Academic literature on the topic 'Transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steel'

TRansformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) is an important phenomenon during which metastable retained austenite transforms to martensite as a result of imposed stress or strain. This phenomenon was highlighted in fully austenitic stainless steels during the 1970s and thoroughly studied for two decades to understand its complexity. More recently the same strengthening phenomenon has been used in low alloy TRIP assisted multiphase steels resulting in a simultaneous increase in strength and ductility. The full potential of this class of steels is yet to be uncovered due to the complexity of the TRIP transformation and its dependence on various physical conditions and their interactions. In this work, the metallurgical and mechanical properties of four TRIP assisted multiphase steels are characterised under physical conditions emulating those faced during automotive crash. This is done by studying the effects of the strain, strain rate, stress state and temperature on the transformation kinetics and mechanical properties of these steels. A phenomenological constitutive model for predicting the quasi-static and high strain rate mechanical response of these steels is proposed. The model incorporates the effects of strain, strain rate, stress state and temperature, and is based on the Perzyna type viscoplastic model. The viscoplastic function is a coupling of two proposed hardening functions accounting for the strain hardening and the effect of the martensitic transformation. The model successfully represents the four TRIP steels under the prescribed conditions using the determined parameters.<br>La transformation martensitique induite par déformation plastique (TRIP) est un important phénomène durant lequel la phase austénitique résiduelle métastable se transforme en martensite sous l’effet de contrainte ou de l’écoulent plastique. Ce phénomène a été mis en relief pour les aciers austénitique durant les années 70 et a été étudié en large pendant deux décennies pour comprendre sa complexité. Plus récemment, le même phénomène a été utilisé pour les aciers faiblement allié contribuant à une dualité d'augmentation de la résistance mécanique et de la ductilité. Le potentiel complet de ce genre d’acier est à découvrir dû à la complexité du matériel et du phénomène de sa transformation et sa dépendance sur plusieurs facteurs et conditions physiques ainsi que sur leurs réactions entre eux.Dans cette thèse, les caractéristiques métallurgiques et mécaniques de quatre acier, faiblement allié, multiphasé avec effet TRIP ont été étudies dans des circonstances imitant ceux constates lors d'un accident de véhicule. Ceci est accompli durant des essais de laboratoire où on varie la quantité et la vitesse de déformation, le taux de contrainte et la température qui sont des facteurs affectant la transformation et les caractéristiques mécaniques de ce métal.Un modèle constitutif phénoménologique pour la prédiction de la réaction de ces quatre aciers aux déformations de basse et haute vitesse est propose. Ce modèle viscoplastic, basé sur celui de Perzyna, prévoit les réactions dû au changement de la quantité et de la vitesse de déformation, le taux de contrainte, ainsi que le changement de la température. Le modèle prévoie avec succès les quatre types d’aciers TRIP sous les conditions décrites en utilisant les paramètres constitutifs déterminés.

Au cours de processus thermomécaniques engendrant une transformation de phase dans les aciers, une déformation plastique importante peut se produire sous l’effet d’une contrainte appliquée, même si celle-ci est plus faible que la limite d’élasticité de la phase la plus molle. Ce phénomène s’appelle plasticité de transformation ou TRansformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP), et peut jouer un rôle important sur le contrôle des procédés de transformation industriels. Par exemple, au cours du refroidissement par trempe de produits semi-finis ou finis (plaques, tôles, roues, ...), ce phénomène peut affecter la planéité des produits plats et engendrer des contraintes résiduelles qui vont affecter la qualité finale de produits finis. Il s’avère donc important de prévoir cette plasticité de transformation induite par un chargement thermomécanique donné. Dans cette thèse, un modèle micromécanique de plasticité cristalline avec transformation de phase a été développé. Il s’appuie sur l’utilisation de la transformée de Fourier rapide (TFR) développée pour des milieux périodiques. L’expansion volumique induite par une transformation de phase de type diffusive (« Greewood-Johnson effet ») est prise en compte dans le modèle afin d’estimer la plasticité de transformation et le comportement mécanique pendant la transformation de phase. Les résultats obtenus par TFR ont confirmé l’existence d’une relation linéaire entre contrainte appliquée et déformation plastique induite par la transformation, lorsque la contrainte appliquée faible (c’est-à-dire inférieure à la moitié de la limite d’élasticité de la phase la plus molle). Lorsque la contrainte appliquée est plus élevée, le modèle prévoit que cette relation linéaire n’est plus valable, même si la déformation plastique de transformation augmente toujours avec la contrainte ; ceci est bon accord avec des observations expérimentales. L’interaction entre paramètres microstructuraux (tels que texture, morphologie et taille de grains, ...) et mécaniques (contrainte de rappel, sensibilité à la vitesse de déformation, ...) a été analysée. Il a été montré que tous ces paramètres doivent être pris en compte dans l’estimation de la plasticité de transformation. L’effet de l’écrouissage cinématique de la phase mère sur l’anisotropie de déformation induite a égalament été discuté. Par ailleurs, les résultats numériques obtenus par TFR ont été comparés à des résultats issus de modèles analytiques existants et à des mesures expérimentales. Compte tenu du bon accord entre résultats numériques et expérimentaux, les résultats obtenus par TFR ont servi référence pour améliorer les modèles analytiques existants ; ces nouveaux modèles simplifiés s’avèrent plus précis que ceux proposés auparavant<br>During phase transformation in steels, when stress is applied, significant large strain can be observed even though the applied stress is much smaller than the yield stress of the softest phase. The phenomenon is called Transformation Plasticity or TRansformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP). Transformation plasticity is known to play an important role during steel producing processes. For example, during quenching process of plates, sheets, wheels and gear products, the phenomenon affects their shape and residual stresses which determines the quality of products. In this PhD thesis, a micromechanical model of crystal plasticity with phase transformation is developed. It takes advantage of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) numerical scheme for periodic media. Volume expansion along with phase transformation (Greenwood-Johnson effect) is taken into account in the model in order to evaluate the transformation plasticity and mechanical behaviour during phase transformation. The FFT results confirm linear relation between applied stress and transformation plastic strain, if the applied stress does not exceed a half the value of yield stress of the parent phase. For relatively large applied stresses, transformation plastic strain increases nonlinearly with respect to the applied stress. These results agree well with experimental ones. The metallurgical and mechanical interactions during phase transformation are also analysed, such as texture, grain morphology, grain size, back stress effect and viscoplastic deformation effect. It is shown that they cannot be neglected for estimating transformation plasticity. Among others, the role of kinematic hardening of the parent phase on the resulting strain anisotropy is discussed. Finally, the FFT numerical results have been compared with existing analytical models as well as experimental results. Moreover, these FFT computations have been used as references to develop new approximate analytical models. They are shown to improve on previous proposals. These new models were confirmed that they estimate well the transformation plasticity than other analytical models which have been treated in this PhD thesis

<p align='justify'>This thesis is devoted to the micromechanical study of the size-dependent strengthening in Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steels. Such grades of advanced high-strength steels are compelling for the automotive industry, due to their improved mechanical properties. Among others, they combine a good strength versus ductility balance. In this context, many research works have been carried out to study these grades of steels. In particular, from a numerical point of view, earlier studies within the framework of classical plasticity do not properly reproduce the strengthening levels characterizing TRIP steels and obtained experimentally.</p> <p><p align='justify'>In this study, the strain gradient plasticity theory presented by Fleck and Hutchinson (2001) is chosen to account for the strengthening effect resulting from the phase transformation. A two-dimensional embedded cell model of a simplified microstructure composed of small cylindrical metastable austenitic inclusions, partially undergoing the phase transformation, within a ferritic matrix is used.</p><p><p align='justify'>First, the single-parameter version of the strain gradient plasticity theory under small strain assumption is used for the simulations. The impact of the higher order boundary conditions is assessed. It is shown that, when the plastic flow is unconstrained at the elasto-plastic boundaries, the transformation strain has no significant impact on the overall strengthening. The strengthening is essentially coming from the composite effect with a marked inclusion size effect resulting from the appearance during deformation of new boundaries (at the interface between parent and product phases) constraining the plastic flow.</p><p><p align='justify'>Second, the multi-parameter version of the strain gradient plasticity theory, incorporating separately the rotational and extensional gradients in the formulation, is employed under small strain assumption. The effect of the plastic strain gradients resulting from the transformation strain is better captured. In particular, the results show a significant influence of the shear component of the transformation strain. An implicit confinement effect is revealed at the elasto-plastic boundaries which is partly responsible for the transformation strain effect. Size effects on the overall strengthening are also revealed, due to a combined size dependent effect of the transformation strain and of the evolving composite structure.</p><p align='justify'>Third, the extension of the strain gradient plasticity theory to a finite strain description is applied. A significant effect of the transformation strain is obtained with the multi-parameter version of the theory as well as an optimal austenite grain size improving the damage resistance of the martensite, in agreement with the typical grain size of the current TRIP-assisted steels (Jacques et al. 2007).</p><br>Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Cette thèse porte sur l'analyse d'un phénomène particulièrement important dérivant des conséquences mécaniques des transformations de phases solide-solide dans les aciers : la plasticité de transformation ou TRIP (Transformation Induced Plasticity) et son interaction avec la plasticité classique. Ce sujet est abordé à la fois par des investigations expérimentales et par une approche de modélisation numérique, pour les transformations martensitiques.

Formable Advanced High-Strength Steels (AHSS) have a unique combination of strength and ductility, making them ideal in the effort to lightweight vehicles. The AHSS in this study, Quenched and Partitioned 1180, rely on the Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) effect, in which retained austenite (RA) grains transform to martensite during plastic deformation, providing extra ductility via the transformation event. Understanding the factors involved in RA transformation, such as local strain and grain attributes, is therefore key to optimizing the microstructure of these steels. This research seeks to increase understanding of those attributes and the correlations between microstructure and RA transformation in TRIP steels. To measure local strain, the viability of using forescatter detector (FSD) images as the basis for DIC study is investigated. Standard FSD techniques, along with an integrated EBSD / FSD approach (Pattern Region of Interest Analysis System), are both analyzed. Simultaneous strain and microstructure maps are obtained for tensile deformation up to around 6% strain. The method does not give sub-grain resolution, and surface feature evolution prevents DIC analysis across large strain steps; however, the data is easy to obtain and provides a natural set of complementary information for the EBSD analysis. In-situ tensile tests combined with EBSD allow RA grain and neighboring attributes to be characterized and corresponding transformation data to be obtained. However, pseudo-symmetry of the ferrite (BCC) and martensite (BCT) phases prevents EBSD from accurately identifying all phases. Measuring the relative distortion of the crystal lattice, tetragonality, is one approach to identifying the phases. Unfortunately, small errors in the pattern center can cause significant errors in tetragonality measurement. Therefore, this research utilizes a new approach for accurate pattern center determination using a strain minimization routine and applies it to tetragonality maps for phase identification. Tetragonality maps based on dynamically simulated patterns result in the most accurate maps and can also be used to predict approximate local carbon content. Machine learning is then used on the collected data to isolate key attributes of RA grains and provide a decision tree model to predict transformation based on those attributes. Among the most relevant attributes found, RA grain area, RA grain shape aspect ratio, a “hardness” factor, and major axis orientation are included. Possible correlations between these factors and transformation improve understanding of relevant attributes and show the advantage that machine learning can have in unravelling complex material behavior.

Lors d’un recuit inter-critique d’un acier dit « Medium Manganèse », dont la teneur en Mn est située entre 4 et 12 %, avec une microstructure initiale complètement martensitique, la formation de l’austénite obéit à un mécanisme spécifique qui porte le nom d'ART - « Austenite Reverted Transformation » (transformation inverse de l’austénite). L’objectif de ce travail de thèse était d’étudier et de modéliser les évolutions microstructurales en lien avec les propriétés mécaniques lors d’un recuit ART. Il a été déterminé que la microstructure finale se compose de phases de nature (ferrite, austénite résiduelle et martensite de trempe) et morphologie (en forme d’aiguille et polygonale) différentes. Une attention particulière a été accordée aux cinétiques de dissolution des carbures et de formation de l’austénite. Une vision complète de ces processus a été construite. En outre, le mécanisme de stabilisation de l’austénite résiduelle à la température ambiante a été étudié et discuté. Enfin, des essais de traction ont été réalisés afin d’évaluer le comportement mécanique de l’acier après différents recuits ART et établir le lien avec la microstructure. Une analyse plus détaillée du comportement de chaque constituant de la microstructure a été effectuée. A l'issue de cette thèse, un modèle complet est disponible pour calculer les courbes de contrainte vraie - déformation vraie d’un acier Medium Mn<br>During the intercritical annealing of fully martensitic Medium Mn steel, containing from 4 to 12 wt.% Mn, the formation of austenite happens through the so-called “Austenite Reverted Transformation” (ART) mechanism. In this PhD work, the evolution of both microstructure and tensile properties was studied as a function of holding time in the intercritical domain. The microstructure evolution was studied using a double experimental and modeling approach. The final microstructure contained phases of different natures (ferrite (annealed martensite), retained austenite and fresh martensite) and of different morphologies (lath-like and polygonal). A particular attention was paid to the kinetics of austenite formation in connection with cementite dissolution and to the morphology of the phases. A mechanism was proposed to describe the formation of such microstructure. The critical factors controlling thermal austenite stability, including both chemical and size effects, were determined and discussed, based on the analysis of the retained austenite time-evolution. At last, tensile properties of the steel were measured as a function of holding time and the relation between microstructure and mechanical behavior was analyzed. Advanced analysis of the individual behavior of the three major constituents was performed. As a final output of this work, a complete model for predicting the true-stress versus true-strain curves of medium Mn steels was proposed

Les aciers inoxydables duplex présentent une combinaison intéressante entre des propriétés mécaniques élevées, une faible conductivité thermique et un coût relativement faible. Ils sont couramment employés dans le domaine du bâtiment comme rond à béton, application qui requière notamment une résistance élevée (Rm &gt; 950 MPa) et une ductilité importante (A% &gt; 15). Cette thèse a pour objectif d’améliorer le compromis résistance / allongement, en développant de nouvelles nuances duplex présentant une transformation martensitique induite par la plasticité (effet TRIP) aux caractéristiques contrôlées. L’optimisation de ce compromis a nécessité en particulier une compréhension détaillée des mécanismes de transformation et de déformation plastique associés à chaque phase : la ferrite (BCC), l’austénite (FCC) et la martensite (BCC).L’influence de la transformation martensitique sur le comportement mécanique est étudiée pour quatre alliages duplex de stabilité variable de la phase austénitique en fonction de leur composition chimique. L’influence d’une microstructure multiphasée sur la cinétique de transformation est déterminée grâce à l’élaboration de trois nuances modèles représentant respectivement une nuance duplex et es deux compositions représentatives de ses constituants austénite et ferrite. L’utilisation de plusieurs techniques de caractérisation à différentes échelles a permis de décrire à la fois les mécanismes de transformation de phase et leur cinétique en fonction de la déformation, donnant ainsi accès à leur influence sur le comportement mécanique. L’étude des champs cinématiques a mis en évidence l’impact de la phase martensitique sur la répartition des déformations dans la microstructure multi-phasée. Finalement l’utilisation d’un modèle mécanique prenant en compte explicitement la transformation martensitique a permis de reproduire le comportement mécanique d’un alliage duplex<br>Duplex stainless steels offer an attractive combination of high mechanical properties, low thermalconductivity and a relatively low cost. They are increasingly used as structural materials such as inthe construction sector as concrete reinforcement bars, where both high strength (Rm &gt; 900 MPa)and high elongation to failure (A% &gt; 15 %) are required. This thesis aims at improving the strength/ elongation compromise by developing new duplex stainless steel compositions experiencing a wellcontrolledmartensitic transformation induced by plasticity (TRIP effect). The optimisation of thiscompromise has required a good understanding of the transformation mechanisms and of plasticdeformation associated with each phase : ferrite (BCC), austenite (FCC) and martensite (BCC).The influence of martensitic transformation on mechanical behavior has been studied in four duplexgrades of variable austenite stability as a function of their chemical composition. The influence ofmultiphase microstructure on martensitic transformation kinetics has been determined by makingthree alloys respectively representative of a duplex grade and its two constituents (austenite andferrite). Using multiple characterization techniques at different scales has allowed determiningboth the transformation mechanisms and its kinetics as a function of strain, giving thus accessto the influence of transformation on the mechanical behavior. The study of kinematic fields hashighlighted the impact of the martensitic phase on the distribution of deformations. Finally, theuse of a mechanical model taking explicitly into account the phase transformation has allowed theduplication of the mechanical behavior of a duplex stainless steel

Sheet metal forming processes are an important part of many manufacturing operations today. The numerical simulation of these processes has become an important aspect in the design of the processes and in the understanding of the material forming itself. This thesis document describes the development and formulation of a material model which was used in the numerical simulation of deep drawing problems. The purpose of the material model was to predict the formation of martensite during the plastic straining of metastable austenitic stainless steel and the effect of the martensite formation on the plasticity of the steel. The model was developed from existing work as a modified von Mises isotropic hardening elastic-plastic algorithm. The algorithm was implemented as the subroutine UMAT in the finite element program ABAQUS. Finite element simulations employing the material model were performed on two axisymmetric deep drawing examples. The finite element analysis was performed as a coupled displacement-temperature analysis. The simulations produced results which predicted the distribution of various material state variables such as the volume fraction of martensite, plastic strain, yield stress and temperature in the formed component. The results were consistent with what is intuitively expected from the physics of the problem. They were able to explain phenomena observed in physical tests such as the location of failures in the formed components and the occurrence of delayed cracking. It is concluded that the model was successful in providing qualitative information on the distribution of martensite in components formed by deep drawing. These predictions were for a broad range of stainless steel behaviour. However, extensions to the model are required to be able to make accurate quantitative predictions on the formation of martensite in specific materials.