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Journal articles on the topic 'Transcontinental trade'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Khazanov, A. M. "THE GREAT SILK ROAD WHICH DID NOT EXIST." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 42, no. 1 (2022): 163–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.01.13.

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Interregional long-distance trade in silk certainly existed in ancient and medieval times, but the transcontinental and regular «Great Silk Road», whether overland or even maritime, is a myth, a phantom. Its existence is not confirmed either by written sources or by archaeological data. A concept of the Silk Road implies at least knowledge of macro-routes and their final destination, as well as transcontinental connectivity. The latter, if it existed in antiquity and medieval times at all, was much more occasional than regular and intentional. As a rule, such trade involved many middlemen. Th

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Lebedeva, Liudmila F. "Transcontinental Partnerships at the Crossroads: Factors, Risks, Consequences." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 10, no. 4 (2017): 54–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2017-10-4-54-69.

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Transcontinental partnerships – Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TATIP) – have been analyzed in view of the new challenges in polycentric world, US foreign economic policy changes, risks for the national economies of the block’s participants, as well as for the other countries. The TPP and the TATIP are in focus as the new stage of the world integration process. The TATIP can deepen the already substantial economic ties between the US and the European Union. But what will be included in the chapters of the agreement on financial services, agr

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SHCHODRA, Olga. "Slavs and Russia on Transcontinental Trade Routes in Early Middle Ages." Наукові зошити історичного факультету Львівського університету / Proceedings of History Faculty of Lviv University, no. 23 (June 8, 2022): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/fhi.2022.22-23.3590.

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As a result of the Arab conquests, there were significant changes in the geography of international trade routes. They shifted from the Mediterranean basin to the north and passed through the Slavic-populated regions of Central and Eastern Europe and Ruthenia. The new system of water and land routes connected the European Frankish West, the Slavic Baltic Pomerania, the Danube and the Ruthenian East of the continent. With the development of trade with the Arab East, the Way from the Vikings to the Greeks was formed and began to function, connecting the lands of the Baltic Wagri Slavs with Kyiv

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Shchodra, Olha. "THE SLAVIC AGE IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION: THE ECONOMIC RISE OF THE SLAV-INHABITED BALTIC SEACOAST IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES." Problems of slavonic studies, no. 68 (2019): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/sls.2019.68.3068.

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Abstract Background. The article attempts to explore the reasons of the economic rise in the Slav-inhabited Baltic Sea region, including the role of geographical factors; the impact of international trade on the economic development of the Slavic region; the role of the coastal Slavs in developing the Baltic trade routes as well as the network of river and land communications in Central and Eastern Europe. The paper mainly focuses on the participation of the Slavs in the formation of transcontinental trade routes and the development of trade between Europe and the Arab East. Purpose. To explor

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Fraga, Sean. "“An Outlet to the Western Sea”: Puget Sound, Terraqueous Mobility, and Northern Pacific Railroad’s Pursuit of Trade with Asia, 1864–1892." Western Historical Quarterly 51, no. 4 (2020): 439–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/whq/whaa114.

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Abstract The Northern Pacific Railroad saw Puget Sound harbors as environments uniquely suited to connect the North American interior with the Pacific Ocean and enable U.S. trade with East Asia. But in building the physical infrastructure to link transcontinental trains with transpacific ships, Northern Pacific significantly altered Commencement Bay’s shoreline and displaced Puyallups from their traditional territory. The articles uses a terraqueous perspective, emphasizing movement between terrestrial and aqueous environments, to demonstrate how U.S. pursuit of transpacific trade shaped the N

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Obolenskiy, V. "Globalization of Regionalism: Challenges and Risks for Russia." World Economy and International Relations, no. 9 (2015): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-9-5-13.

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TЕhe article deals with the intensive development of the process of regionalization of the world trade and analyzes grounds for this process. It traces the evolution of regional trade agreements which account for the constant growth of mutual deliveries. The author pays attention to the transformation of regionalism which acquires step by step transcontinental character. The article states that the regional integration apart from the positive influence on trade and investment flow also has negative effects, namely erosion of the regime of most-favored-nation treatment and threats of the beginn

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Obolenskiy, V. "Protectionism and Free Trade in Modern World." World Economy and International Relations, no. 12 (2013): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2013-12-14-23.

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In the second part of XX century the world saw a steady strengthening and consolidation of liberalization trend in trade policies of many nations. This helped to establish the GATT in 1947 and, later on as a result of Uruguay round of multilateral trade negotiations (1986-1994), the new international economic institution - the WTO. However, the pace and scale of multilateral liberalization do not satisfy the participants of international trade. This triggers a widespread drive for concluding bilateral, regional and then transcontinental agreements on economic cooperation. The article is devote

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Gorelik, B., and G. J. Schutte. "Dutch trade and patronage networks as facilitators of transcontinental mobility in early modern Russia and the VOC Cape." Historia 63, no. 1 (2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2309-8392/2021/v66n1a2.

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The Swellengrebels were the most important family at the Cape under Dutch East India Company (VOC) rule to become members of the Netherlands governing elite. Hendrik Swellengrebel was the colony's only locally-born governor, while his father and other members of the family at the Cape were born in Russia. Their migration between Europe, Africa and Asia reflected the development and functioning of the Dutch trade and patrimonial networks. Even on the periphery, at the Cape and among Dutch expatriates in Russia, those networks provided opportunities for overseas employment and upward social mobi

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Claussen, Kathleen. "The Next Generation of U.S.-Africa Trade Instruments." AJIL Unbound 111 (2017): 384–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2017.79.

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This essay examines the challenges and opportunities for regional trade lawmaking in the U.S.-Africa relationship. On the eve of the conclusion of an African continental free trade agreement, the U.S. trade law relationship with the continent remains focused on regional groups. Questions remain as to whether the existing trade law regime offers the flexibility necessary to accommodate alternative models to free trade agreements that may best serve the needs of African and U.S. constituencies. The essay proceeds in four parts. First, I sketch the current state of play in U.S.-Africa trade relat

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Vasconcelos, Sandra Guardini. "Robinson Crusoe in the South Atlantic." Aletria: Revista de Estudos de Literatura 31, no. 2 (2021): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35699/2317-2096.2021.26178.

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This article explores the Brazilian episode in Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe (1719). It argues that this episode not only plays a pivotal role in the novel’s plot, as it ends up in disaster and Crusoe’s shipwreck, but also has historical significance once it offers a glimpse of the transnational and transcontinental nature of the slave trade in the South Atlantic, involving Portugal, England and Brazil.

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Zhou, Haiyan, Shaobin Wei, Xun Xi, Haitao Zhou, and Hao Hu. "Spatiotemporal Pattern Evolution in Global Green Trade Networks: Implications for Health Economics." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2021 (December 18, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3159747.

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Big health industry is an industry that provides whole process and all factor products and services for human comprehensive physical and mental health. With the increasingly close relationship between health and environment, green products take into account the characteristics of environmental protection, resource intensification, safety, and health, so that the green product industry for the purpose of health and environmental protection has become an important branch of the big health industry. To give a clear portrayal of changes in the global green product trade system, this study derives

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Ikromov, Jovid. "Tajikistan’s Perspective on Eurasia." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 75, no. 1 (2019): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974928418821470.

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In this article, the place of Central Asia, particularly of Tajikistan, in the Eurasian continent has been examined. The slow and confident transfer of engine of the world economy from the West to the East and South increasing the role of the countries located between them. Located between Europe, Russia and South Asia, five Central Asian countries are interested in the development and participation in broader transcontinental trade and transit corridors connecting in all directions. Tajikistan has a unique opportunity to become a hub of trade and transit as it is located at the crossroads of

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Larin, Oleg N., and Amarsanaa Oyungarav. "Priorities for developing Mongolia’s cross-border transport and logistics infrastructure." Innotrans, no. 4 (2020): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/2311-164x-2020-4-3-7.

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The article examines the most important areas of development of the cross-border transport and logistics infrastructure of Mongolia, shows the prospects for integrating the national transport network into the system of land transcontinental transport corridors. Special attention is paid to the efficiency of border checkpoints. Implementation of project activities for further development of Mongolia’s cross-border transport and logistics infrastructure will increase the country’s economic, foreign trade and transit potential.

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Perskaya, Victoria V., Dmitry E. Morkovkin, Alexander L. Chupin, Tural N. Mamedov, and Alexandra D. Zvereva. "Transition to Polycentrism and the Transformation of Regional Trade Agreements." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 24, no. 1 (2024): 126–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2024-24-1-126-141.

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Regional trade agreements (RTAs) are important instruments of the world trade system, which have been increasingly developed in recent decades, since they complement the existing World Trade Organization (WTO) and WTO+ agreements and allow taking into account the specificities of regions. The principle of ensuring non-discriminatory trade is the main principle of multilateral trade of the WTO, or in other words, observes the rule of not favoring one trading partner over another. RTAs are, in fact, an exception to this approach, as it is the signatories that enjoy more favorable market access c

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SHCHODRA, Olga. "EUROPEAN TRADE WITH THE ARAB EAST IN THE 8–10 CENTURIES: ROLE OF THE SLAVS AND KYIV RUS." Вісник Львівського університету. Серія історична / Visnyk of the Lviv University. Historical Series, no. 54 (November 3, 2022): 13–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/his.2022.54.11600.

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The purpose of the study is to analyze written and archaeological sources on early medieval international trade and to clarify the role of the Slavs and Kyiv Rus in the development of European and transcontinental trade relations. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, interdisciplinarity as well as on general historical methods of historiographical and source analysis, historical-genetic and comparative methods. Scientific novelty. Based on sources and historiographical research, an attempt has been made to find out the role of the Slavs and Kyiv Rus in Europe’s e

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Chatterjee, Dr Sanchita. "Transit Rivalry Or Partnership? INSTC Vs. Middle Corridor In Central Asia." IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 29, no. 12 (2024): 21–27. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-2912042127.

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The Middle Corridor and the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) represent two significant transcontinental trade routes shaping Eurasian connectivity. Both corridors aim to diversify trade flows, reduce dependency on traditional maritime routes, and enhance economic integration. However, their overlapping geographic reach in Central Asia has raised questions about whether they are rivals competing for influence or potential partners fostering regional connectivity. This article examines the geopolitical, economic, and infrastructural dimensions of these corridors, analyzing th

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Mirzaraximova, Nargiza. "THE ROLE OF THE KHANATES OF CENTRAL ASIA IN THE FORMATION OF THE GREAT SILK ROAD." MODERN SCIENCE AND RESEARCH 2, no. 12 (2024): 629–37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10455789.

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<em>This study analyzes the political and economic functions of the medieval khanates in Central Asia and their contribution to the development of transcontinental trade networks known as the Silk Road. With stable governance and security provided by militarized khanates such as the Khwarezmians, Karakhanids and the Mongol Empire, land routes flourished connecting China, India, Persia and the Mediterranean world. Merchants used this stability to expand trade in luxury goods and necessities, including silk, spices, glassware, paper, and more. The khanates grew wealthy by serving as hubs where g

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Hamzin, I. R. "RUSSIAN-CHINESE MARITIME TRANSIT SYSTEM IN THE 1880s AND 1890s." Вестник Пермского университета. История, no. 2 (2022): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2022-2-154-165.

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Maritime trade was an important part of the Russian-Chinese trade in the second half of the 19th century. During this period, the Voluntary fleet began transporting cargo between Russian and Chinese ports and the maritime transit system was created. Using the system analysis, the article analyzes the structure of maritime trade and demonstrates the model of the sea transit system of Russian-Chinese trade in the 1880s and 1890s. The main structural elements of maritime trade were the direction in which goods were transited, the conditions for cargo transportation, the interaction of the Volunta

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Acree, William G. "The British Book Trade and Spanish American Independence: Education and Knowledge Transmission in Transcontinental Perspective." Hispanic American Historical Review 85, no. 4 (2005): 728–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-85-4-728.

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Chao, Eugene, and Jim Venturi. "Operational breakdown and performance measure of the transcontinental High-speed magleva." Transportation Systems and Technology 4, no. 4 (2018): 112–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst201844112-128.

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Background: Magnetic Levitation (Maglev) systems have a noticeable operating track record in about a dozen countries. Higher speed maglev technology has been built for many intercity and regional lines in China, Germany, Japan, South Korea, United States, Brazil, and other countries. Maglev developers claim that the transcontinental high speed system can outperform the existing HSR and air transport and can achieve higher speed, have lower energy consumption and life cycle costs, attract more passengers, and boost regional economy. The article presents a systematic breakdown of the proposed tr

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Modebadze, Valeri. "Geopolitical Function and Purpose of the Middle Corridor: Transcontinental Trade-economic Corridor Between Europe and Asia." Works of Georgian Technical University, no. 3(533) (September 26, 2024): 295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.36073/1512-0996-2024-3-295-307.

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Trade and commercial activities between Europe and Asia can be carried out through three main routes: The Northern Corridor, the Southern Corridor and the Middle Corridor. The Northern Corridor passes through Russian territory, while the Southern Corridor is a sea route that connects China to Europe. The Middle Corridor is a newer route that follows the old Silk Road and crosses the Central Asian Republics, the Caucasus and Turkey. The study aimed to analyze the geopolitical role of the Middle Corridor, particularly following the onset of the Ukraine war. Research findings indicated that the s

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Li, Yue, Chengrui Zhang, William Timothy Treal Taylor, et al. "Early evidence for mounted horseback riding in northwest China." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 47 (2020): 29569–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004360117.

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Horseback riding was a transformative force in the ancient world, prompting radical shifts in human mobility, warfare, trade, and interaction. In China, domestic horses laid the foundation for trade, communication, and state infrastructure along the ancient Silk Road, while also stimulating key military, social, and political changes in Chinese society. Nonetheless, the emergence and adoption of mounted horseback riding in China is still poorly understood, particularly due to a lack of direct archaeological data. Here we present a detailed osteological study of eight horse skeletons dated to c

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Taylor, Barry. "Review: The British Book Trade and Spanish American Independence: Education and Knowledge Transmission in Transcontinental Perspective." Library 7, no. 2 (2006): 211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/library/7.2.211.

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Ужкенов, Ернар. "МИР БЕЗ КОЧЕВНИКОВ: ПРОБЛЕМЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ИНДЕЙСКИХ КУЛЬТУР МЕЗОАМЕРИКИ". Батыс Қазақстан инновациялық-технологиялық университетінің Хабаршысы 32, № 4 (2024): 79–88. https://doi.org/10.62724/202440108.

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This article examines the history of Mesoamerica, focusing on specific aspects of indigenous societies. All these aspects are united by a common factor: the absence of nomadic groups, which significantly influenced the development of indigenous cultures. In turn, this highlights the role and importance of the nomadic element in fostering intercultural connections between various cultural centers, which eventually led to the creation of the unified transcontinental artery of the Old World—the Great Silk Road. Despite the remarkable achievements of Mesoamerican societies, these cultures were una

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Tennant, Paula, Sephra Rampersad, Angela Alleyne, et al. "Viral Threats to Fruit and Vegetable Crops in the Caribbean." Viruses 16, no. 4 (2024): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v16040603.

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Viruses pose major global challenges to crop production as infections reduce the yield and quality of harvested products, hinder germplasm exchange, increase financial inputs, and threaten food security. Small island or archipelago habitat conditions such as those in the Caribbean are particularly susceptible as the region is characterized by high rainfall and uniform, warm temperatures throughout the year. Moreover, Caribbean islands are continuously exposed to disease risks because of their location at the intersection of transcontinental trade between North and South America and their role

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Gwara, Joseph. "The British Book Trade and Spanish American Independence; Education and Knowledge Transmission in Transcontinental Perspective. Eugenia Roldán Vera." Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 99, no. 2 (2005): 342–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/pbsa.99.2.24295930.

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Shchodra, Olha. "The Empire of Rus’: prehistory and the beginnings of formation." Problems of slavonic studies 69 (2020): 64–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/sls.2020.69.3490.

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Background: The article attempts to study the processes of political consolidation of Slavic tribes in the IV–VIII centuries, to establish the main factors that influenced the formation of the early Slavic states; trace the prehistory of Rus’ and determine the beginnings of the Rus’ empire. Purpose: To identify a set of medieval sources for studying the history of the early Slavic states, to analyze the information of medieval writers about the Slavs and Rus’ people, their early state formations and titles of rulers to help establish the nature and degree of state-building processes. Analysis

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Boschken, Herman L. "Global Shift in Container Traffic and its Implications for Economic Development Along the American Land Bridge." Public Works Management & Policy 2, no. 4 (1998): 368–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087724x9800200409.

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Since the “container revolution” in the 1970s, seaports on the Pacific Coast have been the engines of economic development, regionally and nationally. But circumstances continue to change that threaten the long-term viability of the intermodal land bridge system that emerged from that revolution. These circumstances include railroads not maintaining rail lines critical to transcontinental container traffic and the shift in the locus of global production that raises the question of obsolescence for the existing infrastructure moving trade West to East from the Pacific Rim. The implications are

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Kumukov, Albert M., and Sergey G. Luzyanin. "China’s Foreign-Policy Strategy in the South Caucasus ― a Transit Window to Europe?" Russia in Global Affairs 22, no. 1 (2024): 176–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31278/1810-6374-2024-22-1-176-193.

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The article discusses the significance of the South Caucasus for China’s foreign economic strategy in terms of transcontinental communications and analyzes the role of the China factor in this region in the post-Soviet period. The authors examine China’s bilateral cooperation in implementing trade, economic, investment, and humanitarian projects with three South Caucasian countries: Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia. One of the key projects is the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route (TITR) which is to become part of the Great Silk Road currently under construction as part of the global

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Galindo Domínguez, José Antonio. "Latin American Neoliberalism, a Transnational Class Project?" Latin Americanist 68, no. 2 (2024): 219–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tla.2024.a929906.

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Abstract: This article contributes to recent research efforts in understanding Latin America’s neoliberal experience. While the phenomenon’s origins have often been associated with North Atlantic experiences, this study aims to explore its emergence in the region’s historical, ideological, and political contexts. By focusing on the Inter-American Council for Trade and Production (Consejo Interamericano de Comercio y Producción), a trans-national private organization active during the second half of the 20th century, the text delves into the formation of a distinctly Latin American neoliberal i

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Fazli, Aziz Ahmad. "India, Middle East and Europe Economic Corridor; Opportunities and Challenges." Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities 4, no. 6 (2024): 168–75. https://doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.4.6.15.

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This study focuses on the India, Middle East and Europe Economic Corridor (I-ME-EEC), a major infrastructure project unveiled during the G20 meeting in India. The project is an important attempt to improve connectivity between South Asia, the Middle East and Europe, with the aim of changing regional dynamics through increased energy production, trade and cooperation frameworks. The I-ME-EEC represents strategic economic and geopolitical goals by presenting itself as a possible alternative to China's grandiose Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The study examines in depth the economic, political,

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Seleznev, Yurij V. "The Discourse of “Globalization” in Relation to the History of the Mongol Empire and the Golden Horde." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 14, no. 2 (2022): 211–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.204.

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In the first quarter of the 21st century, the verbal model of the Mongolian Empire as a “globalizing power” firmly entered scholarly discourse. Modern processes of globalization are compelling the study of similar manifestations in the past. The systematic method of historical modeling allows you to create a verbal model describing globalization, for example, in the 13th century. Thus, to introduce the concept of “globalization” in relation to the history of the Mongol Empire, the provision on the worldwide nature of the political, economic and ideological structures of the Genghisid state is

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Valeri, Modebadze. "INDIA'S GEOPOLITICAL AND GEOECONOMIC MOTIVES FOR REVIVING THE SPICE ROUTE." ISRG Journal of Arts Humanities & Social Sciences (ISRGJAHSS) III, no. III (2025): 178–83. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15479751.

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<em>The aim of this research is to describe and analyze India’s geopolitical and geoeconomic motives for reviving the historic spice route.  This study focuses on a detailed examination of India’s ambitions regarding this transcontinental trade route, especially as the country’s economic potential continues to grow and its global influence expands.  India is actively seeking to assert a more prominent role in international politics.</em> <em>To achieve the aforementioned objective, an interdisciplinary research method was employed to thoroughly analyze India’s

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Arman A., Kudabay, Mukanova Gulnar K., and Yanchuk Vladimir A. "THE SILK ROAD AND BUSINESS COMMUNICATIONS IN THE ANCIENT EAST." Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Istorie 26, no. 2 (2021): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.52846/aucsi.2021.2.01.

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In the modern world, which is striving for globalization and an increase in the number of means of communication, many researchers return to the history of the Great Silk Road as a means of transcontinental communication of peoples, countries, and economies. Since the end of the XX and at the beginning of the XXI century, new projects have been developed to "restoration" this path with the help of modern means and methods, in the context of understanding the new international economy. The relevance of the research is due to the need to turn to the beginning of the formation of this path, to it

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Rohdewald, Stefan. "Polen-Litauen und Siebenbürgen als Teil transosmanischer Verflechtungen: Zum DFG Schwerpunktprogramm 1981 Transottomanica." Zeitschrift für Slawistik 64, no. 4 (2019): 602–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2019-0034.

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Summary To date, social and (trans)cultural ties between Russia, Poland-Lithuania, the Ottoman Empire and Persia from the early modern period to the beginning of the twentieth century have not been the subject of systematic historical study. The historical societies of the above-mentioned regions developed relationships that evolved and interconnected over centuries. The program has a focus on “Transottoman” ties and communication practices which emerged as a consequence of mobility between these dominions and which have not previously become visible in studies of individual regions or bilater

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Akishova, Shaxnoza. "Uzbekistan: The Emerging Hub for Foreign Investment in Central Asia." Innovative Technologica: Methodical Research Journal 4, no. 1 (2025): 7. https://doi.org/10.47134/innovative.v4i1.134.

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Situated in the core of Central Asia, Uzbekistan has become an energetic center for foreign investment, propelled by extensive economic reforms, open market policies, and improved regional links. Since 2016, the government has taken significant steps to liberalize its economy, which include freeing currency controls, privatizing state enterprises, and establishing special economic zones aimed at attracting international investors. With a population exceeding 36 million, a youthful and expanding labor force, along with a wealth of natural resources, Uzbekistan presents considerable prospects in

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Aiman, Azmukhanova, and Mirzahan Egamberdiyev. "Historical aspect of Turkey’s multi-vector regional policy (Central Asia)." Turkic Studies Journal 6, no. 3 (2024): 14–30. https://doi.org/10.32523/2664-5157-2024-3-14-30.

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Turkey is seeking to enhance its influence within the Turkic world, which Russia views as a zone of its interests and China is rapidly entering it. This move by Turkey gives rise to concerns on the part of Russia and China. However, contradictory interests and geopolitical developments in the region render Turkey more prominent on the global stage. In particular, the geopolitical struggle for spheres of influence between the United States, Russia and China has created opportunities for Turkey, which enhances its stature on the international stage. As a full member of the Organization of Turkic

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Anh, Nguyen Thi Kim, Nguyen Hoang Thai Hy, and Nguyen Xuan My Hien. "Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism: from a green vision to fading alignment with the WTO and EVFTA: bridging divergences between the EU and developing countries." TalTech Journal of European Studies 15, no. 2 (2025): 174–92. https://doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2025-0027.

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Abstract The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) of the European Union (EU) is considered one of the pivotal pillars of the European Green Deal, with the aim of reducing carbon leakage and promoting sustainable development. However, the CBAM, with other unilateral initiatives under the EGD framework, including ‘Renewables Energy Directive Recast’ to 2023 (RED II) and ‘European Regulation on deforestation-free products’, received various negative reactions from EU partners globally, particularly in Southeast Asia. Indonesia and Malaysia, two significant exporters of palm oil to the EU, ha

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Beck, Lauren. "Beads and Ceremony: The Collision of Pan-American, European, African, and Asian Bead Networks in the Sixteenth-Century Spanish Empire." Religions 14, no. 10 (2023): 1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel14101335.

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A powerful bead network that wove together a transcontinental tapestry of cultures predated the Spanish invasion of the Americas. Beads created in the northeastern Atlantic world found themselves in Aztec and Incan territories, as did beads made from rocks found in the Pacific Northwest, all of which had been borne along trade networks that have existed for ages. Sixteenth-century illustrations found in the Mexican codices demonstrate the traditional manufacture of beads, which were used for a range of quotidian and ceremonial purposes. Since medieval times, Spaniards employed beads, called re

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Ismayilova, Vafa Zakir. "THE STRUGGLE FOR INFLUENCE IN THE SOUTH CAUCASUS AFTER THE SECOND KARABAKH WAR: AN ANALYSIS OF THE U.S. STRATEGY AGAINST THE GROWING INFLUENCE OF CHINA AND IRAN." Baltic Journal of Legal and Social Sciences, no. 2 (June 11, 2025): 173–80. https://doi.org/10.30525/2592-8813-2025-2-21.

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The Second Karabakh War in 2020 significantly reshaped the geopolitical landscape of the South Caucasus, triggering a shift in the balance of power and creating new dynamics among regional and global actors. This article examines the evolving influence of major powers in the post-war period, with a particular focus on the United States’ strategic response to the growing presence of China and Iran. The South Caucasus, serving as a critical bridge between Europe and Asia, has become a focal point of geopolitical competition due to its strategic location, energy resources, and key transit routes,

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Liu, Gengyuan, Asim Nawab, Fanxin Meng, et al. "Understanding the Sustainability of the Energy–Water–Land Flow Nexus in Transnational Trade of the Belt and Road Countries." Energies 14, no. 19 (2021): 6311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196311.

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Increasing economic and population growth has put immense pressure on energy, water and land resources to satisfy national and supra-national demand. Through trade, a large proportion of such a demand is fulfilled. With trade as one of its key priorities, the China Belt and Road Initiative is a long-term transcontinental investment program. The initiative gained significant attention due to greater opportunities for economic development, large population and different levels of resource availability. The nexus approach has appeared as a new viewpoint in discussions on balancing the competing s

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Kela, Edi, and Burim Memeti. "GLOBALIZATION AS A NEW ACCULTURATION." Knowledge International Journal 31, no. 1 (2019): 363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij3101363k.

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Throughout history, communication has taken place through various communication channels and processes, such as trade, traffic, people’s migration, folklore, and often through military conflicts. They led to numerous fundamental acculturation changes. Every kind of communication and exchange involved the transmission of information and the diffusion of cultural elements, such as ideas and ideology, inventions and innovations. Primary, and at the same time, the best mediator for communication is the language. The language, with all the found ways of fixing in tangible symbols, falls into the pr

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Campbell, Claire. "On Fertile Ground: Locating Historic Sites in the Landscapes of Fundy and the Foothills." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 17, no. 1 (2007): 235–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/016109ar.

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Abstract Since the 1972 National Museums Policy announced its goals of “democratization and decentralization,” national historic sites have been marked by a trend toward regionalization. While scholars have focused on the nationalizing impetus of twentieth-century historiography before 1970, subsequently there have been consistent efforts to incorporate local environmental and cultural diversity into the “family” of national sites. This paper demonstrates this system-wide trend by comparing historic sites in the Bay of Fundy and the Alberta foothills. In both places, designation has evolved fr

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Pei, Zhangshuai, and Wenjia Zhang. "Navigating the Avenues of Economic Prosperity in Eurasia: The Madrid-Yiwu Train and the Pivotal Role of the Belt and Road Initiative." Science Innovation 12, no. 6 (2024): 113–18. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.si.20241206.15.

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The Belt and Road Initiative is of strategic importance to the economic development of Eurasia, which can effectively promote further cooperation among the participants and break down unnecessary barriers to trade and exchange. The year 2024 commemorates the milestone 10th anniversary of the inaugural journey of the Madrid-Yiwu Train, which stands as a pivotal element within the Belt and Road Initiative. This transcontinental railway holds immense importance for fostering economic prosperity and societal advancement in the nations traversed by its route. As a developing and emerging regional e

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Francaviglia, Richard V., and Jimmy L. Bryan. ""Are We Chimerical in this Opinion?" Visions of a Pacific Railroad and Westward Expansion before 1845." Pacific Historical Review 71, no. 2 (2002): 179–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2002.71.2.179.

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Although he deserves credit for promoting a transcontinental railroad as early as 1845, Asa Whitney may better represent the culmination of a discourse that had begun over twenty years earlier. Visions of a Pacific railroad originated in the 1820s and evolved into a widely debated issue by the 1830s. From the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, early promoters not only envisioned railroads to Oregon but also into the Mexican provinces of California and Sonora——suggesting that such visions represented an important element of U.S. expansionism. Relying on romantically charged language, advocates

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Vinokurov, Evgeny Y., Arman Ahunbaev, and Alexander I. Zaboev. "International North–South Transport Corridor: Boosting Russia's "pivot to the South" and Trans-Eurasian connectivity." Russian Journal of Economics 8, no. (2) (2022): 159–73. https://doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.8.86617.

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The Russian economy will have to adjust its logistics to face the new reality. The operationalization of the multimodal International North–South Transport Corridor (INSTC) is an important strategic part of it. This "pivot to the South" by Russia and other Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) countries is of particular significance in light of the required reconfiguration of supply chains in Eurasia. Russian exporters, importers and freight forwarding companies' needs in alternative logistical opportunities have increased dramatically. The INSTC development would promote Eurasian intra- and transco

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Spartak, Andrey N. "Metamorphosis of Regionalization: from Regional Trade Agreements to Megaregional Projects." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 10, no. 4 (2017): 13–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2017-10-4-13-37.

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The article reviews history and contemporary state of such an economic and trade policy phenomenon as regionalism. Three consecutive stages of regionalization are identified. First stage – prehistory of regionalism – lasted from the middle of the XIX century till 1940-s and was characterized by the formation of bilateral customs unions in Europe with strong political motivation. Second stage – classic regionalism – covers the second part of the XX century and is mostly determined by integration processes in the European region, creation of the EEC and then the EU, organization of a big number

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Johnson, Nicholas, Mar Fernández de Marco, Armando Giovannini, et al. "Emerging Mosquito-Borne Threats and the Response from European and Eastern Mediterranean Countries." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12 (2018): 2775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122775.

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Mosquito-borne viruses are the cause of some of the greatest burdens to human health worldwide, particularly in tropical regions where both human populations and mosquito numbers are abundant. Due to a combination of anthropogenic change, including the effects on global climate and wildlife migration there is strong evidence that temperate regions are undergoing repeated introduction of mosquito-borne viruses and the re-emergence of viruses that previously were not detected by surveillance. In Europe, the repeated introductions of West Nile and Usutu viruses have been associated with bird migr

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Safranchuk, I., and R. Makhmudov. "Connectivity and International Relations in Eurasia: Problems and Perspectives." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 10 (2021): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-10-24-32.

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The article analyses Eurasian international transport corridors from three perspectives: historical patterns and contemporary geopolitical struggle in Eurasia, post-Soviet political transformations and Eurasian integration. On the one hand, the development of transport infrastructure contributes to the power of Russia as the main continental power. On the other hand, it provides access for players from outside of Eurasia and helps peoples and nations of Eurasia to engage in the world system, thus disrupting the continental power’s monopoly on the region’s resources. After the dissolution of th

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Fatima, Shan-E., and Monika Tripathi. "ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE - BASED MULTIOPATH TRANSMISSION MODEL FOR WSN ENERGY EFFICIENCY." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 08 (2022): 194–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/15167.

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This paper presents a network-coding-based transmission strategy called alternative multipath to boost the transmission reliability and energy efficiency of wireless sensor networks (AMNC). Encoded data packets are transmitted to the sink through alternative multipath from the cluster head. MATLAB 7.0 simulates WSNs energy utilization and reliability. Simulation findings show AMNC outperforms parallel multipath based on network coding. The two techniques show this. A well-defined discussion of the research subject, specific technologies, strengths and weaknesses, scopes, and problem formulatio

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