Journal articles: 'Transactional Analysis (TA)'

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Minchev, Plamen. "History of Transactional Analysis in Bulgaria." Filosofiya-Philosophy 30, no. 3 (September 20, 2021): 301–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/phil2021-03-07.

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The article examines the history of transactional analysis (TA) in Bulgaria. The presentation of the ideas of TA in the literature in the country is traced in historical terms. Emphasis is placed on the use of TA in different fields by different scientists and specialists who use it in these fields. Its institutional history related to the establishment of the Bulgarian Society for Transactional Analysis and the entry of TA in academic world is examined.

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Mitra, Indranil. "Transactional Analysis and Spirituality." International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 80–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.29044/v11i1p80.

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In the Indian philosophical system Vedanta, the composite human being is described in terms of five concentric sheaths surrounding an inner core - the Pancha Kosha (Five Sheaths) model. This model has implications for the discipline of Transactional Analysis insofar as it sheds light on the working of the Adult Ego State and also suggests the process by which autonomy can be achieved. Other concepts of Vedanta relevant to TA are discussed and elaborated, and a Vedantic Ego States Model presented incorporating them into the Classical TA model. The natural longing for intimacy and the growth force of physis are represented in terms of insights from Vedanta. The practice implications of the model are discussed, and also how it can help for personal growth and eventually spiritual progress.

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Kuźnik, Marek. "Transactional Analysis in the service of the mentalisation capacity." Edukacyjna Analiza Transakcyjna 9 (2020): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/eat.2020.09.07.

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Conceptualization of language of Transactional analysis is being discussed in this article. It seems that Transactional Analysis deliver tools, which allow mentalizing in patient-therapist relationship. In this article basic TA concepts describing internalizing relationship will be presented. This process is fundamental to mentalizing and this will be described in second part of the text. This article shows part of case study in which TA strengthened therapeutic relationship and at the end healed the patient.

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Hay, Julie. "Psychological Boundaries and Psychological Bridges: A Categorisation and the Application of Transactional Analysis Concepts." International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice 9, no. 1 (June 20, 2018): 52–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.29044/v9i1p52.

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Prompted by preparation of a presentation at a TA learning event, Part 1 of this paper provides a largely TA-based literature review of references to psychological boundaries, related to a proposed new framework for categorising such boundaries at the person (intrapersonal, personal), people (interpersonal, family, neighbourhood), place (region, country, area, continent) and planet (environment, Earth, Universe). TA concepts seen as relevant for each boundary are described. Comments on practitioner boundaries lead into Part 2, which addresses psychological bridges across boundaries such as created through supervision and frameworks for increasing awareness of unconscious processes. A critique of the current TA field of application boundaries is included and Part 2 concludes with a model that represents a general bridge to contact.Citation - APA format:Hay, J. (2018). Psychological Boundaries and Psychological Bridges: A Categorisation and the Application of Transactional Analysis Concepts. International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice, 9(1), 52-81. https://doi.org/10.29044/v9i1p52

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Johnsson, Roland. "KEYNOTE: Transactional Analysis Psychotherapy Research: Three Methods describing a TA Group Therapy." International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice 4, no. 1 (September 10, 2020): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29044/v4i1p11.

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The overall aim of the thesis was to enhance and revive the practical understanding of the active ingredients in Transactional Analysis Psychotherapy (TA) and to define and lay down elements of TA that make it a distinct and replicable method of treatment. The thesis includes three empirical studies of a videotaped one-year long TA Group Therapy with 10 clients. Three different key areas of Transactional Analysis have been investigated with support of three different approaches. The first study (Johnsson, 2011 a) was a diagnostic client assessment with TA Script Analysis made as a reliability study. The second study (Johnsson, 2011 b) dealt with identification of different components in TA psychotherapy method with the use of Discourse Analysis and the third study (Johnsson & Stenlund, 2010) investigated the Therapeutic Alliance with a psychodynamic approach, using the CCRT method (the CORE Conflictual Relationship method) by Luborsky & Crits-Christoph (1990, 1998) and the Plan – Diagnosis method by Weiss & Sampson (1986). Study I: A script questionnaire and associated checklist developed by Ohlsson, Johnsson & Björk (1992) was used by the author and two professional colleagues to independently assess ten clients of a year-long transactional analysis therapy group conducted by the author. Ratings based on written responses at start of therapy were compared to ratings based on videotape interviews conducted by the author six years after termination of therapy. Moderately high inter-assessor reliability was found but intra-assessor reliability was low for the independent assessors; agreement increased for script components ‘primary injunction from father,’ ‘racket feeling’, ‘escape hatch’, ‘driver from father’ and ‘driver from mother’. Study II: Operational definitions of categorisations by McNeel (1975) were developed and applied by the author and an independent assessor to complete discourse analysis of 72 hours of transactional analysis group therapy in the style of Goulding & Goulding (1976, 1979) conducted during 1984/85. Results showed that the therapist used an average of 42% of the discourse space and that the therapy did indeed contain TA components, with the two main categories being ‘Feeling Contact’ and ‘Contracts’, and with particular use of TA techniques of ‘talking to Parent projections’, ‘make feeling statement’, ‘mutual negotiation’ and ‘specificity/clarity’. Inter-rater reliability was 46.2% (Araujo & Born 1985), Cohen’s (1960) kappa coefficient shows a spread from slight to moderate agreement, and the Odds Ratio (Viera, 2008) is above 1.0 for most categories. One intervention, "mutual negotiation", with moderate reliability could be identified as “TA typical". Study III: The study describes an investigation of the significance of the affective dimension of the therapeutic alliance (Bordin 1979), in a psychodynamic form of transactional analysis therapy after the style of “Redecision therapy” (Goulding & Goulding, 1979). We explored the client’s pattern of affective relationships by use of CCRT by Luborsky & Crits-Christoph (1990, 1998) and examined how the therapist responds to the client’s affective messages (“tests”) by use of the Plan-Diagnosis method (Weiss & Sampson, 1986). We found that “emotional” aspects play a more decisive role than has been envisioned in the TA redecision method and similar approaches of TA psychotherapy that emphasise contracts, tasks of therapy and a rational approach.

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Rajan, Marina, and Thomas Chacko. "Improving educational environment in medical colleges through transactional analysis practice of teachers." F1000Research 1 (October 9, 2012): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.1-24.v1.

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Context: A FAIMER (Foundation for Advancement in International Medical Education and Research) fellow organized a comprehensive faculty development program to improve faculty awareness resulting in changed teaching practices and better teacher student relationships using Transactional Analysis (TA). Practicing TA tools help development of ‘awareness’ about intrapersonal and interpersonal processes.Objectives:To improve self-awareness among medical educators.To bring about self-directed change in practices among medical educators.To assess usefulness of TA tools for the same.Methods: An experienced trainer conducted a basic course (12 hours) in TA for faculty members. The PAC model of personality structure, functional fluency model of personal functioning, stroke theory on motivation, passivity and script theories of adult functional styles were taught experientially with examples from the Medical Education Scenario. Self-reported improvement in awareness and changes in practices were assessed immediately after, at three months, and one year after training.Findings: The mean improvement in self-'awareness' is 13.3% (95% C.I 9.3-17.2) among nineteen participants. This persists one year after training. Changes in practices within a year include, collecting feedback, new teaching styles and better relationship with students.Discussion and Conclusions: These findings demonstrate sustainable and measurable improvement in self-awareness by practice of TA tools. Improvement in self-'awareness' of faculty resulted in self-directed changes in teaching practices. Medical faculty has judged the TA tools effective for improving self-awareness leading to self-directed changes.

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Porter-Steele, Nancy. "Book Review: TA Today: A New Introduction to Transactional Analysis." Transactional Analysis Journal 43, no. 1 (January 2013): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0362153713491555.

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Novak, Edward T. "Book Review: Into TA: A Comprehensive Textbook on Transactional Analysis." Transactional Analysis Journal 47, no. 1 (January 2017): 70–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0362153716681026a.

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Lee, Irene M. "Book Review: TA Today: A New Introduction to Transactional Analysis." Transactional Analysis Journal 18, no. 3 (July 1988): 255–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036215378801800314.

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Joseph, Marina Rajan, and Thomas V. Chacko. "Transactional analysis (TA): a learning-teaching tool for faculty development." South-East Asian Journal of Medical Education 6, no. 1 (June 26, 2012): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/seajme.v6i1.186.

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Johnson, Rutherford. "An Economic Multipoint Gravitational Model Expression Of A Transactional Analysis Game: An Application To Recreational Private Land Use Decisions." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 33, no. 4 (June 30, 2017): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v33i4.10000.

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The outcome of interactions between various economic actors has a decided subconscious component. Transactional analysis (TA), which was developed in the late 1950s, provides a cognitive theory about the way that human beings interact with each other on a subconscious level that can be applied to investigation of economic decision making. TA, founded by physician Eric Berne, explains a number of potential human interactions, or social transactions, by framing them as subconscious games. Individual economic actors in markets interact with each other. Those interactions may be influenced at least somewhat by subconscious cognitive processes and TA games. Additionally, because individuals gain experience through each interaction, there may reasonably be expected to exist an historical component in which the subconscious response of economic actors to others in the market and to the subconscious games of others in the market may change over time based on their experiences in prior games. As an extension, an individual’s subconscious response to other economic actors may in part be based on the influence of information, either conveyed through games or via other sources. This study investigates decision strategy in the context of marketplace interaction in which outcomes are influenced by subconscious social transaction games played between individuals. The decision by land owners of whether or not to open private land to outside parties for recreational use is considered as an example. Because interaction necessarily involves some form of influence, the interaction and decision strategy are modeled mathematically by an economic multipoint gravitational model in which each actor both influences all other actors and is influenced by them.

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Rachh, Avani, and Usha Chavali. "Analysis of Transactional Analysis (TA) Styles with respect to Information Security (IS)." Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities 6, no. 5 (2016): 1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-7315.2016.00172.6.

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Jusik, Piotr. "Formal and Informal Use of TA Counselling in Education." International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.29044/v11i1p64.

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We thank the previous publishers for permission to re-publish this article, which previously appeared as Jusik, P. (2017) Formal and Informal Use of TA Counselling in Education. Edukacyjna Analiza Transakcyjna, 6, 67-85. We have retained the structure and referencing of that article. This article applies role theory and thus clarifies the differences between educators and counsellors who use transactional analysis as a method of conceptualising their work to support growth and development of learners. Educators are seen as facilitators of growth that results from acquiring knowledge, skills and understanding, whereas counsellors emphasise growth resulting from introspection based on relational experiences with the practitioner. Furthermore, counselling interventions can be differentiated into formal and informal work that show considerable differences in terms of contract, roles, levels of containment and confidentiality. Several transactional analysis models have been described in the context of formal and informal interventions. Relevant case studies have been presented to show how the concepts are applied in an educational environment. The author suggests that transactional analysis counsellors need to bring awareness into the roles that they hold and their ability to account for role differences will make their interventions more robust.

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Knapp, Barton W. "Book Review: Introduce Your Relationship to Transactional Analysis: A TA Primer." Transactional Analysis Journal 23, no. 1 (January 1993): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036215379302300108.

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Fregola, Cesare. "Transactional Analysis And Education - Living with Current Complexity." International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice 11, no. 2 (December 29, 2020): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.29044/v11i2p25.

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A brief presentation of the OECD (2018) 21st Century Skills framework indicates that there are many possibilities for those involved in training, education, teaching and learning. A three-party contract model is reinterpreted in the light of the current complexities of social, economic, cultural and technological changes, and the way in which these are highlighting attention to borders and ethical aspects, allows us to hypothesise new synergies between various fields of TA application of psychotherapy, counselling, educational and organisational. Although this contribution focuses on research within the educational context, it demonstrates the possible implications for personal learning relationships within the complexity of our time.

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Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi, and Giovanni Del Puente. "I giochi dell'analisi transazionale. Come riconoscerli e liberarsene. [The games of transactional analysis. How to acknowledge them and how to get rid of them.]." Health Psychology Research 1, no. 1 (March 12, 2013): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/hpr.2013.br2.

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<p>Sabrina D’Amanti is a trained transactional analyst, who initially worked in the field of clinical and school psychology. This book covers the history and the theoretical foundation of Transactional Analysis (TA), focusing above all on the theory of mind or psychological games, and offers practical examples that can greatly help practitioners and analysts - especially health psychologists - in their clinical work...</p>

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Thunnissen, Moniek. "Two studies on the effectiveness of Transactional Analysis Psychotherapy in an inpatient setting." International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.29044/v4i1p99.

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Widdowson, Mark. "Perceptions of Psychotherapy Trainees of Psychotherapy Research." International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29044/v4i1p119.

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The present study was conducted by the researcher to explore the perceptions and feelings that Transactional Analysis (TA) psychotherapy trainees had about psychotherapy research. The researcher was also preparing to conduct a practice research based project involving TA psychotherapists, and wanted to use the findings from the present study to inform the design of that project and anticipate and respond to the possible training and support needs of participants.

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Cramer, Duncan. "Games People Play: the Psychology of Human Relationships: Eric Berne." British Journal of Psychiatry 152, no. 3 (March 1988): 440–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000219247.

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Games People Play is the second of four major books written by Berne describing his theory of psychotherapy, which is called transactional analysis. The other three are Transactional Analysis in Psychotherapy (1961), Principles of Group Treatment (1966), and What Do You Say After You Say Hello? (1972). Berne himself was an American psychiatrist, who although he was trained as a psychoanalyst was never accepted as one. Since his death in 1970, transactional analysis, or TA as it is colloquially called, has continued to flourish with its own organisation, the International Transactional Analysis Association, and quarterly periodical, the Transactional Analysis Journal. There is usually a chapter devoted to it in most textbooks of psychotherapy, such as Corsini's (1973) exemplary Current Psychotherapies. Consequently, it is important to bear in mind that this book is part of a corpus of ideas and of a movement that seems to be maintaining its influence. However, as a theory it appears as yet to have generated very little empirical research concerned with testing its underlying assumptions.

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Zanchetta, Mariavittoria, Laura Farina, Stefano Morena, and Enrico Benelli. "TA Treatment of Depression. A Simplified Hermeneutic Single-Case Efficacy Design. The Case of “Giovanni”." International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice 10, no. 2 (November 26, 2019): 4–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.29044/v10i2p4.

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This study is inspired by previous case series replications of Hermeneutic Single-Case Efficacy Design which aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of a manualized transactional analysis treatment for depressive disorders and depressive personality. We address problems and difficulties emerged in previous case series, such as: spending time in training a group of people to conduct the hermeneutic analysis, organizing the involvement of external judges to give the final adjudication, and dealing with inconsistencies between quantitative and qualitative data. For these reasons, this study suggests a simplified method to conduct the hermeneutic analysis that require one person only, maintaining its validity. Therefore, we integrated hermeneutic design with the pragmatic case evaluation methodology in order to follow pre-defined criteria in analysing qualitative material. Furthermore, we present a way to use the Script System to detect changes in depressive symptomatology and depressive personality. We tested this approach to HSCED in the case of ‘Giovanni, a 17-years old white Italian boy who attended sixteen session of transactional analysis psychotherapy with a white Italian woman specializing in psychotherapy with 2 years of clinical experience. The patient satisfied DSM-5 criteria for moderate major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder.This is the second investigation which has evaluated the effectiveness of Transactional Analysis psychotherapy for depressed adolescents.

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Wilson, Suzanne S. "Using transactional analysis as a psychotherapist: how to use TA in clinical situations." International Congress Series 1287 (April 2006): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2005.10.007.

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Hay, Julie. "The TAMED Game, Bystanders and Professional Associations." International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice 12, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 42–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.29044/v12i1p42.

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The author introduces a psychological game named TAMED – the TA Myth of Explanatory Depth, which she suggests provides an explanation of unhealthy dynamics occurring within transactional analysis membership and professional associations. She illustrates this with four case examples based on personal experiences. She also provides an overview of TA theory about psychological games, the bystander role, the various roles within the drama triangle and extensions of it, and the potency pyramid. She provides a selection of materials by TA and non-TA authors to support the premise that such games are more to do with organisational and group processes than the script of the individual who is seen as the cause of the conflict. The article concludes with some initial thoughts about how TA organisational diagrams need amending to reflect the structure and dynamics of professional associations.

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Samira Nejadnaderi, Samira Nejadnaderi. "The Study Of Adjustment Changes After Teaching Of Transactional Analysis(Ta) To The People." IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 10, no. 5 (2013): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-1053134.

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Nowak, Rosa C. "The effects and effectiveness of being trained in Transactional Analysis. An empirical study." International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.29044/v4i1p81.

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An empirical qualitative study on the effectiveness of non-therapeutic TA-training is presented. It was carried out during the period 2008–2010 within the frame of a PhD thesis at Sigmund Freud University in Vienna. The results of this study have been published under the title of “Transaktionsanalyse und Salutogenese“ (Waxmann 2011). The present article presents and discusses the research questions, the selection of the study method, the research design and some specific results of the study, such as changes in the Sense of Coherence.

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Fregola, Cesare. "TA, relationship with one’s own learning process and strategic studying." International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.29044/v4i1p67.

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Life-long learning is an increasingly relevant need of our time. Educational perspectives currently tend to focus - beside the single subjects (Foreign Languages, Maths, History) - on how, while learning, you can learn to learn. Considering this perspective, we have been integrating Transactional Analysis in the training for future Primary School Teachers. Our objectives are both more traditional applications intended to improve the relationship between teachers and teachers, teachers and families, and to observe, study and intervene in the relationship which children create with their learning process. The writing on emotional drivers, which we presented on IJTAR – International Journal of TA Research - for didactics of Mathematics, has proved very helpful for other subjects and in learning how to learn. Our experimentation involved 10 classes of a primary school, and enabled us to create several tools (interviews to identify drivers, egogram interview, check lists for the observation of transactions during the lessons). The learning outcomes have been analysed by the teachers according to some against indicators of learning and didactic objectives established within a systematic frame of reference. This model for didactics in TA clearly contributes to the construction of a learning environment, enhancing both the expression of the Free Child and Self-efficacy.

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Van Rijn, Biljana, and Ciara Wild. "Routine Outcomes Evaluation in Psychotherapy and Counselling within a Research Clinic - Outcomes and Reflection." International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice 4, no. 1 (September 11, 2020): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.29044/v4i1p113.

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The research was a naturalistic, non randomised, evaluation of Transactional Analysis (TA) and Gestalt psychotherapies, Integrative Counselling Psychology and Person Centred counselling within the research clinic at Metanoia Institute in the UK. Standardised measures were used to assess treatment outcomes and working alliance. Adherence to the model was evaluated in clinical supervision. The outcomes demonstrated that clients who engaged in treatment made statistically significant improvements.

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Molesworth, Mike, Georgiana F. Grigore, and Rebecca Jenkins. "Games people play with brands." Marketing Theory 18, no. 1 (May 3, 2017): 121–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470593117706530.

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Relationships have been normalized in marketing theory as mutually beneficial, long-term dyads. This obscures their emotional content, ignores critical conceptualizations of corporate exploitation and fails to capture the range of possible marketplace relationship forms, including those that may result from individuals’ biographical psychology and that lead to repeated dysfunctional exchanges. In this article, we offer Berne’s (1964) transactional analysis (TA) as a way to uncover the biographical psychology that informs marketplace relationship structures and their accompanying emotions and to provide a critique of such arrangements. We first explain TA, its origins, its relationship with psychoanalysis, its limitations and contemporary extensions beyond therapy. We then present the structural basis of marketplace relationships from a TA perspective, before illustrating how a game in TA can be applied through an analysis of the iPhone and related mobile phone contracts and the Games If I didn’t Love Apple and Smallprint. Finally, we discuss the implications of such an approach for transforming market practices based on recognition of marketplace Games and their modification.

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Zanchetta, Mariavittoria, Alessia Picco, Barbara Revello, Cristina Piccirillo, and Enrico Benelli. "TA Treatment of Depression. A Simplified Hermeneutic Single-Case Efficacy Design. The Case of “Margherita”." International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice 10, no. 2 (November 26, 2019): 32–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.29044/v10i2p32.

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This study is the seventh of a series of seven and belongs to the second Italian systematic replication of findings from previous series that investigatedthe effectiveness of a manualized transactional analysistreatment for depressionthrough Hermeneutic Single-Case Efficacy Design. We address problems and difficulties emerged in previous case series, such as: spending time in training a group of people to conduct the hermeneutic analysis, organizing the involvement of external judges to give the final adjudication, and dealing with inconsistencies between quantitative and qualitative data. For these reasons, this study suggests a simplified method to conduct the hermeneutic analysis that require one person only, maintaining its validity. Therefore, we integrated hermeneutic design with the pragmatic case evaluation methodology in order to follow pre-defined criteria in analysing qualitative material. Furthermore, we present a way to use the Script System to detect changes in depressive symptomatology and depressive personality. We tested this approach to HSCED in the case of ‘Margherita’, a 56-years old white Italian woman who attended sixteen session of transactional analysis psychotherapy with a white Italian woman therapist with 5 years of clinical experience. The patient satisfied DSM-5 criteria for moderately severe major depressive disorder with anxious distress, and SWAP 200 criteria for traits of depressive, dependent, avoidant and hostile personality typeswith a high level of functioning.

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Goussakovski, Vladimir. "Pioneering the Development of Transactional Analysis and TA Training in a New Area of the World." Transactional Analysis Journal 39, no. 4 (October 2009): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036215370903900408.

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Lacy, Amanda. "Integrating TA concepts into team meetings through micro-learning approaches." Edukacyjna Analiza Transakcyjna 9 (2020): 161–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/eat.2020.09.11.

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Micro-learning within team meetings offers immediacy of knowledge application and integration into practice. As a pedagogical method micro-learning has grown within workplace settings through being able to deliver small amounts of knowledge often, that is relevant, upskilling and applicable directly into practice. With more meetings happening in the workplace than ever before leveraging learning opportunities has never been more important. Learning opportunities have regularly been missed during team meetings due to competing priorities, information overload, lack of shared attention, divergent mental models and failure to identify learning needs. This article covers one aspect of a PhD research project focused on learning in team meetings. Discussion are two transactional analysis concepts delivered as micro-learning topics within team meetings and applied into practice. The approach, findings and further considerations are presented.

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Sakaki, Sedigheh, and Toozandehjani Hassan. "Effectiveness of Group Therapy Based on Transactional Analysis (TA) in Marital Burnout and Forbearance of Female Students." Open Journal of Medical Psychology 06, no. 02 (2017): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojmp.2017.62006.

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Benedetti, Gianpaolo, Enrico Benelli, and Mariavittoria Zanchetta. "Development of a Transactional Analysis Diagnostic Tool for Burnout with a Case Study Application in Switzerland." International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 13–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.29044/v11i1p13.

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Referring to the addition of burnout into the ICD-11, the authors review the literature and propose a combination of transactional analysis concepts with systemic-psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioural and logotherapy perspectives to generate a three-dimensional heptagon in which each summit represents a dimension of the burnout condition: cognitive, behavioural, motivational, emotional, somatic, relational and existential. They indicate how here-and-now symptoms are representations of there-and-then experiences and demonstrate how these elements may be represented within the script system developed by O’Reilly-Knapp and Erskine (2010). They go on to combine this with Freudenberger and North’s (1992) 12 steps model into a simplified five phase model of Honeymoon, Suppression, Denial, Dehumanisation and Burnout. Based on this material, they have developed a proxy-rated Burnout Assessment Chart (BAC) and a semi-structured Burnout Assessment Interview (BAI). A case study is then included of this material being applied with a 56-year-old male client in Switzerland. Whilst the limitations of this single case are recognised, the authors propose that the material can be used in developing a manual for working with burnout, with the different phases making it applicable to the various fields of TA application.

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O'Neill, Mary, and Denise Borland. "Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis of Experiences of Four Individuals Reporting Exposure to Workplace Bullying in the UK." International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice 9, no. 1 (June 20, 2018): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29044/v9i1p23.

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Workplace bullying is a toxic dynamic that is widespread in the modern workplace. While there is a wealth of qualitative data about the process of bullying, very little is documented about the emotional and cognitive experiences of those exposed to workplace bullying. What do they feel about themselves? What do they feel towards the perpetrators of the abuse and their organisation? This is an Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) of the experiences of four individuals who self-identified and were also operationally identified as being bullied by a manager within their organisation. Common themes were identified across the four individuals and are discussed using TA concepts, specifically those from the cathexis and classical schools of TA. The results suggest that the bullying dynamic is predicated on discounting by the participants, their managers and the organisations. The participants were discounted by their managers through a negative and withholding stroke pattern of criticism and blame. This resulted in a loss of trust in their employer and lack of support by the organisation, both of which were seen as a discount of the individual. The participants react to their situation by moving into script which could be seen through the Miniscript process. Citation - APA format:O'Neill, M. & Borland, D. (2018). Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis of Experiences of Four Individuals Reporting Exposure to Workplace Bullying in the UK. International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice, 9(1), 23-42. https://doi.org/10.29044/v9i1p23

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Park, Chae-Soon, and Jin-Ah Choi. "The effects of Transactional Analysis (TA) program on communication ability and introspection ability of personnel working in foster care institutions." Journal of Play Therapy 23, no. 3 (December 30, 2019): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32821/jpt.23.3.4.

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Sreenivasan, Vijay Gopal, and C. Suriyaprakash. "Relationship between ego states and neuroticism among Indian males and females." International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice 10, no. 2 (November 26, 2019): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.29044/v10i2p66.

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The purpose of this research project was to explore the relationship between ego states of Transactional Analysis (TA) and Neuroticism of the Big Five Factor model of personality among Indian adults. A sample of 192 Indian adults (37% male, 63% female) were administered the Ego State Questionnaire-Revised (ESQ-R) and the Big Five Inventory (BFI). Pearson Product-Moment Correlation was used to discover the relationships between ego states and Neuroticism. The results showed that there was a positive correlation between Neuroticism and the ego states of Critical Parent (CP) and Adapted Child (AC). There was a negative correlation between Neuroticism and the ego states of Nurturing Parent (NP), Adult (A) and Free Child (FC). (All correlations are significant at 0.05 level using a two-tailed test.) The degree of positive correlations of the CP and AC ego states with Neuroticism, were stronger than the degree of the negative correlations of their corresponding ego states i.e. NP and FC ego states. Among negatively correlated ego states, NP was most weakly correlated with Neuroticism for women but for men it was stronger. Similarly, FC was most weakly correlated with Neuroticism for men, but for women the relationship was stronger. Except for FC, all other ego states showed increased degrees of correlation with Neuroticism from the age group of 25-40 years to that of 41-56 years. Though there are limitations to this research, the findings are in line with TA theory and may have implications for how TA therapy is applied.

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Shustov, Dmitri, Olga Tuchina, Tatiana Agibalova, and Nadezhda Zuykova. "States of Self as Agents of Self-Killing: An Egogram-based Suicide Note Analysis Study in Russia." International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice 9, no. 1 (June 20, 2018): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29044/v9i1p5.

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The article presents findings of the egogram-based suicide note analysis, which was undertaken by three experts (MDs, PhDs, certified in TA) in a sample of 26 people (36 suicide notes) in Ryazan, Russia, in 2000 and 2017. The results of the study imply that the presuicidal intrapersonal activity is quite diverse and evolving, and may vary between those who complete suicide lethally and those who survive their suicide attempt. Lethal suicides were characterised by elevated levels of Adult and Adapted Child whereas non-lethal suicide attempts showed an apparent increase in Adapted Child and negative Controlling Parent levels. The authors inferred that suicidal individuals with serious lethal intent might maintain moderate levels of Adapted Child (suffering) so as to enable Adult to accumulate energy needed to perform a fatal suicide attempt. In attempted suicides, high levels of negative Controlling Parent targeting relevant others may diffuse the energy necessary for completion of suicide. Attempted suicide egograms were illustrative of the manipulative nature of the non-lethal suicide attempts, whereas completed suicides did not. Egograms of non-lethal suicide attempts and intoxicated completed suicides had similar distribution of ego state levels, which may reflect the effect of alcohol interfering with the activity of protective Parental substructures and strengthening the role of the negative Controlling Parent targeting either one’s inner self or relevant others.Citation - APA format:Shustov, D., Tuchina, O., Agibalova, T., & Zuykova, N. (2018). States of Self as Agents of Self-Killing: An Egogram-based Suicide Note Analysis Study in Russia. International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice, 9(1), 5-22. https://doi.org/10.29044/v9i1p5

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Holt, Vernon P., and Russ Ladwa. "Mentoring. A Quality Assurance Tool for Dentists Part 5: The Roots of the Modern Approach to Mentoring and Coaching." Primary Dental Care os16, no. 4 (October 2009): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/135576109789389469.

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Mentoring and coaching, as they are currently practised, are relatively new techniques for working with people. The roots of the current approach can be traced back to the psychotherapist Carl Rogers, who developed a new ‘person-centred approach’ to counselling and quickly realised that this approach was also appropriate for many types of relationship, from education to family life. Rogers’ thinking was deeply influenced by dialogues with his friend, the existentialist philosopher Martin Buber. Developments in psychology building upon this new person-centred approach include transactional analysis (TA) and neurolingusitic programming (NLP). More recently, solutions-focused approaches have been used and a related approach to leadership in the business environment—strengths-based leadership—has been developed. In recent years, developments in neuroscience have greatly increased understanding not only of how the brain is ‘wired up’ but also of how it is specifically wired to function as a social organ. The increased understanding in these areas can be considered in the context of emotional and social intelligence. These concepts and knowledge have been drawn together into a more structured discipline with the development of the approach known as positive psychology, the focus of which is on the strengths and virtues that contribute to good performance and authentic happiness.

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H, BANDO, and YOKOYAMA T. "Psychological change in egogram for university student for years." Asploro Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Case Reports 2, no. 2 (October 7, 2019): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36502/2019/asjbccr.6159.

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Background: Health problems concerning psychosomatic bio-psycho-social matters have been recently emphasized. Among them, the research for transactional analysis (TA) and egogram have been in focus. Authors have investigated egograms in various subjects including university students. Case presentation: The case is a 23-year old male student. When he entered the university at 19 years, his egogram was good-hearted type (Type Na). His current egogram is administrator type (AC inferior). Concerning egogram factors, the actual values were as follows: Critical Parent (CP) was 3 to 5, Nurturing Parent (NP) was 14 to 15, Adult (A) was 5 to 15, Free Child (FC) was 8 to 12 and Adapted Child (AC) was 12 to 5. Discussion: Elevated CP may be from understanding rules and organizational theories in society. Increased A is probably from learning the expertise of liberal arts, computers, mechanics and others in the university. When he was a freshman, he could not decide several matters by following other people from high AC level. Through his various experiences, he can judge adequately with achieving human growth. Consequently, AC seemed to be at the standard level. The current report will be expected to become useful reference for further research in the future.

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Martins, António F. "Accounting information and its impact in transfer pricing tax compliance: a Portuguese view." EuroMed Journal of Business 12, no. 2 (July 3, 2017): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/emjb-11-2016-0029.

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Purpose In transfer pricing (TP) methods, especially when based on margins, accounting indicators are of paramount relevance to assess the profitability of firms, and to compare such indicators to samples of similar companies. The purpose of this paper, drawing on the legal research method, is to discuss the following questions: when using the transactional net margin, quite common in TP tax reporting, does the new (IFRS-based) Portuguese financial accounting system produce profit level indicators that are closer to the underlying reality that TP aims to capture, or are these profit level indicators of a lower quality than before? Design/methodology/approach The methodology used in the paper draws on legal research. The hermeneutical and evaluative approaches are used to answer the research question. The legal research method is often criticized by not making the empirical sciences’ type of generalizations, since many problems are, by nature, related to national legal systems and, therefore, proposed solutions are not valid outside a specific territory. However, given the nature of the accounting and tax issues identified and discussed in the paper the topic is relevant outside Portugal, given the widespread adoption of IFRS-based accounting systems and the multinational impact of TP principles’ and legislation. Findings The main conclusion is that the new accounting regime has a significant potential for increasing uncertainty and compliance costs in the area of TP, given the nature of operating income adopted in the new IFRS-based system. As such, taxpayers and tax authorities (TA) and tax courts will have to allocate more resources to an already complex and uncertain fiscal area. A careful analysis of non-recurrent items is now mandatory, given the increased flexibility and the amalgamation of recurring and non-recurring accounting items that can have a pernicious influence in TP tax compliance. The answer to the research question is that the new accounting system produces operating margins that, when used as profit level indicators in TP, are of lower quality. Practical implications Taking into account the aim of this study, the discussion of a Portuguese particular feature of corporate financial information and tax system can highlight useful policy points to a broader audience. Many OECD countries face a dire situation in budgetary terms. Therefore, given the pressure to increase tax receipts, TP issues can shed some light on solutions being applied in other countries, and enhance awareness of corporate tax policy points. Directive 2013/34/EU gives Member States some accounting flexibility (e.g. in the design of the income statement). Therefore, the authors would argue for a new design of the SNC’s income statement by the Portuguese legislators. The analysis also argues for a broader level of coordination and consultation between accounting standard setters and TA, in areas where a strong link exists between book and tax income. Originality/value The link between IFRS-based account systems and TP tax issues is not, to the best of the authors knowledge, a widely researched topic Thus, the paper adds value to the discussion related to book-tax relation in the specific area of transfer price profit level indicators. It finds a divergent path between the economic reality that TP tries to capture and a concept of operating margin that is affected by non-recurring and peripheral transactions.

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Gregory, Siobhan. "The Many Faces of Transactional Analysis: A Survey Study of the Practice and Identity of Transactional Analysis Therapists in the UK." International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice 7, no. 2 (July 31, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.29044/v7i2p29.

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An online survey method was used with a sample of 99 therapists who had completed at least 4 years of transactional analysis psychotherapy training to investigate factors including their views on the most and least practised TA psychotherapy approaches based on the ‘schools’ of Classical, Redecision, Cathexis, Integrative, Psychodynamic and Relational. Demographic information on gender, age, therapeutic activity and professional associations was also collected, and the survey explored subjects’ willingness to diversify their knowledge of therapies other than TA, how much they integrated across therapeutic modalities, and their commitment to a TA Identity.Statistical analysis was conducted on the TA Identity and Integrative Identity scales within the survey, which were shown to have good reliability and internal consistency. Statistical analysis of results indicated that participants displayed significantly higher levels of Integrative Identity than TA Identity, although it was not clear whether that related to the TA Integrative approach or to the general integration of different approaches. Attainment of the international TA qualification as Certified Transactional Analyst (Psychotherapy) was shown to be related to commitment to TA and commitment in the TA community.

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Ohlsson, Thomas. "Scientific evidence base for transactional analysis in the year 2010." International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice 1, no. 1 (July 31, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.29044/v1i1p4.

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The International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research, IJTAR, has been created to stimulate research and support the continued effort to build a scientific evidence base for transactional analysis (TA). This article is an attempt to locate the starting point for the journal, to identify, evaluate and draw conclusions from what has already been done, and to articulate the existing scientific evidence base for TA in the year 2010.

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Gheorghe, Radu. "TA Today: A New Introduction to Transactional Analysis." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 3, no. 1 (February 27, 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v3i1.390.

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Johnsson, Roland, and Gunvor Stenlund. "The affective dimension of alliance in transactional analysis psychotherapy." International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice 1, no. 1 (July 31, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.29044/v1i1p45.

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The study describes an investigation of the significance of the affective dimension of the therapeutic alliance (Bordin 1979), in a psychodynamic form of transactional analysis therapy after the style of “Redecision therapy” (Goulding & Goulding, 1979). We explored the client’s pattern of affective relationships by use of CCRT (the Core Conflictual Relationship method, Luborsky & Crits-Christoph, 1990, 1998) and examined how the therapist responds to the client’s affective messages (“tests”) by use of the Plan Diagnosis method (Weiss & Sampson, 1986). We found that “emotional” aspects play a more decisive role than has been envisioned in the TA redecision method and similar approaches of TA psychotherapy that emphasise contracts, tasks of therapy and a rational approach.

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Johnsson, Roland. "Transactional Analysis as Psychotherapy Method – A Discourse Analytic Study." International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice 2, no. 2 (July 31, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.29044/v2i2p3.

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Operational definitions of categorisations by McNeel (1975) were developed and applied by the author and an independent assessor to complete discourse analysis of 72 hours of transactional analysis group therapy in the style of Goulding & Goulding (1976, 1979) conducted during 1984/85. Results showed that the therapist used an average of 42% of the discourse space and that the therapy did indeed contain TA components, with the two main categories being ‘Feeling Contact’ and ‘Contracts’, and with particular use of TA techniques of ‘talking to Parent projections’, ‘make feeling statement’, ‘mutual negotiation’ and ‘specificity/clarity’. Inter-rater reliability was 46.2% (Araujo & Born 1985), Cohen’s (1960) kappa coefficient shows a spread from slight to moderate agreement, and the Odds Ratio (Viera, 2008) is above 1.0 for most categories.

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Benelli, Enrico, Sara Filanti, Roberta Musso, Vincenzo Calvo, Stefania Mannarini, Arianna Palmieri, and Mark Widdowson. "TA Treatment of Depression: A Hermeneutic Single-Case Efficacy Design Study - ‘Caterina’." International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice 8, no. 1 (January 31, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.29044/v8i1p21.

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This study is the second of a series of seven, and belongs to the second Italian systematic replication of findings from two previous series (Widdowson 2012a, 2012b, 2012c, 2013; Benelli, 2016a, 2016b, 2016c) that investigated the effectiveness of a manualised transactional analysis treatment for depression through Hermeneutic Single-Case Efficacy Design. The therapist was a white Italian woman with 10 years of clinical experience and the client, Caterina, was a 28-year old white Italian woman who attended 16 sessions of transactional analysis psychotherapy. Caterina satisfied DSM-5 criteria for major depressive disorder with generalized anxiety disorder. The conclusion of the judges was that this was an outstanding good-outcome case: the depressive symptoms showed an early clinical and reliable improvement, maintained till the 6 months follow-up, accompanied by reductions in anxiety symptoms, global distress and severity of personal problems. Adherence to the manualised treatment for depression appears good to excellent. In this case study, transactional analysis treatment for depression has proven its efficacy in treating major depressive disorder in comorbidity with anxiety disorder.

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Benelli, Enrico, Emanuela Moretti, Giorgio Cristiano Cavallero, Giovanni Greco, Vincenzo Calvo, Stefania Mannarini, Arianna Palmieri, and Mark Widdowson. "TA Treatment of Depression: A Hermeneutic Single-Case Efficacy Design Study - ‘Anna’." International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice 8, no. 1 (January 31, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.29044/v8i1p3.

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This study is the first of a series of seven, and belongs to the second Italian systematic replication of findings from two previous series (Widdowson 2012a, 2012b, 2012c, 2013; Benelli, 2016a, 2016b, 2016c) that investigated the effectiveness of a manualised transactional analysis treatment for depression through Hermeneutic Single-Case Efficacy Design (HSCED). The therapist was a white Italian woman with 8 years of clinical experience and the client, Anna, was a 33-year old white Italian woman who attended 16 sessions of transactional analysis psychotherapy. Anna satisfied DSM-5 criteria for mild persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) with anxious distress. The conclusion of the judges was that this was a good-outcome case: the dysthymic symptoms improved over the course of the therapy and were maintained in the ‘healthy’ range at the 6-month follow-up, the client reported a positive experience of the therapy and described important changes in intrapsychic and interpersonal patterns. In this case study, transactional analysis treatment for depression has proven its efficacy in treating persistent depressive disorder.

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Benelli, Enrico, Mario Augusto Procacci, Antonella Fornaro, Vincenzo Calvo, Stefania Mannarini, Arianna Palmieri, and Mariavittoria Zanchetta. "TA Treatment of Depression:A Hermeneutic Single-Case Efficacy Design Study - Giorgio." International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice 9, no. 2 (December 24, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.29044/v9i2p3.

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This study is the fourth of a series of seven and belongs to the second Italian systematic replication of findings from previous series that investigated the effectiveness of a manualized transactional analysis treatment for depression through Hermeneutic Single-Case Efficacy Design. The therapist was a white Italian man with 17 years of clinical experience and the patient, Giorgio, was a 23-year-old white Italian man who attended sixteen sessions of transactional analysis psychotherapy. Giorgio satisfied DSM-5 criteria for Major Depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder,Panic Disorder, Agoraphobia and Dependent Personality Disorder. The treatment focused on both symptoms remission and conflicts at the core of dependent personality. The judges evaluated the case as a good outcome, mediated by the work on core conflicts of personality, that enhanced the treatment outcome and the remission of depressive symptoms. This case study suggests that the classical treatment for depression may be enhanced by considering the conflicts at the base of personality traits or disorders.Citation - APA format:Benelli, E., Procacci, M., Fornaro, A., Calvo, V., Mannarini, S., Palmieri, A. and Zanchetta, M. (2018). TA Treatment of Depression:A Hermeneutic Single-Case Efficacy Design Study - Giorgio. International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice, 9(2), 3-22 https://doi.org/10.29044/v9i2p3

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Benelli, Enrico, Maddalena Bergamaschi, Cristina Capoferri, Stefano Morena, Vincenzo Calvo, Stefania Mannarini, Arianna Palmieri, Mariavittoria Zanchetta, Maria Spinelli, and Mark Widdowson. "TA Treatment of Depression: A Hermeneutic Single-Case Efficacy Design Study - ‘Deborah’." International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice 8, no. 1 (January 31, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.29044/v8i1p39.

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This study is the third of a series of seven, and belongs to the second Italian systematic replication of findings from two previous series (Widdowson 2012a, 2012b, 2012c, 2013; Benelli, 2016a, 2016b, 2016c) that investigated the effectiveness of a manualised transactional analysis treatment for depression through Hermeneutic Single-Case Efficacy Design (HSCED). Major Depression and Subthreshold Depression are often in comorbidity with Anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence and represent a risk factor for ongoing mental health problems in adulthood. The therapist was a white Italian woman with 15 years of clinical experience and the client, Deborah, was a 15-year old white Italian female adoloscent who attended sixteen sessions of transactional analysis psychotherapy. The conclusion of the judges was that this was a good-outcome case: the depressive and anxious symptomatology clinically and reliably improved over the course of the therapy and these improvements were maintained throughout the duration of the follow-up intervals. Furthermore, the client reported significant change in her post-treatment interview and these changes were directly attributed to the therapy. In this case study, the transactional analysis manualised treatment for depression in adulthood has demonstrated its effectiveness also in treating depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescence.

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Benelli, Enrico, Francesca Vulpiani, Giorgio Cristiano Cavallero, Vincenzo Calvo, Stefania Mannarini, Arianna Palmieri, and Mariavittoria Zanchetta. "TA Treatment of Depression: A Hermeneutic Single-Case Efficacy Design Study - Beatrice." International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice 9, no. 2 (December 24, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.29044/v9i2p42.

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This study is the sixth of a series of seven and belongs to the second Italian systematic replication of findings from previous series that investigatedthe effectiveness of a manualized transactional analysistreatment for depressionthrough Hermeneutic Single-Case Efficacy Design.The therapist was a white Italian woman with 10 years of clinical experience and the patient, Beatrice, was a 45-year old white Italian woman who attended sixteen sessions of transactional analysis psychotherapy. Beatrice satisfied DSM 5 criteria for Major Depressive Disorder, Anxious Distress, with Dependent and Histrionic Personality Traits. The judges evaluated the case as a good outcome: the depressive and anxious symptomatology clinically and reliably improved over the course of the therapy and these improvements weremaintained throughoutthe duration of thefollowup intervals. Furthermore, the patient reported significant change in her post-treatment interview and these changes were directly attributed to the therapy.Citation - APA format:Benelli, E., Vulpiani, F., Cavallero, G., Calvo, V., Mannarini, S., Palmieri, A. and Zanchetta, M. (2018). TA Treatment of Depression: A Hermeneutic Single-Case Efficacy Design Study - Beatrice. International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice, 9(2), 42-63 https://doi.org/10.29044/v9i2p42

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McQuaid, Cathy. "An investigation into the factors that influence the perceived experiences and outcomes for students training in Transactional Analysis Psychotherapy in the UK and USA." International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.29044/v6i1p28.

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Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) (Smith, 1995) was applied to data from 21 out of 50 participants who had shared their training experiences during semi-structured interviews. Subjects were chosen from trainees and trainers in the USA and UK, to include ‘generations’ from those trained by transactional analysis originator Dr Eric Berne through to recently qualified transactional analysis psychotherapists, and including some who had ceased training before qualifying.Results suggest that TA psychotherapy training is experienced by some as a transformational, life enhancing and reparative experience that culminates in a satisfying and rewarding career, whilst for others it is perceived as an abusive, punitive and punishing experience, bringing disillusionment, disappointment and dissatisfaction. The main contributing factors were the students’ personal belief systems, motivations for undertaking the training, and relationships with the trainer, peers and the profession as a whole. Analysis of the themes suggested that subsequent anxieties raised by participants concerned lack of information, inconsistencies in training offered by different establishments, reasons for trainees entering training and trainers’ reasons for accepting them, and the significant time and resource requirements of the training. The paper includes recommendations aimed at making the training experience one that upholds the basic philosophical principles and values of TA, and promotes, develops and enhances TA psychotherapy training.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Transactional Analysis (TA)'

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