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1

Polifroni, Mark. "The development and testing of a multi-component emotion induction method." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1141669741.

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2

Berger, Ian P. "Autopriming : the presentation of a potentially unique cognitive transference phenomenon /." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1089816921.

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3

Hamilton, James William. "Effect of therapist countertransference on formulation of client transference /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9953861.

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4

Chien, Sharon. "Understanding Anger through the Framework of Experiential Avoidance." Thesis, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3643923.

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This study examined the application of experiential avoidance to understanding anger, a universal emotion that is not presently well-understood despite its pervasiveness in both clinical symptomatology and general experience. Theories including the anger avoidance model (Gardner & Moore, 2008) and the cognitive-neoassociationistic perspective (Berkowitz, 1983) proposed that anger is related to avoidant behaviors and lack of control. Experiential avoidance (EA), a concept introduced in Relational Frame Theory (Hayes, 2004b), describes the avoidance of unpleasant thoughts and negative emotional experiences. Historically, EA has primarily been used to examine anxiety, but may also present a valuable theoretical approach to other emotional experiences, including anger.

To clarify the link between experiential avoidance and anger, correlations between subjects' scores on subtypes of anger and levels of experiential avoidance were examined. A non-clinical sample of 215 graduate students completed the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2) and the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II). Scores were analyzed for correlations between levels of experiential avoidance and types of anger experiences. Results suggest that experiential avoidance is related to higher levels of trait anger, increased inward expressions of anger, and decreased control over anger experiences. Implications for research, theory, and clinical approaches to anger and aggression are discussed.

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5

Chittock, Rae. "Through the transference keyhole and into Jung's world crystals and compost : Jung's alchemical transference /." View thesis, 2008. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/41411.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Sydney, 2008.
A thesis presented to the University of Western Sydney, College of Arts, School of Psychology, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Includes bibliographies.
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6

Hicks, Joshua A. King Laura A. "The effects of approach-avoidance behaviors on goal appraisals." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6138.

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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 15, 2010) The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Dissertation advisor: Dr. Laura King Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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7

Graves, Mark. "Avoidance Behavior in the Elderly Driver." TopSCHOLAR®, 1996. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/873.

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Do older drivers modify their driving habits in response to functional impairment? Older drivers who avoid challenging driving situations were compared with non-avoiders, to determine whether functional limitations were related to avoidance and whether avoidance is related to reducing crash risk. Results showed that, on the average, older drivers reported avoiding driving at night, on high traffic roads, on high speed roads, and in rush hour traffic while not avoiding left turns, driving in the rain, and driving alone. Subjects were placed into groups based on their cognitive and visual abilities. It was found that older drivers with an impaired UFOV and either 0, 1-2, or 3-4 vision problems reported avoiding significantly more than those with unimpaired cognition and vision. The number of at-fault crashes incurred in the 5 years prior to 1990 was positively related to driving avoidance (those who reported avoidance had a history of more crashes than those who did not report avoidance). However, the number of crashes incurred in the 3 years subsequent to 1990 was negatively related to avoidance (those who reported avoidance in 1990 had fewer crashes in future years than those who did not report avoidance). These results imply that older drivers modify their driving in response to crash involvement and/or functional limitations and that this "self-regulation" may reduce future crash risk.
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8

Smith, Jeannette M. "Depressive Rumination as Experiential Avoidance." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2008. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/2260.

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Psychology
Ph.D.
This study examined an experiential avoidance conceptualization of depressive rumination in 3 ways: 1) associations among questionnaire measures of rumination, experiential avoidance, and fear of emotions; 2) performance on a dichotic listening task that highlights preferences for non-depressive material; and 3) psychophysiological reactivity in an avoidance paradigm modeled after the one used by Borkovec, Lyonfields, Wiser, & Deihl (1993) in their examination of worry. One hundred and thirty eight high (HR) or low (LR) ruminating Temple University undergraduates completed questionnaire measures and participated in a clinical interview to diagnose current and past episodes of depression. Of those, 100 were assigned to the rumination or relaxation induction condition and participated in a dichotic listening task, rumination/relaxation induction, and depression induction, while heart rate and vagal tone were monitored. Questionnaire measures confirmed a relationship between rumination status and avoidance; however, no significant effects were found in the dichotic listening task. Psychophysiological measures indicate that HR individuals show less of an inter-beat interval (IBI) response to a depression induction than LR individuals, regardless of condition assignment. Further, rumination induction, regardless of underlying propensity of rumination, appears to inhibit heart rate variability (HRV) response to a depression induction. Overall, these results support an avoidance conceptualization of depressive rumination. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Temple University--Theses
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9

Anderson, Nicholas L. "Avoidance and intolerance of uncertainty| Precipitants of rumination and depression." Thesis, Kent State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3618936.

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The primary goal of the present study was to examine whether avoidance and intolerance of uncertainty predict depression and anxiety through rumination over a two week time period. Results indicated that cognitive, behavioral, and experiential avoidance all individually predicted depressive and anxious symptoms over two weeks. Cognitive, behavioral, and experiential avoidance all predicted rumination one week later. Intolerance of uncertainty predicted higher levels of anxiety and depression but not rumination. No evidence emerged that rumination acted as a mechanism of action between any of the hypothesized mediational models for depressive symptoms. Only the cognitive and experiential avoidance mediational models indicated mediation for anxiety.

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10

Cox, Christie M. "Approach and Avoidance Motivations: Implications for Organizational Justice." Akron, OH : University of Akron, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=akron1239567858.

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Dissertation (Ph. D.)--University of Akron, Dept. of Psychology-Industrial/Organizational Psychology, 2009.
"May, 2009." Title from electronic dissertation title page (viewed 12/2/2009) Advisor, Aaron M. Schmidt; Committee members, Rosalie J. Hall, Paul E. Levy, Yang Lin, Robert G. Lord; Department Chair, Paul E. Levy; Dean of the College, Chand Midha; Dean of the Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.
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11

Galuska, Chad M. "Limits of sensitivity to delayed timeout from avoidance." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1717.

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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2000.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 34 p. : ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 100-102).
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12

Hamamura, Takeshi. "Approach-avoidance motivation across cultures." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1012.

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People everywhere strive for an ideal view of the self, but the conception of “ideal” differs importantly across cultures. In Western societies, the ideal self entails the possession of high self-esteem, whereas in East Asian cultures the ideal self entails maintenance of “face,” or successful performance of social roles and obligations. Within each cultural context, aspirations for an ideal self are facilitated by a network of psychological processes. One such psychological process is approach and avoidance motivations: approach motivation is useful for Westerners’ pursuit of high self-esteem whereas avoidance motivation is useful for East Asians’ concerns for face maintenance. Review of prior research renders support to this theorizing. Because approach and avoidance motivations are fundamental psychological processes, cross-cultural research on this topic is a great venue for investigating the ways in which culture shapes psychological processes. This dissertation examines the implication of cultural differences in approach and avoidance motivations in two domains. Studies 1 and 2 investigated the motivational consequences of a fit between culturally encouraged motivation and focus of self-regulation that a task at hand calls for. In comparisons of Canadians and Japanese, these studies found that individuals’ motivation for a task is enhanced when culturally encouraged motivation matched with focus of self-regulation required for the task. The second set of studies (Study 3 and 4) examined cognitive consequences of approach-avoidance motivation cultural difference. These studies found that a type of information that people are attuned to differs as a function of cultural differences in approach-avoidance motivations. Implications of the findings and future directions are discussed.
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13

Strachman, Amy. "Approach and avoidance relationship commitment." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1383475621&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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14

Spilly, Stacey A. "Swimming upstream : navigating the complexities of erotic transference : a project based upon an independent investigation /." View online, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10090/5928.

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15

Tellides, Catherine. "The manifestation of transference in the formation of the therapeutic relationship /." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102828.

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Across a number of theoretical orientations, the manifestation and working through of clients' central relationship patterns is considered to be an important aspect of psychotherapy process. The Core Conflictual Relationship Theme (CCRT) method was developed as an operationalization of transference, or the transfer of an individual's core relational schemas across relationships. Studies of therapeutic transference using pathological client samples have shown that there is some overlap between clients' relationship patterns with others and those that emerge with the therapist. The main objectives of the present research was to extend the study of therapeutic transference to therapies with high-functioning clients and to improve the methodology used in transference research by exploring an alternate method of collecting client narratives about their relationship with the therapist.
The first study explored the manifestation of transference with high-functioning clients in early sessions. Factor analyses of Wish (W), Response of Other (RO) and Response of Self (RS) components of the CCRT were conducted to examine the relationship between client relational themes with significant others and client relational themes with the therapist. Findings within the Wish (W) and Response of Other (RO) components indicated a complementary pattern of relating in which the therapist was idealized and others were devalued, and findings within the RS component indicated a concordant relational transfer, in which clients had a negative response to both the therapist and others. Additionally, control issues emerged in the W component for significant others and in the RS component for the therapist.
The second study addressed methodological limitations found in previous studies by drawing therapist narratives from a Participant Critical Event (PCE) interview rather than from psychotherapy sessions. In the PCE interview, client narratives about the therapist are not constrained by the presence of the therapist, resulting in a greater availability of potentially more candid descriptions of the therapeutic relationship. Factor analyses for the W and RO components indicated a complementary pattern of relating, in which the therapist was devalued and others were idealized, and findings for the RS component indicate a concordant relational transfer, in which clients felt bad with both the therapist and others. Additionally, the factor structure of the W and RO components suggests that as clients experience control issues with significant others, they wish to adopt a submissive stance toward the therapist.
Although both studies yielded a similar overall pattern of complementary and concordant transference, there was an inversion in the valence of the complementary transference; in the first study, therapists were idealized and significant others were devalued while in the second study, therapists were devalued and others were idealized. Since the source of therapist narratives was the single greatest methodological difference between the two studies, the inversion in the findings could reasonably be attributed to the source of therapist narratives. Taken together, the results of these two studies suggest that the source of relational narratives is an important consideration in the study of relationship patterns. Clinical and research implications are discussed.
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16

Fawzy, Tamer I. "The Relationship between Cognitive Avoidance and Attentional Bias for Snake-Related Thoughts." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2004. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/FawzyTI2004.pdf.

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17

Klein, Rupert G. "Cognitive avoidance of health threats." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102518.

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Previous researchers have suggested that cognitive avoidance occurs for stimuli describing social threats but not for stimuli describing physical threats. The present research examined whether individuals can cognitively avoid physically threatening stimuli, such as the words 'HIV' or 'cancer'. Three studies investigated (a) personality characteristics that predict cognitive avoidance of physically threatening stimuli, (b) whether the stimuli have to be relevant to the avoider and (c) circumstances that may disrupt the avoidance mechanism.
Study 1 was an exploratory study examining the personality characteristics that predict avoidance of thoughts concerning physical threats, specifically, sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The study found that lower sexual self-efficacy and less assertiveness predicted greater self-reported avoidance of thoughts concerning STIs. The more participants tended to avoid thoughts concerning STIs the less likely they were to discuss safer sex practices with their partner and the less consistent they were in their condom use. The findings suggest that individuals can avoid thoughts of physical threats (i.e., STIs) and that this avoidance can have consequences such as engaging in riskier sexual behaviours (i.e., not consistently using condoms).
In study 2, participants were presented threatening words on a computerized task (the emotional Stroop task) to assess if they would automatically attend to or avoid physically threatening words. Dispositionally avoidant participants (participants low in anxiety and high in repressive defensiveness) avoided physically threatening words but only if they were perceived to be self-relevant, otherwise the avoidance mechanism was not elicited.
Study 3 examined if the avoidance of physical threats may be disrupted when there is a temporary reduction in dopamine, such as when cigarette smokers abstain from smoking. Results showed that non-abstaining smokers with an avoidant disposition superficially processed (avoided) threatening words related to smoking on an emotional Stroop task. Abstainers however did not demonstrate this superficial processing suggesting that the avoidance mechanism was disrupted.
The three studies demonstrate that individuals avoid physical threats if they perceive them to be self-relevant and that this avoidance mechanism can be disrupted by a temporary reduction in dopamine.
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18

Spranger, Sonja C. "Avoidance in a schema-focused model of bulimic psychopathology." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299408.

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19

Friedman, Graeme Ross. "Counter-transference phenomena in the white clinician : a hermeneutic investigation of cross-racial psychotherapy in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17017.

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Bibliography: pages 146-155.
This is a psychodynamic study of the white clinician's countertransference in cross-racial psychotherapy. Available evidence indicates that racial conflicts, despite their salience in South Africa, are rarely addressed in psychotherapy practice, training or research. The research that has been conducted is reviewed and the limitations of the natural scientific paradigm are discussed. Hermeneutics - the art of interpretation - is presented as a more appropriate methodology for the study of human beings. The researcher conducted one unstructured interview with each of seven 'liberal', white therapists (six clinical psychologist, three of each sex, and one female psychiatric social worker) regarding their experience of cross-racial psychotherapy. The interview protocols are reflected upon and the common themes explicated and described. Three primary themes emerge, regarding, amongst other phenomena, the participants' feelings of 'white guilt' and their inhibition of the expression of 'black anger', feelings of helplessness and sexual conflicts. General defensive approaches adopted by the clinicians include the use of their professional role and of patient characteristics, the adoption of directive approaches and the practice of overcompensation. Defence mechanisms employed include those of intellectualisation, displacement, denial, rationalisation and projection. The need to make reparation is pervasive. A Kleinian analysis of 'white guilt' is presented and the researcher's role as interviewer is reflected upon. Implications of the results for practice, training and research are discussed. Amongst these are the need for formal training and self-reflection, suggestions with regard to attuning oneself to countertransference and with regard to the handling of cross-racial therapy, the presentation of research possibilities and a discussion regarding the clinician's political role. It is concluded that, in many cases, cross-racial psychotherapy can be effective and that the chances of its success are enhanced by the tackling of counter-transference and other racial barriers.
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20

McMahon, Mary Newman. "A study of selfobject functions among heterosexual couples." Click here for text online. The Institute of Clinical Social Work Dissertations website, 1991. http://www.icsw.edu/_dissertations/mcmahon_1991.pdf.

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Dissertation (Ph.D.) -- The Institute for Clinical Social Work, 1991.
A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the Institute of Clinical Social Work in partial fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
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21

Newell, Robert. "Facial disfigurement and avoidance : a cognitive behavioural approach." Thesis, University of Hull, 1998. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:3764.

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22

Narhi-Martinez, William. "Feature avoidance: An effect of probabilistic attentional guidance on feature reporting." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1595623613588543.

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23

Hammill, Amanda C. "Approach/avoidance motivation extensions of the congruency effect /." Cleveland, Ohio : Cleveland State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1216741968.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Cleveland State University, 2008.
Abstract. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Nov. 6, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-64) and appendices. Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center. Also available in print.
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24

Fernando, Anushka. "The neural mechanisms of relief : the role of safety signals in avoidance learning." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648316.

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25

Addison, Ann. "A study of transference phenomena in the light of Jung's psychoid concept." Thesis, University of Essex, 2016. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/16953/.

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This research constitutes an investigation of unconscious interaction between patient and analyst in situations where psyche and soma are in relation. The literature is extensive, but not coherent, and there exists a need for an overall mapping of the field. The project aims to establish a conceptual topography, grounded in Jung’s psychoid concept, since this applies to a deeply unconscious realm that is neither physiological nor psychological but that partakes of both. A methodology based on the conceptual research of Dreher (2000) is employed, including: a historical study tracing the evolution of Jung’s ideas, from their biological origins in the work of Driesch (1903) and Bleuler (1929), through Jung’s own self-investigation in his Red Book work, to his subsequent theoretical conceptualisations, to establish a public definition for the psychoid concept; and an empirical study, based on expert interviews, to interrogate this definition. The empirical study employs a methodological instrument, developed for this research, for identifying clinicians’ private theories relating to psycho-physical experience. Such instrument comprises the process notes for a single session, in which the psychic fact and the physical fact are combined, and a set of discussion vertices, derived from Sandler (1983), Canestri (2006) and Tuckett (2008), for guiding the interview. The empirical data, constituting the transcripts of the interviews, not the process notes, is analysed using grounded theory. Comparisons from psychoanalysis are employed at all stages of both studies. The results demonstrate that the psychoid concept is valid and clinically useful. The empirical study establishes that clinicians support contrasting views of the transference, namely a symmetrical and mutual transference and an asymmetrical and hierarchical transference, the former being consistent with Jung’s psychoid concept. Unexpectedly, not only Jungians but also some psychoanalysts conceptualised a symmetrical transference, albeit employing different terminology. This adds Popperian weight to the research results.
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Howard, Ann Marie. "High School Students' Perceptions of Safety Concerns Predicts School Avoidance." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6793.

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School violence is a growing concern and an impending danger for American youth. Students' perceptions of violent school incidents may lead to fear and this fear may lead to school avoidance. Although researchers have found that teenage pregnancy and working to support family are two of the main reasons that students stay home from school, there has been no research conducted on whether students' perceptions of safety concerns, solely focusing on the presence of guns, gangs, student bullying, and fear of victimization, predict their decision to stay home from school. Therefore, based on social disorganization and resilience theories, the purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the role of high school students' perceptions of safety concerns in school on avoidance behavior, specifically, their decision to stay home from school due to thinking they may be attacked or harmed in a school building, on school property, on a school bus, or going to and from school. Archival data from a sample of 4,767 American youth, 12–18 years of age, who participated in the 2015 School Crime Supplement Survey were analyzed using logistic regression. Findings revealed that students' perception of gangs, student bullying, and fear of victimization led to school avoidance. This study has important implications for positive social change: The findings can be used by government entities, communities, schools, administrators, students, and parents to inform efforts designed to maintain a safe school environment.
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27

Favorite, Lisa Laurene. "Psychotherapists with psychiatric challenges an exploratory study of their transference, supports, and their professional identity development : a project based upon an independent investigation /." Click here for text online. Smith College School for Social Work website, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10090/1033.

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Thesis (M.S.W.)--Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, Mass., 2007
Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Social Work. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-80).
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Burris, Elizabeth D. "Emotions in the classroom /." View online, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10090/5871.

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Galal, K. M. "Morphological and behavioural studies of passive avoidance learning in the chick." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374848.

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30

Carhart, Victoria L. "The Relationships between Acceptance, Avoidance, and Immunity in Medical Rehabilitation." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1434906069.

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31

Auger, Frederick V. "Neurobiological dimensions of transference/countertransference interpreted through the lens of analytical psychology and modern physics." Thesis, Saybrook University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10254870.

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This theoretical dissertation utilizes alchemical hermeneutic methodology to identify, compare, and critique core assumptions in modern physics and the Freudian, Jungian, and neuroscience paradigms. Common ideas and parallels in modern physics and analytical psychology are outlined and offered as a way to deepen understanding of contemporary neuroscience research on transference/counter-transference in psychotherapy. From the perspective of Freudian theory, based on Western rationalism, humans are understood as objects among objects operating in a universe of linear causality; the unconscious is understood as an epiphenomenon of biological processes, limited to personal dimensions. Consequently, the analytic process focuses on intrapsychic experience and transference is treated reductively. Neuroscience implicitly shares this worldview.

Analytical psychology understands consciousness as a temporary state born from and subordinate to the unconscious, which is archetypal in nature. Focus is on ego and archetype operating within the context of a dialectic relationship, each being relatively autonomous, proportionate to its scope. Essentially, archetype is understood as psychophysical in nature, existing in a transcendent unitary reality beyond the apparent duality of psyche and matter, which exhibits acausal orderedness expressible in patterns of archetypal number. Archetypal patterns describing the relationship between ego/matter and archetype/spirit are discerned and shown to reflect a purposive course of psychic energy. These include: spirit/archetype moves towards matter/ego and vice versa, but only reluctantly. Transference, ultimately, could be understood as manifestation of spiritual instinct, consistent with the purposive course of energy, therefore, also expressible in terms of patterns of archetypal number. These same patterns are expressed in terms of analogies to ideas from modern physics.

Consistent with analytical psychology, neuroscience demonstrates that right-brain (unconscious) develops prior to left-brain (conscious); with brain development dependent upon quality of early attachment relationship, which is re-lived in transference. The double helix approach to therapy is a psychophysical phenomenon in transference/counter-transference that displays dialect between the two brain hemispheres and centers of the psyche (ego and unconscious), thus, demonstrating remarkable parallels to the above described archetypal patterns. These patterns are expressed in terms of archetypal number. This suggests neuroscience might be better served by adopting a worldview consistent with analytical psychology and modern physics.

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32

French, Christine Louise. "The mediating role of avoidance coping upon the relationship between early maladaptive schemas, anxiety and depression." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2007. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3308.

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33

Danilewitz, Larry Mark. "A phenomenological investigation into the psychoanalytic psychotherapist's experience of identifying, differentiating and processing the patient's transference-based and reality-oriented reactions." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002469.

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The aim of this study was to describe the psychoanalytically-oriented therapist's experience of identifying, differentiating and processing the patient's transference-based and reality-oriented reactions. In order to investigate the therapist's lived experience of being receptive to the total communication of the patient in the analytic situation, the researcher adopted the empirical phenomenological method. This descriptive and intuitive method grounded the researcher in the concreteness of the everyday life-world of the therapist, and enabled him to explicate the therapist's immediate, pre-theoretical experiences of his patient. The appropriate central research question, formulated to elicit the experience of this phenomenon, emerged through the process of enquiry during the pilot study. Thirteen experienced, psychoanalytically-oriented psychotherapists were interviewed and the five protocols considered most revelatory of the phenomenon under investigation were analyzed in detail. The remaining eight protocols were used to illuminate central themes and to clarify areas of uncertainty during the phase of formal explication. The central findings revealed that the oscillating process of the therapist as he shifts from being immersed in the world of his patient to being in a position of observation and self reflection is the fulcrum around which he evaluates the nature of his patient's communications. During this ongoing process of discrimination, living in duality, the therapist comes to experience himself as a patient scrutinized by his own and his patient's confrontations. His journey of disentanglement, the endeavour to differentiate his responses from his patient's actions, is dependent on his ability to engage in honest selfreflection and to access his pre-theoretical and articulated cognitions of his patient. This allows him to acknowledge his own role in what has unfolded interpersonally and to appropriate his previously denied feelings for and attitudes towards his patient, a prerequisite for the accurate and full appraisal of the nature of his patient's communications. Forsaking fixed judgements, the therapist becomes open to the confluence between the reality-oriented responses and transference-based reactions of his patient. This salient discovery, when dialogued with the literature, reinforced the theories of Greenson and Langs that not all the interactions between the patient and the analyst/therapist are transference-based and that it is therefore imperative that the analyst/therapist reflect on his participation in the analytic situation.
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Lawrence, Tim. "Body Length, Activity Level, and Avoidance Learning in Zebrafish Exposed to Nicotine as Embryos." TopSCHOLAR®, 2001. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/673.

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Smoking continues to be a significant health problem in the United States and throughout the world. One of the many aspects of the health risks of smoking that have been investigated is the effect of maternal smoking on developing embryos. In particular, exposure of embryos to nicotine is believed to cause attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and related problems in children. Both correlational research with humans and experimental research with animals have supported this belief. However, the mechanisms of the effect of nicotine on developing embryos are not fully understood. The zebrafish offers a useful model of the effects of nicotine on developing organisms because its development is fast, well understood, and easily observable. Also, the embryo can be exposed to nicotine without concern for many of the intermediate factors that are present in research with conventional models (e.g., the rat), such as the effect of nicotine on the placenta. This study was an exploratory attempt to establish the zebrafish as a model for the effects of embryonic nicotine (EN) exposure. Zebrafish eggs were exposed to two levels of nicotine during the first eight hours after fertilization. These subjects and a group of controls were measured on three variables at different stages of development: body length, activity level, and avoidance learning. Results showed that EN exposure caused a significant decrease in growth and a significant increase in activity level. Thus, the zebrafish responds to EN exposure in a manner similar to that observed in other models and in humans. Further research on the mechanisms of the effect of EN exposure may be possible using the zebrafish.
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35

Thompson, Brian Lantz. "Mindfulness as a Predictor of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptomatology in an Experiential Avoidance Model." The University of Montana, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-10012008-135037/.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of measures of mindfulness to predict the variance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) avoidance symptom severity above and beyond measures of experiential avoidance. A sample of 378 introductory psychology students completed questionnaire packets in individuals rooms to insure confidentiality of sensitive material. Based on a pencil-and-paper self-report measure of PTSD symptoms, the sample was divided into 3 groups: PTSD group (n = 44); trauma-no PTSD (n = 147); and a control (no trauma) group (n = 123). A fourth traumatized group was subsequently created consisting of individuals who endorsed a criterion A trauma, but who may or may not meet full PTSD criteria. Experiential avoidance measures of alexithymia and thought suppression were the most robust predictors of PTSD avoidance symptom severity, but mindfulness predicted more individual variance than measures of emotional coping, emotional intelligence, and a general measure of experiential avoidance. Although not as a strong a predictor of PTSD avoidance symptomatology as alexithymia and thought suppression, mindfulness appears to uniquely account for a significant amount of the variance of PTSD avoidance symptom severity. Treatment implications are discussed.
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36

Pruneau, Genevieve Mary Catherine Weathers Frank W. "Distinctiveness of avoidance and numbing in PTSD." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SPRING/Psychology/Thesis/Pruneau_Genevieve_10.pdf.

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37

Steinberg, Daniel. "Interpersonal Functioning and Experiential Avoidance: Considering New Measurements and Their Implications." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1248425/.

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Interpersonal functioning can be conceptualized as being comprised of social skills, connectedness, social cognition, and intimacy. A concept that is related to an examination of interpersonal functioning is experiential avoidance (EA), which can be defined as an unwillingness to experience or remain in contact with unpleasant private events through attempts to avoid or escape from these experience. An examination of EA and interpersonal functioning has not previously taken place. This study thus sought to fill that gap in the literature. The availability of a behavioral-oriented measure of interpersonal functioning aided in this investigation. The relationship of EA and interpersonal functioning to depression and anxiety were also examined, in order to evaluate their relative contributions to psychopathology. Overall, it was found that EA and interpersonal functioning were significantly related. However, the dimensions of EA varied in strength with respect to their relationships with interpersonal functioning. Further, it was found that interpersonal functioning predicted unique variance in both depression and anxiety, and partially mediated the relationship between EA and both anxiety and depression. These results might guide the development of treatment programs and add support to the use of treatments with trans-diagnostic targets.
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38

Boullion, Gina Q. "The Relationships Among Anxiety, Experiential Avoidance, and Valuing in Daily Experiences." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1592867.

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Contacting one’s values and engaging in behavior consistent with those values, referred to as valuing, is associated with improved physical and mental health (Nygren et al., 2005), increases in quality of life (Plumb & Hayes, 2008), and increases in overall well-being (Reker et al., 1987), among many other positive outcomes. But those areas of life that are valued tend to elicit unwanted, negatively evaluated experiences, often resulting in experiential avoidance (Michelson et al., 2001). Experiential avoidance has been associated with the etiology and maintenance of many psychological struggles, particularly anxiety-related struggles (Kashdan et al., 2006; Eifert & Forsyth, 2007; Hayes et al., 1999; Hayes et al., 1996). Given that anxiety is a negatively-evaluated experience that is often avoided, exploring the relationships between anxiety, experiential avoidance, and valuing appeared needed. The current study examines the relationships between anxiety, experiential avoidance, and valuing with college students using both retrospective assessments through initial questionnaires and immediate assessments through the use of ecological momentary assessment. As predicted, results indicated a significant positive relationship between anxiety and experiential avoidance. Results also indicated a negative relationship between experiential avoidance and valuing. Further, anxiety disrupted progress toward values the most when experiential avoidance was high while anxiety and experiential avoidance both independently facilitated more perceived obstacles toward values. Implications for future studies using of multiple methods of assessment, including ecological momentary assessment, along with a multidimensional conceptualization of valuing, are discussed.

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39

Abrahams, Zoe. "The dynamics and management of erotic transference in the psychotherapeutic setting : a review." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/999.

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Thesis (MA (Psychology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Sexual relationships in the psychotherapeutic setting have always been regarded as unethical and sexual attraction between therapist and client has generally proved to be awkward and anxiety provoking for those involved. Although research indicates that these relationships do occur, and that sexual feelings between therapists and clients are not infrequent, there is little conceptual clarity on the dynamics thereof. Consequently, the available guidelines and ethical rules regulating such sexual contact generally take the form of “thou shalt not…” and provide limited assistance to therapists in managing such situations in a manner that protects the integrity of the therapeutic relationship. This review assumes the presence of the psychodynamic phenomenon of transference in all psychotherapeutic relationships, and constructs sexual attraction and contact as the product of the sub-concept of erotic transference. Against this background, the review presents the dynamics of erotic transference in terms of its nature, impact and management. On this basis, current ethical codes and training issues are reviewed, guidelines for proper prevention and management are suggested and important directions for future research are identified.
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40

Lindgren, Monica Elissa. "Persistent fatigue in disease-free breast cancer survivors: Evaluating long-term effects of pretreatment depression and cancer-specific avoidance coping." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1468288760.

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41

Wideman, Timothy Howard. "An empirical and theory-based evaluation of the fear avoidance model of pain." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110386.

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Persistent pain and disability are commonly associated with musculoskeletal injury and can result in considerable personal suffering and societal burden. The Fear Avoidance Model provides a theoretical account of how pain-related disability develops, and has inspired a large body of research that aims to mitigate the negative consequences of musculoskeletal injury. While The Fear Avoidance Model is currently the leading theory of pain-related disability, there are several theoretical and empirical aspects of the model that have yet to be fully addressed; this manuscript-based thesis aims to explore these aspects. This thesis consists of five chapters: a general introduction, three empirical studies, and a general discussion. The general introduction provides a broad theoretical context for the three empirical studies. The studies included in this thesis aim to address two empirical gaps in the literature; the studies evaluate specific prospective relationships proposed by the Fear Avoidance Model, and assess alternate relationships among model-relevant variables. The general discussion provides a detailed exploration of various theoretical assumptions that are made within the Fear Avoidance Model that may help account for the observed findings.
La douleur et l'invalidité persistante sont souvent associées avec des blessures musculo-squelettiques et peuvent entrainer une souffrance personnelle majeure ainsi qu'un fardeau social considérable. Le Modèle Cognitivo-Comportemental de la Peur liée à la douleur (MCCP) donne un compte rendu théorique de la manière dont l'invalidité associée à la douleur se développe et a inspiré une grande partie de la recherche qui vise à atténuer les conséquences de blessures musculo-squelettiques. Tandis que le MCCP est la théorie de premier ordre sur l'invalidité associée à la douleur, plusieurs aspects théoriques et empiriques du modèle n'ont pas encore été pleinement adressés. Cette thèse vise à examiner ces aspects. Cette thèse consiste en cinq chapitres : une introduction générale, trois études empiriques et une conclusion générale. L'introduction présente le cadre théorique pour les trois études empiriques. Les études incluses dans cette thèse visent à combler deux lacunes empiriques ; les études évaluent des relations prospectives spécifiques proposées par le MCCP, et examinent les relations alternatives entre les variables pertinents au modèle. La discussion générale fournit une exploration détaillée de diverses hypothèses théoriques développées dans le MCCP qui peuvent aider à expliquer les résultats des trois études.
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42

Daman, Stuart Jenkins. "The Influence of Humor on Approach and Avoidance Motivation." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1210866811.

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43

Vanderzee, Karin L. "The role of Avoidance and Numbing among Detained Youth: A Mediation Model." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1310690955.

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44

Johns, Michael. "Examining the Role of Anxiety Avoidance in the Effect of Stereotype Threat on Working Memory Capacity." Diss., Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1215%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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45

Johnson, Stephanie L. "Exploring Reaction Time Differences to Aggression Words as a Function of Attachment Related Avoidance and Anxiety." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1336057562.

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46

Abrahams, Deborah L. "A case study exploration of the therapeutic phenomena of projective identification, transference and countertransference : a brief therapy with a patient with psychotic anxiety." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13457.

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Bibliography: leaves 68-74.
This dissertation reviews the concepts of projective identification, transference and countertransference from an Object Relations theoretical perspective. The developmental mother-infant relationship is explored as a model for understanding the therapist-patient interaction in both its normal and pathological forms . Projective identification is used to illuminate the workings of transference and countertransference. W.R. Bion's conception of the mother-therapist as 'Container' and infant-patient as 'Contained' is presented as pivotal to understanding that interaction. Failures in projective identification - and therefore in symbolic functioning - are explored, with particular focus given to psychotic and psychosomatic manifestations in patients. The relevance of transference and countertransference phenomena to brief psychotherapy is also considered. These concepts are then applied to a specific therapeutic case. The patient was seen as an in-and outpatient over a 5 month period 1-3 times per week. The patient's history and a brief formulation are presented, followed by a discussion of how the above-mentioned theoretical issues manifested in the therapy. The patient operated on the border between psychosis and neurosis and communicated in primitive pre-verbal and powerful symbolic ways. Case illustrations focus on the interplay between her psyche and soma, the impact of the hospital setting as well as particular transference and countertransference difficulties incurred.
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47

Barrett, Rebecca. "Experiential avoidance : associations with childhood trauma, internalised shame, psychopathology and maladaptive behaviours." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2010. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/170253/.

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Research has consistently demonstrated a relationship between negative childhood experiences and the development of psychological difficulties in adulthood. Yet, it is only recently that the potential mechanisms underlying this relationship have been investigated. An increasing number of studies indicate heightened levels of experiential avoidance as potentially accounting for this relationship. The current review presents research, spanning the last five years, that describes associations and mediating relationships between experiential avoidance, psychopathology and maladaptive behaviours. However, whilst recent advances in the measurement of experiential avoidance, and newly emerging research, have broadened psychological understanding of this construct, conceptual and methodological difficulties within this field highlight the need for further research to be undertaken. The empirical paper explores the potential contribution of experiential avoidance, childhood trauma and internalised shame in pathways to becoming and remaining homeless. In a sample of 79 homeless adults, a significant relationship between childhood trauma and experiential avoidance was found which was mediated by internalised shame. These findings indicate that experience of childhood trauma is associated with a greater tendency to avoid unwanted thoughts and feelings, which in turn is associated with greater levels of internalised shame. They further provide support for the role of interacting psychological factors in pathways to homelessness. Clinical implications resulting from this study are discussed, and directions for further research are indicated.
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48

Jumper, Andrea. "The Influence of Anticipation, Anxiety, and Avoidance on the Stuttering Experience." Thesis, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10793971.

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Stuttering is a speech disorder recognized in both speech pathology and psychology diagnostic manuals. Overt characteristics of the disorder include prolonged and disrupted speech while covert behaviors include anxiety and avoidance (American Speech-Language Hearing Association, n.d; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The purpose of this study was to highlight the significant role covert characteristics play in the stuttering experience. Specifically, this study investigated anticipation, avoidance, anxiety, life interference, and self-reported stuttering severity. The data used for this study was archival data collected from 2012–2013 to investigate psychological traits within the stuttering population. The participants were adults who stuttered recruited from online and in-vivo stuttering support groups. Analysis of the data found 1) no significant difference in avoidant behavior between those who do and do not anticipate stuttering events 2) that anxiety and avoidance are positively correlated regardless of ability to anticipate, and 3) that anxiety and avoidance are greater predictors of life interference than self-reported stuttering severity. These finding provide further evidence of the impact of psychosocial traits on the stuttering experience and support the need for comprehensive stuttering interventions.

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49

Bowden, Jessica Mary. "A visual safety signal improves learning of an auditory avoidance task." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3051.

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Learning to escape aversive stimuli and effectively predicting the consequences of different cues provides animals with an increased chance of survival. Discriminative avoidance conditioning affords the opportunity to examine these specific behaviors. The present experiment investigated the influence of a visual signal on an auditory discriminative active avoidance conditioning task. Building on the work of Gabriel and colleagues (Freeman et al., 1997; Poremba and Gabriel, 1997, 1999), originally conducted in rabbits, an adaptation of the discriminative active avoidance paradigm was implemented using male rats. Animals were trained to avoid a signaled shock (US) by spinning a small wheel during an auditory cue, the positive conditioned stimulus (CS+). A second auditory cue signaled the absence of shock, the negative conditioned stimulus (CS-). A visual safety signal was added following a correct response to the CS+ (successful avoidance of the shock). Three groups were formed based on experience with the visual safety signal: animals that never had training with the visual signal, animals that had the visual signal added during their training, and animals that began training with the visual signal. Animals trained with the visual safety signal showed a decrease in the number of days need to learn the task and the percentage of animals that learned the task increased. These results suggest that a visual safety signal enhances learning during an auditory discriminative avoidance conditioning task. This task will be used to expand exploration of the active avoidance neural circuitry and investigate the circuitry underlying the visual safety signal.
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Foreman, Anne M. "Negative reinforcement by timeout from avoidance the roles of shock-frequency reduction and response-effort reduction /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10343.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2009.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 32 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 30-32).
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