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STANKIEWICZ, MARY ANN. "Form, Truth and Emotion: Transatlantic Influences on Formalist Aesthetics." Journal of Art & Design Education 7, no. 1 (March 1988): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-8070.1988.tb00732.x.
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Butler, Ryan J. "Transatlantic Discontinuity? The Clapham Sect's Influence in the United States." Church History 88, no. 3 (September 2019): 672–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640719001847.
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William Wilberforce and his coterie of evangelical activists have regularly attracted research. Attention, however, has focused almost exclusively on the group's efforts in Britain, with little scholarly work to date on its connections and trajectories overseas. This article examines the influence of Clapham thought and activity in the early American republic. By tracing transatlantic correspondence and reconstructing international relationships, it unveils the direct influence of Clapham theological understandings, notably in their challenge to received interpretations of racial inequality and competing national virtues. Less directly, as Clapham principles shaped Britain's policing of the seas and became enacted in diplomatic decisions, British moralism created friction and resentment with the U.S. government. Although the threads of overt ideological influence by the Clapham Sect appear thin with respect to antislavery, more nuanced influences in terms of race, theology, and empire reveal profound contextual challenges. Yet, the factors limiting the Clapham Sect's impact are as instructive as the influences because they illuminate the contrasts across the Atlantic, which turn out in this case to be more important than the continuities. Transnational approaches to history have often erred by overlooking the transformation of religious and moral ideas across borders, leaving our understanding of transatlantic abolitionism theologically impoverished. By situating Britain's most famous abolitionist group in a wider context, this article exposes the neglected role of race and competing moralities in nineteenth-century international religious history, confounding notions of simple transference of ideas and intellectual continuity across the Atlantic.
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Poulin, Naythan R. "“Laws that make them slaves there, make them slaves here:” The Status of Slavery in England and its influence on the colony of Nova Scotia." General: Brock University Undergraduate Journal of History 4 (May 6, 2019): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/tg.v4i0.2127.
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Nova Scotia was the only colony in the transatlantic world to possess no statute laws or slave codes; thus, Nova Scotia did not have legal authorization to enforce slavery. The absence of statute law in Nova Scotia engendered significant legal ambiguities on the general status of slavery in the colony. Following 1783, Nova Scotia’s legislative and judicial institutions were greatly destabilized by Loyalist migration, and the colony searched across the transatlantic world for legal answers. England, similarly to Nova Scotia, did not possess any statute laws to enforce slavery; the metropole and the colony of Nova Scotia thus shared a similar ambiguity towards the status and regulation of slavery. Therefore, evidence suggests that judicial rulings made in Nova Scotia regarding the status of slavery were directly influenced by common law established in England. Specifically, Somerset v Stewart and subsequent cases in England legitimized and influenced Chief Justice Blowers and Strange to impose a judicial war of attrition against slavery in Nova Scotia. Although Nova Scotia’s legal system had become effective in eradicating slavery, the system did not always provide permanent freedom, and in many cases freed black men and women risked kidnapping and re-enslavement. Ultimately, slavery in the Canadian colonies is a topic that has been erased from the historiographical narrative and has been ignored by generations of historians. Nonetheless, it signifies that more work is required to establish stronger connections between the metropole and Canadian colonies, but also, the intercolonial and transatlantic influences on slavery.
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Pettersen, David. "Maurice Tourneur’sJustin de Marseille(1935): transatlantic influences on the French gangster." Studies in French Cinema 17, no. 1 (August 10, 2016): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14715880.2016.1213586.
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Knutsen, Bjørn Olav. "A Weakening Transatlantic Relationship? Redefining the EU–US Security and Defence Cooperation." Politics and Governance 10, no. 2 (May 18, 2022): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v10i2.5024.
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The aim of this article is to discuss how a weakening transatlantic relationship influences European defence cooperation and integration. It also asks how these observed patterns of weakening EU–US relations can be explained and what the consequences might be for the EU’s efforts to build a stronger and more coherent security and defence policy. Building upon a “comprehensive neo-functionalist” approach first coined by the Norwegian scholar Martin Sæter, European security and defence policy should be seen as part of an externalisation of EU integration as a response to weakening transatlantic relations. The debate on European “strategic autonomy,” the Strategic Compass, and the European “defence package” should therefore be considered as part of such an externalisation process of actively influencing and reshaping the transatlantic relationship. When analysing European security and defence, the article also shows that it is misleading to regard European integration as something to be subordinated to NATO. Nevertheless, a European security deficit does exist due to differing perspectives among member states on how the EU process should relate to NATO. The article, therefore, concludes that strategic autonomy can only be developed with close EU–NATO cooperation. Furthermore, a more multipolar world order where the EU no longer can rely upon a transatlantic security community to the same extent as before challenges the EU’s role as a defender of multilateralism and poses new challenges to the EU’s common foreign and security policy.
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Gannon, Philip. "Between America and Europe: transatlantic influences on the policies of Gordon Brown." Journal of Transatlantic Studies 13, no. 1 (January 2, 2015): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14794012.2014.990731.
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Trnka, Jamie H. "Genre and Geoculture." Internationales Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der deutschen Literatur 44, no. 2 (November 8, 2019): 410–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iasl-2019-0019.
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Abstract Enzensberger’s sustained engagement with Latin American thinkers and literary forms was central to his attempts to shift the parameters of West German debates on literature and politics in the 1960 s. Attention to Latin American exchanges and influences challenges simplistic criticisms of his Eurocentrism and demonstrates how the novel cultural constellations that underlie Enzensberger’s genre innovation engender productive inroads into transatlantic comparative projects.
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Tara Helfman. "Transatlantic Influences on American Corporate Jurisprudence: Theorizing the Corporation in the United States." Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 23, no. 2 (2016): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/indjglolegstu.23.2.0383.
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Korchagin, Kirill M. "Bureau “Transatlantic”: French and US Poets on Rendezvous." Literature of the Americas, no. 12 (2022): 261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-7894-2022-12-261-273.
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Since the middle of the 19th century, American literature has been perceived by French poets as a kind of Other, at the same time alien and attractive, capable of teaching the experience of liberation, which the French poets themselves lack. Nevertheless, the situation is more familiar when other poets of the world are looking for inspiration in French poetry. French poetry for American modernists of the first quarter of the 20th century was synonymous with everything that expands the horizons of literature. At the same time, the reverse situation, when French poetry is saturated with outside influences, in particular, American ones, is studied much worse. Abigail Lang's book tries to fill this gap, considering the transformations that the new, “post-Surrealist” French poetry is experiencing under the impression of the new American poetry. The book is divided into three chapters: the first one deals with the reception of objectivism since the 1970s to the present, the second one deals with the problem of the “transatlantic” poetic community, which manifests itself in various forms and genres, and, finally, the third one tells about the “speech turn,” which, from the author's point of view, takes place in French poetry of recent decades.
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Davidson, Ryan J. "Transatlantic Intersections: The Role of Ralph Waldo Emerson in the Dissemination of Blakean Thought into the Poetry of Walt Whitman." Hawliyat 17 (July 11, 2018): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31377/haw.v17i0.66.
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Whitman quoted no one in his poetry, at least not directly, as Matt Miller convincingly mgues in Collage of Myself However, Whitman was not above making use of the work of other writers in his poetry. It is through Whitman's early reading in conjunction with his collage approach to composition that he came to create Leaves of Grass as something which appears wholly original, but which resonates with so many echoes. It is often argued that Ralph Waldo Emerson is one of the most important influences on Whitman 's Leaves of Grass. The extent and significance of Emerson 's influence has been a subject of inquiry' since the advent of Whitman scholarship. This text will focus on Emerson's essays and lectures as the main influences on Whitman which can be read as providing a mediating influence between Blake and Whitman.
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André, María Claudia. "Tango y Lunfardo: un estudio transatlántico sobre la identidad argentina / Tango and Lunfardo: a Transtlantic study about Argentinian Identity." Kamchatka. Revista de análisis cultural., no. 9 (August 31, 2017): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/kam.9.9547.
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Resumen: Nacido en el arrabal bonaerense, producto de múltiples influencias socio-culturales, el tango argentino indudablemente se encuentra entre los estilos de música que mejor logran transmitir el pensamiento y el sentir de un pueblo. Este ensayo examina la función y el efecto de la experiencia transatlántica de la inmigración europea como una fuerza que moldeó y transformó la cultura fundacional argentina, redefiniendo no sólo su perfil racial, sino también gran parte de su panorama intelectual, social y cultural. Empleando como lente crítico los estudios poscoloniales y transatlánticos, el presente ensayo analiza la evolución de la música y del baile del tango con el fin de definir la compleja red de referentes que conforman la identidad del país. Palabras clave: tango, identidad, transatlántico, poscolonial, inmigración, subalterno, lunfardo.Abstract: Born in the slums of Buenos Aires, a product of multiple socio-cultural influences, the Argentine tango is undoubtedly among the music styles that best conveys the thought and the feeling of the people. This essay examines the role and effect of the transatlantic experience of Europan immigration as a force that shaped and transformed Argentina’s foundational culture, redefining not only its racial profile, but also much of its spiritural, social, and intellectual landscape. Through the critical lens of postcolonial and transatlantic studies, the current essay analizes the evolution of tango music and dance aiming to determine the complex network of referents that conform the country’s identity.Keywords: tango, identity, transatlantic, postcolonial, immigration, subaltern, lunfardo.
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DANIELSEN, HELGE. "The American Spirit in Europe Revisited?" Contemporary European History 17, no. 1 (February 2008): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777307004304.
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In 1949, the Norwegian historian Halvdan Koht opened his book The American Spirit in Europe: A Survey of Transatlantic Influences (from which the title for this review article is borrowed) with the following lines: America in this book means the United States of America. The subject of the book, however, is not America. It is rather Europe. The plan of the book is to present a comprehensive view of the effect of American activities, struggles and efforts upon European life and progress.
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O'Donnell, Catherine. ""Many customs and manners": Transatlantic Influences in the Life and Work of Elizabeth Seton." U.S. Catholic Historian 36, no. 3 (2018): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cht.2018.0016.
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David, Thomas, and Janick Marina Schaufelbuehl. "Transatlantic Influence in the Shaping of Business Education: The Origins of IMD, 1946–1990." Business History Review 89, no. 1 (2015): 75–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680515000069.
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The history of the International Institute for Management Development (IMD), one of the most prestigious business schools in the world, highlights the role of multinationals in establishing business education in Europe and the problem of legitimacy. The creation of IMD's predecessors CEI and IMEDE by Alcan and Nestlé also illuminates the role of Harvard Business School in their development and the reciprocal influences of American and European management education after World War II.
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Quintero Mächler, Alejandro. "De Le livre rouge a El libro rojo: la mexicanización de un proyecto literario francés." Literatura Mexicana 32, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 11–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.19130/iifl.litmex.2021.32.2.29151.
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The article peruses the influence of Le livre rouge (1863) in Vicente Riva Palacio’s and Manuel Payno’s El libro rojo (1870). It expounds how those responsible for El libro rojo, instead of just copying the French model, adapted it into a certain written and visual representation of history: violent, liberal, and providential. The article’s structure follows the Mexican version’s four innovations: martyrological hagiographies were elaborated instead of disquieting biographies; lithography, of greater expressive power, was substituted for the engraving technique; a taxonomy of violence was discarded in favor of a periodization based on the spillage of blood; lastly, the oeuvre was endowed with a liberal optimism absent from the French text. Thus, El libro rojo is situated within a context of transatlantic influences, which highlights its uniqueness, and illuminates the liberal and triumphalistic representation of Mexican history.
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WIRSCHING, ANDREAS. "From Work to Consumption. Transatlantic Visions of Individuality in Modern Mass Society." Contemporary European History 20, no. 1 (December 14, 2010): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777310000330.
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AbstractThis essay deals with the ambiguous and contradictory relationship between labour, consumption and individuality in modern mass culture. This relationship has been conceptualised rather differently in American and European visions of individuality. In recent years, the long-lasting tradition of European (and especially German) scepticism towards the consumer society, which was nourished by conservative, (neo)liberal and Marxist influences, has retreated in favour of a more general acceptance of modern consumerism. While labour has not been replaced as the most important means of economic and cultural participation, the social construction of personal individuality is seen to take place through an ever-increasing multitude of means of consumption. The article analyses this profound process of cultural change and at the same time reflects upon the opportunities and limits of the current scholarly paradigm concerning the consumer society.
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Sułek, Antoni. "“To America!”." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 24, no. 3 (March 8, 2010): 327–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325409357438.
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America was an attractive destination for European scholars and social scientists— their contacts, observations, experiences, and thoughts often became a subject of interest in itself to many other sociologists. Poles are no exception. Florian Znaniecki and William I. Thomas and their classic Polish Peasant in Europe and America, first published in 1918—20, is symbolic of contacts and influences between Polish and American sociology in the first half of the twentieth century. However, sociologists other than Znaniecki and their transatlantic journeys remain somehow in the shadows to this day. This article presents a more recent and yet less known chapter of Polish— American relations—Polish sociologists visiting American universities in the 1950s and 1960s.
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Sverdrup-Thygeson, Bjørnar. "The bear and the EU-China-US triangle: transatlantic and Russian influences on EU’s “pivot to Asia”." Asia Europe Journal 15, no. 2 (March 25, 2017): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10308-017-0472-7.
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Cameron, Lauren. "Tracking the Rise and Fall of Wallaceism: Alfred Russel Wallace’s Darwinism and Its Transatlantic Influences." Nineteenth Century Studies 34 (November 1, 2022): 42–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/ninecentstud.34.0042.
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Abstract Alfred Russel Wallace is generally presented as a footnote in scientific and cultural history, a young man whose letter spurred Darwin to publish his epoch-making On the Origin of Species, but little else. A spate of recent scholarly interest in him has, however, worked to recover his important and multifaceted place in British cultural history. This essay examines his positioning of himself as the standard bearer of Darwinian thought toward the end of his life and after much of Darwin’s scientific circle had died. His 1889 Darwinism subversively rewrites Darwin’s ideas and promotes what this article terms Wallaceism, a version of Darwinian evolutionary theory in which he positions himself as Darwin’s champion but also alters some of Darwin’s arguments in light of his own 1886–87 lecture tour of America. Analyzing public discourse on Wallace’s cultural reception from Anglo-American periodicals using both quantitative and qualitative methods, this essay comes to consider his rise to cultural prominence in the United States at the turn of the century and his subsequent fall.
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Moore, James Ross. "The Gershwins in Britain." New Theatre Quarterly 10, no. 37 (February 1994): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00000075.
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Overwhelmingly, the British reputation of George Gershwin is as a ‘serious’ composer: but this is liable to obscure not only the contributions he and his brother Ira made to the popular music theatre in Britain, but also, conversely, the British influences upon this seemingly all-American pair. George was profoundly influenced by that pre-eminent American Anglophile of his time, Jerome Kern, while British influences upon the semi-scholarly Ira extended far beyond W. S. Gilbert and P. G. Wodehouse. After ‘Swanee’ swept Britain in 1920, and George had honed his art and craft by writing the score for the West End revue, The Rainbow (1923), came the musical comedy, Primrose (1924) – its score his first to be published, and including some of his earliest orchestrations. A prototype of the frivolous comedies of the era, Primrose marked the first time the brothers were billed together as the Gershwins, since Ira had earlier written as ‘Arthur Francis’: it was also the immediate precursor of their first great Broadway hit, Lady, Be Good! Finally, in 1928, Ira collaborated, without George, on the London show That's a Good Girl – though Damsel in Distress, the brothers' last film musical, was a valedictory to the British-American musical comedy of the era. James Moore's earlier transatlantic study, of Cole Porter in Britain, appeared in NTQ30 (1992), and his Radio Two programme on the revue producer André Charlot was broadcast in October 1993.
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FIELDING, STEVEN. "BRITISH POLITICS AND CINEMA'S HISTORICAL DRAMAS, 1929–1938." Historical Journal 56, no. 2 (May 3, 2013): 487–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x12000465.
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ABSTRACTInspired by the debate about the influence feature films exerted over popular political attitudes during the interwar period, this article explores how one of cinema's most popular genres, the historical drama, represented British politics during the 1930s. It concentrates on eight films that depicted leading figures from Britain's modern political past, ranging from Robert Clive and Pitt the elder to Queen Victoria by way of Benjamin Disraeli. The article emphasizes how this historiophoty was shaped by the movies' production context. For they were: created within a transatlantic culture, with a majority produced in Hollywood; depended on how stars associated with the genre, notably George Arliss, embodied their roles; and structured around conventions which privileged popularity over accuracy. Thanks to such influences, these movies articulated a strongly normative view of British democracy, showing how personable, paternalistic, and disinterested leaders had improved the people's welfare and advanced a benevolent empire. This picture of Britain's political past was clearly convenient to Stanley Baldwin's Conservative party. However, it owed its essential character less to the establishment bias of the interwar film industry and more to the irreducibly ‘cinematic’ nature of commercial cinema.
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Hollington, Andrea. "From Africa to Jamaica and back: the Atlantic as a dynamic linguistic contact zone." Revista do GEL 18, no. 3 (December 28, 2021): 243–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21165/gel.v18i3.3336.
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This paper is concerned with Africa and the African Diaspora in Jamaica from a linguistic perspective. It will shed light on linguistic and communicative practices which illustrate the dynamic and reciprocal relationship between Africa and the Caribbean. My objective is to go beyond the approach of traditional (Caribbean) creolistics, which usually investigates African “substrate” influences in so-called creole languages, and to look at the Atlantic contact area as a dynamic zone with mutual and multidirectional influences. This will involve not only the historical dimension of the Transatlantic Slave Trade, through which the African Diaspora in Jamaica, the Caribbean, and the Americas emerged in the first place, but also a focus on the role of the dynamicity of current language practices on identity, language ideologies, linguistic creativity, and agency. An important aspect in this respect is the emblematicity of African elements, as linguistic elements, which are different from ‘Standard English’ (often perceived as the colonial language and the language of the slave master and oppressor), and which are marked in the context of conscious linguistic choices. Moreover, there is an awareness of the African heritage in Jamaican language practices that informs conscious efforts to use African linguistic elements (for instance, names). For many Jamaicans, their African heritage and identity play an important role. This can be observed, in particular, in Rastafari discourses and in Reggae music and culture, which emphasize a strong focus on Africa. These phenomena are also relevant in (Anglophone) Africa, where Jamaican linguistic practices are adopted through the influence of Reggae, Dancehall, and Rastafari. Therefore, this contribution will also feature some examples of how influences from the Diaspora come back to Africa, for example, in music and youth language practices.
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McCarthy, Gerard, Elaine McDonagh, and Brian King. "Decadal Variability of Thermocline and Intermediate Waters at 24°S in the South Atlantic." Journal of Physical Oceanography 41, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jpo4467.1.
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Abstract New data are presented from 24°S in the South Atlantic in an investigation of the decadal variability of the intermediate and thermocline water masses at this latitude. Variation of salinity on neutral density surfaces is investigated with three transatlantic, full-depth hydrographic sections from 1958, 1983, and 2009. The thermocline is seen to freshen by 0.05 between 1983 and 2009. The freshening is coherent, basinwide, and of a larger magnitude than any errors associated with the datasets. This freshening reverses a basinwide, coherent increase in salinity of 0.03 in the thermocline between 1958 and 1983. Changes in apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) are investigated to support the salinity changes. In the thermocline of the eastern basin, a correlated relationship exists between local AOU and salinity anomalies, which is consistent with the influence of Indian Ocean Water. This correlated relationship is utilized to estimate the magnitude of Indian Ocean influence on the salinity changes in the thermocline. Indian Ocean influence explains half of the salinity changes in the eastern thermocline from 1958 to 1983 but less of the salinity change in the eastern thermocline from 1983 to 2009. Antarctic Intermediate Water properties significantly warm from 1958 through 1983 to 2009. A significant salinification and increase in AOU is evident from 1958 to 1983. Changes in the salinity of AAIW are shown to be linked with Indian Ocean influence rather than changes in the hydrological cycle. Upper Circumpolar Deep Water is seen to be progressively more saline from 1958 through 1983 to 2009. Increased Agulhas leakage and the intensification of the hydrological cycle are conflicting influences on the salinity of thermocline and intermediate waters in the South Atlantic as the former acts to increase the salinity of these water masses and the latter acts to decrease the salinity of these water masses. The results presented here offer an interpretation of the salinity changes, which considers both of these conflicting influences.
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Nikolić, Goran, Predrag Petrović, and Jelena Zvezdanović-Lobanova. "Economic and geopolitical aspect of the EU-China bilateral relations." Megatrend revija 19, no. 1 (2022): 201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/megrev2201201n.
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The expected economic growth of the EU27 and China by 2025 will lead to a further increase in the share of the Chinese economy in world GDP and the overtaking of the EU economy in 2022. The main contribution of this paper is the presentation and analysis of IMF projected GDPs for China and the EU27 in the period 2020-25, and assessing the impact of divergent GDP growth trends of the two economic giants on the further development in their bilateral relations. Namely, since the change in the global economic position causes geopolitical consequences, it is clear that the very expectation of such trends influences the decisions of political and economic actors today - such as the signing of the investment agreement between Brussels and Beijing, despite Washington's opposition. The EU's response to China's growing influence could be an attempt to mitigate Beijing's strategic challenge by creating a stronger transatlantic partnership, but it is uncertain that Washington will be willing to offer significant concessions to Brussels. An alternative scenario could involve strengthening the EU's "strategic autonomy", which would imply an attempt at a more independent geopolitical positioning, which would enable better relations with China and easier access to the country's huge market. The EU, the world's largest trading bloc and the largest trading partner of as many as 80 countries, will find it difficult to come to terms with its subordinate role in Sino-US competition and will remain focused on exploring synergies with both powers.
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Marshall, Paul. "The Lord Chamberlain and the Containment of Americanization in the British Theatre of the 1920s." New Theatre Quarterly 19, no. 4 (October 8, 2003): 381–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x03000265.
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Reports in The Stage of an ‘American invasion in the theatre’ and the New Statesman writing of ‘our Americanized theatre’ expressed widely shared fears that transatlantic values were adversely affecting the British theatre in the wake of the First World War. In this article, Paul Marshall examines the strategies employed by the Lord Chamberlain's Office as it carried out its duties of censorship in dealing with plays from or about the United States. The Censor perceived it as his duty to defend public morals from elements that would threaten and challenge the values associated with ‘Englishness’, and, drawing on the Lord Chamberlain's Correspondence now available in the British Library, Paul Marshall explores how the Lord Chamberlain of the time, Lord Cromer, his readers, and his advisory board viewed the threat of the American ‘invasion’ – their shared values, sometimes disputed verdicts, and the formal and informal influences that could be brought to bear upon them. Five ‘case studies’ look at their attitudes to particular plays about and from the USA. Paul Marshall presently teaches history at Bromley High School, Kent, having studied for an MA in Text and Performance Studies at King's College and RADA.
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Spilker, Gabriele, Quynh Nguyen, and Thomas Bernauer. "Trading Arguments: Opinion Updating in the Context of International Trade Agreements." International Studies Quarterly 64, no. 4 (September 17, 2020): 929–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqaa061.
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Abstract Public opinion can often become a key challenge to international cooperation efforts. In their attempt to garner support for their position, stakeholders fight for the hearts and minds of the public based on arguments about the consequences of different policy options. But to what extent do individuals’ preferences change when exposed to such information? And how does this depend on the information being congruent or contradictory to pre-existing preferences? We address these questions in the context of the negotiations on the potentially largest regional trade agreement in history: the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). Based on a two-waves-panel-survey-experiment fielded in Germany and the United States, we examine how individuals’ prior opinion influences the way they process new information. We argue that individuals’ existing priors about how they generally think about economic openness interact with new information to inform their opinion about the specific policy proposal at hand. Our experimental results show that while prior opinion constrains opinion updating to some degree, overall, citizens update their existing beliefs in line with new information. This updating process can even result in respondents changing their opinion, although only in one direction: namely to turn from a TTIP supporter to a TTIP opponent.
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Adderley, Helen M., Mihaela Aldea, Jaqueline Aredo, Mathew Carter, Matthew Church, Pantelis Nicola, Jamie Weaver, et al. "Abstract 2975: RAS precision medicine transatlantic partnership: Exploration of RAS and NF1 co-mutations in NSCLC." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 2975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-2975.
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Abstract Background: RAS is the most commonly mutated oncogene in cancer, with KRAS mutated in ~30% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). RAS is a small GTPase cycling between GTP-bound ‘ON’ state and GDP-bound ‘OFF’ state. KRAS oncoproteins cycle between these states via hydrolysis and nucleotide exchange with the aid of GAPs, including NF1, and GEFs. Given the ’inactive state’ inhibition of recently developed KRAS G12C inhibitors on the GDP-bound state, this has highlighted the continued reliance of KRAS-mutants upon cycling, and the potential for mutants to retain dependence upon upstream influences, including NF1, for pathogenicity. Methods: 474 patients with advanced RAS- and/or NF1-mutant NSCLC were retrospectively identified from four tertiary cancer centers between 2008 -2021. DNA from archival FFPE samples, serum or combination underwent targeted NGS panels to identify mutations. Molecular, clinical, pathological and treatment outcome data were collected. Online resources including cBioPortal and Project Achilles were used to assess the functional role of any findings. Results: KRAS mutations were identified in 416/474 patients and NF1-mutations in 63/474 patients, eight of whom harbored two NF1-mutations. 24/63 (38%) of NF1-mutant cancers had a concomitant KRAS-mutation. We identified that KRAS G13D was more prevalent in NF1 mutant cancers vs. NF1 wildtype (NF1 MT: 6/24, 25%; vs. NF1 WT: 4/281, 1.4%; p<0.0001). KRAS G12C was identified in 11/24 (45.8%) of the double mutants vs. 109/282 (38.7%) of the NF1 WT patients (p=0.52). Those with G13D/NF1 co-mutation had a predicted pathogenic NF1-mutation in 5/6 (83%) of cases. Functional analysis of NF1 KO in G13D mutant lung cancer cell lines identified that NF1 was more essential in G13D mutant cell lines, with median Chronos score -0.26 G13D vs. -0.04 G12C (p=0.02). mRNA expression data identified a range of mRNA expression Z-scores relative to all samples for NF1-mutant cancers, ranging from lowest expression at -4.54 to +1.63, median -0.51. A higher mRNA expression was identified for NF1 missense mutations of unknown significance compared to truncating mutations with likely pathogenic, loss of function. Conclusions: These results highlight the co-mutational landscape of KRAS G13D with NF1 in NSCLC, suggesting functional importance conferred by NF1 loss, and highlight NF1 mutations as an additional pathogenic even when combined with KRAS mutation. The genomic landscape of KRAS and NF1 mutant NSCLC will be explored further through Whole Genome Sequencing data from the 100,000 Genomes Project (Genomics England). Citation Format: Helen M. Adderley, Mihaela Aldea, Jaqueline Aredo, Mathew Carter, Matthew Church, Pantelis Nicola, Jamie Weaver, Aisha Ghaus, Damien Vasseur, Matthew Krebs, Nicola Steele, Fiona Blackhall, Heather Wakelee, Benjamin Besse, Colin Lindsay. RAS precision medicine transatlantic partnership: Exploration of RAS and NF1 co-mutations in NSCLC [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 2975.
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Giannoumis, G. Anthony. "Transatlantic Learning: From Washington to London and Beyond." Inclusion 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 92–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/2326-6988-3.2.92.
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AbstractPrevious research refers to the influence of ideas and values on policy design as policy learning. For 25 years, the values and ideas of the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) have influenced disability law and policy globally and, as several authors have emphasized, have served as inspiration in European antidiscrimination legislation. This article explores the influence of the ADA on disability policy learning in Europe and the European policy traditions that have defined policies regulating the accessibility of information and communication technologies (ICT) for persons with cognitive disabilities. It attempts to demonstrate that ADA policy values have influenced antidiscrimination legislation in the United Kingdom and Norway and that European policy traditions have shaped the extension of antidiscrimination legislation to ICT accessibility for persons with cognitive disabilities. Finally, this article seeks to provide a useful basis for further informing the implementation of the ADA.
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Boers, Elke, and Richard Higgott. "Rhythms of Soft Power Influence and Transatlantic Higher Education Relations." European Foreign Affairs Review 24, Special Issue (August 1, 2019): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2019022.
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This article looks at transatlantic educational relations as an element of cultural relations more generally. It begins by locating higher education within the context of EU cultural diplomacy (CD) and soft power and in a comparative transatlantic context. Based on a study of key historical components in the transatlantic relationship and dialogue in higher education, it then shows how higher education relations across the Atlantic are subject to what we describe as the ‘rhythms of soft power’. The article concludes that while CD in general, and higher education relations as a component of soft power in particular, might try to assist in the mitigation of prevailing politicosecurity and economic dynamics, it is going to be an uphill battle in an era in which we are witnessing at best a crisis and at worst the pending collapse of the liberal international order.
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Vasili, Evis. "Internationalisms: Do They Affect or Enrich the Modern Albanian Language?" European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v1i2.p352-356.
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Language is a symbol of cultural, national or state identity. For Albanians, language was and is the most important feature establishing their identity. The first attempts to codify the written Albanian language were distinguished since the second half of the nineteenth century by the Albanian scholars, who led the cultural movement "Albanian National Renaissance", where first of all we can mention Konstandin Kristoforidhi and Sami Frashëri. As an isolated Indo-European language, Albanian language is part of the Balkan linguistic connection. Although the Albanian language has not lost its origin, throughout its history it has proven and suffered interventions and major influences not only from the Indo-European but also from non-Indo-European languages. These influences are more directly reflected in the lexicon as the most fluid system of language. Like any other language, the Albanian language has responded to the demands of social development, changes in the field of production, technology, science, culture and so on by enriching and further developing its vocabulary, inter alia, by borrowing words from other languages. Language lexicon flows are larger than outflows and this explains the fact that the lexicon is expanded from generation to generation with new units. In general, there is a large number of words in Albanian language borrowed from Latin, Slavic languages in the south and Turkish. Most of the borrowed words such as anglicisms, germanisms, greecisms, italicisms etc are introduced in Albanian language in written form and orally, mainly in the last thirty years as a result of direct contact of Albanians with European and transatlantic countries, where they have lived and continue to live as immigrants, asylum seekers or workers. The number of foreign lexemes in Albanian language often differs from region to region and even from one person to another. Motivation of borrowing the words from a linguistic community, who regarding the cultural, technical and economic aspect prevails to the other community, is the desire and need to name new terms, objects and events, which are unknown in the language that takes these words. Borrowing new words for new issues also serves to cover linguistic requirements. However, taking foreign expressions does not necessarily show a sign of weakness; in a typical case there is a language enrichment, because new words are attributed to new things, new knowledge or new spiritual values. There are also cases when a word already exists in Albanian, but it is still replaced with the foreign word. In different circumstances both can be used. From this point of view, a question arises: What attitude should be taken for foreign words? Do foreign words enrich or spoil a language?
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Barry, Charles, Sean Kay, and Joshua Spero. "Completing the Transatlantic Bargain: The United States and European Security." Current History 100, no. 644 (March 1, 2001): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2001.100.644.129.
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It is time for a summit to renew the transatlantic commitment by defining a new, more equal balance of influence over transatlantic affairs. America need not fear that outcome; indeed, it hearkens to the bold vision America created with its allies at NATO's conception. The United States must lead in defining a new direction by welcoming the added power of the EU.
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Hall, Dewey W. "Wordsworth and Emerson: Aurora Borealis and the Question of Influence." Articles, no. 50 (June 5, 2008): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/018146ar.
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Abstract This article concerns the question of influence evident in the transatlantic relationship between William Wordsworth and Ralph Waldo Emerson. I argue that influence is linked vitally to light—celestial or the northern lights (i.e. aurora borealis)—, which is evident in the prose and poetry by Wordsworth and Emerson. Electromagnetic energy conducts a circuit; this is reflected also in the transatlantic crosscurrent of the precursor and progeny. Notably, Wordsworth’s “The Complaint of a Forsaken Indian Woman” (1798) and his Preface to Lyrical Ballads (1802) influence Emerson’s The Poet (1844), which has been informed also by Michael Faraday’s Experimental Researches in Electricity (1839). The matter pertaining to influence is inextricably connected to electromagnetism, light, and aurora borealis that appear in the work by Wordsworth and Emerson. Inspiration, then, ultimately can be derived from a celestial source in relation to the terrestrial.
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Costaguta, Lorenzo. "“Geographies of Peoples”: Scientific Racialism and Labor Internationalism in Gilded Age American Socialism." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 18, no. 2 (March 8, 2019): 199–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781418000701.
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AbstractThis article investigates ideas of race in Gilded Age socialism by analyzing the intellectual production of the leaders of the Socialist Party of America (SLP) from 1876 to 1882. Existing scholarship on socialism and race during the Gilded Age and the Progressive Era rarely addresses socialist conceptions of race prior to 1901 and fails to recognize the centrality of scientific racialism and Darwinism in influencing socialist thought. By positioning American socialism within a transatlantic scenario and reconstructing how the immigrant origins of Gilded Age socialists influenced their perceptions of race, this article argues that scientific racialism and Darwinism competed with color-blind internationalism in shaping the racial policies of the SLP during the Gilded Age. Moreover, a transatlantic investigation of American socialist ideas of race presents a reinterpretation of the early phases of the history of the SLP and addresses its historical legacies. While advocates of scientific racialism and Darwinism determined the racial policies of the SLP in the 1880s, color-blind internationalists abandoned the party and extended their influence beyond organized socialism, especially in the Knights of Labor.
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Sebak, Per Kristian. "Constraints and possibilities: Scandinavian shipping companies and transmigration, 1898–1914." International Journal of Maritime History 27, no. 4 (November 2015): 755–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871415610293.
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In the early twentieth century, transatlantic migration peaked. Transmigrants, i.e. migrants who travelled through third countries on the way to their destination, comprised more than half of all emigrants departing from German, Belgian, Dutch and British ports which together were the most important. The most important countries of origin were Russia and Austria-Hungary, in addition to Italy. Because of this, shipping companies had to deal with networks and manage a transport system extending far beyond their traditional sphere of economic interest. In the process, the companies became ever more dependent on influencing state actors in Europe as well as in North America to keep their long-established business structures going. In many ways, the transatlantic passenger business between the 1890s and 1914 should therefore be viewed more as a transmigrant business rather than an emigrant business, which is the most common understanding of this massive human movement. The article focuses on the transmigration phenomenon from the point of view of three very different shipping companies/initiatives in Norway, Sweden and Denmark respectively. Norway and Sweden had among the highest rates of transatlantic migration, and Norway had the third largest merchant fleet in the word by the turn of the twentieth century. Yet only Denmark provided a direct transatlantic service throughout the most important period for transatlantic migration. What possibilities were there for these three countries to engage in the transatlantic passenger business and what constrained their efforts? By concentrating on the transmigration phenomenon and three countries with differing points of departure, the article provides a deeper understanding of the mechanisms and dynamics involved in shaping the transatlantic passenger business, of how the business worked, and of how the companies could influence the flow and pattern of migratory movements between Europe and North America.
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Palen, Marc-William. "FREE-TRADE IDEOLOGY AND TRANSATLANTIC ABOLITIONISM: A HISTORIOGRAPHY." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 37, no. 2 (June 2015): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837215000103.
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This essay seeks to trace the many—and often conflicting—economic ideological interpretations of the transatlantic abolitionist impulse. In particular, it explores the contested relationship between free-trade ideology and transatlantic abolitionism, and highlights the understudied influence of Victorian free-trade ideology within the American abolitionist movement. By bringing together historiographical controversies from the American and British side, the essay calls into question long-standing conceptions regarding the relationship between free trade and abolitionism, and suggests new avenues for research.
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Barreiro Carril, Beatriz. "How Can China Influence the Transatlantic Governance of Cultural Products in the Digital Age?" Journal of World Investment & Trade 19, no. 3 (May 3, 2018): 444–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340096.
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Abstract Cultural products were a problematic issue in the negotiations of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). The maintenance of the cultural exception – the exclusion of audiovisual products from some trade rules – was at stake at the beginning of the negotiations. The Europeans argued for the exception, while the United States were more interested in the liberalization of web-based cultural products than in the liberalization of traditional ones. Since the TTIP aimed to remove obstacles not only between European and American markets but also to set out global regulatory rules, China took a keen interest in the negotiations. This article shows how China is acting in the international legal sphere in order to improve its power in the field of cultural products and the effects of this on transatlantic negotiations. It also suggests some actions the European Union can take in order to defend its position in future negotiations.
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Ogle, Tanner. "Republicans Resurrected: Memories of the English Civil War and Peaceful Transatlantic Resistance in the Beginning Of The American Revolution (1762–1765)." Journal of Religious History, Literature and Culture 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 50–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.16922/jrhlc.6.1.3.
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At the inception of the American Revolution a transatlantic network of Real Whig Dissenters worked tirelessly to prevent what they understood to be the resurgence of seventeenth-century tyranny. For this group, religion and politics were so intertwined that a threat to one posed a threat to the other. However, recent scholarship has underestimated the importance of religion as a leading cause of the American Revolution by diminishing the civil significance of the Bishop Controversy and downplaying the religious implications of civil policies such as the Sugar and Stamp Acts. Drawing from a rich collection of manuscripts from this transatlantic network, this paper not only shows that the Bishop Controversy had civil significance, but that Dissenters viewed imperial fiscal policy through a religious lens. This transatlantic group included John Adams, Jonathan Mayhew, and William Allen in the American colonies and Thomas Hollis, Catharine Macaulay, Micaiah Towgood, and William Harris in Great Britain. They mobilized memories of religious oppression in the seventeenth-century to forge a common identity for British subjects, and some even attempted to influence public opinion by writing histories of England. Appropriating memories of the battles Britons fought to secure religious and political rights in the seventeenth-century, Real Whig Dissenters argued that the Bishop Controversy and the Sugar Act marked the beginning of a new age of a transatlantic imperial tyranny that must be resisted at all costs.
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Graber, Samuel. "Useful Antagonists: Transatlantic Influence, Sectionalism, and Whitman's Nationalist Project." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 27, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2009): 28–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.13008/2153-3695.1901.
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Posner, Elliot. "Making Rules for Global Finance: Transatlantic Regulatory Cooperation at the Turn of the Millennium." International Organization 63, no. 4 (October 2009): 665–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818309990130.
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AbstractThis article explains a shift in the way transatlantic authorities managed conflicts over the cross-border regulation of securities markets: from cooperation skewed heavily toward the preferences of U.S. officials and accepted grudgingly by European counterparts; to a Euro-American regulatory condominium characterized by close interactions among decision makers and mutual accommodation. In the final decades of the twentieth century, the asymmetric influence wielded by U.S. securities market authorities had few parallels in other regulatory areas. Why, then, did U.S. officials become more accommodating and European authorities more influential, and why did the turning point occur in 2002 and 2003, an unlikely moment for intensified transatlantic sovereignty sharing? My study shows that institutional change inside the EU recast the North Atlantic balance of regulatory leverage and thereby was the primary factor behind the reshaping of transatlantic cooperation. Internal EU regulatory centralization changed the expectations of U.S. and European firms and authorities and generated new incentives in Washington, D.C., for accommodation and closer transatlantic coordination. My explanation differs from models that, accepting U.S. financial pre-eminence as a given, attribute variance in cross-border regulatory cooperation to factors such as incentives derived from the particularities of issue areas or preferences rooted in domestic politics. While resonating with a well-established theme from the realist branch of IPE, my findings have broad theoretical significance, and open new avenues for dialogue between realists and constructivists about the social, political, and institutional foundations of power in global economic affairs. The transatlantic political process set off by financial transformation in Europe reveals contemporary sources of systemic change and raises questions about what the EU's ascendance as a global financial regulator will mean in the aftermath of the late-2000s crisis.
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Faulkner, Ash. "The Transatlantic Inheritance of Alice Meynell." Victorian Literature and Culture 50, no. 3 (2022): 549–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150321000036.
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It is to Alice Meynell that Coventry Patmore gives the only manuscript of The Angel in the House (1854–62) in 1893. But Meynell's actual house at the time, 47 Palace Court, was built with money from Jamaican sugar and rum plantations owned by her father, the legitimated descendant of plantation owners and enslaved persons. In this article, I seek to reconnect Meynell's work to its Jamaican context, building on the work of scholars—from Adela Pinch to Yopie Prins—who have tracked the influence of her prosody, her theology, and her sense of community.
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JANČIĆ, Davor. "Transatlantic Regulatory Interdependence, Law and Governance: The Evolving Roles of the EU and US Legislatures." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 17 (November 11, 2015): 334–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cel.2015.16.
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AbstractThis article analyses the roles of the European Parliament and the US Congress in addressing regulatory interdependencies arising in the EU–US strategic partnership. It examines their international actorness as a potential remedy for the problems of democratic participation, executive dominance, and opaqueness in the shaping of transatlantic relations. It shows that legislatures significantly contribute to regulatory discrepancies and trade disputes and that the adverse consequences thereof justify more intensiveex antecooperation between them. The analysis conducts two groups of case studies to demonstrate how the EP and Congress influence law and policy in areas of transatlantic regulatory and foreign policy divergence. The first group of case studies analyses parliamentary involvement in the making of international agreements (TTIP and ACTA). The second group of case studies inspects legislative action with extraterritorial effects (US Helms–Burton and Sarbanes–Oxley Acts). The article argues that the EP and Congress have so far frequently acted against the spirit of the strategic partnership in ways that are injurious to the interests of the other side, and discusses whether an interparliamentary early warning mechanism could reduce legislative and political frictions and increase the coherence of transatlantic lawmaking.
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Young, Ralph F. "Breathing the “Free Aire of the New World”: The Influence of the New England Way on the Gathering of Congregational Churches in Old England, 1640–1660." New England Quarterly 83, no. 1 (March 2010): 5–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq.2010.83.1.5.
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Puritans in England, although engaged in the struggle against Charles I and setting up the Commonwealth under Cromwell closely watched the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay. In demonstrating how the New England Way of church polity influenced the rise of Congregationalism in England, Young details the transatlantic flow of ideas from colony to motherland.
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Driver, Darrell. "SACEUR, CJCS, and U.S. military influence in transatlantic security policy." Journal of Transatlantic Studies 19, no. 3 (June 8, 2021): 313–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s42738-021-00074-1.
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GABRIEL, JOHN. "There and Back Again: Zeitoper and the Transatlantic Search for a Uniquely American Opera in the 1920s." Journal of the Society for American Music 13, no. 2 (May 2019): 195–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752196319000075.
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AbstractThis article argues that in the late 1920s, the German genre of Zeitoper paradoxically became an essential component of the search for a new kind of uniquely American opera, resulting in a transatlantic cycle of mutual influence. This influence was possible because Germans and Americans alike saw the United States as the embodiment of modern life and technology. American producers and composers thus adapted German Zeitoper to bring it more in line with Americans’ self-image. I examine this dynamic by juxtaposing two German and two American Zeitopern, looking specifically at their engagement with jazz, film, race, and American popular musical theater: Paul Hindemith's Hin und zurück, Marc Blitzstein's Triple-Sec (inspired by Hindemith's opera), Ernst Krenek's Jonny spielt auf in the United States, and the unsuccessful effort to stage George Antheil's Transatlantic (modeled on Jonny and revised under the mentorship of Krenek) in New York. Both Germans’ image of America and Americans’ self-image were as much real as imagined, and although the similarities between them facilitated this cultural exchange, their differences also impeded it.
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Holmes, Stephen R. "Evangelical doctrines of Scripture in transatlantic perspective." Evangelical Quarterly 81, no. 1 (April 30, 2009): 38–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/27725472-08101003.
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This article examines confessional statements concerning the doctrine of Scripture issued by evangelical bodies in Britain and the USA. It demonstrates that the central American confession of the inerrancy of Scripture is almost wholly absent from British confessions. Rejecting the idea that this merely represents a weaker doctrine of Scripture amongst British Evangelicals, it suggests that there are broadly different models of Scriptural authority at work either side of the Atlantic, and traces these differences to the differing influence of the Romantic movement in the early Nineteenth century. Finally, it essays a doctrine of Scripture, that takes seriously the concerns of both British and American evangelicals.
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Prikhodko, O. V. "Brexit’s Implications for the Transatlantic Relationship." Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 92, S2 (June 2022): S133—S141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1019331622080093.
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Abstract Since the Second World War, the United Kingdom has served as a transatlantic bridge between the United States and Europe and as a conduit of the US influence in European affairs. Since joining the EU, Britain has been one of the main contributors to the European Union’s foreign, security, and defense policies. The withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the EU in 2020 marked a milestone in European politics. The UK’s decision to leave the European Union has raised questions concerning probable implications of Brexit for the transatlantic relationship and the European balance of power. Brexit entails multifaceted changes in Britain’s global posture, in particular, new nuances in its dealings with the United States and European partners. These shifts embrace a wide range of political, defense, security, and economic issues. They have stirred up debates on the British strategy’s tilt towards the Indo–Pacific and Britain’s future cooperation with its American ally and the EU. Having considered developments in the Washington–London–Brussels relations in the wake of the Brexit referendum, this article figures out trends in the interactions of these key players that reflect their visions of a post-Brexit reality.
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Stephan, Hannes R. "Revisiting the Transatlantic Divergence over GMOs: Toward a Cultural-Political Analysis." Global Environmental Politics 12, no. 4 (November 2012): 104–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00142.
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This article applies a constructivist perspective to the persistent transatlantic divergence over the regulation of genetically modified foods and crops. Political economy and institutionalism have so far dominated the literature. Notwithstanding their important insights, to achieve a better understanding of the nature and depth of transatlantic regulatory divergence, one must also study prevalent cultural values and identity-related public concerns regarding food and agriculture. These factors can be identified in public opinion trends and have fuelled resistance in Europe, while contributing to relative regulatory stability in the US. By conceptualizing cultural contexts as catalytic structures, the article also differs from more explicitly discursive accounts of political mobilization. Ultimately, however, an analysis of the cultural politics of agricultural biotechnology relies not only on the influence of pre-existing values and identities, but also takes account of the strategies (and material or other power resources) of political agents.
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Kokeev, A. "FRG and Biden's Transatlantic Strategy: Unsolved Problems and New Challenges." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 9 (2021): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-9-56-68.
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This article addresses the most significant changes in German-American relations since the election of J. Biden; unveils the main factors influencing Berlin’s transatlantic policy in relations with Russia and China; analyzes approaches to the climate agenda and problems associated with the fulfillment of Germany’s allied obligations in NATO; reveals new trends in Germany’s approach to the issue of strategic autonomy of the EU; investigates the discrepancies on security issues between the main German parties ahead of the parliamentary elections in September 2021. The first steps of the Biden administration to normalize the transatlantic ties undermined by Trump (the return of the United States to participation in international negotiations and organizations) were seen in Berlin as evidence of significant changes in Washington’s positions on international problems of vital importance to Germany. At the same time, Berlin has no illusion that with the arrival of Biden, transatlantic relations will once again be the same as they were before Trump’s presidency. The most important stumbling block in the beginning process of resetting the transatlantic relations was the set of problems associated with the completion of the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline construction. It is clear that Biden is just as harshly rejecting this project as his predecessor did, and will continue to obstruct its commissioning. After the elections to the Bundestag in September 2021, the internal political situation in Germany may change significantly. In any case, the Nord Stream 2 issue will remain a subject of disputes and serious disagreements between Germany, the USA, the EU and Russia for a long time. In Germany it is assumed that in the coming decades, the transatlantic agenda will be largely determined by the growing influence and policy of China, and the relationship between the United States and the EU with China will affect not only the economic interests of the FRG, but also the sphere of its security. The climate agenda today remains one of the few areas where it is possible not only to revive the transatlantic interaction, but also to intensify cooperation between the United States, the EU, China and Russia with an eye to interaction in solving other problems, not necessarily related to the climate agenda. The most important U.S. demand for Germany remains an increase in its material and financial contribution to NATO. Berlin’s readiness to meet these requirements has increased significantly. However, the thesis that the Europeans are faced with a choice – a course towards strategic autonomy or restoration of close ties with Washington and reliance on the United States and NATO – seems simplified. Representatives of all German parties are unanimous in the opinion that the renewal of the transatlantic partnership, which has begun under Biden, will be accompanied by a reduction in American commitments in Europe. Therefore, the EU will have to invest more in its own security and (in the longer term) strategic autonomy.
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Wu, Li, Xue Li, HyeKyeong Kim, Hong Geng, Ricardo H. M. Godoi, Cybelli G. G. Barbosa, Ana F. L. Godoi, et al. "Single-particle characterization of aerosols collected at a remote site in the Amazonian rainforest and an urban site in Manaus, Brazil." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 2 (January 31, 2019): 1221–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1221-2019.
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Abstract. In this study, aerosol samples collected at a remote site in the Amazonian rainforest and an urban site in Manaus, Brazil, were investigated on a single-particle basis using a quantitative energy-dispersive electron probe X-ray microanalysis (ED-EPMA). A total of 23 aerosol samples were collected in four size ranges (0.25–0.5, 0.5–1.0, 1.0–2.0, and 2.0–4.0 µm) during the wet season in 2012 at two Amazon basin sites: 10 samples in Manaus, an urban area; and 13 samples at an 80 m high tower, located at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) site in the middle of the rainforest, 150 km northeast of Manaus. The aerosol particles were classified into nine particle types based on the morphology on the secondary electron images (SEIs) together with the elemental concentrations of 3162 individual particles: (i) secondary organic aerosols (SOA); (ii) ammonium sulfate (AS); (iii) SOA and AS mixtures; (iv) aged mineral dust; (v) reacted sea salts; (vi) primary biological aerosol (PBA); (vii) carbon-rich or elemental carbon (EC) particles, such as soot, tarball, and char; (viii) fly ash; and (ix) heavy metal (HM, such as Fe, Zn, Ni, and Ti)-containing particles. In submicron aerosols collected at the ATTO site, SOA and AS mixture particles were predominant (50 %–94 % in relative abundance) with SOA and ammonium sulfate comprising 73 %–100 %. In supermicron aerosols at the ATTO site, aged mineral dust and sea salts (37 %–70 %) as well as SOA and ammonium sulfate (28 %–58 %) were abundant. PBAs were observed abundantly in the PM2−4 fraction (46 %), and EC and fly ash particles were absent in all size fractions. The analysis of a bulk PM0.25−0.5 aerosol sample from the ATTO site using Raman microspectrometry and attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) showed that ammonium sulfate, organics, and minerals are the major chemical species, which is consistent with the ED-EPMA results. In the submicron aerosols collected in Manaus, either SOA and ammonium sulfate (17 %–80 %) or EC particles (6 %–78 %) were dominant depending on the samples. In contrast, aged mineral dust, reacted sea salt, PBA, SOA, ammonium sulfate, and EC particles comprised most of the supermicron aerosols collected in Manaus. The SOA, ammonium sulfate, and PBAs were mostly of a biogenic origin from the rainforest, whereas the EC and HM-containing particles were of an anthropogenic origin. Based on the different contents of SOA, ammonium sulfate, and EC particles among the samples collected in Manaus, a considerable influence of the rainforest over the city was observed. Aged mineral dust and reacted sea-salt particles, including mineral dust mixed with sea salts probably during long-range transatlantic transport, were abundant in the supermicron fractions at both sites. Among the aged mineral dust and reacted sea-salt particles, sulfate-containing ones outnumbered those containing nitrates and sulfate + nitrate in the ATTO samples. In contrast, particles containing sulfate + nitrate were comparable in number to particles containing sulfate only in the Manaus samples, indicating the different sources and formation mechanisms of secondary aerosols, i.e., the predominant presence of sulfate at the ATTO site from mostly biogenic emissions and the elevated influences of nitrates from anthropogenic activities at the Manaus site.
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PETLEY, CHRISTER. "NEW PERSPECTIVES ON SLAVERY AND EMANCIPATION IN THE BRITISH CARIBBEAN." Historical Journal 54, no. 3 (July 29, 2011): 855–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x11000264.
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ABSTRACTNew approaches to British imperial history and the rise of Atlantic history have had a strong influence on historians specializing in the history of the British-colonized Caribbean during the era of slavery. Caribbean scholars have always stressed the importance of transatlantic and colonial connections, but these new perspectives have encouraged historians to rethink the ways that Caribbean colonies and the imperial metropole shaped one another and to reconsider the place of the Caribbean region within wider Atlantic and global contexts. Attention to transatlantic links has become especially important in new work on abolition and emancipation. Scholars have also focused more of their attention on white colonizing elites, looking in particular at colonial identities and at strategies of control. Meanwhile, recent calls for pan-Caribbean approaches to the history of the region are congruent with pleas for more detailed and nuanced understandings of the development of slave and post-slave societies, focusing on specifically Caribbean themes while setting these in their wider imperial, Atlantic, and global contexts.