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Journal articles on the topic 'Transboundary marine pollution'
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1
Vinogradov, Sergei. "Marine Pollution via Transboundary Watercourses — An Interface of the' Shoreline ' and ' River-Basin ' Regimes in the Wider Black Sea Region." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 22, no. 4 (2007): 585–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180807782512251.
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AbstractA significant proportion of pollution of the marine environment is transmitted into the sea by transboundary rivers. The state of the marine environment increasingly depends upon the behaviour of states that do not belong to a particular maritime region. There is an obvious regulatory dichotomy between the environmental legal regimes dealing with marine pollution ('shoreline' regimes) and those governing international watercourses ('drainage/river-basin' regimes), which have historically evolved independently of each other. This creates problems of consistency and compatibility across different regimes, which have to be addressed in order to ensure the effectiveness of pollution-control measures throughout the entire pollutant transportation process. State practice has developed various practical ways of dealing with the issue of marine pollution from land-based activities in a transboundary context. The situation with river-borne pollution in the Danube River-Black Sea Basin provides an interesting case-study for critical examination as regards the practical aspects of the interface between such regimes.
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Cognetti, G. "Transboundary marine parks in the Mediterranean." Marine Pollution Bulletin 26, no. 6 (June 1993): 292–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(93)90568-5.
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Southworth, Justina, Stuart Leather, Dafydd Lloyd Jones, John Gribble, and Simon Bray. "European Commitment to the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Shipwrecks." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 300142. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014-1-300142.1.
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This poster sets out a proposal for the management of shipwrecks with the potential to cause oil pollution incidents. The poster will outline the legal framework of key European nation states and will look at international agreements relating to potentially polluting shipwrecks. It will propose a management plan that can be adopted by European countries in the form of either international agreements or through the European Union, which will include guidelines that should be adopted for the management of individual wreck sites. The classification of shipwrecks with the potential to release oil has been well documented through a number of papers, including the most recent study by NOAA in 2013. To supplement this process, subsurface oil spill modelling can be used to demonstrate the potential spatial footprint of the oil and indicate transboundary boundary maritime effects. These effects are a primary factor in the successful management of wrecks at risk in the European context. Building on the current European and International legislation, a suggested platform for proactive management will be proposed. The value of having a European body will enable a focused approach to deal with complex International and National relationships. In addition to a standard risk assessment for each wreck, its sovereignty, the territorial waters it is located in, and the territorial waters and coastline that may be effected in the event of a pollution incident, need to be considered, and included within the management plan. This gives rise to network of stakeholders whose inclusion into the process is imperative for successful outcomes. A European body responsible for the management of potentially polluting wrecks allows the issue to be removed from individual national interests. A dedicated pan-European body can focus on the wider issue of potential transboundary oil pollution and coordinate multiple resources to effectively address the issue.
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FERNANDEZ, LINDA. "MARINE SHIPPING TRADE AND INVASIVE SPECIES MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES." International Game Theory Review 08, no. 01 (March 2006): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198906000849.
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Addressing the international threat of invasive species to biodiversity worldwide requires an international context due to the nature of the transboundary pollution. This paper presents a comparison of strategies to address the invasive species problem in noncooperative versus cooperative differential games. Asymmetry between the countries in terms of abatement costs and damages enables the investigation of sharing rules under cooperation. The empirical analysis includes data of maritime trade as a vector of invasive species pollution at ports along the Pacific coast of NAFTA countries. The Chander/Tulkens cost sharing rule induces countries to cooperate and achieve lower invasive species stock than under noncooperation.
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Biswas, Jatish Chandra, Md Mozammel Haque, Md Maniruzzaman, and Naveen Kalra. "Coastal and Marine Pollution in Bangladesh: Pathways, Hotspots and Adaptation Strategies." European Journal of Environment and Earth Sciences 2, no. 4 (July 10, 2021): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejgeo.2021.2.4.133.
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Marine and coastal pollution is a global issue for human health and biodiversity. We have investigated pollution sources, flow patterns, hotspots, challenges, and adaptation policies in Bangladesh. Industries, ship breaking yards, sewage, tourism, and transboundary depositions are the main sources of pollutions. The Ganges, Padma, Jamuna, Brahmaputra and Meghna carry wastes to the Bay of Bengal. Pollution hotspots are Dhaka, Gazipur, Narshingdi, Narayanganj, Chittagong, Khulna, Mongla port and Sylhet city. Textile and dyeing industries discharge 12.7–13.5 million m3 waste waters annually and pollute 20% of fresh water. Ship breaking yards dump about 22.5 tons polychlorinated biphenyls in a year. More than 50% of the marine oil pollution comes from urban activities. Plastic wastes at 3000 t day-1 and tourism are also contributing to the coastal pollution. Effluent releasing standards are not maintained, and thus higher concentrations of heavy metals are found with marine fishes. Use of heavy metal tolerant crops (rice: BRRI dhan47, potato: Cardinal, mustard: Brassica napus, flower: Marigold, vegetables: Cucumber, fibre: Kenaf, and so on), trap cropping, deep placement of fertilizers, integrated rice-fish-duck culture, etc can be adopted in polluted areas. There are laws for environmental issues, but coordination and financial capabilities does not warrant its effectiveness. Necessary steps are to be taken to improve infrastructure to ensure sanitation and benign discharge of industrial effluents. Systematic study on sources, fate and extent of current effluents dumping in water ways need to be assessed for wellbeing of aquatic life and human health.
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Robertua, Verdinand, Bryan Libertho Karyoprawiro, and Eunike Meliani Wahyuningtyas. "SPECIAL ZONE FOR SHIP WASHING IN TRANSBOUNDARY MARINE POLLUTION REDUCTION AT MALAKA STRAIT." Sociae Polites 20, no. 2 (December 10, 2019): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/sp.v20i2.1548.
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The Malacca Strait, which has always been the world's most strategic trade route, has become the most frequently traversed by international ships. The potential for environmental pollution in the Malacca Strait is also enormous, especially pollution from ship waste in the form of liquid waste (water ballasts and hazardous toxic materials, or B3 liquid waste) and garbage from disposal during illegal ship washing. Bintan Island, which located close to the Malacca Strait, is one of the islands affected by foreign ship dumping, which avoids sanctions throughout Indonesia, such as Malaysia and Singapore, which require every incoming vessel to be clean of waste. Regulations made by the Singapore government regarding the inspection of the ships of each ship resulted in the act of washing boats in the Malacca Strait. Cleaning and washing tanks and vessels in inappropriate areas can result in environmental pollution caused by wastewater in the form of water, oil, and plastic waste that is very damaging to the environment. The establishment of an exclusive zone for ships carrying out ship cleaning activities as well as anchored anchor locations can reduce environmental damage in the Malacca Strait. This study uses a qualitative method using an ecological approach to see how ecological problems caused by ships cause cross-border issues that threaten ecosystems in the Malacca Strait, specifically the Bintan Islands conservation area. The data used in the form of qualitative data collected through document studies, interviews, document analysis, focused discussions, and observations made.
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Ciechanowicz-McLean, Janina. "Odpowiedzialność państw za szkody wyrządzone w środowisku morskim." Gdańskie Studia Prawnicze, no. 3(43)/2019 (November 4, 2019): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/gsp.2019.3.15.
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The States’ responsibility is a fundamental institution of international law. The International law Commission – IlC expressed that in the Articles on responsibility of States for International Wrongful Acts. The principles and rules governing States are more clear and certain because they are set out in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea – UNCLoS. UNCLoS and the Articles of ILC provide mechanisms to hold States respon- sible if they fail to fulfil their obligations to prevent, reduce and control pollutions of the marine environment. The dispute settlement procedures in UNCLoS provide remedies for an effective action that are not available in most fields of transboundary pollution.
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Edwards, David T. "INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS ON COOPERATION IN COMBATING MARINE POLLUTION,." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1987, no. 1 (April 1, 1987): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1987-1-201.
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ABSTRACT The severe nuclear accident in Chernobyl at the end of April 1986 highlighted the importance of early notification of any accident having major transboundary environmental consequences and the need to facilitate international assistance and mutual cooperation in dealing with such an accident. Since 1969 many coastal countries have been entering into regional intergovernmental multilateral and bilateral agreements providing for the timely notification of marine pollution emergencies and mutual assistance and cooperation in responding to such incidents involving oil and other hazardous substances. To date, there are 11 such regional agreements either in effect or under development. This paper discusses the fundamental elements common to them and their status. Current oil company cooperatives or similar arrangements are briefly described as well as activities of the European Economic Communities (EEC). There will be occasions when major marine pollution incidents are beyond the collective response capability of a region. The role of the main international organizations in responding to requests for assistance and recent attention given by the International Maritime Organization to the problems of developing countries in dealing with major marine pollution incidents also are discussed. Although the effectiveness of such agreements largely depends on the capability of the individual participating countries, they all serve to enhance the overall ability of the international community to combat marine pollution through the sharing of knowledge and experience and the pooling of resources.
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Cordova, Muhammad Reza, Triyoni Purbonegoro, Rachma Puspitasari, Riyana Subandi, Muhammad Taufik Kaisupy, Singgih Prasetyo Adi Wibowo, Nurjamin Nurjamin, Suparmo Suparmo, and Serly Sapulete. "Transboundary debris in Indonesian frontier and outermost island: A preliminary case study of Nipah Island." OLDI (Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia) 5, no. 3 (December 27, 2020): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/oldi.2020.v5i3.335.
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Anthropogenic debris in marine pollution is one of the significant environmental problems. The objective of the research was focused on the abundance and the distribution of debris found on Nipah Island,Riau Island Province, which was surveyed at ten sampling points, as a preliminary monitoring. Abundance and distribution were estimated with line transect of 50m x 3m. Debris items were categorized by the type of material from the NOAA Marine Debris Program. The abundance and weight calculated each of the types, and simple identification of country supplier also determined from the labels of the plastic. The result showed the average debris abundance of 7.05±6.71 items/m<sup>2</sup> and an average weight of 1.67±3.98 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. The most debris abundance found in every station were plastic (single-use plastic bottle/cup), lumber, metal, and glass. Stranded lumber was the dominant weighted samples, followed by plastic debris. Approximately 51.60% of total plastic (food wrappers) with identifiable labels were from Malaysia (24.26%), Indonesia (23.68%), Singapore (2.33%), and elsewhere (1.33%). In order to manage transboundary debris, science is the primary point to obtain proper alternative handling. In order to make successful marine pollution prevention, it is necessary to have a good education and outreach program, a reliable system of law and policy, and law enforcement to the government and private sector.
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Hutto, Warren T. (Tommy), and David Pertuz. "MEXUS GULF EXERCISE 2004*." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, no. 1 (May 1, 2005): 715–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-715.
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ABSTRACT The Agreement of Cooperation Between the United States of American and the United Mexican States Regarding Pollution of the Marine Environment by Discharges of Hydrocarbons and Other Hazardous Substances signed in February 2000 by the U.S. Coast Guard and the Secretaria de Marina-Armada de Mexico, established the beginning of a successful bilateral cooperation between both countries for the preparation and response to pollution incidents that could affect the coastal waters of both countries. The agreement calls for joint pollution response exercises to be conducted to exercise the bilateral coordination and joint response system. In May 2004, the Shell Exploration and Production Company acted as the Responsible Party in such a joint exercise, denominated MEXUS GULF 2004. The exercise was conducted in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico May 25–27, 2004. Building on a previously conducted exercise in 2002, the objectives of the 2004 exercise were to exercise and identify joint response procedures following a significant impact to the shared shorelines. Specifically, the four identified objectives included:Identify Natural Resources Damage Assessment (NRDA) Procedures in Mexico.Address transboundary movement Procedures of collected waste and contaminated equipment with emphasis on movement from Mexico to the U.S.Identify joint procedures for clean-up and rehabilitation of oiled wildlife.Exercise Joint Command and Control Procedures including transboundary and field communications Shell Exploration and Production Company (SEPCo), working jointly with the U.S. Coast Guard, and the Mexican Secretaria de Marina—Armada de Mexico and with outstanding support from the National Ocaanographic and Atmospheric Administration, The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Minerals Management Service and the Texas General Land Office designed and executed an outstanding exercise well lessons learned were captured and shared. This paper will cover the planning, logistical considerations, execution and lessons learned from the joint exercise as well as the successful use of the Incident Command System as an incident response management tool for bilateral cooperation.
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Dwyer, Guy, and Tristan Orgill. "Do the Conventions on the Law of the Sea and Biological Diversity adequately protect marine biota from anthropogenic underwater noise pollution?" Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law 23, no. 1 (May 15, 2020): 6–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/apjel.2020.01.01.
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Anthropogenic underwater noise pollution (AUNP) generated by, inter alia, commercial shipping, military exercises, the use of sonar and seismic surveys has increased dramatically since the early 1950s. This has caused or contributed to the death and suffering of marine biota. International and domestic law must adequately regulate AUNP in order for this transboundary and transjurisdictional form of pollution to be addressed. This article examines the two most comprehensive multilateral international conventions regulating the world's oceans and biodiversity – the Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Convention on Biological Diversity – to address the question of whether these two conventions adequately protect marine biota from AUNP. It is argued that the existing regimes established under these conventions are inadequate because they do not: sufficiently recognise AUNP as a form of pollution; provide comprehensive and binding direction as to practical measures to prevent, mitigate or eliminate AUNP; or provide adequate enforcement regimes. To remedy these inadequacies, this article concludes by outlining a number of non-exhaustive law reform recommendations.
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Sand, Peter H. "The Evolution of Transnational Environmental Law: Four Cases in Historical Perspective." Transnational Environmental Law 1, no. 1 (February 21, 2012): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102511000045.
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AbstractThis essay places transnational environmental law in an epistemological context. Starting from the general concept of ‘transnational law’ and the specific environmental dimension of ‘international administrative law’, four case histories are presented to illustrate the integrant approach of transnational environmental law. The cases – all arising in the1970s – deal with transboundary problems of aircraft noise, ocean dumping, river pollution, and marine protected areas. In addition to traditional aspects of public international law in the environmental field, they typically interface with questions of administrative law, private international law, criminal law, and human rights law. The essay advocates a new focus on mechanisms for participation by civil society in the operation and implementation of transnational environmental law.
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Maslak, Tanya M., and Natasha Sadoff. "Marine Health Hubs: Building Interdisciplinary Regional Hubs of Excellence to Research and Address the Societal Impacts of Marine Debris." Marine Technology Society Journal 55, no. 3 (May 1, 2021): 96–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.55.3.50.
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Abstract The marine debris challenge requires an interdisciplinary solution, integrating environmental management, public health, stakeholder engagement, capacity building, along with scientific advances. Marine Health Hubs (MHHs), or regional hubs of excellence utilizing interdisciplinary collaboration to tackle marine debris from environmental, economic, and social perspectives, including health and social equity, are a proposed solution to address this challenge. Applying a collective impact approach, MHHs would build capacity across the research-to-application continuum: advancing research and technology development, translating science for informed policymaking, increasing awareness through outreach and citizen engagement, and establishing performance-based programs for accountability and continuous improvement. Across this continuum, stakeholder engagement would ensure locally and culturally appropriate research, tools, and interventions. The strategy and prioritization of each MHH's activities would vary, depending on a region's infrastructure, assets, and needs; however, utilizing a capacity-building framework, MHHs would implement consensus-based agenda setting, and applied learning for knowledge transfer and peer-to-peer information sharing. This framework has been successfully employed for other environmental governance efforts seeking to address transboundary environmental health threats. Through co-development, co-design, and co-investment, MHHs would serve as self-sustaining programs capable of adapting to evolving needs, efficiently utilizing resources to reduce plastics pollution, and improve environmental and health outcomes.
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Brenzovich, Z. S., and S. A. Onufriy. "Establishment of international standards in the field of environmental pro- tection and their impact on modern legislation of Ukraine." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 64 (August 14, 2021): 352–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.64.64.
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The article examines the formation of international standards in the field of environmental protection, as well as clarifying their impact on modern environmental legislation of Ukraine.
It is established that the issue of the need to protect the environment has been actively discussed at the interna-tional level since the middle of the twentieth century. The first international environmental organization was found-ed in October 1948 in France (International Union for Conservation of Nature), which still operates today.It was found that although international instruments such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms do not contain provisions on environ-mental rights, there is still a human right to a standard of living that supports its health. It is from the standpoint of the right to life, the right to health and the right to information that the ECtHR deals with matters concerning a safe environment for humans.It is substantiated that special international acts in the field of environmental protection began to be adopted in the 70s of the last century (including: Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Discharges and Other Materials, International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, Convention on Transboundary Air Pollution distance, the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer was adopted, the European Charter on Environment and Public Health, the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazard-ous Wastes and Their Disposal, the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context, etc.).These international acts have influenced the formation of legislation in the field of environmental protection of independent Ukraine, especially on the example of acts adopted in 2017-2020. The proposal of scientists on the need to adopt a new systematized act in Ukraine, in particular the Environmental Code, has been studied.It is substantiated that when reforming the environmental legislation of Ukraine it is necessary to pay special attention to the requirements of the Association Agreement with the EU, namely to implement the provisions of a number of Regulations and directives of the European Union.
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Krelling, Allan Paul, Mihael Machado Souza, Allan Thomas Williams, and Alexander Turra. "Transboundary movement of marine litter in an estuarine gradient: Evaluating sources and sinks using hydrodynamic modelling and ground truthing estimates." Marine Pollution Bulletin 119, no. 1 (June 2017): 48–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.03.034.
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Doronina, Anna K. "Arctic Environment Protection Issues in Carrying out of Activities in Near-Shore Areas and on the Continental Shelf." Legal education and science 4 (May 10, 2018): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1813-1190-2018-4-33-37.
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Purpose. This article attempts to analyze the environmental acts of the Arctic coastal states in the field of protection of the Arctic marine environment, analyzes the legal mechanisms applied in various coastal Arctic states for the possibility of implementation some of them in the Russian legal system. Methods: dialectics, analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison, analogy, formallegal method, comparative legal method. Results. To ensure the protection of the environment of the Russian Arctic, to prevent environmental damade to its fragile ecosystems and to compensate for the accumulated damage, attention should be paid to the experience of other Arctic states and international organizations in relation to this issue. Firstly, to the compensation funds; secondly, on the issues of transboundary pollution; thirdly, to prevention of unauthorized navigation in the Arctic waters; fourthly, on the possibility of creating panarctic protected marine areas. Scientific and practical significance. The conducted research develops and clarifies the theoretical provisions that exist in the science of environmental law concerning the legal mechanisms for the protection of the Arctic environment. The findings of this study will allow the legislative bodies to pay attention to other legal mechanisms for environmental protection, which can serve as a basis for improving Russian legislation.
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Moreno, T., T. Kojima, F. Amato, F. Lucarelli, S. Nava, J. de la Rosa, G. Calzolai, et al. "Daily and hourly chemical impact of springtime transboundary aerosols on Japanese air quality." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 9 (September 28, 2012): 25887–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-25887-2012.
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Abstract. The regular eastward drift of transboundary aerosol intrusions from the Asian mainland into the NW Pacific region has a~pervasive impact on air quality in Japan, especially during springtime. Analysis of 24-h filter samples (ICP-AES and ICP-MS) and hourly Streaker (PIXE) samples of particulate matter collected continuously for six weeks reveal the chemistry of successive waves of natural mineral desert dust ("Kosa") and metalliferous sulphatic pollutants arriving in Western Japan during spring 2011. The main aerosol sources recognised by PMF analysis of Streaker data are mineral dust and fresh sea salt (both mostly in the coarser fraction PM2.5–10), As-bearing sulphatic aerosol (PM0.1–2.5), metalliferous sodic PM interpreted as aged, industrially contaminated marine aerosol, and ZnCu-bearing aerosols. Whereas mineral dust arrivals are typically highly transient, peaking over a few hours, sulphatic intrusions build up and decline more slowly, and are accompanied by notable rises in ambient concentrations of metallic trace elements such as Pb, As, Zn, Sn and Cd. The magnitude of the loss in regional air quality due to the spread and persistence of pollution from mainland Asia is especially clear when cleansing oceanic air advects westward across Japan, removing the continental influence and reducing concentrations of the more undesirable metalliferous pollutants by over 90%. Our new chemical database, especially the Streaker data, demonstrates the rapidly changing complexity of ambient air inhaled during these transboundary events, and implicates Chinese coal combustion as the main source of the anthropogenic aerosol component.
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Moreno, T., T. Kojima, F. Amato, F. Lucarelli, J. de la Rosa, G. Calzolai, S. Nava, et al. "Daily and hourly chemical impact of springtime transboundary aerosols on Japanese air quality." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 3 (February 4, 2013): 1411–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1411-2013.
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Abstract. The regular eastward drift of transboundary aerosol intrusions from the Asian mainland into the NW Pacific region has a pervasive impact on air quality in Japan, especially during springtime. Analysis of 24-h filter samples with Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), and hourly Streaker with Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) samples collected continuously for six weeks reveal the chemistry of successive waves of natural mineral desert dust ("Kosa") and metalliferous sulphatic pollutants arriving in western Japan during spring 2011. The main aerosol sources recognised by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis of Streaker data are mineral dust and fresh sea salt (both mostly in the coarser fraction PM2.5–10), As-bearing sulphatic aerosol (PM0.1–2.5), metalliferous sodic particulate matter (PM) interpreted as aged, industrially contaminated marine aerosol, and ZnCu-bearing aerosols. Whereas mineral dust arrivals are typically highly transient, peaking over a few hours, sulphatic intrusions build up and decline more slowly, and are accompanied by notable rises in ambient concentrations of metallic trace elements such as Pb, As, Zn, Sn and Cd. The magnitude of the loss in regional air quality due to the spread and persistence of pollution from mainland Asia is especially clear when cleansing oceanic air advects westward across Japan, removing the continental influence and reducing concentrations of the undesirable metalliferous pollutants by over 90%. Our new chemical database, especially the Streaker data, demonstrates the rapidly changing complexity of ambient air inhaled during these transboundary events, and implicates Chinese coal combustion as the main source of the anthropogenic aerosol component.
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Bergmann, Pamela, and Nick Russo. "JOINT CANADA/UNITED STATES WILDLIFE RESPONSE PLANNING: DIXON ENTRANCE." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 1327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-1327.
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ABSTRACT Neither wildlife nor oil spills acknowledge international boundaries. Both migratory birds and marine mammals move freely between Alaska in the United States and British Columbia in Canada, in the international boundary area known as Dixon Entrance in the North Pacific Ocean. An oil spill on one side of the border may be carried by winds and/or currents into the waters of the adjacent country. Recognition of these facts resulted in the development of the Canada/United States Joint Marine Pollution Contingency Plan, which was signed by the Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) and U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) in 1974. Annexes were subsequently prepared for five transboundary areas, including Dixon Entrance. Following the promulgation of these annexes, joint exercises have been held to enhance annex implementation. In September 1999, at the request of the USCG and CCG, the U.S. Department of the Interior, Alaska Office of Environmental Policy and Compliance (DOI-OEPC) took the lead in organizing and chairing a workshop to discuss issues associated with wildlife response activities for oil spills that cross the Canada/United States border in Dixon Entrance. The workshop was held in Prince Rupert, British Columbia as part of a 4-day joint meeting. Workshop participants included representatives from key U.S. federal and Alaska State wildlife resource agencies, Canadian federal wildlife resource agencies, oil spill cooperatives for Southeast Alaska and British Columbia, and the USCG. Wildlife resource agency representatives participating in the workshop reached consensus that the goal of wildlife protection is to make decisions based on what is best for the wildlife resources and then to determine how the goal can be accomplished within the constraints of each countries regulatory process. Agreement was reached to form a Canada/United States working group to develop a joint wildlife response plan. The plan, which will focus on migratory birds and sea otters, will address issues associated with the removal of dead oiled wildlife from the environment, hazing of unoiled wildlife, preemptive capture of sea otters, and capture and treatment of oiled migratory birds and sea otters. A draft plan will be developed prior to a September 2000, Canada/U.S. Dixon Entrance (CANUSDIX) joint meeting, which will be held in Ketchikan, Alaska.
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Kotova, EI, IA Kuznetsova, VV Kriauciunas, SA Iglovsky, and NS Larionov. "Contribution of the atmospheric channel to lead contamination of soils in the Arctic territories." Arctic Environmental Research 19, no. 2 (July 5, 2019): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/issn2541-8416.2019.19.2.56.
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Although the Arctic territories have long been considered “the gold standard of purity”, global climate change and environmental pollution are having a significant impact on the state of Arctic ecosystems. In particular, industrial complexes combined with transboundary transport are having a negative impact. The aim of this work is to determine the contribution of atmospheric Pb to the contamination of soils of the Arctic territories using the trajectory statistics method which combines correlation and factor statistical processing approaches while taking the actual lead content in the upper soil horizon into account. In order to assess the transfer of pollutants, an analysis of multiannual air mass tracts and impurity transfer trajectories to certain points was carried out. The objects of study are the soil of the Khorey-Ver settlement, the basin of the Shapkin and Sula rivers, northeastern and southern Svalbard and the islands of the Southern Archipelago of Novaya Zemlya. It was established that the primary contribution to airborne pollution of the Nenets Autonomous District (NAO) during the summer period comes from sources located within a radius of about 400 km. Aerogenic influence of the mainland on the territory of Svalbard is practically absent, with the main atmospheric transport of substances coming from nearby marine areas. The transfer of impurities from the mainland to the Novaya Zemlya District is also insignificant. During the summer months, there is practically no airborne lead contamination of the island territories. Some influences on the territory of Novaya Zemlya and the NEO can be traced to sources on the Kola Peninsula, the coasts of the Barents and Kara seas, as well as long-distance transport from the southern regions. On the territory of the NAO, the number of heavy metal (HM) precipitations increases from west to east, possibly indicating a stronger impact of emissions from the Norilsk industrial hub than from the enterprises of the Kola Peninsula on this territory. In terms of seasonal dynamics, the island points are characterised by an increase in HM fluxes during the winter period; conversely, for the NAO territory, such an increase takes place during the summer. This discrepancy is primarily due to the changing nature of the atmospheric circulation.
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Jézéquel, Ronan, Karine Duboscq, Léa Sylvi, Emma Michaud, Lise Millera Ferriz, Enora Roic, Robert Duran, et al. "Assessment of oil weathering and impact in mangrove ecosystem: PRISME Experiment." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 634–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.634.
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Abstract 2017-410 Mangroves are among the most sensitive marine ecosystems to oil pollution due both to the sensitivity of mangroves species and to the high persistence of hydrocarbons in these environments. Despite their ecological and socio-economic value, the potential effects of an oil spill on French Guiana mangroves remain so far unknown. Yet, there is an increasing transboundary risk of oil spill due to Brazilian offshore oil exploitation (in mid-April 2013, there were 122 offshore drilling rigs in Brazil, including 29 under construction – Brazilian Amapá region located in the French Guiana border area is thought to become an important world oil production area in the coming years). The aim of the PRISME project was to assess the natural degradation of oil in mangrove sediment as well as its impact on benthic communities (micro, meio and macrobenthos): a one-month in situ experiment was conducted in the young French Guianese mangrove (around 3 years old) at the mouth of the Sinnamary estuary. The experimental units consisted in eight plastic cores (Ø : 10 cm ; height: 30 cm) manually introduced within sediments. A thin layer of oiled sediment (2 cm, 20 000 ppm) was applied on four cores while the remaining four cores were considered as control (no oil addition). Three cores were additionally sampled at the beginning of the experiment as initial control sediments. After one month in situ, the eight cores were collected and sliced on site into different sedimentary layers aliquots for later analyses (hydrocarbons, bacterial, meio, macrofauna fauna diversity, bioturbation, biogeochemical parameters). Samples were sent to the different laboratories involved in this multidisciplinary project. Results and knowledge gained from this experimental work were used to develop an approach for assessing coastal vulnerability for oil spills preparedness in mangroves.
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Bressi, M., J. Sciare, V. Ghersi, N. Mihalopoulos, J. E. Petit, J. B. Nicolas, S. Moukhtar, et al. "Sources and geographical origins of fine aerosols in Paris (France)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 12 (December 19, 2013): 33237–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-33237-2013.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The present study aims at identifying and apportioning the major sources of fine aerosols in Paris (France) – the second largest megacity in Europe –, and determining their geographical origins. It is based on the daily chemical composition of PM2.5 characterised during one year at an urban background site of Paris (Bressi et al., 2013). Positive Matrix Factorization (EPA PMF3.0) was used to identify and apportion the sources of fine aerosols; bootstrapping was performed to determine the adequate number of PMF factors, and statistics (root mean square error, coefficient of determination, etc.) were examined to better model PM2.5 mass and chemical components. Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) and Conditional Probability Function (CPF) allowed the geographical origins of the sources to be assessed; special attention was paid to implement suitable weighting functions. Seven factors named ammonium sulfate (A.S.) rich factor, ammonium nitrate (A.N.) rich factor, heavy oil combustion, road traffic, biomass burning, marine aerosols and metals industry were identified; a detailed discussion of their chemical characteristics is reported. They respectively contribute 27, 24, 17, 14, 12, 6 and 1% of PM2.5 mass (14.7 μg m−3) on the annual average; their seasonal variability is discussed. The A.S. and A.N. rich factors have undergone north-eastward mid- or long-range transport from Continental Europe, heavy oil combustion mainly stems from northern France and the English Channel, whereas road traffic and biomass burning are primarily locally emitted. Therefore, on average more than half of PM2.5 mass measured in the city of Paris is due to mid- or long-range transport of secondary aerosols stemming from continental Europe, whereas local sources only contribute a quarter of the annual averaged mass. These results imply that fine aerosols abatement policies conducted at the local scale may not be sufficient to notably reduce PM2.5 levels at urban background sites in Paris, suggesting instead more coordinated strategies amongst neighbouring countries. Similar conclusions might be drawn in other continental urban background sites given the transboundary nature of PM2.5 pollution.
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Bressi, M., J. Sciare, V. Ghersi, N. Mihalopoulos, J. E. Petit, J. B. Nicolas, S. Moukhtar, et al. "Sources and geographical origins of fine aerosols in Paris (France)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 16 (August 27, 2014): 8813–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8813-2014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The present study aims at identifying and apportioning fine aerosols to their major sources in Paris (France) – the second most populated "larger urban zone" in Europe – and determining their geographical origins. It is based on the daily chemical composition of PM2.5 examined over 1 year at an urban background site of Paris (Bressi et al., 2013). Positive matrix factorization (EPA PMF3.0) was used to identify and apportion fine aerosols to their sources; bootstrapping was performed to determine the adequate number of PMF factors, and statistics (root mean square error, coefficient of determination, etc.) were examined to better model PM2.5 mass and chemical components. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) and conditional probability function (CPF) allowed the geographical origins of the sources to be assessed; special attention was paid to implement suitable weighting functions. Seven factors, namely ammonium sulfate (A.S.)-rich factor, ammonium nitrate (A.N.)-rich factor, heavy oil combustion, road traffic, biomass burning, marine aerosols and metal industry, were identified; a detailed discussion of their chemical characteristics is reported. They contribute 27, 24, 17, 14, 12, 6 and 1% of PM2.5 mass (14.7 μg m−3) respectively on the annual average; their seasonal variability is discussed. The A.S.- and A.N.-rich factors have undergone mid- or long-range transport from continental Europe; heavy oil combustion mainly stems from northern France and the English Channel, whereas road traffic and biomass burning are primarily locally emitted. Therefore, on average more than half of PM2.5 mass measured in the city of Paris is due to mid- or long-range transport of secondary aerosols stemming from continental Europe, whereas local sources only contribute a quarter of the annual averaged mass. These results imply that fine-aerosol abatement policies conducted at the local scale may not be sufficient to notably reduce PM2.5 levels at urban background sites in Paris, suggesting instead more coordinated strategies amongst neighbouring countries. Similar conclusions might be drawn in other continental urban background sites given the transboundary nature of PM2.5 pollution.
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Khurtsilava, O. G., V. P. Chashchin, A. V. Meltser, I. V. Dardynskaia, N. V. Erastova, M. V. Chashchin, O. A. Dardynskiy, et al. "POLLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT WITH PERSISTENT TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND PREVENTION OF THEIR HARMFUL IMPACT ON THE HEALTH OF THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION RESIDING IN THE ARCTIC ZONE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." Hygiene and sanitation 96, no. 5 (March 27, 2019): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-5-409-414.
Full textAbstract:
The article presents results of cohort epidemiological studies conducted in the period from 2001 to 2010 among the indigenous population residing in Chukotka (ChAO) and Nenets (NAO) autonomous districts. The aim was to document temporal changes in blood concentrations of persistent contaminants that caused the serious health concern from the first Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP) survey in 2001 “Persistent toxic substances, food security and indigenous peoples of the Russian North”. In monitored indigenous cohorts there have been measured blood concentrations of persistent contaminants including polychlorinated biphenyls (28/31; 52; 99; 101; 105; 118; 128; 138; 153; 156; 170; 180; 183 and 187); hexachlorocyclohexane (α, β, γ - isomers of HCH); oxychlordane (trans chlordane, cis-chlordane); DDT (2,4 DDE; 4,4 DDE; 2,4 DDD; 4,4 DDD; 2,4 DDT; 4,4 DDT); hexachlorobenzene (HCB); heptachlor; dieldrin; mirex; toxaphene (Par 26, the Par 50, the Par 62); PBDEs (28; 47; 100; 99; 153; 154; 183); metals (Cd, Pb, Hg). During 2003-2004 there was implemented a set of measures for the disposal and detoxification of local sources of persistent pollutants and reduction of the risk of associated health effects that had been recommended by the international AMAP expert panel. As a result of 2010 study a significant reduction in the average serum concentrations of DDT and DDE 4.4, as well as blood concentrations of lead was found to occur, they were observed only in men living in NAO. Changes in concentrations of a number of other persistent toxic substances (PTS) although show a tendency to decrease, but these changes failed to reach the level of statistical significance. The mean annual incidence rates of diseases associated with harmful impact of PTS, in particular, cancer, endocrine system diseases, congenital malformations, and immunodeficiency, unlike most of the other classes of diseases in the population showed a clear trend towards to the increase in the period of observation. Conclusion. The results obtained did not allow to confirm the sufficient effectiveness of implemented measures for the rehabilitation of residential areas both in Chukotka and NAO. The period of re-measuring blood concentrations of PTS was assumed not be appropriate due to longer half-life of many PTS studied. The health importance of long-range transboundary transport of PTS is likely to be also underestimated especially due to the observed high contamination of migrating of commercial species of wild birds, fish and marine animals that make up a significant part of the traditional diet of indigenous peoples of the North. There is need for the improvement of national biomonitoring as well as information systems for appropriate assessment, prediction and management of health risks associated with long-range biotransportation of PTS into the arctic food chains.
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Son, Nguyen Thi Xuan, and Nguyen Hong Thao. "International Cooperation on marine environmental protection in East Asia and South East Asia." VNU Journal of Science: Legal Studies 35, no. 3 (September 24, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.25073/2588-1167/vnuls.4231.
Full textAbstract:
In the twenty-first century, before the revolution of science and technology 4.0 and 5.0, environmental protection and sustainable development are increasingly becoming a great concern of humanity as well as of each country. Among the components of the environment, the marine environment plays an important role with 71% of the Earth's surface covered with water and 90% of the biosphere is the ocean. Along with the development of the sea direction of mankind - the cradle of Earth's life - the sea is also facing serious challenges of pollution, over-fishing of marine resources. Marine environmental protection is not limited to a single country. Due to the uniformity of the marine environment, the spread of transboundary agents in the marine environment and climate change, this task requires cooperation between countries. Regional international treaties serve as a basis for cooperation in marine environmental protection. The paper will focus on analyzing and assessing regional efforts in approving regional international treaties on marine environmental protection, with a focus on environmental protection cooperation mechanisms, especially in East Asia and South East Asia. These are selected areas due to their advanced marine environmental protection experience and socio-economic similarities.
Keywords: Marine environment, marine environmental pollution, regional cooperation.
References:
[1] ASEAN leaders statement on climate change to the 17th ses-sion oỷthe Con/erence ofthe Parties to the United Nationsỷrame¬ work cơnvention ôn clìmate change and the 7th session of the Con-/erence of parties serving as the meetỉng parties ót the Kyoto Pro-tocol. Bali, Indonesia, 18 November 2011. Truy cập ngày 22/3/2019 tại:http:// www.aseansec.org/documents/19th%20summit/ASEAN_Lead-ers%27_Statement_on_Climate_Change.pdf.[2] Bangkok Declaration on the ASEAN Environment. Bangkok, Thailand, 29 November 1984. Truy cập ngày 28/4/2019 tại:http://www.aseansec.org/6079.htm.[3] Globalism and regionalism in the protection of the marine environment, Truy cập ngày 28/4/2019 tại: https://text.123doc.org/document/740029-globalism-and-regionalism-in-the-protection-of-the-marine-environment.htm OSPAR Convention, https://www.ospar.org/convention.[4] K. Kheng-Lian, NA. Robison, Strengthening sustainable Development in Regional In-Governmental Covernance: Lessons from the “ASEAN Way”, Singapore Journal of International and Comparative Law, 2002. - 16.[5] Manila Declaration on the ASEAN Environment. Manila, Philippines, 30 April 1981, truy cập ngày 27/4/2019 tại:http://environment.asean.org/index.php?page=agreements:maniladeclaration.[6] Naoki Amako , Japan’s MPA Policies and arrangements pertaining to the work of NEAMPAN, truy cập ngày 27/4/2019 tại:http://www.neaspec.org/sites/default/files/Japan_MOE_amako.pdf. [7] New Delhi ASEAN - India Ministerial Statement on Biodi-versity. New Delhi, India, 7 September 2012. Truy cập ngày 23/3/2019 tại:http:// www.asean.org/images/2012/documents/New%20Delhi%20ASEA N%20India%20Ministerial%20Statement%20on%20Biodiver-sity%20Final.pdf.[8] JW. Davis, Global Aspectes of Marine Pollution Policy. The Need for a New International Convention (1990) 14 Marine Policy 191.
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"Current status of the metal pollution of the environment of Greece - a review." Issue 3 10, no. 3 (April 29, 2013): 366–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30955/gnj.000597.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT
Pollution from metals and metalloids of the environment of Greece seemed to attract many
researchers and elemental pollutants in air, soil and water have been determined and studied
systematically during the last decade. The most recent of these studies, concerning the last
five years (2003 to 2008), were reviewed and the major problems of the occurrence of heavy
metals in the country’s environment were pointed out.
Regarding the atmospheric environment, the chemical characterization of particulate matter of
the big Greek cities attracted the interest of many authors. Heavy metals and As represented
an important fraction of the particulate matter of the atmosphere of Greek cities, with
increased content in inhalable fraction.
In addition, many works studied the metal content of soil and plants of the Athenian forests,
among with agricultural soils from the countryside. Copper, Fe and Cd were identified as the
most accumulated metals that may pose a long-term threat to soil and aquatic environment.
Most of the reviewed articles concerned the aquatic environment. Rivers and coastal
environment of northern Greece presented increased levels of metals and arsenic, reflecting
the transboundary and local agricultural and industrial activities. Marine environment nearby
the big cities was found reasonably polluted.
Therefore the presented results reflected the human activities: urban areas were reasonably
found more polluted (however without severe exceedence of the regulated values), compared
with the less populated regions. On the contrary, drinking water of the urban populated areas,
due to proper treatment, conformed to the regulated values.
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Ayad, Mariam, Jingjing Li, Benjamin Holt, and Christine Lee. "Analysis and Classification of Stormwater and Wastewater Runoff From the Tijuana River Using Remote Sensing Imagery." Frontiers in Environmental Science 8 (December 3, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.599030.
Full textAbstract:
Urban runoff represents the primary cause of marine pollution in the Southern California coastal oceans. This study focuses on water quality issues originating from the Tijuana River watershed, which spans the southwest border of the United States and Mexico. Frequent discharge events into the coastal ocean at this boundary include stormwater and wastewater. This study focuses on differences in spectral features, as assessed by RapidEye, Sentinel-2 A/B, and Landsat-8 satellite data, along with physical and biological in situ data, to characterize and classify plumes into four key categories: stormwater, wastewater, open ocean/no plume, and mixed (when both types of plumes are present). Key spectral differences in the visible to NIR bands showed that stormwater had elevated reflectance (0.02 to 0.09), followed by mixed (0 to 0.08), wastewater (0 to 0.05), and open ocean/no plume (0 to 0.03) events. We also examined biophysical parameters and found that stormwater events had the highest values in remote sensing based estimates of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) (0.98 to 2.1 m–1) and turbidity (12.4 to 45.7 FNU) and also had a large range for in situ variables of enterococcus bacteria and flow rates. This study also finds that the use of spectral features in a hierarchical cluster analysis can correctly classify stormwater from wastewater plumes when there is a dominant type. These results of this study will enable improved determination of the transport of both types of plumes and transboundary monitoring of coastal water quality across the Southern California/Baja California region.