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Journal articles on the topic 'Transformation toughening'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Zhou, Yang, Hong Xiang Zhai, Zhen Ying Huang, Ming Xing Ai, Zhi Li Zhang, Shi Bo Li, and Cui Wei Li. "Influence of Toughening Method on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Alumina-Matrix Composites." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 909–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.909.

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Various toughening methods, i.e. partially stabilized zirconia transformation toughening, transformation- SiC whisker reinforcing and transformation-SiC particle reinforcing were used to improve the mechanical properties of alumina ceramic. Influence of various toughening methods on microstructure and mechanical properties of the alumina-matrix composites were studied. On the basis of transformation toughening, by which the strength and toughness of Al2O3 ceramic improved simultaneously, the addition of SiC whisker substantially enhanced the toughness, whereas the addition of SiC particle increased both toughness and strength to a certain degree. Mechanical properties of the testing materials were closely related with their morphologies of fracture surfaces. Toughening mechanisms of the composites were also studied. In the transformation-whisker reinforced composite or the transformation-particle reinforced composite, the two toughening methods affected with each other and produced a cooperative toughening effect.

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2

Heuer, A. H., F. F. Lange, M. V. Swain, and A. G. Evans. "Transformation Toughening: An Overview." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 69, no. 3 (March 1986): i—iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1986.tb07400.x.

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3

Low, I. M. "ZrO2 transformation toughening criteria." Journal of Materials Science Letters 7, no. 3 (March 1988): 297–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01730204.

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4

Olson, G. B. "Transformation Plasticity and Toughening." Le Journal de Physique IV 06, no. C1 (January 1996): C1–407—C1–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:1996139.

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5

Tuan, Wei-Hsing, and Rong-Zhi Chen. "Interactions between toughening mechanisms: Transformation toughening versus plastic deformation." Journal of Materials Research 17, no. 11 (November 2002): 2921–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2002.0423.

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In this study, the interactions between transformation toughening and plastic stretching were investigated experimentally. Zirconia and metals, nickel or silver, were incorporated simultaneously into an alumina matrix. The extent of phase transformation of zirconia particles was enhanced due to the coexistence of soft metals. The ductility of nickel was also enhanced in the Al2O3–Ni–ZrO2 composites. However, the presence of zirconia particles at the alumina/silver interface reduced the ability of silver to deform plastically. Due to the interactions, the ratio of composite toughness to matrix toughness for the Al2O3–Ni–ZrO2 composite was higher than the product of the ratio of the composites containing only nickel and only zirconia.

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6

Clarke, D. R., and B. Schwartz. "Transformation toughening of glass ceramics." Journal of Materials Research 2, no. 6 (December 1987): 801–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1987.0801.

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The utilization of transformation toughening has hitherto been restricted to increasing the fracture resistance of polycrystalline ceramic materials. Although a number of investigators have attempted to extend the concept to toughening glasses and glass ceramics with tetragonal zirconia, no successful reports have been published. It is argued that the approaches employed are inevitably limited primarily because they do not take into account the necessity of nucleating the tetragonal-to-monoclinic transformation away from the crack tip itself. By concentrating on the nucleation event and using standard ceramic processing techniques, it has been demonstated that transformation toughening can be used to increase the toughness of glass-ceramic materials, and this approach is illustrated by increasing the fracture toughness of a cordierite glass ceramic.

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7

Ma, Lifeng. "Fundamental formulation for transformation toughening." International Journal of Solids and Structures 47, no. 22-23 (November 2010): 3214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2010.08.002.

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8

Will, P., and B. Michel. "Transformation toughening fatigue crack growth." Physica Status Solidi (a) 99, no. 2 (February 16, 1987): K79—K82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.2210990241.

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9

Liu, Yun Ting, Xie Quan Liu, Xin Hua Ni, and Shu Qin Zhang. "Fracture Enhancement of Mixed Mode I-II Transformation Toughened Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 2444–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.2444.

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The pressure sensitive transformation criterion is used to determine the constitutive relation of transformation toughened ceramics. By the use of the strain energy release rate criterion and the method of weight function, the fracture enhancement of mixed-mode I-II crack in transformation toughened ceramics is predicated. The theoretical expressions of the toughening effect for both the stationary and steady-state growing crack are given respectively. The result show there is no toughening effect for the stationary crack and the toughening effect for the steady-state growing crack is associated with the modulus of elasticity, the width of transformation and its volume fraction.

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10

Ni, Xin Hua, Xie Quan Liu, Jun Ying Wang, and Xiao Bo Lu. "The Toughening Action of Comprehensive Transformation on Mixed Mode II-III Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 1779–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.1779.

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By the use of comprehensive transformation criterion and the method of weight function, the fracture enhancement of mixed-mode II-III crack in transformation toughened ceramics is predicated. The theoretical expressions of the toughening effect for both the stationary and steady-state growing crack are given respectively. The results show there is no toughening effect for the stationary crack and the toughening effect for the steady-state growing crack is associated with the modulus of elasticity, the width of transformation and its volume fraction.

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11

Low, I. M. "Critical Conditions in Zirconia Transformation Toughening." Materials Science Forum 34-36 (January 1991): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.34-36.103.

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12

Li, Cong, Dan Tan, Cheng Luo, JunHui Luo, Ke Cao, Li Yang, and YiChun Zhou. "Transformation toughening in zirconium tantalum ceramics." Science China Technological Sciences 65, no. 8 (July 25, 2022): 1772–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11431-022-2131-y.

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13

Hannink, R. H. J., and M. V. Swain. "Progress in Transformation Toughening of Ceramics." Annual Review of Materials Science 24, no. 1 (August 1994): 359–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.24.080194.002043.

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14

LAMBROPOULOS, J. C. "Effect of Nucleation on Transformation Toughening." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 69, no. 3 (March 1986): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1986.tb07411.x.

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15

HEUER, A. H. "Transformation Toughening in ZrO2-Containing Ceramics." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 70, no. 10 (October 1987): 689–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1987.tb04865.x.

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16

Hannink, Richard H. J., Patrick M. Kelly, and Barry C. Muddle. "Transformation Toughening in Zirconia-Containing Ceramics." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 83, no. 3 (December 21, 2004): 461–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01221.x.

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17

Makkar, J., B. Young, I. Karaman, and T. Baxevanis. "Experimental observations of “reversible” transformation toughening." Scripta Materialia 191 (January 2021): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2020.09.018.

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18

Simha, N., and L. Truskinovsky. "Shear induced transformation toughening in ceramics." Acta Metallurgica et Materialia 42, no. 11 (November 1994): 3827–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-7151(94)90448-0.

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19

Li, J. C. M., and S. C. Sanday. "Toughening by stress induced phase transformation." Scripta Metallurgica 19, no. 8 (August 1985): 935–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0036-9748(85)90286-8.

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20

Tan, X., S. E. Young, Y. H. Seo, J. Y. Zhang, W. Hong, and K. G. Webber. "Transformation toughening in an antiferroelectric ceramic." Acta Materialia 62 (January 2014): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2013.09.038.

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21

Andreasen, J. H., and B. L. Karihaloo. "Surface cracks in transformation toughening ceramics." International Journal of Solids and Structures 31, no. 1 (January 1994): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7683(94)90174-0.

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22

Amazigo, John C., and Bernard Budiansky. "Interaction of particulate and transformation toughening." Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 36, no. 5 (January 1988): 581–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-5096(88)90011-7.

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23

Cui, Yingqing Lawrence. "Interaction of fiber and transformation toughening." Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 40, no. 8 (November 1992): 1837–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-5096(92)90053-5.

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24

Wang, Zhen Qing, Zeng Jie Yang, and Li Qiang Tang. "Toughening Analysis of Mixed Cracks in Transformation Toughened Ceramics on Influence of SD Effect." Key Engineering Materials 452-453 (November 2010): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.452-453.145.

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Considering the SD effect, the parabolic-type yield criterion is obtained by using a new parameter. And by analogy with associated plastic flow rule, the ceramic phase transformation constitutive model is established. Under plane strain condition, the theoretical toughening expressions of mixed-mode I-II stationary cracks and steady-state growing cracks are developed by applying the weight function method. And the toughening effect is discussed under the influence of Poisson ratio, parameter and . The simulation results show that these phase transformation toughening effects are in good agreement with experimental results. And comparing with other yield criterions, it is more in line with actual characteristics of zirconia ceramic materials, when the expression of mixed I-II crack is reduced to mode I crack. And it also could provide theoretical support and reference for the further research of ceramic phase transformation toughening.

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25

Yoshida, Shiguma, and Takeshi Iwamoto. "An Evaluation on Fracture Toughness in SUS304 at High Strain Rate Considering Process Zone." EPJ Web of Conferences 250 (2021): 03013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125003013.

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Some research works report the relationships between transformation toughening and process zone. In SUS304, the reduction of transformation toughening at high strain rate is expected from the result of a small punch test. Currently, the process zone in SUS304 is fuzzily defined. Therefore, a consideration of damaging process is necessary in order to understand a fracture mechanism associated with transformation toughening and process zone. In this study, at first, tensile tests of pre-cracked sheet specimens made of SUS304 are conducted by the split Hopkinson pressure bar in order to understand the fracture mechanism phenomenologically at high deformation rate. During the test, a DC potential difference method is introduced to capture onset time of fracture.

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26

Dmitrievskiy A.A., Zhigacheva D.G., Efremova N.Yu., Ovchinnikov P.N., and Vasyukov V.M. "Determination of the ATZ ceramics with different SiO-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=- contents tensile strength by the "brazilian test" method." Physics of the Solid State 64, no. 8 (2022): 1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pss.2022.08.54621.355.

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The possibility of using the "Brazilian test" method to determination the tensile strength sigmat of composite zirconia ceramics small-size samples were demonstrated and the reliability of the obtained sigmat values were confirmed. It was found that the dependence of the tensile strength of alumina toughened zirconia (stabilized by calcium oxide) with silica addition (CaO-ATZ + SiO2 ceramics) on SiO2 concentration in them has a maximum (sigma_t=450 MPa, at CSiO_2=5 mol.%). The observed toughened is explained by an increase in the transformability of the tetragonal t-ZrO2 phase and, accordingly, by an enhanced role of transformation toughening when SiO2 is adding into the ATZ ceramics. Keywords: ATZ ceramic, tensile strength, "Brazilian test", phase transformations, transformation toughening.

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27

Yang, Z. J., Z. Q. Wang, L. Q. Tang, and X. Y. Sun. "Ceramics Toughening Mechanism Study of Mixed-Mode I-III Cracks with a New Yield Criterion." Journal of Mechanics 27, no. 3 (August 31, 2011): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmech.2011.43.

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ABSTRACTConsidering the SD (strength differential) effect on compressive strength and tensile strength in zirconia ceramic material, a yield criterion with a special parameter is introduced. In addition, by analogy with associated flow rule, the constitutive model of phase transformation ceramic material has been established. Under generalized plane strain condition, the theoretical toughening expressions of mixed-mode I-III stationary cracks and steady-state growing cracks have been developed with the constitutive model. The crack toughening effect has been discussed in detail with the Poisson ratio, parameters k / α (the ratio of nominal yield strength and SD effect factor) and ω (the scale factor of mode I crack and mode III). The integral calculation shows that phase transformation toughening of stationary cracks is negative shielding effect and the toughening effect of the steady-state growing cracks change obviously with the increase of parameter k / α. Comparison between experimental data and theoretical data indicates that the yield criterion is in accord with the actual characteristics of the zirconia ceramic, when the expression of mixed-mode I-III crack is reduced to mode I crack. The results obtained in present paper can provide the useful theoretical reference for the research of phase transformation toughening in ceramic materials.

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28

Kelly, Patrick M., and L. R. Francis Rose. "The martensitic transformation in ceramics — its role in transformation toughening." Progress in Materials Science 47, no. 5 (January 2002): 463–557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6425(00)00005-0.

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29

Hayakawa, Motozo, and Muneo Oka. "Martensitic Transformation and Toughening of Zirconia Ceramics." Materia Japan 33, no. 12 (1994): 1481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.33.1481.

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30

Moya, Jose S., Pilar Pena, and Salvador Aza. "Transformation Toughening in Composites Containing Dicalcium Silicate." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 68, no. 9 (September 1985): C—259—C—262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1985.tb15808.x.

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31

Cai, Hongda, and K. T. Faber. "Effective dilatational transformation toughening in brittle materials." Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 28, no. 9 (May 1993): 1161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-716x(93)90027-p.

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32

Chen, S. P., R. LeSar, and A. D. Rollett. "Modeling of transformation toughening in brittle composites." Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 28, no. 11 (June 1993): 1393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-716x(93)90488-e.

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33

Hom, C. L., and R. M. McMeeking. "Numerical results for transformation toughening in ceramics." International Journal of Solids and Structures 26, no. 11 (1990): 1211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7683(90)90057-3.

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34

Chen, I.-Wei. "Model of Transformation Toughening in Brittle Materials." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 74, no. 10 (October 1991): 2564–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1991.tb06800.x.

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35

LeSar, R., A. D. Rollett, and D. J. Srolovitz. "Modeling of transformation toughening in brittle materials." Materials Science and Engineering: A 155, no. 1-2 (June 1992): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(92)90333-v.

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36

Hugo, G. R., B. C. Muddle, and R. H. J. Hannink. "An electron diffraction study of the tetragonal— monoclinic transformation in 12 mole% ceria-zirconia." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 4 (August 1990): 1054–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100178409.

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The tetragonal (t) ↔ monoclinic (m) transformation occurring in 12 mole% CeO2-ZrO2 is a source of significant transformation plasticity and transformation toughening in this ceramic material. The t↔m transformation is martensitic in nature and a quantitative understanding of the transformation plasticity and transformation toughening requires that the crystallography of this martensitic transformation be understood in detail. Crystallographic characteristics of a martensitic phase transformation are:1. the existence of a unique lattice correspondence between the phases, which specifies the directions in the product crystal lattice into which any given directions in the parent crystal lattice are transformed, 2. a fixed orientation relationship preserved between parent and product phases, and 3. the orientation of the habit plane or interface plane between the parent and product phases.For the t↔m transformation occurring in ceria-zirconia, three possible lattice correspondences are plausible.

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37

Zhang, Long, Zhong Min Zhao, Jian Zheng, Hong Bai Bai, and Jiang Wu. "Microstructures and Multi-Toughening of ZrO₂ Nano-Micron Fibers Self-Toughening Al₂O₃ Ceramics from In Situ Growth in the Melts Produced by Combustion Synthesis." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 2257–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.2257.

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Al2O3/24%ZrO2 composite, which is mainly composed of lath-shaped and rod-shaped α-Al2O3 matrix containing ZrO2 nano-micron fibers, was obtained from in-situ growth in the melts produced by combustion synthesis. The results from XRD, SEM and EPMA showed that, besides the rod-shaped and lath-shaped α-Al2O3 grains, there are also t-ZrO2 or m-ZrO2 independent phases and Cr metallic particles at the boundaries of rod-shaped grains. The strength and toughness were measured to be 1186 MPa and 12.8MPa·m0.5 respectively. The procedure for toughening ceramics relies on coordinated action of multiple toughening mechanisms involving reinforcement-induced toughening by ZrO2 nano-micron fibers, deflection-induced toughening, stress-induced transformation toughening, crack-bridging toughening by lath-shaped α-Al2O3 grains as well as deformation-induced toughening by Cr metallic particles, and promises the occurrence of a sharp rising R-curved behavior.

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38

Wang, Feng Biao, Jie Yu, and Shi Chun Di. "Fracture Mechanics Study on Porosity Zirnocia/hydroxyapatite Coating Obtained through Microarc Oxidation on Medical Titanium Alloy Surface." Advanced Materials Research 503-504 (April 2012): 420–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.503-504.420.

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In electrolytes TiO2-based complex ceramic coatings containing Ca and P on titanium alloy were ultimately formed containing zirconia/hydroxyapatite by Micro-arc oxidation process. As well as the biomechanics measure experiment of speciments had been done, and the datas were analysised and researched. In addition, the toughening mechanism of reinforced coating was studied in detail, and consists of the second phase toughening, phase transformation toughening and microcrack toughening.The results show that the zirconia /hydroxyapatite coating has advanced biomechanics propertys compared to the individual hydroxyapatite one.

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39

Jiang, Wentao, Hao Lu, Jinghong Chen, Xuemei Liu, Chao Liu, and Xiaoyan Song. "Toughening cemented carbides by phase transformation of zirconia." Materials & Design 202 (April 2021): 109559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109559.

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40

Zeng, D., N. Katsube, and W. O. Soboyejo. "Discrete modeling of transformation toughening in heterogeneous materials." Mechanics of Materials 36, no. 11 (November 2004): 1057–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2003.08.010.

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41

Lambropoulos, J. C. "Shear, shape and orientation effects in transformation toughening." International Journal of Solids and Structures 22, no. 10 (1986): 1083–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7683(86)90019-3.

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42

Rühle, Manfred. "Microcrack and transformation toughening of zirconia-containing alumina." Materials Science and Engineering: A 105-106 (November 1988): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(88)90482-x.

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43

Block, S., G. L. Piermarini, V. Bean, and A. Raynes. "Pressure sintering and transformation toughening of zinc sulfide." Materials Science and Engineering: A 127, no. 1 (July 1990): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(90)90195-9.

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44

Tsukamoto, Hideaki, and Andrei Kotousov. "Transformation Toughening in Zirconia-Enriched Composites: Micromechanical Modeling." International Journal of Fracture 139, no. 1 (May 2006): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10704-006-8374-5.

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45

Lu, Xiao Bo, Hong Bo Liu, and Yu Fei Zhang. "Large Scale Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ (Y₂O₃) Eutectic and Hypereutectic Achieved by Combustion Synthesis in High Gravity Field." Key Engineering Materials 602-603 (March 2014): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.602-603.252.

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By introducing ZrO2 (4Y) powder into the thermit, the solidified Al2O3-ZrO2 (4Y) ceramic composites with eutectic and hypereutectic microstructures were prepared via combustion synthesis in high gravity field, and the microstructures and mechanical properties of the solidified ceramic composites were discussed. XRD, SEM and EDS showed that the Al2O3-33%ZrO2 (4Y) as the eutectic were composed of random-orientated rod-shaped colonies consisting of a triangular dispersion of orderly submicron-nanometer t-ZrO2 fibers, surrounded by inter-colony regions consisting of spherically-shaped micrometer t-ZrO2 grains, whereas Al2O3-45%ZrO2 (4Y) as the hypereutectic were comprised of spherically-shaped micron-meter t-ZrO2 grains, surround by irregularly-shaped α-Al2O3 grains and a few colonies. Compared to the directionally solidified Al2O3-ZrO2 (Y2O3), the increase in hardness and flexural strength of the eutectic obtained in current experiment was due to high densification, small-size defect and high fracture toughness induced by residual stress toughening and transformation toughening mechanisms; meanwhile, in despite of the moderate decrease in hardness, high flexural strength of the hypereutectic was considered to be a result of small-size defect and high fracture toughness induced by transformation toughening and microcrack toughening mechanisms.

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46

Ni, Xin Hua, Xie Quan Liu, Bao Hong Han, Guo Hui Zhong, and Tao Sun. "Bridging Toughening Mechanism of Fiber Eutectics and Transformation Particles Composite Ceramic." Advanced Materials Research 177 (December 2010): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.177.178.

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Based on the microstructure of fiber eutectics and transformation particles composite ceramic, the bridging stress of the fiber eutectic is determined. The bridging load that makes crack closure to reduce the stress concentration of crack tip is calculated. The energy dissipative value of the bridging load is obtained by considering the random orientation of the fiber eutectic. Finally, according to the relationship of the fracture toughness and energy dissipation, the bridging toughening mechanism is established. Analysis shows that the bridging toughening value is enhanced with the increasing of volume fraction and fracture strength of fiber eutectic, and enhanced with the decreasing of interface bonding strength and length-diameter ratio.

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47

Gutiérrez-González, C. F., and J. F. Bartolomé. "Damage tolerance and R-curve behavior of Al2O3–ZrO2–Nb multiphase composites with synergistic toughening mechanism." Journal of Materials Research 23, no. 2 (February 2008): 570–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2008.0075.

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In the present work, the damage tolerance and R-curve behavior of alumina–zirconia–niobium multiphase composites were studied by the indentation strength method. A matrix of yttria-stabilized zirconia (3Y–TZP) strengthened with particles of Al2O3 (ATZ) and an alumina matrix strengthened with particles of 3Y-TZP (ZTA) were prepared by hot press of commercial powders, containing Nb metal particles as reinforcing phase. The crack growth behavior was analyzed, and it was found that stress-induced transformation toughening of ZrO2 and bridging of the Nb inclusions were the two main factors that can shield an advancing crack and exert crack closure stresses on the crack wake. Moreover, on the basis of quantitative toughening analysis, it is argued that a synergistic effect originated from the interaction between the toughening mechanisms of Nb grains and zirconia, takes place in the alumina–zirconia–Nb multiphase composites. This showed that the combined toughening effect was bigger than the sum of the individual toughening effects when either reinforcement acted alone.

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48

Kriven, W. M. "Phase transformations in ceramics." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 952–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100150599.

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The study of phase transformations in ceramic has received limited coverage in ceramic text books, other than for example, ferroelectric transformations, (e.g., in barium titanate), zirconia and amorphous to crystalline transformations in glass. While Newnham has comprehensively reviewed the crystal chemistry of “ferroic” (ferroelectric, ferroelastic or ferromagnetic) ceramics, the success of “transformation toughening” as a mechanism for reducing the brittleness of ceramics has stimulated the search for other potential transformation tougheners alternative to zirconia.While phase transformations have been widely studied in metals over the past 50 years, caution needs to be exercized in transplanting conventional wisdom from metals to ceramics. The differences in bonding in ceramics ((mixed covalent and ionic ), can lead to profound differences in crystal structures and transformation mechanisms. An alternative approach which has been particularly helpful in our work is that of Hyde et al., which empasizes cation arrangements, into the interstices of which, the anions are inserted, rather than the inverse perspective of putting cations into a packed anion array.

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Grujicic, M., and J. Du. "Atomistic simulation of transformation toughening in Fe-Ni austenite." Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering 3, no. 6 (November 1, 1995): 811–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0965-0393/3/6/005.

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Block, Stanley, Gasper J. Piermarini, Bernard J. Hockey, Brian R. Lawn, and Ronald G. Munro. "High-Pressure Transformation Toughening: A Case Study on Zirconia." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 69, no. 6 (June 1986): C—125—C—126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1986.tb07458.x.

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