Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Transfert trophique'
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Perrier, Fanny. "Nanocontamination d'organismes aquatiques par des particules inorganiques : transfert trophique et impacts toxiques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0959/document.
Full textDue to an increasing and massive use, engineered nanoparticles are raising as potentialemerging contaminants in the environment, including aquatic ecosystems. While trophictransfer appears to constitute a major exposure route for organisms, scientific literature hasdifficulties to respond to the questions raised to explore the range of the interactions existingbetween nanoparticles and living organisms at different scales from the trophic interactionsto the cellular impacts. This problem is partly due to experimental difficulties inherent tothis exposure type. For this work performed in controlled laboratory conditions, sphericalgold nanoparticles (10 nm, coated with PEG-amines, positively charged) were chosen tostudy the trophic transfer and toxic effects on aquatic organisms. Trophic chains concernedseveral trophic levels (up to three) with a variety of species considered : the basis of thetrophic web with natural biofilms or microalgae, intermediate levels with grazing fish orsuspensivorous bivalves, and up to top food chain organisms, with the European eel, a carnivorousfish.With relatively low doses for exposures, this work tends to represent environmentalconditions. Integrative methodological approaches from subcellular to tissue levels(RT-qPCR, RNA-sequencing, histology) were performed in order to assess toxic impacts.The results indicate a high retention capacity of nanoparticles by natural biofilms. Followinga 21-day exposure, gold quantifications reveal a transfer from biofilms to grazing fish, witha gold distribution in all organs. Moreover, this transfer is associated with an inflammatoryresponse according to the histological lesions observed in the liver, spleen and muscle ofexposed fish. A longer food chain, with three trophic levels involving microalgae - bivalves- European eels, is set up to give a better representation of the complexity of trophic interactionsin the aquatic environment. It shows a significant transfer to the predatory fish.Transcriptomic analyses, using the RNA-sequencing approach, for the liver and the brain ofexposed eels by nanoparticles’ enriched food, highlight a joint response for these two organsin the biological processes associated with the immune system and its regulation, includingNOD-like receptors involved in inflammasome.All the experimental results suggest long-term harmful effects that nanoparticles would generatein aquatic ecosystems, emphasizing the ability of these contaminants to be transferredthroughout trophic chains
Perrier, Fanny. "Nanocontamination d'organismes aquatiques par des particules inorganiques : transfert trophique et impacts toxiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0959.
Full textDue to an increasing and massive use, engineered nanoparticles are raising as potentialemerging contaminants in the environment, including aquatic ecosystems. While trophictransfer appears to constitute a major exposure route for organisms, scientific literature hasdifficulties to respond to the questions raised to explore the range of the interactions existingbetween nanoparticles and living organisms at different scales from the trophic interactionsto the cellular impacts. This problem is partly due to experimental difficulties inherent tothis exposure type. For this work performed in controlled laboratory conditions, sphericalgold nanoparticles (10 nm, coated with PEG-amines, positively charged) were chosen tostudy the trophic transfer and toxic effects on aquatic organisms. Trophic chains concernedseveral trophic levels (up to three) with a variety of species considered : the basis of thetrophic web with natural biofilms or microalgae, intermediate levels with grazing fish orsuspensivorous bivalves, and up to top food chain organisms, with the European eel, a carnivorousfish.With relatively low doses for exposures, this work tends to represent environmentalconditions. Integrative methodological approaches from subcellular to tissue levels(RT-qPCR, RNA-sequencing, histology) were performed in order to assess toxic impacts.The results indicate a high retention capacity of nanoparticles by natural biofilms. Followinga 21-day exposure, gold quantifications reveal a transfer from biofilms to grazing fish, witha gold distribution in all organs. Moreover, this transfer is associated with an inflammatoryresponse according to the histological lesions observed in the liver, spleen and muscle ofexposed fish. A longer food chain, with three trophic levels involving microalgae - bivalves- European eels, is set up to give a better representation of the complexity of trophic interactionsin the aquatic environment. It shows a significant transfer to the predatory fish.Transcriptomic analyses, using the RNA-sequencing approach, for the liver and the brain ofexposed eels by nanoparticles’ enriched food, highlight a joint response for these two organsin the biological processes associated with the immune system and its regulation, includingNOD-like receptors involved in inflammasome.All the experimental results suggest long-term harmful effects that nanoparticles would generatein aquatic ecosystems, emphasizing the ability of these contaminants to be transferredthroughout trophic chains
Ettajani, Hanane. "Transfert des éléments traces essentiels ou toxiques dans une chaîne trophique à mollusques." Tours, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOUR4007.
Full textDubois, Anne-Sophie. "Composition et transfert trophique de la matière organique particulaire dans le Bassin d’Arcachon." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14515/document.
Full textAbstract
Carlier, Antoine. "Apports des isotopes stables à la description de l'architecture et du fonctionnement des réseaux trophiques benthiques de plusieurs environnements côtiers du Golfe du Lion (Méditerranée Nord Occidentale)." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066580.
Full textJauffrais, Thierry. "Ecophysiologie des dinoflagellés du genre Azadinium, production toxinique et transfert trophique vers les mollusques bivalves." Nantes, 2012. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=040c4b77-66f9-4f28-b05d-261282d9575f.
Full textThis study has been conducted in order to develop the analysis of AZAs and to produce AZAs from A. Spinosum culture. It also aimed at studying the effect of environmental and nutritional factors on growth and toxin production. The study also demonstrated a link between A. Spinosum and the accumulation of AZAs in shellfish, followed by the clarification of the processes of accumulation, detoxification and biotransformation of AZAs into mussels. A quantitative analysis of AZAs in A. Spinosum cultures was developed, and the formation and structure of the AZA methylated analogues was explained and minimised. This work also demonstrated the feasibility of a sustainable production of AZAs from A. Spinosum culture and highlighted the main factors influencing growth and toxin production of A. Spinosum. Using these results, mussel contaminations were performed and demonstrated for the first time the direct link between A. Spinosum and AZA accumulation into mussels. Furthermore, a rapid AZA accumulation above the regulatory limit was observed within 6 h of exposure. These experiments also highlighted the rapid biotransformation of AZA into analogues in shellfish and clarified their kinetics of appearance. Consequently, AZA biotransformation pathways were proposed for different AZA analogues. AZA detoxification was also studied and showed a detoxification with two compartments. Finally, two recent studies demonstrated the negative effect of A. Spinosum on the feeding activity of mussels as well as the ability of mussels to accumulate AZA from dissolved or particulate forms
Pouil, Simon. "Rôles de différents facteurs écologiques sur le transfert trophique des éléments traces chez des téléostéens marins." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS019/document.
Full textTeleost fish accumulate metals through different pathways and It is now well established that food plays a major role in this accumulation. Nevertheless, there is still lack of knowledge on the variability of metal trophic transfer in fish in connection with their life context. The present doctoral research aims at characterizing the influence of biological and environmental factors on the assimilation efficiency (AE) of essential and non-essential metals in fish. AE determination during a series of experiment under controlled condition reveals that biological factors, in particular the type of food ingested, play a predominant role in metal AE in fish while environmental factors (pH, temperature, salinity ...) seem to have a limited influence. All the work carried out during this thesis allows a better understanding of the trophic transfer of metals in fish and, thus bring new knowledge in the field of fish nutrition and ecotoxicology
Rétif, Julie. "Distribution des terres rares dans les réseaux trophiques des écosystèmes estuariens." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nantes Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NANU4003.
Full textThe growing interest of society in rare earth elements, regrouping 17 metallic elements with unique properties and used in the industrial, agricultural and medical sectors, is leading to an increase of their release into the environment, resulting in enrichments in the aquatic media, particularly in estuaries, that are subject to strong anthropogenic pressures. The objective of this work was to study the environmental distribution of rare earth elements in estuarine ecosystems through the study of two highly anthropized French estuaries showing different levels of contamination: the Loire estuary and the Seine estuary. The study of abiotic compartments demonstrated rare earth elements are mainly accumulated in the solid phases of natural aquatic systems. However, the dissolved phase corresponds to the most impacted compartment by anthropogenic inputs with gadolinium enrichments reported in the two estuaries. The study of the biota, focusing on a large number of species from 5 phyla (algae, annelids, mollusks, crustaceans and vertebrates) representing the main levels of an estuarine food web, revealed a trophic dilution of rare earth elements within the two estuaries. Indeed, the bioaccumulation of rare earth elements is higher in algae. However, the enrichments (including gadolinium) are greater in vertebrates. These results demonstrated higher total rare earth element concentrations in the Loire estuary compared to the Seine estuary, probably due to a higher geogenic background. On the other hand, the higher anthropogenic gadolinium contamination reported in the Seine estuary could be explained by the higher population density, implying a higher number of medical procedures requiring contrast agents. Thus, the estimation of transfers from abiotic compartments to the biota and trophic transfers within the biota allowed to characterize the overall fate of rare earth elements in these estuarine ecosystems
Vicente, Anne. "Développement d’un réseau trophique microbien standardisé pour l’évaluation de l’impact des contaminants sur les écosystèmes dulçaquicoles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0355.
Full textIn the framework of risk assessment, more environmentally realistic ecotoxicity tests taking complexity of ecosystems into account must be developed. Despite the importance of microorganisms in ecosystems and in their associated functional processes, this compartment is not enough taken into account in ecotoxicity assessment. The main objective of this thesis was the development of a model microbial food web to evaluate impact of contaminants on freshwater ecosystems. This network is composed of rotifers (Brachionus calyciflorus, primary and secondary consumers) that feed on both algae (Chlorella vulgaris, primary producer) and protozoa (Tetrahymena pyriformis, bacterivorous ciliate). A nitrifying microbial consortium produced in the laboratory associated with protozoa constitute a microbial loop that ensure trophic links between bacteria and metazoans. Organisms of the microbial network are in interaction by trophic relationships (prey-predator) and/or by functions they ensure within the ecosystem (oxygen production, primary production, nutrient recycling). The system can evolve into 4 ml over at least 28 days without medium renewing and, for example can allow to analyze the resilience of the system over a long period of time. In order to better evaluate different effects of pollutants on the food web, various analytical methods have been adapted and tested on this system. Among them, monitoring rotifer population dynamics was found to be a suitable parameter to evaluate the response of the miniaturized ecosystem to contaminants in a simple and fast way
Simonnet-Laprade, Caroline. "Ecodynamique des substances poly- et perfluoroalkylées (PFAS) dans les systèmes aquatiques : identification des sources en milieu urbain et évaluation du transfert trophique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0938/document.
Full textHuman activities are responsible for the release of multiple micropollutants into aquatic systems, such as poly- and perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs). These molecules have been used since the 1950s as surfactants in many industrial applications and commonly used products. For two decades, some of these substances, perfluoroalkylated acids (PFAA), have generated a major concern due to their ubiquitous and persistent behavior in the environment. Currently, there is a real lack of knowledge about the full extent of environmental contamination by all PFASs. The overall objective of this thesis is to continue the efforts undertaken since the early 2000s to gain a better understanding of the dynamics of PFASs, from their sources in urban areas, their releases to aquatic systems, to their trophic transfer.The first part consisted in optimizing a configuration of the Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) for the ultra-trace analysis of 25 PFASs in surface water. In a second time, the dynamics of the PFASs on the Bordeaux conurbation is studied. The analysis of 30 PFASs in wastewater collected in the sewerage network tends to show the importance of industrial inputs compared to domestic discharges for almost all the studied PFASs. Note that urban runoff is also a source of PFAS contamination. The characterization of the influents and effluents of the four main wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in the metropolis shows a low efficiency of treatment channels. The use of a non-targeted analysis approach by oxidation, the TOP method (Total Oxidizable Precursors) reveals significant amounts of PFAA precursors in the sewerage network as well as in WWTP effluents. The impact of urban and airport storm water discharge on the contamination levels of a small peri-urban river has also been shown. The last part dealt with the biomagnification of PFASs in lotic systems. The evaluation of PFAS concentrations along 5 food webs from the Rhone-Mediterranean watershed enables to confirm the biomagnification of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCA) and to evaluate the spatial variability of trophic magnification factors (TMF). The biomagnification character of PFASs of "more emerging" interest, such as the 8:2 and 10:2 fluorotelomer sulfonates, is observed in a river located on the outskirts of Paris. The application of the TOP method to different trophic levels supports the hypothesis of the involvement of the biotransformation of precursors in the apparent biomagnification of PFAAs
Berthelot, Hugo. "Fixation d'azote et son devenir dans l'océan de surface : transfert dans le réseau trophique planctonique et influence sur les cycles biogéochimiques de l'azote et du carbone." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4103/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis, achieved within the framework of the VAHINE project, focuses on the fate of the recently fixed N2 by diazotrophes in the oligotrophic surface ocean.It appears that the release of the recently fixed N2 in the dissolved pool is a process shared between all diazotrophs tested and that the magnitude of this release depend on the environmental contrains rather than on diazotroph involved in fixation.The transfer of the N2 fixed toward non-diazotroph plankton has been investigated using an innovative methodology (coupling of nano-scale mass spectrometry (nanoSIMS) and cell sorting flow cytometry). It appeared that 5 to 20 % of the recently fixed N2 is transferred toward non-diazotroph plankton, mainly through NH4+ release. This transfer is twice more efficient when the N2 is fixed by the filamentous Trichodesmium compared to Crocosphaera and Cyanothece.Particulate export of the fixed N2 has been investigate in large in-situ mesocosms equipped with sediment traps, deployed in the New Caledonian lagoon and enriched with PO43- in order to stimulate N2 fixation. During this experiment, N2 fixation fueled a large part of the new primary production (>90 %) and that fixed N2 was quickly exported. The export has been direct, through the sedimentation of the diazotrophs themselves, and indirect, through the transfer of ~20 % of the recently fixed N2 toward non-diazotrophic plankton that have, in turn, sedimented
Lance, Emilie. "Impacts des cyanobactéries toxiques sur les gastéropodes dulcicoles et sur leur rôle de vecteur dans le transfert des microcystines au sein du réseau trophique." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00400759.
Full textLance, Émilie. "Impacts des cyanobactéries toxiques sur les gastéropodes dulcicoles et sur leur rôle de vecteur dans le transfert des microcystines au sein du réseau trophique." Rennes 1, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00400759.
Full textThe eutrophisation of fresh waters increases the frequency of proliferation of cyanobacteria producing hepatotoxins [e. G. Microcystins (MCs)]. In the cells of target organisms, MCs inhibit phosphatase proteins, leading to tissue destruction. Through chronic exposures, we demonstrated the consumption of toxic cyanobacteria (Planktothrix agardhii) by 2 gastropod species, the pulmonate Lymnaea stagnalis and the prosobranch Potamopyrgus antipodarum. This consumption induced a decrease of growth and fecundity, a MC accumulation in gastropod tissues, and severe histopathological impact. Toxic cyanobacteria ingestion and dissolved MC exposure induced a negative impact on the fitness (i. E. , hatching success of eggs, embryo development time and neonate survival) of L. Stagnalis. The results suggest an impact on the structure of gastropod communities, demonstrated during a 1-year monthly survey in the Grand Lieu Lake (France), and a risk of MC transfer from gastropods to their consumers, verified in the laboratory through: 1) the persistence of bound MCs in the pulmonate tissues, even after 3 weeks of depuration, and 2) the MC accumulation in organs of the 3-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus (mainly in liver and muscles) after consumption of digestive glands of L. Stagnalis intoxicated by MCs
LEVEILLE, JEAN-CLAUDE. "Flux de matiere en milieu pelagique lacustre : utilisation des acides gras comme marqueurs organiques naturels du transfert dans la chaine trophique phytoplancton - zooplancton - alevins d'omble chevalier (salvelinus alpinus)." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997CLF21920.
Full textBelharet, Mokrane. "Modélisation numérique du transfert du radiocésium dans les chaines trophiques pélagiques marines suite à l'accident nucléaire de Fukushima Dai-ichi (côte Pacifique du Japon)." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30339/document.
Full textHuge amounts of radionuclides, espicially 137Cs, were released to the coastal northwestern Pacific ocean after the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident, that occurred on 11 March 2011. The resultant radiocesium contamination was quickly transferred to marine biota resulting in elevated cesium levels in various organisms. Using a modelling approach, this work aims to study the 137Cs transfer to the marine pelagic food chains, from plankton populations to the large piscivorous fishes. Coupling the radioecological model, developed in this study, with an ecosystem model comprising an NPZD biogeochemical model and a regional ocean circulation model, is appeared to be the most adapted tool for modelling of plankton populations contamination in this accidental situation. The results of this study showed high contamination levels in the plankton populations, especially in the vincity of the power plant, where the maximal concentrations are estimated to be about 4 orders of magnitude higher than those observed before the accident. In spite of these high contamination levels, the maximum 137Cs absorbed dose rates for phyto- and zooplankton populations were estimated to be well below the 10 Gy/h benchmark value, from which a measurable effect on the marine biota can be observed. This study has also highlighted the predominance of the cesium uptake from food and the presence of biomagnification potential at this trophic level. The radioecological model developed to study the nektonic species contamination is based on the individual size. In this approach, each species is represented by a set of cohorts. The number of these cohorts is a function of the species life span and reproduction frequency. Unlike traditional approaches, the organism ingestion rate and diet composition considered in this modelling approach are not constant, but vary over the time according to the size of the organism. The model results are in general satisfactory, and the validation is carried out in both equilibrium and accidental situations. This study highlighted the importance of the organism migratory movements in the radioecological modelling espicially in the accident situations caracterized by a very high spatial variability of radionuclides concentrations in the seawater. The detailed caracteristics of 137Cs concentration dynamics in the different species are discussed. The contamination levels estimated for the different species are significantly higher than those observed before the accident, with a clear tendency to increase with individual size
Labat, Jean-Philippe. "Dynamique et modelisation d'un echelon trophique de l'epibenthos des sables de l'infralittoral, philocheras trispinosus (caridea : decapoda), region de banyuls-sur-mer." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066461.
Full textGarnier-Laplace, Jacqueline. "Etude des mécanismes de transfert de l'argent 110-m en eau douce : conception et exploitation d'un modèle expérimental d'écosystème et d'un modèle mathématique de simulation de la distribution du radioélément au sein d'une chaîne trophique." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20225.
Full textGarnier-Laplace, Jacqueline. "Etude des mécanismes de transfert de l'argent-110 M en eau douce : conception et exploitation d'un modèle expérimental d'écosystème et d'un modèle mathématique de simulation de la distribution du radioélément au sein d'une chaîne trophique /." Saclay : Commissariat à l'énergie atomique, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb354558455.
Full textAdam, Christelle. "Cinétiques de transfert le long d'une chaîne trophique d'eau douce des principaux radionucléides rejetés par les centrales nucléaires en fonctionnement normal (137 Cs, 60 Co, 110M Ag, 54 Mn). Application au site de Civaux sur la Vienne." Aix-Marseille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX11030.
Full textRenedo, Elizalde Marina. "Sources and fate of methylmercury in the Southern Ocean : use of model seabirds and mercury stable isotopes." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS031/document.
Full textDespite their distance from industrial pressure, marine southern and Antarctic environments are contaminated by worldwide distributed pollutants, such as mercury (Hg), through atmospheric transport and oceanic currents. So far, Hg contamination pathways in the Southern Ocean remains poorly understood, particularly in the Indian sector, and new studies are required to elucidate its fate and impact in these regions. Seabirds, as top predators of marine food webs, are exposed to elevated concentrations of biomagnified methylmercury (MeHg) via dietary intake and moreover, they forage in the different marine compartments both in spatial and depth terms. Therefore, they are considered as effective bioindicators of Hg environmental contamination and the good knowledge of their ecological characteristics permits their application for tracing Hg in such remote environments otherwise of difficult access. The main objective of this doctoral work is the characterization of the exposure pathways of the MeHg accumulated in model seabirds and the identification of the processes involved in the Hg biogeochemical cycle in the Southern Ocean (from Antarctic to subtropical waters). The proposed methodological approach consisted on the combination of Hg isotopic composition and Hg speciation in tissues of a precise selection of seabirds of the Southern Ocean. In a first step, the evaluation of tissue-specific Hg isotopic signatures was accomplished notably in blood and feathers, as they can be non-lethally sampled. In chicks, both tissues can be effectively and indifferently used for biomonitoring of local contamination using Hg isotopes, whereas in adults each tissue provides access to different temporal exposure : blood at recent scale (i.e. exposure during the breeding period) and feathers at annual scale, thus providing complementary isotopic information at the different stages of seabird annual cycle. A second part was focused on the exploration of MeHg sources in four penguin species within a same subantarctic location, the Crozet Islands. Hg isotopes effectively discriminated the four populations and species-specific foraging habitats and latitudinal movements were found the main factors determining their exposure to distinct environmental MeHg sources. In a third part, Hg isotopes were investigated in two ubiquitous seabird models (skua chicks and penguins) over a large a latitudinal scale from Antarctica to the subtropics. Latitudinal variations of Hg isotopic values (δ202Hg, Δ199Hg) appeared to be influenced by different extent of photochemical processes and other biogeochemical pathways such as Hg reduction, and methylation/demethylation processes, as well as trophic or metabolic processes
Barka, Sabria. "Processus de detoxication et localisation tissulaire des metaux traces (cuivre, zinc, nickel, cadmium, argent et mercure) chez un crustace marin tigriopus brevicornis (muller). Etude du biomarqueur proteines type metallothioneines, de la bioaccumulation des metaux et des consequences sur le transfert trophique." Paris 6, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA066029.
Full textOzaki, Shinji. "Biodiversité et fonctionnement des réseaux trophiques terrestres : application aux transferts d’éléments traces métalliques." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCD018.
Full textEffects of biodiversity on zoonotic disease transmission is one of the currently hot scientific topics about the functional roles of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning and services. High diversity in host community can increase (amplification effect) or reduce (dilution effect) the transmission of pathogens, due to context-dependent differences in life history traits between hosts. Trace metals (TMs) circulate from resources to consumers via trophic links. Given the variety of life history traits within resources, it is hypothesized that their diversity would play functional roles on the transfer of TMs to consumers. The aim of this work was to test this hypothesis and to determine the underlying mechanisms, using the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) as a model consumer. Sampling was undertaken around the former smelter Metaleurop Nord in Northern France where soils were contaminated by cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn).Analyses about mice resources’ distribution in the field (plants and invertebrates) showed that diversity was not, or slightly positively, correlated with soil TM contamination levels. Community composition of resources was also slightly modified according to soil physico-chemical properties including TM concentrations. Diversity and composition of invertebrate communities were more influenced by diversity of plants than by soil physico-chemical properties.Plant richness in the diet was positively correlated to plant richness in the field in autumn, but not in spring. The seasonal pattern was opposite for invertebrates. Some plant resources, such as Salicaceae, Sapindaceae or Adoxaceae families, were preferred by mice but with seasonal differences. Soil TM contamination reduced mice preference for Salicaceae plants in spring and also modified relationships between richness in the field and diet richness at both seasons.The type of food items consumed by mice affected their trophic exposure to TMs. Consumption of Salicaceae resources, known as TM accumulator plants, increased exposure to Cd and Zn. However, high exposure to Cd induced by Salicaceae was dampened when a large number of other resources were consumed.Concentrations of TMs in plant leaves increased along the gradient of soil TM concentrations in both Salicaceae and Sapindaceae, and concentrations of Cd and Zn in leaves were higher in Salicaceae than in Sapindaceae. Higher bioconcentration factor was observed for Cd in leaves of Salicaceae than in those of Sapindaceae. No change in bioconcentration factor was observed in relation to biodiversity.We finally demonstrated that oral exposure to Pb and accumulation of Cd in the liver and in kidneys of mice decreased along the gradient of plant richness in the field, suggesting a dilution effect. Occurrence of some resources in the field, such as Adoxaceae, Cornacae or Salicaceae families, reduced exposure to TMs, whereas occurrence of Asteraceae family increased accumulation of TMs. Occurrence of these resources was related to the gradient of plant richness.To sum up, we showed that transfer of TMs from soils to mice was controlled by a complex combination of environmental and biological factors, including soil TM contamination, life history traits of resources, and feeding behavior of wood mice. In most cases, these factors were related to biodiversity. A dilution of TMs transfer to wood mice by a high resource diversity has been shown. This work paves the way for nature-based solutions for the control of metal pollution impacts on wildlife
Fey, Pauline Héloise Aline. "Transferts de matière organique et fonctionnement des réseaux trophiques côtiers aux îles Marquises." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2019. https://hal-unc.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03180365/document.
Full textThe Marquesas archipelago is distinguished from the Polynesian group by many environmental and ecological peculiarities. The hydrodynamic conditions seem to generate local nutrient enrichment process, which contrast with oligotrophic conditions usually encountered around the coral ecosystems. These rich waters seem to favor a high phytoplankton primary production. The Marquesas Islands atypical coral structure, associated with high primary production, suggests particular trophic relationships. In the system, phytoplankton is an important organic matter source, with high nutritional quality, supported by macrophytobenthos. Terrestrial OM sources have only a little influence. Despite the dominance of phytoplankton in OM pools (POM and SOM), macroalgae seem to contribute mainly to the food web functioning, with the support of phytoplankton, especially during phytoplankton bloom (cold season). These observations suggest a benthic-pelagic coupling in OM supply in the food web. The marine primary producers have significantly higher δ15N isotopic signatures than in other parts of the South Pacific. These high isotopic values are also identified for consumers and show seasonal variability, probably reflecting variations in nutrient intakes available to primary producers. These variations would reflect the hydrodynamic processes intensification during the cold season, highlighted in other studies, allowing a rise in nutrients in surface water.However, although Marquesan food webs have high nitrogen isotopic signatures and significant contributions from phytoplankton, the structure and functioning of communities remains similar for other coral ecosystems observed
Vray, Françoise. "Évaluation, modélisation et analyse des transferts expérimentaux du ¹⁰⁶RU au sein d'un réseau trophique d'eau douce /." Gif-sur-Yvette : Service de documentation, Centre d'études de Saclay, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35778766h.
Full textJean, Frédéric. "Modélisation à l'état stable des transferts de carbone dans le réseau trophique benthique de la rade de Brest (France)." Brest, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BRES2029.
Full textSotton, Benoît. "Mise en évidence des voies de transfert des cyanotoxines dans les lacs péri-alpins et implications dans les réponses physiologiques des poissons exposés." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00808634.
Full textRaoul, Francis. "Ecologie des transferts de contaminants dans les réseaux trophiques: application à Echinococcus multilocularis et aux éléments trace métalliques." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Franche-Comté, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00952370.
Full textScheifler, Renaud. "Evaluation de la biodisponibilité et des transferts de polluants métalliques et organiques dans les réseaux trophiques "sols-plantes-invertébrés"." Besançon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BESA2022.
Full textPollution of ecosystems by metallic trace elements (MTEs) and organic compounds may lead to pollutant transfer in food webs. The aim of this work was to improve the assessment of bioavailability, transfer and effects of various MTEs (mainly cadmium (Cd) but also copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn)) and an organic pollutant, the herbicide isoproturon. The food webs studied in this work were made up of 2 or 3 compartments among the following: soil - primary producer (lettuce Lactuca sativa, colza Brassica napus and maize Zea mays) - primary consumer (snail Helix aspersa) - secondary consumer (carabid beetle Chrysocarabus splendens). Three complementary approaches using food webs of increasing complexity were exploited in laboratory experiments, under semi-field conditions and in situ
Masclaux, Hélène. "Diversité des interactions trophiques à l'interface microorganismes - microcrustacés dans une zone littorale à macrophytes : conséquences sur le transfert des acides gras essentiels." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00673430.
Full textBaudrot, Virgile. "Modélisation des interactions trophiques impliquant des transferts de contaminants biologiques et chimiques : application à Echinococcus multilocularis et aux éléments traces métalliques." Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA2019/document.
Full textStructure and strength of trophic interactions shaping food webs regulate a large part of biomass andenergy transfer in ecosystems, but also the transfer of biological and chemical contaminants. The aim ofthe PhD thesis is to develop models describing the mechanisms of contaminant transmission and using them to study the dynamics of infectious diseases and chemical pollutions, and also the response of trophic networks subject to those contaminations.[...] Following those works, a fourth step of the thesis has been to integrate trophic interactions, parasite dynamics and pollutions effects in order to study the stability of meta community (i.e. spatially connectedcommunities) and the risk of disease outbreaks. To do so, we use the theory of random matrices andwe introduced new criteria of metacommunity stability and of disease outbreak in metacommunity, both under external pressures. The study showed that external perturbations increase the risk of epidemics,but that those risks could be reduced with the dispersal of individuals (susceptible and infectious) underspecific conditions such as, for TTP, a greater number of species than that of connected ecosystems, and a smaller virulence than the contagion rate.In this way, in a context of planetary increase of anthropogenic pressures on ecosystems, this PhD thesis in modeling provides a set of tools and conceptual developments suitable to analyze quantitatively and qualitatively the transfers and impacts of contaminants in ecosystems
Darnaude, Audrey. "Apports fluviaux en zone côtière et réseaux trophiques marins benthiques : Transfert de matière organique particulaire terrigène jusqu'aux poissons plats au large du Rh^one." Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX22025.
Full textBouquet, Aurélien. "Etude du dinoflagellé benthique toxique Vulcanodinium rugosum dans les lagunes méditerranéennes soumises au changement global : caractérisation toxinique et dynamique in situ, transfert des toxines dans les maillons trophiques supérieurs et risques associés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UMONG016.
Full textHarmful phytoplankton blooms have growing impacts on ecosystems and human populations. In the context of warming waters and oceans, they are one of the main issues linking environmental, animal and human health. This research focuses on the toxic microalga Vulcanodinium rugosum, which produces pinnatoxins (PnTX) and portimines (Prtn). These toxins accumulate in marine organisms and are frequently detected worldwide, particularly in French Mediterranean lagoons. The objectives were to study the microalga distribution in relationship with environmental conditions in four French Mediterranean lagoons, the contamination by PnTX G and Prtn A of various marine organisms, the ecological impacts and the health risks.At first, we developed a sensitive and specific methodology for detecting Vulcanodinium rugosum cells in marine environments, based on artificial substrates coupled with qPCR (AS-qPCR). The results of our field campaign showed that microalgae and toxins were present in all studied lagoons, and that they could contaminate a wide variety of marine species including bivalve molluscs, fish, gastropods and echinoderms. The spatiotemporal dynamics of microalgae and toxins in mussels were linked to seasonal variations in temperature and other hydrochemical factors. A modeling approach based on environmental parameters enabled us to assess the risks to human populations at different times of the year. We estimated that over 25 % of seafood consumers exceeded the provisional acute benchmark value in summer at Ingril and Vic. We did not observe any impact of mullet juvenile exposure to Vulcanodinium rugosum, but this species could be involved in the expansion of the microalga within the lagoons via transport through the intestinal tract. Finally, the kinetics of contamination and elimination in oysters showed that high concentrations could be linked to long-term exposure, and that PnTX G persisted for a long time in bivalve molluscs’ tissues.This work provided therefore important knowledge on the impacts of Vulcanodinium rugosum on ecosystems and humans. The information and tools developed should be of great interest to environmental and health monitoring managers. This study also led to questions concerning the general expansion of Vulcanodinium rugosum area, other species that could possibly be contaminated, sub-lethal impacts on marine organisms, and the chronic risks to humans inherent in persistent contamination in seafood products. They therefore show the importance of studies focusing on this dinoflagellate and its toxins, particularly in the context of warming waters favoring blooms on a global scale
Descroix, Aurélie. "Croissance et régime alimentaire des juvéniles de Saumon atlantique (Salmo salar L. ) dans la rivière Allier : origine et transferts des acides gras dans la chaîne trophique." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00725306.
Full textRibera, Maycas Encarna. "Comportement migratoire et trophique des mysidacés benthopélagiques Anchialina agilis et Haplostylus lobatus sur la marge continentale en Méditerranée nord-occidentale : incidence sur les transferts de matière." Aix-Marseille 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX22066.
Full textRzeźnik-Orignac, Jadwiga. "Contribution de la méiofaune aux transferts des métaux dans le réseau trophique de la baie de Gdańsk (Baltique) et de la baie de Marennes-Oléron (Atlantique)." La Rochelle, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LAROS116.
Full textThis study deals with the ecology and ecotoxicology of nematodes, the main component of meiofauna communities. In situ measurements at Bays of Marennes-Oléron and Gdańsk, provide information on taxonomic/trophic structures of nematode communities. Quantitative assessment of carbon fluxes between benthic diatoms and nematodes was obtained through radioactive labelling (14C). The results confirm the significant role of nematodes in carbon flux through the trophic network. A second aim relates to ecotoxicology, considering the nematode community as a functional component, which can accumulate and biotransform metals, and transport them further up in the trophic network. Metal concentrations in nematodes are higher than those observed in benthic macrofauna, and the nematodes may therefore constitute a significant pathway for metals in the food chain. Furthermore, the results indicate that nematodes hold a central position in recycling metals fixed by the microphytobenthos
Sage, Mickaël. "Transfert de bromadiolone (appâts/sols – campagnols de prairie – renards) : Etude environnementale de la persistance et mesure indirecte de l'exposition." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00404261.
Full textLe premier objectif a été d'évaluer la variabilité environnementale de la persistance de la bromadiolone dans les appâts en conditions naturelles. Cette persistance dans les galeries de traitement est courte (demi-vie de 3 à 6 jours) et faiblement influencée par les conditions environnementales (type de sol et conditions climatiques). Cependant, elle augmente considérablement lors du stockage des appâts dans des réserves (27
Haubois, Anne-Gaëlle. "Dynamique des transferts trophiques entre le microphytobenthos et le gastéropode déposivore Hydrobia ulvae (Pennant) sur une vasière intertidale de la Baie de Marennes-Oléron." La Rochelle, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LAROS108.
Full textThe goal of my Ph. D. Was to characterize the spatio-temporal variation of the trophic transfer between microphytobenthos and the gastropod Hydrobia ulvae. I therefore investigated structure and dynamics of the two compartments and quantified experimentally the effect of demographic and environmental variables on the individual ingestion rate of H. Ulvae. Microphytobenthic biomass varied between 40 and 150 mg Chl a. M-2 and the diatom assemblage was dominated by small-sized species. The study of H. Ulvae population dynamics showed that the population structure is strongly influenced by large-scale movements of individuals. Individual ingestion rate of H. Ulvae is mainly controlled by the chlorophyll a concentration in the sediment and individual size. The functional response of H. Ulvae, juveniles and adults over a wide range of Chl a concentration is characterized by an increase of the ingestion rate according to a power law. Finally, all results were used to estimate the trophic flux
Vincent, Michel. "Rôles et transformations des pigments caroténoïdes dans les réseaux trophiques marins : phénomènes d'accumulation et de transfert au cours du cycle de reproduction des crustacés et des mollusques." Aix-Marseille 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX22087.
Full textOuédraogo, Ousséni. "Mercure, arsenic et sélénium au Burkina Faso : bioaccumulation, transfert trophique dans les systèmes aquatiques et évaluation de bioaccessibilité chez les humains." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9103.
Full textMining of gold is one of the human activities that have increased the inputs of trace elements into the environment. Mercury (Hg) arsenic (As) and selenium (Se) are trace elements that are of environmental importance. Under aquatic environmental conditions, they can be transformed into organic forms which can bioaccumulate through aquatic food webs to reach high concentrations in predatory fish posing harmful effects to wildlife and humans due to their toxicological properties. This study assessed mercury (Hg), arsenic (As) and selenium (Se) levels in aquatic systems and their potential health risk for humans and wildlife in African sub-Saharan region of Burkina Faso where small scale gold mining practices are widespread. Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of Hg and Se through food webs were also assessed. Human Hg exposure from fish consumption was also assessed in vitro by measure of bioaccessibility as proxy of Hg bioavailability to improve risk assessment. Water and fish levels of these elements were relatively low and did not reveal an important impact of gold mining activities. However some fish, mainly from deepest reservoirs, exhibited Hg concentrations above the international marketing limit of 500 ngHg/g (w.w.) recommended by WHO/FAO. These levels may be harmful for these fish and their predators including human. However, when taking into account the antagonistic effect of Se on Hg toxicity, up to 99 % of all fish could be protected from Hg toxicity by their Se content. When considering both As/Se and Se/Hg antagonism, 83% instead the 99% of fish should be considered safe for consumption. Stable isotope ratios of nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) allowed us to draw food webs structure and pathways of Hg and Se bioaccumulation and biomagnification through food webs. We reported that food webs structure were similar across the three reservoirs. Many fish were found to rely on littoral habitat and were associated with short food chains (3-4 levels). However isotopic analyses were not sufficient to understand seasonal variation of Hg from fish linked to seasonal variation of main food items and subsequent analyses of gut contents suggest that stomach content analysis and invertebrate functional groups dynamics may be complementary to isotopic analysis in ecosystem dynamics studies. Bioaccessibility assessment indicated that cooking and addition of tea or coffee led to very low levels of Hg bioaccessibility suggesting that Hg bioaccessibilty from fish can be modified by cooking and by the co-ingestion of tea and coffee. These in vitro results should be further validated using in vivo approaches with animal models, thereby for each community, risk assessment should consider the impact of dietary habits on mercury bioavailability.
Cardon, Pierre-Yves. "Toxicité, transfert et gestion subcellulaire de l’yttrium (Y) chez trois organismes d’eau douce." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21774.
Full textCremona, Fabien. "Transfert de méthylmercure et structure des réseaux trophiques chez les macroinvertébrés littoraux." Phd thesis, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00365591.
Full textLe premier chapitre était consacré à la contribution quantitative des invertébrés non consommables (« impasses trophiques ») au transfert de MeHg vers les poissons. Pour cela, les concentrations en mercure total (THg) et en MeHg chez quatre groupes fonctionnels de macroinvertébrés littoraux (brouteurs, détritivores, prédateurs consommables, prédateurs non consommables) ont été mesurées. Les résultats ont montré que les prédateurs non consommables présentaient les plus fortes concentrations en THg, en MeHg ainsi que la plus forte proportion de MeHg/THg de tous les groupes fonctionnels. La charge (concentration × biomasse) de MeHg des prédateurs non consommables représentait de 10 à 36% du réservoir de MeHg des invertébrés phytophiles. Cette proportion élevée de MeHg séquestrée dans des impasses trophiques pourrait contribuer à expliquer les faibles concentrations en Hg mesurées chez les poissons du lac St Pierre. Nos résultats montrent que les organismes non consommables doivent être pris en compte dans les modèles prédictifs de contamination des écosystèmes par le Hg afin d'éviter de surestimer les quantités de MeHg biodisponibles pour les poissons.
Dans le deuxième chapitre, l'objectif était de déterminer les liens entre la source de matière organique (MO) et la contamination au MeHg chez les macroinvertébrés littoraux consommateurs primaires. Une approche isotopique a été appliquée pour répondre à cet objectif. Les sources autochtones (épiphytes et macrophytes) étaient majoritaires dans la MO assimilée par les consommateurs primaires, avec une proportion plus faible de MO allochtone (matières particulaires en suspension notamment). Le MeHg/THg chez les macroinvertébrés était corrélé positivement avec les proportions d'épiphytes, alors ces dernières étaient corrélées négativement avec la fraction de Hg inorganique. Cette découverte peut faire supposer que la voie d'entrée principale du MeHg dans les réseaux trophiques littoraux se situe dans les épiphytes. Les consommateurs primaires pourraient alors moduler le transfert de MeHg vers les niveaux trophiques supérieurs suivant qu'ils s'alimentent de sources de MO à forte ou à faible concentration en MeHg.
Le troisième chapitre traitait de l'influence du groupe fonctionnel (brouteur, collecteur, fragmenteur, omnivore, prédateur, prédateur-hématophage, piqueur-suceur) et des variables spatiotemporelles (année, mois, station d'échantillonnage) sur la signature de δ15N des macroinvertébrés littoraux du lac St Pierre. La station était le facteur le plus important pour expliquer les variations de δ15N, suivie du mois d'échantillonnage et du groupe fonctionnel. Les organismes de la rive sud, très influencée par les apports d'azote inorganique agricole avaient des valeurs de δ15N plus élevées que ceux de la rive nord qui reçoit des apports du Bouclier Canadien. La signature de δ15N des organismes a augmenté d'environ 3‰ durant la période d'échantillonnage, de mai à septembre, soit l'équivalent d'un niveau trophique. L'enrichissement du δ15N des herbivores aux prédateurs était en moyenne de 1.6‰, ce qui est inférieur aux 3.4‰ généralement considérés chez les organismes de la zone pélagique. Puisque le fractionnement isotopique n'est pas homogène dans tout le réseau trophique, nous conseillons d'employer des valeurs de fractionnement spécifiques aux niveaux trophiques considérés, afin de mieux reconstruire les réseaux trophiques littoraux.
Dans le dernier chapitre, les rôles de l'habitat et de l'architecture des macrophytes sur la biomasse et l'abondance des invertébrés phytophiles étaient étudiés. Nous avons aussi calculé une estimation à l'échelle du lac de la biomasse de macroinvertébrés associée aux différents types d'habitats macrophytiques afin d'estimer les effets quantitatifs de changements de végétation sur les communautés de macroinvertébrés. La biomasse, l'abondance et la richesse des communautés d'invertébrés étaient plus élevées dans les habitats de macrophytes submergées que dans ceux de macrophytes flottantes et émergentes. Les macrophytes avec une architecture complexe n'hébergeaient pas significativement plus de biomasse de macroinvertébrés que celles avec une architecture plus simple. Dans le cas d'une baisse de niveau d'eau du lac St Pierre nous avons prédit que la biomasse totale d'invertébrés phytophiles diminuerait de 16% à l'échelle du lac.
Dans les réseaux trophiques littoraux, il apparaît que les flux d'énergie et de MeHg ne sont pas parfaitement superposés. Premièrement, les bas niveaux trophiques constitués par les macroinvertébrés consommateurs primaires sont capables d'effectuer une modulation des flux de MeHg suivant la nature de leurs sources de MO. Deuxièmement, parmi les consommateurs secondaires une proportion non négligeable du réservoir de MeHg ne sera que peu ou pas disponible pour le transfert vers les poissons. La faible différence de δ15N entre les consommateurs primaires et secondaires nous permet d'émettre des doutes quant à l'utilité de cet outil en tant que traceur du niveau trophique d'un organisme de la zone littorale comparé au δ13C.
Gauthier, David-Alexandre. "Structure des communautés de rotifère dans les lacs boréaux et leur contribution potentielle au transfère du carbone allochtone dans les réseaux trophiques aquatiques." Thèse, 2017. http://constellation.uqac.ca/4374/1/Gauthier_uqac_0862N_10376.pdf.
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