramic Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118371435.ch5.

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Lee, S. P., J. O. Jin, J. K. Lee, B. H. J. S. Park, Y. Katoh, A. Min, and H. K. YoonKohyama. "Effect of Thermal Exposure on Microstructural and Mechanical Characteristics of Reaction Sintered SiC Based Materials." In Ceramic Transactions Series, 267–76. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118406892.ch17.

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Donaldson, T. H. "Introduction." In Credit Risk and Exposure in Securitization and Transactions, 1–9. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10361-4_1.

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Donaldson, T. H. "The Different Types of Risk." In Credit Risk and Exposure in Securitization and Transactions, 13–28. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10361-4_2.

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Donaldson, T. H. "Understanding the Risk." In Credit Risk and Exposure in Securitization and Transactions, 29–44. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10361-4_3.

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Donaldson, T. H. "Credit and Related Risk." In Credit Risk and Exposure in Securitization and Transactions, 47–80. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10361-4_4.

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Donaldson, T. H. "Trading and Related Risk." In Credit Risk and Exposure in Securitization and Transactions, 81–104. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10361-4_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Transaction Exposure"

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El Masri, Alaa Aref, and João Pedro Sousa. "Limiting Private Data Exposure in Online Transactions: A User-Based Online Privacy Assurance Model." In 2009 International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cse.2009.433.

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Nishimura, A. "Microstructural Stability of 316 Stainless Steel During Long Term Exposure to High Magnetic Fields at Cryogenic Temperatures." In ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING: Transactions of the International Cryogenic Materials Conference - ICMC. AIP, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1774557.

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Azmi, Sharifah Nadya Syed, Siti Zawiah Md Dawal, Tuan Mohammad Yusoff Shah Tuan Ya, Hamidi Saidin, Sio-Iong Ao, Hideki Katagir, Li Xu, and Alan Hoi-Shou Chan. "Occupational Noise Exposure among Toll Tellers at Toll Plaza in Malaysia." In IAENG TRANSACTIONS ON ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES VOLUME 5: Special Edition of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists 2009. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3510565.

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Hermet, Gerard, and Jacques Combet. "Mobile Internet Monetization: A Methodology to Monitor in Real Time the Cellular Subscriber Transactional Itinerary, from Mobile Advertising Exposure to Actual Purchase." In 2011 Tenth International Conference on Mobile Business, ICMB. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmb.2011.20.

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Sáez-Pérez, Luis Antonio, Nieves García-Casarejos, and Marta Rincón-Pérez. "Desafío Programm. A rural version of Erasmus for depopulated areas." In Fifth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head19.2019.9492.

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In remote rural areas, economic and social life exits, although young universitarian don't believe it. Dynamic companies, innovative administrations and creative third sector need talent, the most decisive input, but it is scarce and it is difficult to compete with cities to attract it. Public Universities linked to local communities could match each part, students and employees, facilitating their respective knowledge through summer internships, improving the human and social capital on both sides. That’s the objective of Desafío Programme, the experimental policy which we analyse in this work. It is implemented by the Provincial Council of Zaragoza and its University to do it reducing transaction cost by giving information and offering grants to the students who decide to work and live in very small villages. Thanks to it they obtain a professional experience in which to apply their knowledges, but, more important, they enrich themselves through an exceptional experience, learning by doing and learning by living. We expose the main points of Desafío, the kind of studies required, the type of company and organization, and the relevant costs. In base to the polls and interviews made before and after, we can deduce a very good valuation of students and employers.
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Hamedifar, Hamed, and Herve Wilczynski. "Planning for Unknown in The New Age of Digital: A Paradigm for Offshore Oil and Gas Risk Assessment and Management." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31057-ms.

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Abstract Major Oil and Gas operators and service companies look to undertake large scale digital transformations aimed at producing integrated, connected, and intelligent enterprises. These transformations require accelerating the journey to the cloud to modernize the entire application portfolio. By transitioning to the cloud, firms enjoy improved data analytics which allow for evolution to next generation digital work environment. This shift, however, comes with workforce challenges. Employees in all categories and at most levels will require significant cross- and up-skilling to take full advantage of the digital transformation. As vendors, suppliers, service companies, and operators move products and equipment around an expanding ecosystem of assets, security threats are likely to increase due to further geopolitical instability. Data based decision making, which enables the optimization of assets and automation of operations to minimize workforce risk exposure must be implemented with consideration of enterprise risk reduction (across the asset and workforce operational risk life cycle). As Oil and Gas operations become more geographically dispersed and diverse, they are exposed to new and evolving risk factors which can directly impact value. These risk factors make asset acquisition, development, management, and maintenance all more challenging. Analyses of risk in a digital foundation risk-based platform is most valuable at the earliest stages of asset development in determining whether to proceed with the planned development through to end-of-life decommissioning. Successful firms must create an end-to-end digital roadmap which delineates between technical and transactional activities and outlines effective stakeholder engagement at each project stage. The fundamental thesis of this paper is that although risk can be mitigated and reduced through the introduction of digital tools into oil and gas operations, it can never be completely removed. Furthermore, while industry research on the impact of digitalization usually rely heavily on cost savings, optimization, and health, safety, and environment (HSE) related cases, they typically fail to consider the contribution of digitalization on risk assessment and management. This paper argues that we need to move away from the focus on cost savings, process optimization, and HSE metrics improvement metrics. This paper sets up a mechanism for developing risk-based strategies for implementation of digital solutions.
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Reports on the topic "Transaction Exposure"

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Boruchowicz, Cynthia, Florencia López Bóo, Benjamin Roseth, and Luis Tejerina. Default Options: A Powerful Behavioral Tool to Increase COVID-19 Contact Tracing App Acceptance in Latin America? Inter-American Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002983.

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Being able to follow the chain of contagion of COVID-19 is important to help save lives and control the epidemic without sustained costly lockdowns. This is especially relevant in Latin America, where economic contractions have already been the largest in the regions history. Given the high rates of transmission of COVID-19, relying only in manual contact tracing might be infeasible. Acceptability and uptake of contact tracing apps with exposure notifications is key for the implementation the “test, trace and treat” triad. In the first study of its kind in Latin America, we find that for a nationally representative sample of 10 countries, an opt-out regime with automatic installation significantly increases the probability of acceptance of such apps in almost 22 p.p. compared to an opt-in regime with voluntary installation. This triples the size and is of opposite sign of the effect found in Europe and the United States. We see that an opt-out regime is more effective in increasing acceptability in South America compared to Central America and Mexico; for those who claim not to trust the national government; and for those who do not use their smartphones for financial transactions. The severity of the pandemic at the place of residence does not seem to affect the effectiveness of the opt-out regime versus an opt-in one, but feeling personally at risk does increase the willingness to accept contact tracing apps with exposure notifications in general. These results can shed light on the use of default options in public health in the context of a pandemic in Latin America.
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