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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Transboundary law

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Academic literature on the topic 'Transboundary law'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Transboundary law"

1

Foster, S. R. "Transboundary Damage in International Law." Journal of Environmental Law 16, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 409–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jel/16.3.409.

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Jarvis, W. Todd. "International Law and Transboundary Aquifers." Groundwater 59, no. 5 (June 5, 2021): 627–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gwat.13114.

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Zahar, Alexander. "The Contested Core of Climate Law." Climate Law 8, no. 3-4 (October 31, 2018): 244–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18786561-00803009.

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Benoit Mayer’s new book The International Law on Climate Change is founded on the premise that the principle against transboundary harm is the core principle of climate law. Here, I show that premise to be mistaken. The principle against transboundary harm does not apply to the problem of climate change because climate change is not a transboundary problem. Even if the principle were applicable to climate change, it has been displaced by the climate change treaty regime. Because climate change is in fact a “commons” problem, the core principle of climate law is, or should be, that greenhouse gas emissions must be charged to the polluter (the polluter pays principle).

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Aureli, Alice, and Raya M. Stephan. "Transboundary Aquifers: International Law and Politics?" Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 102 (2008): 356–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272503700027841.

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Wouters, P. K. "What role for law in achieving transboundary drainage basin security? - the development and testing of the Legal Assessment Model (LAM) for transboundary watercourse states." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 7 (April 1, 2004): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0425.

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The beneficial use of the world's transboundary waters raises difficult issues for drainage basin security on most parts of the globe. International law provides that each transboundary watercourse State is entitled to, and obliged to ensure, an “equitable and reasonable use” of these shared waters. The IWLRI developed and tested a Legal Assessment Model (LAM) through the work of interdisciplinary teams working in three different transboundary situations - China (upstream), Mozambique (downstream) and Palestine (shared groundwater). The LAM provides a tool for transboundary watercourse States to use in the preparation of their national water strategy for use at the national and international levels. The model should now be tested at the basin level, with a view to assisting to accomplish the peaceful and rational use of transboundary waters in line with the governing rule of international law and thereby to facilitate the overall policy objective of drainage basin security.

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Knox, John H. "The Myth and Reality of Transboundary Environmental Impact Assessment." American Journal of International Law 96, no. 2 (April 2002): 291–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2693925.

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The dominant story of transboundary environmental impact assessment in international law has the following elements: (1) customary international law prohibits transboundary pollution; (2) according to the classic version of this prohibition, contained in Principle 21 of the 1972 Stockholm Declaration, states must ensure that activities within their territory or under their control do not harm the environment beyond their territory; (3) to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction will not cause transboundary harm, states must assess the potential transboundary effects of the activities; and (4) to that end, states enter into international agreements requiring them to carry out transboundary environmental impact assessment (transboundary EIA) for activities that might cause transboundary harm.

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He, Yanmei. "China's Transboundary Groundwater Cooperation in the Context of Emerging Transboundary Aquifer Law." Groundwater 55, no. 4 (May 10, 2017): 489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12523.

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Alexander, Atul, and Anushna Mishra. "Contribution of General Principles of International Law in Progressive Development of Transboundary Aquifers." Groningen Journal of International Law 8, no. 2 (February 16, 2021): 183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/grojil.8.2.183-199.

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Man’s ruthless exploitation of natural resources means that we are housed in a resource-deprived world. The tug of war for meager resources has led to many conflicts between States that we witness today. At the heart of the whole debate on resource crunch is the issue of shared natural resources between States. International law has formulated several legal instruments to govern the shared transboundary resources, laws on transboundary aquifers being one. The objective of this paper is to unlock the general principles of international law that regulate the transboundary aquifers. In this regard, the paper has been apportioned into three sections. The first section sets the tone by detailing the provisions of the 2008 Draft Articles on the Transboundary Aquifers dealing with general principles. The second segment of the paper lays down the cardinal principles regulating transboundary aquifers, which range from sustainable development to the principle of good faith. The final portion delves into the Israel-Palestine dispute and the India-Pakistan Indus Waters Treaty in the context of transboundary aquifers.

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Eckstein, Gabriel. "International Law for Transboundary Aquifers: A Challenge for Our Times." AJIL Unbound 115 (2021): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2021.18.

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Quarrels between states sharing a transboundary aquifer (TBA) have been relatively minor in comparison with the more boisterous disputes seen in many of the world's shared river basins. Yet, transboundary groundwater can easily serve as the basis for cross-border disagreements. Twice as many TBAs and shared groundwater bodies have been identified globally as compared to transboundary rivers and lakes, and the volume of accessible groundwater exceeds all surface waters by a factor of one hundred. Yet, the number of treaties in force for TBAs is miniscule in comparison with those for transboundary rivers and lakes. Moreover, dozens of nations exploit groundwater from a TBA, often unilaterally and without knowing the cross-border implications, or even that the aquifer is transboundary. The lack of prioritization of groundwater in international practice and law, coupled with the reality that groundwater is “out of sight,” and thereby “out of mind,” has relegated shared aquifers as the neglected stepchildren of international water law. But, with many of the world's nations experiencing growing water scarcity and stress, this situation undoubtedly will change. This essay highlights the growing pains of international groundwater law and the challenges for its identification and articulation. Specific hydrogeologic characteristics of various TBAs are presented and, where relevant, placed in the context of water scarcity and security and recognized international legal norms.

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Jarvis, W. Todd. "The International Law of Transboundary Groundwater Resources." Groundwater 56, no. 2 (December 22, 2017): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12626.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Transboundary law"

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Xue, Hanqin. "Transboundary damage in international law /." Cambridge [u.a.] : Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/353846376.pdf.

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Ng, Kwok-keung Stephen, and 吳國強. "Transboundary water pollution: a legal perspective." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255255.

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Archer, Jennifer Lynne. "Transcending sovereignty : locating Indigenous peoples in transboundary water law." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/40366.

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All people rely upon water for life. Indigenous peoples are especially vulnerable to water conflicts and yet lack recognition in international water law. This thesis adopts Critical Race Theory to examine the intersection between transboundary water law, the doctrine of sovereignty and the international law of Indigenous peoples. The methodology adopted in this thesis includes: (i) a deconstruction of the UN Watercourse Convention and the doctrine of sovereignty; (ii) a review of Indigenous perspectives on sovereignty; and (iii) a proposal for the reconstruction of transboundary water law in a manner that recognizes the internationally affirmed rights of Indigenous peoples. A deconstruction of the UN Watercourse Convention and related discourse reveals that state-centric approaches to transboundary water law fail to recognize Indigenous peoples’ international rights or the pivotal role that Indigenous peoples’ traditional knowledge might play in transcending conflict. Case examples are provided (Columbia River and Tsangpo-Brahmaputra River) that illustrate the vulnerability of Indigenous peoples in the face of state development agreements. The inequities that exist in international water law are rooted in the historical doctrine of sovereignty which has evolved to subordinate Indigenous peoples’ interests to state interests. Indigenous perspectives regarding sovereignty provide a counter-point to the dominant legal discourse and weave an alternate narrative that challenges the myth of objectivity and neutrality that surrounds the doctrine of sovereignty and international law generally. Once we recognize that sovereignty is a social construct, we can recognize our collective ability to reconstruct international laws in a manner that transcends the sovereign discourse and recognizes the rights of Indigenous peoples. Endorsement of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) is indicative of states’ commitment to recognize Indigenous peoples’ rights throughout the international legal system. This thesis concludes by offering a proposal for reconstructing transboundary water law through a return to ethics and coalition building. Future reform should be directed towards (a) articulating an international water ethic with the critical engagement of Indigenous peoples; and (b) ensuring that river basin organizations are established on every transboundary river in a manner consistent with this shared international water ethic.

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Okowa, Phoebe Nyawade. "State responsibility for transboundary air pollution in international law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359957.

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Bhurtyal, Kul Ratna. "International law and the sharing of transboundary water resources." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248650.

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The rapidly increasing population in the developing world is creating heavy pressure on the use of water for mushrooming cities, domestic consumption, and irrigated agriculture. At the same time effluents and water for human settlements, industry and agriculture are overloading the capacity of watercourses to recuperate. The use and misuse of water in one location can have far-flung effects, altering downstream resources, affecting the reliability of water flows, and degrading water quality and aquatic ecosystems. States have the tendency to use water as much as possible for their own benefit transferring the negative externalities to other riparian. In the absence of legal rule, a norm to address these tensions, water competition is likely to cause discord between groups dependent on the same resources. Several doctrines have been put forward by nations to justify their unilateral interest. International water law, a relatively new branch of international law aims to advocate that every notion sharing a watercourse is entitled to a reasonable and equitable share. Recognising the significance of international river basins, the International Law Commission, on the recommendation of United Nations General Assembly, worked for two decades to bring about a Convention to help in regulating the use of international watercourses in an equitable an reasonable manner. On this premise this study attempts to trace out a picture of the evolution and development of international water law, identifying the major issues and forces that are vital to the problem of sharing of water resources in international river basins of the world. It also tries to examine the theoretical premises of utilisation of international water resources and seeks to suggest practical and implmentable proposals for the better water sharing arrangements for the purpose of maintaining the balanced interests of all the riparian states.

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Suwonnawong, Pakatida. "Legal safeguards for environmental protection in transboundary movements of E-waste." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-96029.

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Amorelli, Federico Dino. "Fight over Freshwater : The role of international law in transboundary watercourse governance." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-195126.

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With a changing climate, population growth and pollution, the twenty-first cen-tury imposes new challenges in the field of water distribution. International wa-tercourses are especially vulnerable, since their transboundry nature makes the water a contested resource. Although the traditional notion that watercourses are an integral part of the sovreignity of the state, more and more states has understood the importance of regulating the relationship between states that share the same watercourse, as to avoid dispute and coordinate benefits and responsibilities. The UN water-course convention was created in 1997 to fill this gap in state-on-state relations, and to stipulate equal and sustainable shared governance. However, the inter-national community struggled in reaching a consensus over the resource alloca-tion mechanism, despite the ambitious attempts at reaching a compromise in the lead up to the convention. This has led to a general reluctance to embrace the convention, consequently creating a discrepancy in the regulatory frame-work of the different basins. The essay will discuss the role which the international legal system plays in regulating transboundry watercourse governance in terms of resource alloca-tion, cooperation, dispute settlement and environmental considerations.

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Amlak, Mehari Gebre. "African countries and the conventions on the control of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69535.

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In recent decades, hazardous waste generation has increased in industrialized countries, and disposal facilities, especially landfill spaces, have become scarce and therefore more expensive. As a result, exports of hazardous waste to developing countries, especially to Africa grew considerably due to low cost of "disposal". African countries lack the legal and industrial set-ups and technical capacity to dispose of the waste safely.
In an attempt to control such exports, African countries adopted the Bamako Convention in January, 1991. The Convention was modelled on the Basel Convention, an instrument adopted earlier on the same subject, but at a global level. Except with respect to certain issues like clean production methods, non-polluting technology and inter-African trade in hazardous waste, the Bamako and Basel Conventions are identical and contain similar shortcomings.
On account of Africa's reality, however, the Bamako Convention should have approached the problem of transboundary movements of hazardous waste within the context of a comprehensive legal, economic, political, ethical and environmental strategy. Reliance on people's participation, regional environmental assessment and co-operation with industrialized countries should have been emphasised. Furthermore, African countries should have sought solutions at global, regional and national levels.

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Wu, Tung-Chieh Jansen 1966. "Intergenerational and intragenerational equity and transboundary movements of radioactive wastes." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29566.

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The purpose of this thesis is to explore the distributional side of environmental risks and burdens and, more particularly, to explain the significance of including intergenerational and intragenerational equity concerns within the fashioning of a legal regime governing the transboundary movement of radioactive waste. The thesis focuses on fairness and equity considerations between generations (intergenerational equity) and within contemporary generations (intragenerational equity) in the context of transboundary movements of radioactive wastes. First, a detailed exploration of the emergence of intergenerational and intragenerational equity principles is conducted. Then, the implementing principles of intergenerational and intragenerational equity with regard to environmental risk and burden distribution are put forward. Further, sensitive to the equity dimensions of the transboundary movement of radioactive waste, the thesis explains transboundary movement within a broader political and economic framework, and illustrates the potential transboundary and transgenerational externalities arising from transboundary movement. Management strategies available to help prevent or reduce transboundary and transgenerational externalities are examined. In addition, the evolution of the legal regime governing transboundary movements is reviewed and proposals for reform of the current regime are presented. Finally, the thesis concludes with concrete observations and recommendations. Through the lens of intergenerational and intragenerational equity, the thesis evaluates the fairness of environmental risk and burden distribution, spatially and intertemporally, in the context of transboundary movements of radioactive wastes.

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Horbach, Nathalie Louisa Johanna Theodora. "Liability versus responsibility under international law : defending strict state responsibility for transboundary damage /." [S.l.] : [S.n.], 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37760399h.

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Books on the topic "Transboundary law"

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Bratspies, Rebecca M., and Russell A. Miller, eds. Transboundary Harm in International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511511394.

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Hanqin, Xue. Transboundary damage in international law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

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Linda, Soneryd, and Uggla Ylva, eds. Transboundary risk governance. Sterling, VA: Earthscan, 2009.

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Brodecki, Zdzisław. The modern law of transboundary harm. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1993.

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Transboundary governance of biodiversity. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Nijhoff, 2014.

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Eckstein, Gabriel. The International Law of Transboundary Groundwater Resources. Abingdon, Oxon [UK] New York : Routledge, 2017. | Series: Earthscan water text: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315731216.

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Samiti, Bāṃlādeśa Paribeśa Āinabida, and Nederlandse Organisatie voor Internationale Bijstand., eds. Transboundary water issues in South Asia. Dhaka: Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association, 2007.

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Khan, Tauhidul Anwar. Transboundary water issues in South Asia. Dhaka: Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association, 2007.

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Khan, Tauhidul Anwar. Transboundary water issues in South Asia. Dhaka: Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association, 2007.

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Jayakumar, S., Tommy T. B. Koh, Hao Duy Phan, and Beckman Robert C. Transboundary pollution: Evolving issues of international law and policy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Transboundary law"

1

Eckstein, Gabriel E. "International law and transboundary aquifers." In Routledge Handbook of Water Law and Policy, 217–33. Handbook of water law and policy Description: New York: Routledge, 2016.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315651132-17.

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Baranyai, Gábor. "Geography of Transboundary River Basins." In European Water Law and Hydropolitics, 9–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22541-4_2.

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Baranyai, Gábor. "Laws of Transboundary Water Governance." In European Water Law and Hydropolitics, 29–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22541-4_4.

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Baranyai, Gábor. "Institutions of Transboundary Water Governance." In European Water Law and Hydropolitics, 45–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22541-4_5.

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Baranyai, Gábor. "Emerging Challenges to Transboundary Water Governance." In European Water Law and Hydropolitics, 53–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22541-4_6.

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Devlaeminck, David J. "Sovereignty claims in the law of international watercourses." In Reciprocity and China’s Transboundary Waters, 40–60. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429291753-3.

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Caponera, Dante A., and Marcella Nanni. "Developments in the law of transboundary aquifers." In Principles of Water Law and Administration, 311–27. 3rd edition / revised and updated by Marcella Nanni. | Boca Raton : CRC Press/Balkema, [2019]: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429465703-12.

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Eckstein, Gabriel. "Gaps in the Law of Transboundary Aquifers." In The International Law of Transboundary Groundwater Resources, 133–42. Abingdon, Oxon [UK] New York : Routledge, 2017. | Series: Earthscan water text: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315731216-8.

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Devlaeminck, David J. "Revisiting the substantive rules of the law of international watercourses." In Reciprocity and China’s Transboundary Waters, 61–95. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429291753-4.

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Baranyai, Gábor. "Transboundary Water Governance in the European Union." In European Water Law and Hydropolitics, 79–112. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22541-4_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Transboundary law"

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Gunawan, Yordan. "The Responsibility Of Indonesia Towards Transboundary Haze Pollution After The AATHP Ratification." In ICLES 2018 - International Conference on Law, Environment and Society. Cognitive-Crcs, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.10.23.

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Reeve, Lora L. Nordtvedt. "Transboundary Pollution in the New Legally Binding Instrument under the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea: The case for anthropogenic underwater noise." In OCEANS 2019 MTS/IEEE SEATTLE. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/oceans40490.2019.8962803.

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Young, J. R., S. Nampanya, S. Khounsy, R. D. Bush, and P. A. Windsor. "Improving trade in large ruminants and products by transboundary animal disease control in Lao PDR." In Annual International Conference on Advances in Veterinary Science Research. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2382-5685_vetsci13.60.

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Reports on the topic "Transboundary law"

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Aldendifer, Elise, McKenzie Coe, Taylor Faught, Ian Klein, Peter Kuylen, Keeli Lane, Robert Loughran, et al. The Safe and Efficient Development of Offshore Transboundary Hydrocarbons: Best Practices from the North Sea and Their Application to the Gulf of Mexico. Edited by Gabriel Eckstein. Texas A&M University School of Law Program in Energy, Environmental, & Natural Resource Systems, September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/eenrs.offshoretransboundaryhydrocarbons.

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Offshore hydrocarbon resources have been developed for many decades, and with technology improvements, many fields which were once impossible to develop, are now economically and technologically feasible. This has led to a growing difficulty in determining the legislative and regulatory framework for resources that straddle the recognized borders between two states. In this paper, we examine a successful framework agreement governing the transboundary resources between the United Kingdom (“U.K.”) and Norway in the North Sea, and the agreement between the United States and Mexico governing the Gulf of Mexico. Following the 2013 Energy Reform, the Mexican energy sector has been revitalized, leading to greater exploration, development, and production than ever before. This means that in the near future transboundary resources may be licensed for production, bringing the issues highlighted in this paper to the attention of multiple government and international entities. This paper seeks to recommend improvements to the transboundary framework in the Gulf of Mexico based on the successful framework agreement utilized in the North Sea. This paper begins by introducing international law for offshore resources in Part II. Part III discusses the offshore regulatory regimes in the U.K. and Norway, analyzing how the two states have successfully used bilateral agreements to facilitate cooperation regarding effective exploitation and apportionment of costs from cross-boundary offshore oil and gas projects in the North Sea. Part IV discusses the offshore regulatory regimes in the United States and Mexico and analyzes the current transboundary agreement in place for the Gulf of Mexico. Part V compares the transboundary agreement governing the North Sea and the same governing the Gulf of Mexico. We highlight the major differences in the agreements and suggest changes to the Gulf of Mexico agreement based on the successful North Sea agreement. Finally, this paper concludes and provides key policy recommendations to improve the rules and regulations surrounding the exploitation of transboundary hydrocarbons in the Gulf of Mexico.

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Muñoz Castillo, Raul, Glen Hearns, Denea Larissa Trejo, and Luis Pabon Zamora. Joined by Water (JbW): IDB's Transboundary Waters Program. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003201.

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This discussion paper scopes out the IDBs initiative to engage in transboundary waters (TW) projects in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). The document is organized into four sections: brief history and overview of the TWs approach; international evidence on TW cooperation; a diagnosis of the current situation of TW in LAC; and presents the strategy of the new IADB transboundary water program (Joined By Water) which aims at enhancing the governance and management of transboundary waters in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). The document has been prepared in consultation with multiple stakeholders related to transboundary waters issues in LAC.

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Foster, Jessica. Survey of Legal Mechanisms Relating to Groundwater Along the Texas-Mexico Border. Edited by Gabriel Eckstein. Texas A&M University School of Law Program in Natural Resources Systems, April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/eenrs.groundwateralongborder.

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The purpose of this study is to present a factual picture of the multiple groundwater governance frameworks that cover the same transboundary aquifers on the Texas-Mexico border. The study can then serve as a foundation to support future research and as a reference for those sharing groundwater resources on the border to use in considering whether and how to coordinate management. Currently, Texas A&M School of Law, the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M University, and the Texas Water Resources Institute are collaboratively pursuing a larger interdisciplinary project, and the study presented in this report is part of that concerted endeavor. First, the project establishes a study area, then identifies who are the stakeholders in the area, and finally summarizes the various rules each entity applies to groundwater. The study area selected is based on the aquifers identified in the 2016 study noted above (see Figure 1). Although there is currently no formal agreement between governments or users in Mexico and Texas for managing the reservoirs that cross underneath the international border, this survey represents a preliminary step in addressing the larger problems that the absence of a cooperative groundwater management framework presents. All of the institutional approaches employed in the various jurisdictions surveyed here model features from which developing management approaches could draw. Equally, noting gaps in the institutional approaches themselves and the ad hoc groundwater withdrawals occurring outside the reach of those institutions illustrates potential value in engaging local users in Texas’ and Mexico’s respective groundwater governance arrangements.

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Thanda Kyaw, Ai. Socio-Economic Impacts of Foot and Mouth Disease Among Cattle Farmers in Sagaing and Mandalay Areas, Myanmar. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/standz.2784.

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The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Sub-Regional Representation for South East Asia (OIE SRR-SEA) implemented the Stop Transboundary Animal Diseases and Zoonoses (STANDZ) Programme funded by AusAID to strengthen the veterinary services and effectively manage the control and eradication of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar. The purpose of the study is to understand how FMD outbreaks impact smallholder farmers, both men and women, at the household and village level and how control and eradication of FMD would benefit them. Specific aims are to estimate the direct and indirect socio-economic costs associated with the outbreaks of FMD as well as of the measures taken by farmers to deal with such outbreaks and to identify issues that contributed to the socio-economic impacts of FMD outbreaks and opportunities to reduce them.

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