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Branco, Hermes Manoel Galvão Castelo. "Uma estratégia para a detecção e classificação de transitórios em transformadores de potência pela utilização da transformada Wavelet e da lógica Fuzzy." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18154/tde-09092009-083518/.
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Nesta pesquisa, apresentam-se os principais eventos relacionados com a proteção de transformadores e sua correlação com os distúrbios de qualidade da energia elétrica (QEE). Neste sentido, foi desenvolvido um algoritmo que utiliza a transformada Wavelet (TW) e a lógica Fuzzy (LF) para classificar os eventos transitórios associados à proteção de transformadores. Estes eventos foram observados em um sistema elétrico de potência (SEP) simulado com a utilização do software Alternative Transients Program (ATP). Importa ressaltar que o sistema modelado apresenta transformadores ligados em paralelo, possibilitando o estudo de eventos decorrentes desta situação, como a energização solidária (Sympathetic Inrush). Por este SEP, modelado sobre parâmetros reais, foram simuladas várias situações transitórias, que provocam o aparecimento de correntes diferenciais, sendo estas direcionadas para análise do algoritmo desenvolvido. Afirma-se que, nos testes realizados, o algoritmo proposto apresentou um desempenho satisfatório perante as mais variadas situações a que foi submetido, identificando as causas das correntes diferenciais, sejam proporcionadas por defeitos ou por outras condições de operação aplicadas.In this research, the main events related to the transformer protection and its correlation with the power quality disturbances (PQ) are presented. In this context, an algorithm based on Wavelet transform (WT) and Fuzzy logic (FL) was developed to classify the transient events associated with the transformer protection. These events were observed in an electrical power system (EPS) simulated using the Alternative Transients Program (ATP) software. It should be emphasized that the modeled system presents transformers connected in parallel, allowing the study of events of this situation, such as sympathetic inrush. For the simulated EPS, modeled based on real parameters, various transients situationswere simulated, causing the appearance of differentials currents which were directed to the analysis. The proposed algorithm showed a satisfactory performance tomany situations, identifying the causes of the differentials currents, either provided by faults or other operation conditions.
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Ntwoku, Stephane Ntuomou. "Dynamic transformer protection a novel approach using state estimation." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45879.
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Transformers are very important parts of any electrical network, and their size increase so does their price. Protecting these important devices is a daunting task due to the wide variety of operating conditions. This thesis develops a new protection scheme based on state estimation.The foundation upon which our protection scheme is built is the modeling of the single phase transformer system of equations. The transformer equations are composed of polynomial and differential equations and this system of equations involving the transformer's electrical quantities are modeled into a system of equations such that highest degree of each of the system's equations is quadratic―in a process named Quadratization and then integrated using a technique called Quadratic integration to give a set of algebraic companion equations that can be solved numerically to determine the health of the transformer.
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Naodovic, Bogdan. "Influence of instrument transformers on power system protection." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2330.
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Instrument transformers are a crucial component of power system protection.
They supply the protection system with scaled-down replicas of current and voltage
signals present in a power network to the levels which are safe and practical to op-
erate with. The conventional instrument transformers are based on electromagnetic
coupling between the power network on the primary side and protective devices on
the secondary. Due to such a design, instrument transformers insert distortions in the
mentioned signal replicas. Protective devices may be sensitive to these distortions.
The inuence of distortions may lead to disastrous misoperations of protective devices.
To overcome this problem, a new instrument transformer design has been devised:
optical sensing of currents and voltages. In the theory, novel instrument transform-
ers promise a distortion-free replication of the primary signals. Since the mentioned
novel design has not been widely used in practice so far, its superior performance
needs to be evaluated. This poses a question: how can the new technology (design)
be evaluated, and compared to the existing instrument transformer technology? The
importance of this question lies in its consequence: is there a necessity to upgrade
the protection system, i.e. to replace the conventional instrument transformers with
the novel ones, which would be quite expensive and time-consuming?
The posed question can be answered by comparing inuences of both the novel
and the conventional instrument transformers on the protection system. At present,
there is no systematic approach to this evaluation. Since the evaluation could lead to
an improvement of the overall protection system, this thesis proposes a comprehensive
and systematic methodology for the evaluation. The thesis also proposes a complete
solution for the evaluation, in the form of a simulation environment. Finally, the
thesis presents results of evaluation, along with their interpretation.
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Dolloff, Paul D. "An improved bus protection technique with dissimilar current transformers /." This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-12302008-063159/.
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Dolloff, Paul A. "An improved bus protection technique with dissimilar current transformers." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46432.
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Etumi, Adel. "Current signal processing-based techniques for transformer protection." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/94716/.
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Transformer is an expensive device and one of the most important parts in a power system. Internal faults can cause a transformer to fail and thus, it is necessary for it to be protected from these faults. Protection doesn’t mean that it prevents damage to the protected transformer but it is to minimize the damage to the transformer as much as possible, which consequently minimizes the subsequent outage time and repair cost. Therefore, fast and reliable protection system should be used for limiting damages to the transformer by rapidly disconnecting the faulty transformer from the network, which also leads to the elimination of the stresses on the system itself and preventing damage to adjacent equipment. The main aim of this thesis is to propose transformer protection technique that is fast and highly sensitive to internal faults that occur inside the transformer, to overcome the problems of current transformer saturation and inrush current, and to make it immune to the external faults (through faults) that occur outside of the transformer protection zone. The current transformer saturation and inrush current are significant problems since they cause malfunction of the protection system, which consequently will disconnect the transformer because they are considered faults. This improper disconnection of transformer is not desirable as it shortens its life time. So the proposed protection technique was designed to be fast and to avoid maloperation caused by saturation and inrush current. The proposed protection technique was based on current signal processing. Three methods, namely the application of correlation coefficients, current change ratio (CCR) and percentage area difference (PAD) were proposed based on practical and simulation tests. These techniques were successfully proved by carrying out tests on Simulink models using MATLAB/SIMULINK program and on a practical laboratory model. In transformer transient state, the response time for the methods that were used to address the problem of inrush condition, was 10 ms for CCR when transformer was on no-load and 5 ms for PAD when the transformer was on-load. This response time Current Signal Processing-Based Techniques for Transformer Protection v is faster than the most popular method relying on second harmonic, which needs at least one cycle (20ms in 50 Hz systems) to recognize the condition. In transformer steady state, it was proved that the proposed correlation method was capable of detecting the internal faults successfully within a very short time, ranging from 0.8 to 2.5 ms according to the type and severity of the fault and in addition was able to overcome the problem of current transformer (CT) saturation. The contribution of this research is the development of a transformer protection technique, which is simple in design, fast and reliable in fault detection and at the same time capable of overcoming the problems of current transformer saturation and inrush current.
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Baningobera, Bwandakassy Elenga. "The IEC 61850 standard-based protection scheme for power transformers." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2713.
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Thesis (Master of Engineering in Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.Transformer Differential and overcurrent schemes are traditionally used as main and backup protection respectively. The differential protection relay (SEL487E) has dedicated harmonic restraint function which blocks the relay during the transformer magnetizing inrush conditions. However, the backup overcurrent relay (SEL751A) applied to the transformer protection does not have a harmonic restraint element and trips the overcurrent relay during the inrush conditions. Therefore, to prevent the malfunction caused by the transformer magnetizing inrush current, a novel harmonic blocking method is developed, implemented and tested in the RSCAD simulation environment. The IEEE 14 bus transmission system is considered as a case study. The IEEE 14 bus system is modelled and simulated in the DIgSILENT and RSCAD simulation environments respectively. The developed harmonic blocking scheme is implemented in the Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) simulation environment using Real-Time Digital Simulator and numerical protection IEDs. The developed scheme uses the Harmonic Blocking element (87HB) of the transformer differential relay (SEL487E) to send an IEC61850 GOOSE-based harmonic blocking signal to the backup overcurrent relay (SEL751A) to inhibit it from tripping during the transformer magnetizing inrush current conditions. The hardwired and GOOSE simulation results are analysed for the transformer differential protection and the backup overcurrent protection schemes for internal, external events and transformer magnetizing inrush current conditions. The simulation results proved that the IEC61850 standard-based protection scheme is faster than the hardwired. Therefore, the speed and reliability are improved using the IEC61850 standard-based GOOSE applications to the transformer digital protective relaying system.
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Tumay, Mehmet. "The performance of power system protection under transient operating conditions." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322064.
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Muthumuni, Dharshana De S. "Simulation models relevant to the protection of synchronous machines and transformers." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ62659.pdf.
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Yuping, Lu. "Intelligent technique based digital differential protection for generator-transformer unit." Thesis, City University London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.410150.
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Nilsson, Markus, and Robert Olsson. "Framtagning av reläskyddsinställningar för en transformatorstation." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för teknik- och naturvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-14623.
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A substation must be properly protected against lightning and other external effects to the equipment in the station or staff, for that we use relay protection. They should also protect against internal errors which may occur as ground faults. There are different types of protection relays, but most common are overcurrent-, distance-, residual current- and differential protection. The purpose of this thesis was to deepen our knowledge of relay protection and to use the theoretical knowledge we got from the university studies in the work process. In the process we discovered which parameters were the most essential and calculated these for all relay protections on the substation. We also carry out a comparison between two brands of relay protection, ABB and Alstom. During our work we will test and simulate the over-current relays in a program called NEPLAN, the program will also calculate the fault currents. It was also supposed to test the other protection types, but we were limited to over-current protection when the software license didn´t apply to the other. In our work we will include much theoretical material with information about the components around the protections and substation and the calculations that’s included.
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Thompson, Adam Craig. "The Future of Substations: Centralized Protection and Control." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/73177.
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Modern power substations continue to use hardware that is dated and resistant to modernization. This document discusses the basics of substations, identifies their weaknesses, and suggests a method of improvement. This suggestion implements a centralized protection and control system to make the overall system more robust and flexible to the ever changing power system landscape.Master of Science
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Idoniboyeobu, Dikio Clifford. "Transient performance of protection current transformers including representation of saturation and core losses." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.291733.
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Montoya, Higinio Ariel. "Protection Against Ungrounded Single Phase Open Circuit Faults in 3-Phase Distribution Transformers." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2018. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1869.
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This thesis explores the impacts and behavior of 3-phase distribution transformers when subject to ungrounded single phase open circuit faults. A simple 3-phase system is modeled using MATLAB Simulink and operation under fault conditions are simulated and studied. Simulation results are confirmed via lab experimentation. Finally, a robust detection and protection method using neutral current injection (as proposed in industry literature) is built and demonstrated.
Electric utility operating experience has demonstrated that all too often, loads on 3-phase distribution transformers are not adequately protected against an ungrounded single phase open circuit fault (commonly called “single phasing”). This type of fault is amongst the least understood and hence the least protected against. This is especially true at end of transmission system radial feeds where 3-phase transformers can re-create the opened phase voltage due to a variety of effects including magnetic coupling, voltage loops and loading effects. Operating experience in the nuclear power industry has shown that the results can be catastrophic especially considering the impacts to motor loads. Impacts can result in unavailability of emergency loads, tripping of motor protection circuits or even motor damage and failure.
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Strapko, Miroslav. "Návrh systému chránění s použitím elektronických přístrojových transformátorů (senzorů) v rozvodně vysokého napětí." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-219395.
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Master's thesis deals with use of electronic instrument transformers (sensors) in the protection system in medium-voltage substation. Substation consists of 2 incoming feeders, 2 outgoing feeders for motors, 2 outgoing feeders for power transformers, measuring, bus coupler and bus riser feeder. Incoming feeders are connected to distribution system E.ON by cable lines which were proposed. Protected machines (power transformers and motors with rated power) are connected to switchgear panels of UniGear ZS1 type by cable lines too. Proposed protection system is based on the short-circuit conditions, standard CSN 33 3051 recommendations as well as theoretical backgrounds acquired from technical papers and other publicated literature according to the bibliography. For selected protection functions are defined their parameters. Control, monitoring and protection functions provides REF 542plus relay. Consequently, secondary tests which are part of the commissioning, are given in the practical part of thesis. Secondary tests were performed by relay test system FREJA 300 by Megger. Results of tests are displayed in tripping characteristics.
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Ng, Anthony Kwok-Lung. "Risk Assessment of Transformer Fire Protection in a Typical New Zealand High-Rise Building." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1223.
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Prescriptively, the requirement of fire safety protection systems for distribution substations is not provided in the compliance document for fire safety to the New Zealand Building Code. Therefore, the New Zealand Fire Service (NZFS) has proposed a list of fire safety protection requirements for distribution substations in a letter, dated 10th July 2002. A review by Nyman [1], has considered the fire safety requirements proposed by the NZFS and discussed the issues with a number of fire engineers over the last three years. Nyman concerned that one of the requirements regarding the four hour fire separation between the distribution substation and the interior spaces of the building may not be necessary when considering the risk exposure to the building occupants in different situations, such as the involvement of the sprinkler systems and the use of transformers with a lower fire hazard. Fire resistance rating (FRR) typically means the time duration for which passive fire protection system, such as fire barriers, fire walls and other fire rated building elements, can maintain its integrity, insulation and stability in a standard fire endurance test. Based on the literature review and discussions with industry experts, it is found that failure of the passive fire protection system in a real fire exposure could potentially occur earlier than the time indicated by the fire resistance rating derived from the standard test depending on the characteristics of the actual fire (heat release rate, fire load density and fire location) and the characteristics of the fire compartment (its geometric, ventilation conditions, opening definition, building services and equipment). Hence, it is known that a higher level of fire safety, such as 4 hour fire rated construction and use of sprinkler system, may significantly improve the fire risk to health of safety of occupants in the building; however, they could never eliminate the risk. This report presents a fire engineering Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) on a transformer fire initiating in a distribution substation inside a high-rise residential and commercial mixeduse building. It compares the fire safety protection requirements for distribution substations from the NZFS to other relevant documents worldwide: the regulatory standards in New Zealand, Australia and United States of America, as well as the non-regulatory guidelines from other stakeholders, such as electrical engineering organisation, insurance companies and electricity providers. This report also examines the characteristics of historical data for transformer fires in distribution substations both in New Zealand and United States of America buildings. Reliability of active fire safety protection systems, such as smoke detection systems and sprinkler systems is reviewed in this research. Based on the data analysis results, a fire risk estimate is determined using an Event Tree Analysis (ETA) for a total of 14 scenarios with different fire safety designs and transformer types for a distribution substation in a high-rise residential and commercial mixed-use building. In Scenario 1 to 10 scenarios, different combinations of fire safety systems are evaluated with the same type of transformer, Flammable liquid (mineral oil) insulated transformer. In Scenario 11 to Scenario 14, two particular fire safety designs are selected as a baseline for the analysis of transformer types. Two types of transformer with a low fire hazard are used to replace the flammable liquid (mineral oil) insulated transformer in a distribution substation. These are less flammable liquid (silicone oil) insulated transformers and dry type (dry air) transformers. The entire fire risk estimate is determined using the software package @Risk4.5. The results from the event tree analysis are used in the cost-benefit analysis. The cost-benefit ratios are measured based on the reduced fire risk exposures to the building occupants, with respect to the investment costs of the alternative cases, from its respective base case. The outcomes of the assessment show that the proposed four hour fire separation between the distribution substations and the interior spaces of the building, when no sprinkler systems are provided, is not considered to be the most cost-effective alternative to the life safety of occupants, where the cost-benefit ratio of this scenario is ranked fifth. The most cost-effective alternative is found to be the scenario with 30 minute fire separation and sprinkler system installed. In addition to the findings, replacing a flammable liquid insulated transformer with a less flammable liquid insulated transformer or a dry type transformer is generally considered to be economical alternatives. From the QRA analysis, it is concluded that 3 hour fire separation is considered to be appropriate for distribution substations, containing a flammable liquid insulated transformer and associated equipment, in non-sprinklered buildings. The fire ratings of the separation construction can be reduced to 30 minute FRR if sprinkler system is installed. This conclusion is also in agreement with the requirements of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA).
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Pieters, Willem Diederick. "Monitoring, protection, and voltage control of parallel power transformers based on IEC 61850-9-2 process bus." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/3067.
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Thesis (MEng (Electrical Engineering)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019The purpose of an electrical power system is to supply electrical energy to the customers. Power transformers are required to transform the system voltage from generation to transmission and distribution levels. Protection and control systems must ensure that power system high voltage equipment such as transformers operate and deliver save, reliable and secure electricity supply. The aim of the project research work is to develop and implement a strategy, methods and algorithms for monitoring, protection and voltage control of parallel power transformers based on IEC 61850-9-2 process bus standard. NamPower is a power utility in Namibia. The IEC 61850 protocol for electrical substation automation system is used for the protection and control of 5 power transformers operated in parallel in an existing substation system. The IEC 61850-9-2 process bus standard is however not used in regards of Sampled Values (SV). Protection and control devices are connected to a substation communication network, routers and switches using fibre optic linked Ethernet. Inductive Current Transformers (CTs) and Voltage Transformers (VTs) secondary circuits are hardwired to Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) and fibre optic links are not used for this purpose at process level communication. The research focuses on the implementation of the IEC 61850 standard with Merging Units (MUs) and sampled values to improve the existing implemented protection and control system at NamPower. This includes substation communication networks and MUs used for transformer protection, voltage regulator control and cooling fan control. At the present the CTs located at the transformer bushings and switchgear and the VTs located at the switchgear are hardwired to the inputs on protection and control IEDs. The research focuses on issues with the copper wires for voltage and currents signals and how these issues can be eliminated by using the MUs and the SV protocol. The MUs which are considered in this Thesis is to improve the voltage regulator control and the control of the cooling fan motors. The voltage regulator control IED is situated at the tap change motor drive of the On-Load Tap Changer (OLTC). The IED of each transformer is required to regulate the voltage level of the secondary side bus bar it is connected to. All the regulating IEDs are required to communicate with each other and collectively to control the bus bar voltage depending on the switching configuration of the parallel transformers. The control circuit for controlling the cooling fan motors is hardwired. Temperature analogue signal input into a programmable automation controller IED can be used for controlling the transformer cooling fans. A strategy, methods and algorithms for transformer protection, voltage regulator control and cooling fan motor control of parallel power transformers need to be developed and implemented based on IEC 61850-9-2 process bus. Power utilities and distributors can benefit from interpretation of the IEC 61850-9-2 standard and implementing MUs and SV in substations. MUs can be included in the power transformer protection, automation and control systems. A cost reduction in high voltage equipment, substation installation and commissioning costs and better performance of protection and control system are anticipated.
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Segatto, Ênio Carlos. "Relé diferencial para transformadores de potência utilizando ferramentas inteligentes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18133/tde-19022016-144637/.
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Este trabalho apresenta a proposta de um sistema completo de proteção diferencial de transformadores de potência, aplicando-se as técnicas de Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNAs). O esquema proposto busca a classificação do sistema de proteção como um problema de reconhecimento e reconstrução de padrões, representando um método alternativo aos algoritmos convencionais. Vários fatores como, por exemplo, as situações de energização do transformador e a saturação dos transformadores de corrente, podem causar uma má operação do dispositivo de proteção. Com o objetivo de melhoramento na proteção digital de transformadores de potência, desenvolveu-se um sistema de proteção diferencial, incluindo dispositivos com base em RNAs, em substituição à filtragem harmônica de sinais existente no algoritmo convencional. Em complementação, esquemas de reconstrução das ondas distorcidas provenientes da saturação dos TCs são também propostos e adicionados ao algoritmo final de proteção, sendo esses comparados ao algoritmo convencional de proteção diferencial de transformadores. Com a referida adição de ferramentas de inteligência artificial a um algoritmo completo de proteção diferencial de transformadores, obteve-se uma solução bastante precisa e eficiente, capaz de responder em um tempo reduzido, se comparada aos métodos convencionais.This work proposes a complete differential protection system for power transformers, applying the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) theory. The proposed approach treat the classification of the protection system as a problem of pattern recognition and as an alternative method to the conventional algorithms. Several factors such as, for example, transformer energization and CT saturation can cause an inadequate operation of the protection relay. With the objective of improving the power transformer digital protection, a complete protection system was developed, including an ANN-based device in substitution to harmonic filters, in use in the conventional algorithm. Some approaches concerning the reconstruction of the distorted signals caused by the CTs saturation are also proposed. These routines are added to the final protection algorithm and they are compared to the conventional algorithm for power transformer protection. With the use of artificial intelligence tools in a complete power transformer protection algorithm, one intends to obtain a very precise, fast and efficient solution, if compared to the conventional methods.
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Assumpção, Felipe Framil. "Validation of Results of Smart Grid Protection through Self-Healing." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7468.
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This is a verification of the results of “Smart Grid Protection through Self-Healing” from the publication of Chathurika Chandraratne, et al., that proposes a protection solution for the smart grid. The paper used as reference has as the main focus on three different protections; directional overcurrent protection, overcurrent protection, and transformer protection, which are validated through ETAP software simulation of IEEE- 9 bus and 14 bus electrical power systems, the same used by the author. It was validated after repeated simulation, that just as intended, self-healing increases system agility, and it helped prevent false-tripping14 bus electrical power systems.
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Varkiani, Shahriar. "Application des réseaux neuronaux flous à l'identification et la protection d'un transformateur triphasé /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1998. http://theses.uqac.ca.
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Isaksson, Linnea, and Laura Lemetti. "Arbetsmiljöutredning med Åtgärdsförslag för Svetsare vid Svetsning i Koppar : ABB Transformers Plåtverkstad." Thesis, KTH, Ergonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-105091.
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Examensarbetet har utförts vid ABB Power Transformers i Ludvika i plåtverkstaden, där stora transformatorlådor svetsas ihop. Tillsammans med vår handledare på företaget utformades ämnet för examensarbetet att bedöma luftkvalitet och arbetsmiljö vid punktsvetsning i koppar. Det fanns misstanke om att exponeringen för koppar var hög och en utvärdering av luftkvaliteten behövde därmed göras. Ingen tidigare exponeringsmätning vid svetsning i koppar har genomförts i plåtverkstaden. Syftet med examensarbetet var att utvärdera och komma fram till tre åtgärdsförslag för att skapa en bättre arbetsmiljö vid punktsvetsning samt att begränsa exponeringen av svetsrök som bildas vid svetsning i koppar. Tre åtgärder var företagets önskemål. En exponeringsmätning av luftföroreningar vid svetsning i koppar gjordes för att kontrollera halten av ämnen i svetsröken, i förhållande till de hygieniska nivågränsvärdena. Exponeringsmätningen gjordes personburet. Dessutom gjordes stationär mätning samt mätning med direktvisande instrument. Användning av skyddsutrustning och ventilationen granskades. I samband med exponeringsmätning genomfördes intervjuer. Resultatet av exponeringsmätningarna har visat att det hygieniska nivågränsvärdet för koppar överstegs kraftigt vid punktsvetsning med MIGsvetsmetoden. Nivågränsvärdet för koppar är 0,2 mg/m3 och det högsta uppmätta värdet uppgick till 1,05 mg/m3, mätt utanför svetsvisiret. Utifrån observationer om användning av skyddsutrustning har det noterats att det finns tillgång till lämplig skyddsutrustning men att den inte används i den utsträckning som den borde. De tre åtgärdsförslag vi utvecklade är att; (1) införa rutiner för filterbyte med jämna mellanrum, (2) börja använda integrerade utsug i större utsträckning samt att (3) förbättra lokalens ventilation genom att installera deplacerande ventilation. De två beräknade åtgärdskostnaderna, åtgärd (1) och (2), följer företagets PayOff-princip på 3 år. Examensarbetet ska bidra till att alla medarbetare i plåtverkstaden blir medvetna om de risker som exponering av svetsrök innebär, men även att de tänker på sin egen och andras säkerhet och hälsa i deras dagliga arbete samt vidtar åtgärder som effektivt minskar exponeringen av svetsrök. Att satsa på en bra arbetsmiljö innebär kostnader för exempelvis inköp av skyddsutrustning och utbildning om risker. Detta bör dock inte ses som en kostnad utan att det snarare är en investering på sikt, som förbättrar medarbetares hälsa och prestationsförmåga i arbetet. Avslutningsvis: Att satsa på en bra fysisk och psykosocial arbetsmiljö är en investering för att få ett väl fungerande och lönsamt företag!This thesis has been carried out at ABB Power Transformers in Ludvika at the plate shop, where large transformer boxes are welded together. The topic of the thesis was formulated together with our supervisor at the company, to assess air quality and work environment at the spot welding of copper. Copper exposure was suspected to be high, and an evaluation of air quality was needed. No previous exposure measurements when welding in copper have been made in the plate shop. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and come up with three proposals for actions to create a better working environment for spot welding as well as to limit exposure to welding fumes generated during welding of copper. An exposure measurement of air pollutants during welding of copper was done to evaluate copper exposure compared to threshold limit values of substances in welding fume. Exposure measurements were made with personal monitors. In addition, measurement with stationary equipment and measurement with directreading instruments. The use of protective equipment and ventilation were studied. In connection with measurements interviews were made. The results of exposure measurements showed that the occupational exposure limit value for copper was exceeded considerably during the spot welding with the MIG welding process. The threshold limit value of copper is 0,2 mg/m3 and the highest value measured was 1,05 mg/m3, measured outside the welding shield. Based on observations on the use of personal protective equipment it has been noted that protective equipment is available but not used to desired extent. Three control actions are proposed; (1) routines to change the respiratory protective equipment filter regularly, (2) start using local exhaust integrated in the welding gun to a greater extent and (3) improve the ventilation in the plate shop by installing displacement ventilation. The calculated costs for two of the actions, action (1) and (2), fulfill the company's payoff principle of 3 years. The thesis will contribute to making all employees in the plate shop aware of the risks that the work involves exposure to welding fumes. But even that they think of their own and others' safety and health in their daily work and adopt measures that effectively reduce exposure to welding fumes. To invest in a good working environment involves costs, such as protective and risk education. However, this should not be viewed as a cost but rather that it is an investment in the long run, that improve employee health and performance at work. In conclusion: To invest in a good physical and psychosocial work environment is an investment to get an efficient and profitable business!
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Pastorek, Jaroslav. "Návrh transformační stanice pro vyvedení výkonu z kogenerační jednotky." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-219401.
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The thesis deals with the design of a transformer station for the outgoing power of cogeneration unit with an electric capacity of up to 1 MW. The thesis describes the design procedure of individual devices such as a transformer with a nominal ratio 22/0,4 kV, high voltage switchgears and low voltage switchgears. With the proper selection of the transformer, along with the technical parameters, the economic benefits that come from its purchasing and operating costs with the transformer operation are also considered. Based on this, the economic comparison of selected types of oil transformers during 20 years is also developed. Another part of the thesis deals with HV and LV switchgears, which are dimensioned according to shortcircuit conditions in the transformer station. In conclusion this work deals with the grounding of a transformer station and design protection in accordance PPDS.
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Pettersson, Mattias. "Ombyggnation och modernisering av transformatorstation för anslutning av vindkraft." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avd för elektro, lantmäteri och naturvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-5130.
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Detta examensarbete är utfört på uppdrag av Rejlers Ingenjörer i Göteborg. Syftet med arbetet är att genom en projektering övergripande presentera utförandet, komponenter, funktioner, ekonomi och situationsplaner för två förslag på stationsutformningar i samband med en ombyggnation och utvidgning av en transformatorstation. Transformatorstationen har i nuläget två spänningsnivåer på 40 kV och 10 kV. I samband med ombyggnationen skall stationen kompletteras med ytterligare en spänningsnivå på 20 kV, för anslutning av ett antal vindkraftverk. För att anläggningen skall uppfylla grundläggande krav, utförs projekteringen genom att sortera och sammanställa relevant information från gällande föreskrifter, standarder och tekniska riktlinjer. Vidare inhämtas ytterligare information från litteratur, kataloger, produktblad och muntlig kontakt med uppdragsgivaren. I arbetet presenteras två förslag på stationsutformningar i enlighet med syftet. Stationens högspänningsapparater dimensioneras och presenteras, och dess reläskyddsfunktioner identifieras. I båda alternativen är transformatorerna placerade utomhus med en stationsbyggnad som rymmer 10 kV-, 20 kV-ställverket, ett batterirum och ett kontrollrum. Skillnaden mellan alternativen ligger främst i att ett av alternativen har ett utomhusbyggt luftisolerat 40 kV-ställverk medan det andra alternativet har ett kompaktare inomhusbyggt luftisolerat 40 kV-ställverk. Den totalt beräknade kostnaden, inklusive drift- och underhållskostnader, under en 25-årsperiod beräknas uppgå till 22,7 Mkr för utomhusalternativet och 22,4 Mkr för inomhusalternativet. Skillnaden mellan alternativen förväntas stiga till inomhusalternativets fördel, om även samhällskostnader vid avbrott vägs in i kalkylen. Rekommendationen är att transformatorstationen uppförs enligt inomhusalternativet, eftersom detta torde anses ge bäst totalekonomi, driftsäkerhet och skydd mot obehörigt tillträde.This bachelor´s thesis is carried out on behalf of Rejlers Ingenjörer in Gothenburg. The work aims to overall present the realization of two station design proposals, including components, functions, financial aspects and plans, in connection with a reconstruction and expansion of a substation. The substation currently has two voltage levels of 40 kV and 10 kV. In connection with the reconstruction, the station is supplemented by a further voltage level of 20 kV, for connection of a number of wind turbines. For the installation to meet basic requirements, the work is performed by sorting and putting together relevant information from applicable regulations, standards and technical guidelines. Further information is obtained through additional information from literature, catalogues, product sheets and verbal contact with the job requestor. In the thesis the two station design proposals are presented in compliance with the aim. The high voltage equipment is dimensioned and presented, and the relay protection functions are identified. In both options, the transformers are located outdoors with a station building that houses 10 kV, 20 kV switchgear, a battery room and a control room. The main difference between the alternatives is that one of the options has an outdoor air insulated 40 kV switchgear, while the second one has a more compact indoor air insulated switchgear. The total estimated cost, including operation and maintenance costs, over a 25-year period is estimated at 22.7 million Swedish kronor for the outdoor option and 22.4 million Swedish kronor for the indoor alternative. The difference in costs is expected to rise to the advantage of the indoor option if social costs during a power failure also are taken into account in the calculation. It is recommended that the substation be built according to the indoor option, since this is considered to provide the best overall economy, safety of operation and protection against unauthorized access.
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Cong, Yuhang. "Synchronized measurement technology supported operational tripping schemes." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/synchronized-measurement-technology-supported-operational-tripping-schemes(7d472659-d352-4291-96fc-fce7e6ce5fc8).html.
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The increasing volume of renewable and intermittent generation that is being connected to power systems means that system operators need more advanced dynamic control tools to manage the increase in congestion and the resulting pressure on system constraints. The introduction of synchronised measurement technology provides the wide area real-time measurements that are essential to develop and implement adaptive online solutions for current network issues. The objective of the research presented in this thesis is to design intelligent system integrity protection schemes (SIPS) that protect transmission lines and power transformers from thermal overloading. An intelligent protection scheme should be able to identify the fault severity, predict the post disturbance trend of system states, continue monitoring specific vulnerable system variables and propose an accurate solution that is tailored to the actual system conditions and the specific contingencies that have occurred. The intent of this research is to contribute to the development of adaptive protective schemes that are enabled by modern synchronized measurement technologies for future power systems. The research presented in this thesis focuses on the creation of novel Operational Tripping Schemes (OTSs) that explicitly satisfy both the functionality and economical requirements by integrating an improved assessment of thermal behaviour of the monitored assets. Novel OTSs are proposed for both transmission lines and transformers and they can be considered to be intelligent, adaptive and efficient SIPS for the thermal protection of system assets. A novel functional block is proposed that be included within the OTS and that uses optimization theory to determine the lowest cost solution to overheating in the time available. Furthermore, case studies have been conducted to verify the performance of each novel OTS using simulations of a full GB system model.
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Budovec, Michal. "Zvýšení úrovně spolehlivosti dodávky elektrické energie z hydrocentrály Jasenie do Železiarní Podbrezová." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-399598.
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This thesis deals with operation of the Jasenie hydroelectric power plant, which supplies electricity to Železiarne Podbrezová Inc. This thesis describes actual operation, devices and equipment in all substations. The second chapter briefly describes company’s history and activities of the company. The next chapter mentions an overview of the sources of own electricity production. The fourth chapter in detail deals with actual situation of the hydroelectric power plant operation, describes devices and equipment in all substations. It also outlines what measures should be taken to increase the reliability of electricity supply. Next part deals with replacing insulators on the 22 kV line. Sixth chapter is focused on protection this line by multifunctional protection relay and data transfer from HC Jasenie to the building of power engineering. In the next step is designed a backup transformer with bus control for thermal and dynamic effects of the short-circuit current. The last chapter is focused on surge protection in HC Jasenie as well as in the area of Stary závod substation. The results and benefits of this work are summarized in the conclusion. The attachment contains schemes of substations and overall overview scheme, which are used for better understanding of this problem.
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Bernardes, Alexandre Paciencia. "Um esquema completo de proteção diferencial de transformadores para testes em um relé digital." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18154/tde-16072006-122259/.
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Este trabalho apresenta um procedimento completo de simulação da proteção digital diferencial aplicada a transformadores de potência, visando o emprego deste à avaliação do comportamento de relés comercialmente disponíveis. Foi escolhido o software ATP (Alternative Transients Program) como ferramenta para a simulação de distintas situações sobre um sistema diferencial de proteção aplicado a um transformador de 25 MVA. Dentre as ocorrências evidenciadas, destacam-se: situações de faltas internas, faltas externas, situações de energização e energização com falta interna do transformador, condição de sobreexcitação e de saturação de TC (Transformador de Corrente). Cabe comentar que das simulações a real caracterização sobre o relé em teste, fez-se necessário todo um pré-processamento e análise da informação que será convenientemente abordada e justificada no trabalho apresentado, denotando-se um procedimento comum de teste a ser adotado a esta filosofia de proteção. A metodologia e esquema prático adotado trazem uma contribuição importante para a análise laboratorial de modelagens e simulações aplicadas a relés de proteção presentes no mercado e contribui de maneira substancial para os estudos teóricos de possíveis soluções para limitações eventualmente encontradasThis dissertation presents a complete procedure of simulation of digital differential protection applied to power transformers, focusing on its use to evaluate of the behavior of commercially available relays. Software ATP (Alternative Transients Program) was chosen as a tool for the simulation of distinct situations in a differential protection system applied to a 25 MVA three-phase transformer. Amongst the evidenced occurrences internal and external fault conditions, energization with or without internal fault of a three-phase transformer, overexcitation and CT (Current Transformer) saturation conditions were distinguished. It should be mentioned that from simulations to the characterization the real situations on the relay in test, a pre-processing and analysis of the information were necessary, and will be justified in the present study, denoting a common test procedure to be adopted to this philosophy of protection
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Bring, Hampus, and Olle Emanuelsson. "Vinkelfelet i mätkretsens påverkan på riktade jordfelsskydd." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avd för automationssystem, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-7511.
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Utfört examensarbete undersöker vinkelfelet i mätkretsen för riktade jordfelsskydd och hur det påverkar dess felbortkoppling. Uppkomna vinkelfel i mätkretsen kan påverka det riktade jordfelsskyddet så att verklig felström och uppmätt felström inte stämmer överens, vilket kan leda till uteblivna eller obefogade felbortkopplingar. Vattenfall ställer krav på att vinkelfelet får uppgå till max ±2 grader för mätkretsen. Eftersom vinkelfelet i många fall har en hög påverkan på jordfelsskyddets noggrannhet undersöks vad Vattenfalls vinkelkrav egentligen innebär. Största orsaken till vinkelfelet uppstår oftast i strömtransformatorn och därför undersöks hur mycket två strömtransformatorer med olika klassificeringar som är vanliga i elnätet påverkar vinkelfelet i mätkretsen. Jordfel är det vanligast uppkomna felet i mellanspänningsnät och dess storlek beror till stor del på hur mycket kapacitivt bidrag som finns på linjerna samt värdet på nollpunktsresistorn. Det kapacitiva bidraget från linjen kompenseras centralt i fördelningsstationen och ibland lokalt ute på ledningen. Den högst tillåtna centralt kompenserade delen av en linje får vara 30 A, vid reservdrift av en linje kan denna del uppgå till 60 A. Vinkelfelet har en högre påverkan vid stora kapacitiva bidrag och vid låga värden på nollpunktsresistorn. I många fall sitter det flera riktade jordfelsskydd på samma linje där selektivitet alltid eftersträvas. Vinkelfelet kan ha en negativ påverkan på denna selektivitet. Genom beräkningar, simuleringar och provningar har ett antal slutsatser dragits. Vattenfalls vinkelkrav ger en otydlig bild angående tillåten påverkan på jordfelsskyddet. Med rätt val av strömtransformator påvisas att det troligtvis är möjligt att skärpa vinkelkravet. För att minska vinkelfelets påverkan kan den högst tillåtna centralt kompenserade delen minskas och/eller öka värdet på nollpunktsresistorn. En beloppsselektivitet på 1000 Ω kan inte alltid tillämpas då vissa fall kräver en beloppsselektivitet på 2000 Ω. Genom att sätta nollpunktsspänningen som utlösningsvillkor och nollpunktsströmmen som frigivningsvillkor kan enligt studien troligen ett noggrannare jordfelsskydd uppnås.This bachelor's thesis examines the angular error in the measurement circuit for directional earth-fault protection and how this error affects the fault disconnection. Angular errors in the measurement circuit can affect the directional earth-fault protection in such a way that the real fault current and the measured fault current do not match. This can lead to missed or unwarranted fault disconnections. Vattenfall has a requirement which states that the angular error must not exceed ±2 degrees for the measurement circuit. Since the angular error in many cases has a high impact on the earth-fault accuracy, an investigation concerning what Vattenfalls angle requirement really means. The main cause of the angular error usually occurs in the current transformers and therefore two commonly used current transformers in the grid with different classifications and their impact on the angular error in the measurement circuit are examined. Ground fault is the most common fault which occurs in a distribution network, its size depends largely on the amount of capacitive current which the grid contributes with as well as the size of the neutral grounding resistor. The capacitive contribution of the grid compensates centrally in the distribution station and sometimes locally on the line. The maximum permitted centrally compensated part of a line is limited to 30 A, this central part can go up to 60 A in case the line needs to be fed from a second distribution station. The angular error has a higher impact if the capacitive contribution is high and for low values of the neutral grounding resistor. In many cases more than one earth-fault protection are found on the same line, in these cases selectivity is always pursued. The angular error may have a negative effect on the selectivity. By calculations, simulations and tests a number of conclusions can be drawn. Vattenfalls angle requirement gives an unclear picture concerning the permitted impact on the earthfault protection. Moreover selecting the correct current transformer demonstrates that the angular requirement can probably be sharpened. To reduce the influence of the angular error the maximum permitted centrally compensated part be reduced and/or the value of the neutral grounding resistor can be increased. A selectivity of 1000 Ω can not always be applied since certain cases require a selectivity of 2000 Ω. By setting the zero sequence voltage as the trigger condition and the zero sequence current as the realese condition, according to this study it may be possible to achieve a more accurate earth-fault protection.
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Marques, Jeferson Prates. "Proteção de transformadores de potência eclassificação de transitórios elétricos por meio da transformada wavelet discreta." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8549.
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This dissertation presents the development of an algorithm for classifying
electrical transients in power transformers for protection. Initially the main transient
involving power transformers were analyzed, with a special focus on the magnetizing
current that occur during energizing equipment, known as inrush currents. Among the
studied transient, current inrush are those that present greater difficulty in
identification and discrimination by the differential protection, due to its high peak
magnitude. In a second moment, was developed a test system implemented in ATP /
EMTP software for the simulation of different operating situations of the power
transformer, current data being obtained from TCs for analysis. After known the
problem and implement a test for acquisition system, we developed an algorithm
based on the last samples of the detail coefficients, called Details Signals, from the
decomposition of the data of differential phase current using the Discrete Wavelet
Transform. The methodology has the objective improve the system for protection of
the transformer, becoming one efficient alternative for the identification of transients.Esta dissertação apresenta o desenvolvimento de um algoritmo para classificação de transitórios elétricos em transformadores de potência, para fins de proteção. Inicialmente foram analisados os principais transitórios associados aos transformadores de potência, tendo um foco especial na corrente de magnetização que surge durante a energização do equipamento, conhecida como corrente de inrush. Dentre os transitórios estudados, as correntes de inrush são as que apresentam maior dificuldade de identificação e discriminação por parte da proteção diferencial, devido a sua alta magnitude de pico. Em um segundo momento, foi desenvolvido um sistema teste implementado no software ATP para a simulação das diversas situações de operação do transformador de potência, sendo obtidos dados de correntes a partir dos TCs para análise. Após conhecer o problema e implementar um sistema teste para a obtenção dos dados, desenvolveu-se um algoritmo baseado nas últimas amostras dos coeficientes de detalhes, chamada de Sinais de Detalhes, provenientes da decomposição dos dados de correntes diferenciais das fases por meio da Transformada Wavelet Discreta. A metodologia desenvolvida tem como objetivo melhorar o sistema de proteção do transformador, tornando-se uma alternativa eficiente para a identificação de transitórios.
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Bálint, Zoltán. "Průvlekový transformátor proudu 25 kV, 400/5/5 A." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-217917.
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The aim of this master’s thesis is the design of a double-core bushing-type current transformer. This appliance is intended for measuring and protection of high-voltage distribution systems of the internal type for the highest system voltage of 25 kV. The master’s thesis is divided into four parts. The first part describes the function of the current transformer. The next part deals with the analysis of the phasor diagram and errors of the current transformer. The major part of the thesis deals with the design of the protective and measuring core. The last part describes the 3D model of the bushing-type current transformer.
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Jorge, David Calhau. "Transformadas wavelet aplicadas à proteção diferencial de transformadores de potência." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18133/tde-18022016-093145/.
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Transformadores de potência são dispositivos que requerem atenção especial devido a sua grande importância ao sistema elétrico de potência no qual ele está conectado. Geralmente relés diferenciais são utilizados como proteção primária em transformadores de potência. Nestes relés, a corrente diferencial é comparada com um nível de ajuste e caso ocorra uma falta interna, o transformador deverá ser desconectado do restante do sistema. Entretanto, a simples detecção da presença de uma corrente diferencial não é suficiente para distinguir faltas internas de outras situações que também podem produzir tal corrente. Tais situações surgem durante a energização dos transformadores, devido a saturação dos transformadores de corrente, entre outras, as quais podem resultar em uma incorreta atuação da proteção. Uma rápida e correta discriminação entre faltas internas e outras situações é um dos desafios da moderna proteção de transformadores de potência. A respeito da identificação de faltas internas ou situações de energização, além da mencionada lógica diferencial é acrescentado uma subrotina baseada na restrição de harmônicas. Neste método, a corrente de energização é reconhecida através da presença de uma segunda harmônica obtida por filtros de Fourier. No entanto, o método de filtragem pode algumas vezes retardar a operação da proteção. Além disto, uma componente de segunda harmônica pode também estar presente durante uma falta interna. Este trabalho propõe a utilização da transformada Wavelet - uma poderosa ferramenta matemática - empregada como um meio rápido e eficiente de analisar as formas de onda de transformadores de potência e como uma alternativa a tradicional transformada de Fourier. Os sinais das correntes diferenciais são processados pelas transformadas discretas Wavelet, visando obter uma discriminação entre ambas situações (energização e falta). Um nível de limiar é utilizado após a decomposição Wavelet do sinal para discriminar entre as situações descritas. A janela de dados utilizada para este propósito pode ser variada. Para testar o algoritmo proposto, as simulações de energização e falta foram implementadas, utilizando o programa ATP (\"Alternative Transient Program\"). Em situações onde a janela de dados é reduzida para 1/4 de ciclo o critério de discriminação pode ser otimizado utilizando a transformada discreta de Wavelet auxiliada com técnicas de reconhecimento de padrões. Este trabalho apresenta a utilização de redes neurais artificiais para tal finalidade como exemplo. Resultados encorajadores são apresentados sobre a capacidade de discriminação para as situações descritas assim como a rapidez de resposta quando comparados aos métodos tradicionais.Power transformers are devices that require special maintenance and care due to their importance to the electrical system to which they are connected. Generally, differential relays are used for the primary protection of large transformers. In such relays, differential currents are compared to a threshold and in the case of an internal fault, the transformer should be disconnected from the rest of the system. However, a simple detection of a differential current is not sufficient to distinguish internal faults from other situations that also produce such a current. Some of these situations appear during transformer energization (inrush currents), CT (current transformer) saturation, among others, which can result in an incorrect trip. A correct and fast distinction of internal faults from the other situations mentioned is one of the challenges for modern protection of power transformers. Concerning the identification of internal faults as opposed to inrush currents, the approach tarditionally used is the aforementioned differential logic together with harmonic restraint. In this method, transformer inrush current due to energization is recognized on the basis of second harmonic components obtained by Fourier filters. However, the filtering method can sometimes delay the protection process. In addition to this, a second harmonic component can also be present during internal faults. This work proposes Wavelet transform - a powerful mathematical tool - employed as a fast and effective means of analyzing waveforms from power transformers, as an alternative to the traditional Fourier transform. The differential signals are processed by discrete Wavelet transform to obtain the discrimination between both situations (inrush and fault). A threshold level is utilized after the Wavelet decomposition to discriminate the situations describeb. The time window used for such purpose can be varied. In order to test proposed algorithm, simulations of fault and inrush currents in a power transformer were implemented using ATP ( \"Alternative Transient Program\") software. When the time window is reduced to only 1/4 of the cycle the discrimination criteria should be optimized using a pattern recognition technique to aid the Discrete Wavelet transform. This study shows as a sample for this purpose the use of artificial neural networks. Very encouraging results are presented concerning the capacity of discrimination of the described situations as well as the speed of response when compared to the traditional method.
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Oliveira, Mario Orlando. "Proteção diferencial de transformadores trifásicos utilizando a transformada wavelet." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/17292.
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A qualidade e a continuidade do fornecimento de energia elétrica aos consumidores são fatores muito importantes quando da avaliação da eficiência de um sistema elétrico de potência. Nesse contexto, os transformadores são equipamentos muito importantes e demandam especial atenção quando do projeto do esquema de proteção. Apesar do crescente desenvolvimento das metodologias de proteção de transformadores trifásicos, alguns aspectos ainda não foram totalmente solucionados. Um desses diz respeito à proteção diferencial de transformadores de potência, a qual apresenta vários problemas na discriminação de faltas internas ao transformador. A geração de correntes diferenciais provocada por fenômenos transitórios, como a energização do transformador, produz a incorreta operação do relé, ocasionando uma queda na eficiência do esquema de proteção diferencial. Assim sendo, o presente trabalho apresenta uma nova metodologia de proteção diferencial de transformadores trifásicos, a qual utiliza a transformada wavelet para extrair os sinais transitórios dominantes induzidos pelas faltas internas. A transformada wavelet é uma eficiente ferramenta utilizada no estudo de sinais não-estacionários e de rápida transição. De forma a atender os principais problemas do esquema convencional de proteção, a transformada wavelet discreta é utilizada para decompor os sinais de corrente diferencial em várias faixas de freqüências. Após essa decomposição, a variação de energia espectral dos coeficientes de detalhe wavelet é analisada pelo algoritmo proposto, e assim uma discriminação entre faltas internas e correntes de magnetização, ou correntes inrush, é feita. Usando um modelo elaborado de um sistema elétrico de transmissão são efetuadas rigorosas simulações computacionais para avaliar o desempenho do algoritmo proposto. Os resultados obtidos nessas simulações mostram que a metodologia de proteção diferencial de transformadores trifásicos baseada na variação de energia espectral dos coeficientes wavelets apresenta um ótimo desempenho quando comparada com a metodologia de proteção convencional.Power supply quality and continuity are very important aspect when assessing the efficiency of an electric power system. In this context, the transformers are key equipments that require special attention during the protection scheme design. Despite the increasing development of methodologies for three-phase transformers protection, some aspects have not yet been fully studied. One of these aspects concerns to the differential protection of power transformers, which presents several restrictions regarding the characterization of internal faults. The observation of differential currents caused by transient phenomena such as transformer energization, produces an incorrect operation of protective relaying, causing a drop in the protection scheme efficiency. Therefore, this work presents a new methodology for differential protection of three-phase transformers using the wavelet transform to extract the transient signals induced by the dominant internal faults. The wavelet transform is an efficient tool in the study of non-stationary signals with fast transients. In order to overcome the main problems of the traditional protection scheme, the discrete wavelet transform is used to decompose the differential current signals into several bands of frequencies. After this decomposition, the spectral energy variation of the wavelet detail coefficients is analyzed by the proposed algorithm and, thus, classification between internal faults, external faults and inrush currents is performed. Using a transmission system model, accurate simulations are performed to evaluate the computational performance of the proposed protection algorithm. The results obtained in these simulations show that the proposed methodology has a great performance when compared with traditional protection philosophies.
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Oliveira, Mario Orlando. "Proteção diferencial adaptativa de transformadores de potência baseada na análise de componentes wavelets." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/87355.
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Este trabalho fundamenta-se no desenvolvimento e aprimoramento de uma metodologia de proteção diferencial de Transformadores de Potência. A metodologia desenvolvida avalia eventos transitórios que dificultam a operação correta de relés diferenciais aplicados à proteção de transformadores. O estudo concentra-se no estabelecimento de contribuições ao estado da arte associadas à análise de sinais de corrente diferenciais geradas tanto por faltas internas e externas quanto por distúrbios transitórios. A concepção da metodologia proposta baseou-se na quantificação da energia espectral gerada a través dos coeficientes de detalhe da Transformada Wavelet Discreta. A metodologia de proteção proposta foi desenvolvida em ambiente MATLAB® e testada por meio de simulações realizadas através do software ATP/EMTP (Alternative Transients Program/Electromagnetic Transients Program). Os resultados da pesquisa mostram a aplicabilidade do algoritmo de proteção, mesmo nas condições mais adversas, como na ocorrência da saturação dos transformadores de corrente.This work is based on the development and improvement of a methodology to differential protection of power transformer. The proposed methodology evaluates transient events that difficult the correct operation of differential relays applied to transformer protection. The study establishes contributions to the state of the art related to differential current analysis generated by internal and external faults and transient disturbance. The conception of the proposed methodology was based on the spectral energies variation generated by each event and calculated through the detail coefficient of Discrete Wavelet Transform. The proposed methodology was developed in MATLAB® environment and tested through several simulations performed with the ATP/EMTP software (Alternative Transients Program / Electromagnetic Transients Program). The results of the research show the applicability of the protection algorithms, even in adverse conditions, such as saturation of current transformers.
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Breda, Jáder Fernando Dias. "Algoritmo híbrido e inteligente para o diagnóstico das condições operativas de transformadores de potência no contexto da qualidade da energia elétrica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18154/tde-17082012-144756/.
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Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um algoritmo computacional capaz de diagnosticar as condições operativas de transformadores de potência. As variáveis tomadas como base para classificar as condições apresentadas se referem às usualmente empregadas pela lógica de proteção diferencial, ou seja, a corrente diferencial e o conteúdo harmônico presente nos sinais em análise. Além disto, foi também verificada a relação entre alguns dos fenômenos associados à falta de qualidade da energia elétrica originados pelos consumidores conectados no secundário e refletidos ao primário do transformador. O algoritmo desenvolvido utilizou-se da Transformada Wavelet e de técnicas de inteligência artificial (Lógica Fuzzy e Redes Neurais Artificiais), com o objetivo de inferir sobre os relacionamentos supracitados. Todos os testes para validação da metodologia proposta foram realizados dispondo de um sistema elétrico simulado no software ATP (Alternative Transients Program). Os resultados encontrados denotam que, frente às condições analisadas, correntes diferenciais e conteúdo harmônico indesejado podem vir a surgir, fazendo com que a lógica implementada venha a diagnosticar erroneamente a condição de operação enfrentada. Os resultados avaliam ainda a propagação destas condições do secundário para o primário do transformador em análise.This research aimed to develop an algorithm able to diagnose the operating conditions of power transformers. The variables considered to classify the presented conditions were the normally used by differential protection logic, i.e., the differential current and the harmonic content in the signals in analysis. Moreover, the relationship between some phenomena associated to a poor power quality originated from consumers connected to the secondary and reflect to the primary side of the transformer was also verified. In order to infer the relationships above mentioned, the developed algorithm used the Wavelet Transform and artificial intelligence techniques (Fuzzy Logic and Artificial Neural Networks). All the tests applied to validate the proposed methodology were performed making use of the ATP (Alternative Transients Program). In face of the analyzed conditions, the results show that differential currents and undesired harmonic content can arise and the implemented logic will erroneously diagnose the operation condition addressed. The results also illustrate the propagation of these conditions from secondary to primary side of the analyzed transformer.
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Souček, Jan. "Dimenzování přístrojových transformátorů pro digitální ochrany." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-218011.
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Master’s thesis is concerned with instrument transformers, which are used in conjunction with numerical protection relays. Therefore mainly with protective transformers of class P and transformers dimensioned for transient effects, which are important e.g. for fast differential or distance protections. The introduction includes fundamental notions, quantities and equations, which refers to instrumental current and voltage transformers. Below are mentioned connection diagrams of these transformers applied to specific electrical network types and faults, of which identification is required. These diagrams and faults are supplied with math equations and eventually with phasor diagrams. Noted informations corresponds to the present standards. Task of the next part is to compile requirements for dimensioning of current transformers, which imposes digital protections from ABB, AREVA and Siemens companies. These requirements, which mostly defines the minimal accuracy limit factor or the knee-point voltage of current transformer, are specified for individual protection terminals, eventually for specific protective functions. Part of the thesis is computer program developed as macro in the Microsoft Office Excel program via Visual Basic for Applications programming language. Program uses equations noted in this work and it can be used for quick dimensioning of current transformers for protective terminals from manufactures mentioned above.
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Veverka, Marek. "Systém řízení a chránění turbogenerátorů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-217233.
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The topic of this thesis is description, analysis and proposal of turbo generator’s control and protection system. The power output of turbo generators is from 3 MVA up to 75 MVA for various industrial sectors. The final proposal is based on the results of this analysis and it consists of a modern control and protection turbo generators systems. This proposal is designed to respect universality, customer’s requirements. And this proposal should be used in many industry branches.
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Santos, Nerivaldo dos Reis. "Sistema especialista para seleção otimizada de dispositivos de proteção de transformadores frente às descargas atmosféricas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18154/tde-08112011-080139/.
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O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em apresentar o projeto de um sistema especialista que visa auxiliar nos procedimentos envolvidos com a especificação de pára-raios de óxido de zinco para proteção de transformadores frente às descargas atmosféricas, bem como permitir que a análise do comportamento dos surtos de tensão de origem atmosférica que incidem em determinada área de concessão possa ser executada de forma detalhada e sistemática. Para tanto, o sistema especialista desenvolvido faz a integração eficiente de abordagens e técnicas que levam em consideração os aspectos característicos das descargas atmosféricas, as análises experimentais representativas do fenômeno e os modelos matemáticos que permitam mapear todo o processo de desencadeamento das descargas atmosféricas.The objective of this study consists of presenting an expert system that assists the procedures involved with the protection specification of transformers against atmospheric discharges, allowing also to analyze in a detailed and systematic way the behavior of the respective voltage transients that are generated at the supplying area. For such purpose, the expert system developed in this research makes the efficient integration of approaches and techniques that take into account the characteristic aspects of the atmospheric discharges, the experimental analyses that represent the phenomenon and the mathematical models that allow to map the process involved with the formation of the lightning.
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Šumberák, David. "Přístrojový transformátor proudu 12kV, 4000//5/5A." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-220954.
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This master´s thesis describes the development proposal and production of instrument current transformer in one turn primary winding with 4000//5/5 A transfer. The thesis involves a theoretical analysis, a numerical calculation, a developmental 3D model, corresponding simulations and a standard testing of the transformers. There is a complete written description of measuring current transformer cycle from the development to the production. The transformer development and production works were collaborated with the company KPB Intra s.r.o. The company engages in development, production and sale of these kinds of instrument transformers in the Czech Republic and foreign markets.
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Schettino, Bruno Montesano. "Uma proposta para detecção e compensação dos efeitos causados pela saturação dos núcleos dos transformadores de corrente utilizados em circuitos de proteção." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2012. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/1786.
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Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta para efetuar a compensação dos efeitos causados pela saturação dos núcleos dos Transformadores de Corrente (TC) utilizados em circuitos de proteção, através da correção do valor eficaz da componente alternada da corrente distorcida do secundário. O problema foi dividido em duas etapas: a detecção e a compensação da saturação. Para a etapa de detecção foi desenvolvido um método novo, denominado método da função primeira diferença do filtro de Lanczos, que mostrou-se mais imune a ruídos que os métodos tradicionais existentes na literatura. Na etapa de compensação da saturação, foi utilizado o método de estimação para modelos lineares. Os métodos foram implementados em MATLAB e testados em correntes distorcidas geradas de duas formas distintas: através de um simulador de TC operando na região de saturação desenvolvido em MATLAB e através de simulações realizadas em um simulador digital em tempo real (RTDS). Os resultados preliminares apontam para um algoritmo robusto, independente das características dinâmicas do TC, da corrente de falta e de outros fatores externos. Além disso, o tempo de resposta mostrou-se compatível com a possibilidade de implementação em tempo real, atendendo às necessidades da área de proteção dos Sistemas Elétricos de Potência.
This work presents a proposal to perform a compensation of the effects due to saturation of Current Transformers (CT) cores used in circuit protection, by correcting the root mean square (RMS) value of the alternate component (AC) of the secondary distorted current. The problem was divided into two phases: detection and compensation of saturation. For the step of detection, a new method was developed, called first difference function of Lanczos filter method, which has proved more immune to noise than traditional methods in the literature. In the step of compensation of saturation, was used a estimation method for linear models. The methods were implemented in MATLAB and tested on distorted currents generated in two ways: through a CT simulator operating in the saturation region developed in MATLAB and through simulations in a real time digital simulator (RTDS). Preliminary results indicate a robust algorithm, independent of the dynamic characteristics of TC, fault current and other external factors. Furthermore, the response time was showed compatible with the possibility of real time implementation, attending to the needs of the protection area of Electric Power Systems.
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Barbosa, Daniel. "Sistema híbrido inteligente para o monitoramento e proteção de transformadores de potência." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18154/tde-25102010-092314/.
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Este trabalho apresenta um conjunto de métodos para a proteção e o monitoramento de transformadores de potência baseado em sistemas inteligentes e na aplicação das transformadas de Clarke e Wavelet. A abordagem inteligente utilizada permite analisar a condição operativa dos transformadores de potência e detectar a ocorrência de defeito interno, distinguindo-a de outras situações de operação, como, a energização, a energização solidária, a saturação dos transformadores de corrente e a sobreexcitação. As tomadas de decisão das técnicas desenvolvidas são realizadas pela lógica fuzzy após o pré-processamento dos sinais de entrada por meio de diversos métodos, os quais variam de acordo com o algoritmo que esta sendo executado. Os algoritmos propostos foram testados por meio de simulações realizadas através do software Alternative Transients Program (ATP). É importante salientar que nas simulações do ATP foram modelados diversos equipamentos que constituem o sistema elétrico de potência, incluindo um gerador síncrono com regulação de velocidade, linhas de transmissão com variação em frequência, transformadores de potência com suas respectivas curvas de saturação, transformadores de potencial e de corrente. Estas modelagens tiveram por objetivo gerar dados das distintas situações de operação para a verificação e análise da metodologia proposta. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram a aplicabilidade dos algoritmos propostos na proteção e no monitoramento dos transformadores de potência, mesmo nas condições mais adversas, como na ocorrência da saturação dos transformadores de corrente, uma vez que os sinais de entrada distorcidos pela saturação são corrigidos por uma rede neural artificial. Os resultados apresentados comparam as respostas obtidas pelas técnicas propostas em relação às saídas de um relé comercial, habilitado à proteção diferencial percentual.This work presents a set of methods for protecting and monitoring power transformers based on intelligent systems and the application of Clarke and Wavelet transforms. The intelligent approach allowed us to analyze the operating condition of power transformers and it discriminates between an internal fault and different operating conditions, as energization, sympathetic inrush, saturation of current transformers and overexcitation. Decision making is performed by fuzzy logic after the preprocessing of the input signals through various methods, varying according to which algorithm is running. It is important to point out that in the simulations using ATP many different power system equipment had been modeled, including a synchronous generator with speed regulation, transmission lines with variation in frequency, power transformers with their saturation curves, potential transformers and current transformers. The objective of these tests was to generate data for distinct situations for the verification and the analysis of the proposed methodologies. The results of the research show the applicability of the algorithms considered in protection and monitoring of power transformers, even in adverse conditions, such as saturation of current transformers, since the input signals are distorted by CT saturation corrected by artificial neural network. The results are compared to the ones presented by a commercial percentage differential relay.
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Ion, Maricica-Mirela. "Amélioration de la sélectivité des protections électriques des navires lors de l'alimentation à quai - Augmentation du courant de court-circuit." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GRENT004/document.
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Ce travail est relatif à l’augmentation du courant de court-circuit du réseau électriqueportuaire alimentant le navire. Ceci passe par une modélisation des réseaux des charges, dutransformateur et enfin convertisseurs concernés. Munis de cette compréhension du système,diverses solutions à base d’électronique de puissance ou d’éléments passifs ont étéinvestiguées, simulées et évaluées à l’aune des performances exigées. Pour l’augmentation ducourant de court-circuit, un transformateur spécialement créé pour cette application à deuxenroulements primaires est proposé. L’esprit de la solution est de modifier la configuration dutransformateur au moment de la détection du court-circuit en modifiant son rapport detransformation. Un banc de test temps réel hybride a été architecturé afin de tester cettesolution. Les essais sur le banc de test ont permis d’obtenir des résultats satisfaisants etencourageants qui corroborent la théorie. Pour finir des études complémentaires, sousdifférents scenarii, ont été menées en simulation hors ligneThis work is about the short-circuit current increase, inside the harbor’s electrical networkthat supplies the electrical grid of each vessel docked in port. We analyze the system’srequirements, the load demands, the transformer and finally the modeling of the convertersinvolved. Armed with this understanding of the system, various solutions like powerelectronics devices or passive equipments were investigated, simulated and evaluated in termsof performance requirements. To increase the short-circuit current, we provide a noveltransformer with two primary windings. The purpose of this solution is to change theconfiguration of the transformer when the short circuit is detected by changing thetransformation ratio. A real-time hybrid test bench has been build in order to test the solution.The real-time tests have yielded good and encouraging results, supporting the theory. Finally,further studies under various scenarios were conducted in offline simulations
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Igarashi, Gilberto. "Contribuições para a implementação de um barramento de processo segundo a norma IEC 61850-9." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-08072016-152036/.
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Desde seu lançamento, em 2002, a Norma IEC 61850 vem evoluindo para se tornar o padrão adotado nos Sistemas de Automação de Subestações. Dentre seus vários aspectos, destacam- se os serviços de tempo real, que permitem a implementação de funções de automação e de proteção dentro da subestação através da troca de mensagens específicas entre Dispositivos Eletrônicos Inteligentes através de um barramento digital de rede de dados. O objetivo central deste trabalho é explorar algumas das questões que envolvem a implementação de uma classe de serviços de tempo real: a transmissão de valores amostrados através de Serviços SMV, definidos pela Norma IEC 61850-9. Primeiramente, apresenta-se um breve resumo das principais características da Norma IEC 61850 que possibilitam o atendimento dos três requisitos por ela estabelecidos como base: a interoperabilidade entre dispositivos de diferentes fabricantes, a versatilidade na configuração e reconfiguração do Sistema de Automação da Subestação, e a possibilidade de implementação de novas tecnologias. Em seguida, explora-se com maior profundidade todos os aspectos relevantes à implementação dos Serviços SMV. Devido à complexidade deste assunto, o autor propõe abordá-lo sob a ótica de cinco tópicos interdependentes: variações da Norma IEC 61850-9, confiabilidade do barramento de processo, sincronismo de tempo, análise da qualidade da medição e segurança cibernética. Com base nos resultados apresentados neste estudo, propõem-se duas plataformas, um protótipo de Transformador de Potencial Óptico e um protótipo de Relé de Proteção Diferencial para transformadores de potência, com o objetivo de explorar alguns dos aspectos pertinentes à implementação de um barramento de processo de acordo com a Norma IEC 61850-9. Também foram realizados testes de geração e transmissão de mensagens contendo valores de amostras de tensão/corrente do sistema elétrico (denominadas de SV Messages) com a finalidade de implementá-las de fato e avaliar as ferramentas de mercado disponíveis. Por fim foi proposto um modelo para a simulação do sistema de potência em conjunto com a rede de comunicação utilizando o programa Matlab/Simulink. O autor espera que este trabalho contribua para esclarecer os vários conceitos envolvidos na implementação do barramento de processo definido pela Norma IEC 61850-9, auxiliando na pesquisa e no desenvolvimento de novas ferramentas e dispositivos, e no aprimoramento da Norma IEC 61850.Since its introduction, in 2002, the IEC 61850 Standard has been evolved to become the standard adopted in Substation Automation Systems. Among its various aspects it can be highlighted the real-time services, which allows the implementation of automation and protection functions within the substation by exchanging specific messages between Intelligent Electronic Devices via a digital data bus network. The main objective of this text is to explore some issues about the implementation of one class of real-time services: the transmission of sampled values through SMV Services, defined by IEC 61850-9 Standard. First, it is presented a brief summary of the main features of IEC 61850 Standard which allows it to meet the three main requirements on this standard: interoperability between devices from different manufacturers, versatility in configuration and reconfiguration of Substation Automation System, and possibility of implementation of new technologies. Next, it is explored, with more details, all aspects involved in the implementation of SMV Services. Due to the complexity of this subject, the author proposes approaches it from the perspective of five interdependent topics: variations of IEC 61850-9 Standard, process bus reliability, time synchronism, analysis of measurement quality, and cyber security. Based on results presented two platforms are proposed, an Optical Voltage Transformer prototype and a Differential Protection Relay prototype for power transformers, in order to explore some of aspects related to the implementation of a process bus according to IEC 61850-9 Standard. It was executed also some tests of generation and transmission of messages containing samples values of voltage/current from power system (referred as SV Messages) in order to implement them in fact, and to evaluate available market tools. At the end it is propoused a model for simulation of power system and network communication using Matlab/Simulink software. The author hopes this work may contribute to clarify the various concepts involved in the implementation of a process bus according to IEC 61850-9 Standard, aiding in research and development of new tools and devices, and improvement of IEC 61850 Standard.
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Silva, Rogério Cesar Serapião. "Projeto diferencial de geradores síncronos: o uso de redes neurais artificiais para identificação e correção da saturação dos transformadores de corrente." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18154/tde-16042012-155039/.
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Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um algoritmo de proteção diferencial de geradores baseado em Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNAs), que seja robusto e confiável em situações onde os algoritmos padrões podem apresentar dificuldades, como no caso, da saturação de TCs. O algoritmo desenvolvido é constituído por dois módulos principais: a) um módulo de detecção da saturação dos transformadores de corrente (TCs) empregados na proteção diferencial de geradores e; b) um módulo de correção das formas de onda distorcidas devido à saturação dos TCs. Os módulos utilizam RNAs para detectar e corrigir situações onde haja saturação dos TCs, a fim de evitar a má operação da proteção diferencial. O algoritmo foi desenvolvido em ambiente Matlab e validado com base nos dados da modelagem e simulações de um sistema elétrico utilizando o software Alternative Transients Program (ATP).This work has as objective to present an algorithm for differential protection of generators based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), which is robust and reliable in situations where standard algorithms fail, as in the case of Current Transformer (CT) saturation. The algorithm developed consists of two main modules: a) a module to detect saturation of CTs used in differential protection of generators and; b) module to correct distorted waveforms due to CT saturation. The modules use ANNs to detect and correct situations where there is saturation of CTs in order to avoid misoperation of the differential protection. The algorithm was developed using Matlab software and validated based on data modeling and simulations of a power system using the Alternative Transients Program (ATP) software.
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Dragiša, Đorđić. "Revitalizacija i sagorevanje otpadnih transformatorskih i motornih ulja u funkciji zaštite životne sredine." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Fakultet tehničkih nauka u Novom Sadu, 2020. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=112424&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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U doktorskoj disertaciji je realizovano ispitivanje revitalizacije, parametara sagorevanja i emisije otpadnih transformatorskih i motornih ulja, kao i njihovih dizel mešavina. Dobijeni eksperimentalni rezultati ukazuju da se nakon revitalizacionog tretmana značajno poboljšavaju izolaciona svojstva transformatorskog ulja, što je veoma važno za bezbedan rad transformatora, zaštitu životne i radne sredine. Pored toga, rezultati eksperimentalnog ispitivanja procesa sagorevanja ukazuju da se otpadna transformatorska i motorna ulja i njihove mešavine sa dizelom mogu koristiti kao gorivo u generatorima toplote male snage i u raznim granama procesne industrije, te mogu smanjiti probleme u vezi sa zaštitom životne sredine.The doctoral thesis cover the testing of revitalization, combustion parameters and emissions of waste transformer and motor oils, as well as their diesel mixtures. The experimental results obtained indicate that after the revitalization treatment, the insulating properties of the transformer oil are significantly improved, which is very important for the safe operation of transformer, environmental protection and work environment. In addition, the results of an experimental test of the combustion process indicate that waste transformer and motor oils and their mixtures with diesel can be used as fuel in low power heat generators and in various branches of the process industry, and can reduce environmental issues.
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Rajchman, Zbyněk. "Srovnání přístrojových transformátorů proudu a proudových senzorů s ohledem na funkci rozdílové ochrany." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-219398.
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Current transformers and current sensors are devices which are mostly used for current measurement in high voltage systems. These devices transform measured currents to range which are workable for measurement and protection devices. Theoretical part includes from third to seventh chapter. These chapters contain construction analysis and characteristic points for both device and problems of protecting the transformer with differential protection. Practical part includes from eighth to tenth chapter. This chapter consists results from laboratory measurement. Results are used for verification with theoretical part of the thesis. Conclusion of this thesis comparing properties and summarises results from laboratory measurement.
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Hanák, Miroslav. "Návrh transformační stanice pro vyvedení výkonu z fotovoltaické elektrárny." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-217818.
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This master’s thesis engages in project of outgoing transformer unit for the photovoltaic power station. It describes project and its design documentation what conducts to practising of construction. It has compared investing to more expansive transformer what has lower loss. It describes charges of operation’s transformer in twenty years. It leads project of cable low voltage. It compares whether is better to use aluminium or cupric cables. Project is led with respect for investment costs and minimum of operation loss.
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Gannholm, Fredrik. "Optimering av selektivplaner och dessbetydelse för samhället." Thesis, KTH, Hälsoinformatik och logistik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-230677.
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Vid ombyggnationer och utbyggnationer av elnät förändras dess karakteristik.Detta leder till att skyddsfunktioner kan behöva justeras för att passa elnätets nyakarakteristik. Justeringar kan medföra att selektiviteten mellan skydden försvinner.Selektivitet innebär att endast skyddet närmast felet bryter strömmen, så atten så liten del som möjligt av elnätet blir strömlöst. För att säkerställa att selektivitetråder mellan skydden utformas selektivplaner där selektiviteten visuellt kananalyseras och vid behov utförs justering av skydden. Rotebro mottagningsstation iSollentuna ägs och drivs av Sollentuna Energi & Miljö (SEOM). Stationen står införombyggnationer och selektivplanerna behöver därför ses över.Då problemställningen är att selektiviteten mellan skydden behöver kontrollerasblir målsättningen att skapa en selektivplan för Rotebro mottagningsstation. Dennabaseras på mottagningsstationens skyddsinställningar och det anslutna elnätetskarakteristik. Arbetet resulterade i att en modell av Rotebro mottagningsstationskapades i programmet PSS Sincal. Från denna genererades selektivplaner somvisar att små justeringar av skydden kan göras. Det utfördes även en generell analyssom visar att selektivplaner har stor betydelse för samhället.In case of build out and rebuilding electricity grids, the electrical characteristicschange. This means that protection features may need to be adjusted to suit theelectrical grids’ new characteristics. Adjustments may lead to loss of selectivity betweenprotective relays. Selectivity means that only the protection device closest tothe fault break the current, so only the smallest possible part of the electrical gridgets disconnected. To assure selectivity, selective tripping schedule is created andprotective relays are adjusted if needed. Rotebro substation in Sollentuna is ownedand operated by Sollentuna Energi & Miljö (SEOM). The substation is facing rebuildingand its selective tripping schedule needs to be reviewed.Since the problem is that selectivity between the protective relays needs to bechecked the goal is to create a selective tripping schedule for Rotebro substation.This is based on the substation protective settings and the connected electricalgrids characteristics. The thesis resulted in a model of Rotebro substation createdin the computer program PSS Sincal. From this a selective tripping schedule weregenerated that shows that small adjustments of the protective relays can be made.A general analysis was also conducted which shows that a selective tripping scheduleis of great importance to the society.
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Hrycík, Tomáš. "Porovnání použití přístrojových transformátorů a senzorů v aplikacích s ochranou REF 542plus." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-218429.
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The aim of this Master´s thesis is use of instrument transformers and sensors on field of industry protection. We will compare current and voltage transformers, current sensor – based on Rogowski coil, voltage sensor – based on voltage divider. By this measure devices, we can monitoring values of analog quantities in medium voltage switchgear. It is impossible to compare, measure and analyze without this measure devices. There is protection terminal REF542plus, which can compile this values. The REF542plus ability are measuring, monitoring, remote control and protection. First, we will discuss about theory of sensors and convential instrument transformers and analysis of analog signal. We will compare analog input channel on sensor´s analog module and transformer´s analog module. There are few differences between type of analog modules. For analog signal analysis are important frequency filters and Analog/ Digital Convertor (sigma-delta). We will describe functions and options of REF542plus. In practical part of this project, we will test protection functions of protection terminal. First, protection terminal will be connected to sensors. Second protection terminal will be connected to transformers. For testing we chose Earth-fault directional protection and differential protection. We will make only secondary tests. That´s mean, input analog quantities to REF542plus will be simulated by tester. In all we will verify quality of protection. We will focus on lower settings of protection and we will inject protection by low current. Objectives are testing of trip characteristics and measuring of trip time.
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Santos, Eduardo Machado dos. "MÉTODOS PARA CORREÇÃO DAS DISTORÇÕES DA FORMA DE ONDA SECUNDÁRIA CAUSADAS PELA SATURAÇÃO DE TRANSFORMADORES DE CORRENTE PARA SERVIÇO DE PROTEÇÃO." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2011. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8489.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThis work aims to evaluate the performance of some methods used to detect and correct the distorted portions of the secondary current signal waveform, which occur due to the core saturation of current transformers. Such methods are presented didactically divided among techniques existing in the specialized literature and new methodologies proposed. Involving various mathematical tools, methods of correction and detection were combined for the analyzed cases. Computer simulations of faults were made to obtain secondary current signals distorted by saturation, allowing the evaluation of these methodologies. The detection methods were evaluated in terms of the ability to identify saturation intervals and speed response. Moreover, the correction techniques were evaluated in terms of compensation accuracy and their processing time. Transient error calculations and the use of a full cycle Fourier filter were the basis for the qualitative analysis of the correction techniques performance. In each case analyzed, different performances were verified for the combinations tested. It was found that differences in detection time instants of the distorted portions provide different rates of error to the methodologies that are associated with saturation detectors. In this context, one of the techniques proposed for detection of distorted sections showed good precision, ensuring low errors for one of the associated correction methodologies in all the analyzed cases. Also, it was found that methods based on Least Squares have good accuracy for the correction of signals distorted by saturation.
Este trabalho visa avaliar o desempenho de alguns métodos para detecção e correção dos trechos distorcidos da forma de onda dos sinais de corrente secundária, que ocorrem em virtude da saturação do núcleo dos transformadores de corrente. Tais métodos são apresentados didaticamente, divididos entre técnicas existentes na literatura especializada e novas propostas. Envolvendo variadas ferramentas matemáticas, as metodologias de correção e detecção foram combinadas para análise de casos. Simulações computacionais de curtoscircuitos foram realizadas para a obtenção dos sinais da corrente secundária distorcida por saturação. Os métodos de detecção foram avaliados em termos da capacidade de reconhecimento dos intervalos de saturação e velocidade de resposta. Além disso, as técnicas de correção foram avaliadas em termos da precisão da compensação e do tempo de processamento. Cálculos de erro transitório e a utilização de um filtro de Fourier de ciclo completo foram a base para a análise qualitativa do desempenho das técnicas de correção. Em cada caso analisado, diferentes desempenhos foram verificados. Observou-se que diferenças nos instantes de detecção dos trechos distorcidos propiciam diferentes margens de erro às metodologias de correção, que são associadas aos detectores de saturação. Nesse contexto, uma das técnicas propostas para detecção dos trechos distorcidos apresentou boa precisão, garantindo que uma das metodologias de compensação, a qual foi associada, obtivesse erros relativamente baixos para todos os casos analisados. Também, verificou-se que as metodologias fundamentadas em Mínimos Quadrados possuem boa precisão durante a correção dos sinais distorcidos por saturação.
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Komárek, Filip. "Návrh rekonstrukce stávající vstupní rozvodny a kabelové sítě 22 kV v areálu fakultní nemocnice." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-377072.
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This master's thesis deals with the area hospital distribution networkand one of the hospital's entry substation. The first part of this master's thesis deals with the project of the new cable network, her gradual revival without any power outages at the collection points. Futher, in this thesis is project of temporary transformer station for supplying power during the reconstruction of the HV switchboard. Subsequently, in this thesis is project of the new HV switchboard in one of the entry substation. new HV switchgear and a new HV substation were projected. Futher, in this thesis is proposed compensation of the whole area, including the HV network.
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Santos, Eduardo Machado dos. "Compensação das formas de onda distorcidas pela saturação de transformadores de corrente com auxílio da estimação de frequência." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2015. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3687.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThis work presents innovative methods for detection and correction of the distorted portions of the secondary current waveforms, which occur due to the core saturation of current transformers (CTs). The detection technique is based on the analysis of the plans formed by the secondary current (i2) and their difference-functions (deln). The distance between consecutive points in these plans has a significant increase when saturation occurs, bucking the trend during the undistorted intervals, which are not corrupted by CT saturation. Additionally, the proposed correction of these signals is based on a technique of curve fitting by least squares, which uses the frequency signal estimated from the secondary current signals as a parameter of compensation. The aforementioned frequency signal is estimated using the Mathematical Morphology operators of dilation and erosion, which are used to estimate future values of the α and β signals obtained from the Clarke Transform. Computational simulations of short circuits were performed to obtain the secondary current signals distorted by CT saturation. The detection method was evaluated in terms of the ability to identify saturation intervals and its speed of response. Moreover, the correction technique was evaluated in terms of the compensation accuracy and its processing time. Calculations of transient error and the use of a full cycle Fourier filter were the basis for the qualitative analysis of the performance of the correction technique. The tests revealed that the combination of the proposed techniques ensures excellent accuracy during correction signals distorted by saturation, showing that the proposals constitute a robust tool for use in numerical relays, increasing the reliability of protection schemes in situations involving the saturation of TCs.
Este trabalho apresenta métodos inovadores para detecção e correção dos trechos distorcidos da forma de onda dos sinais da corrente secundária, que ocorrem em virtude da saturação do núcleo dos transformadores de corrente (TCs). A técnica de detecção é fundamentada na análise dos planos formados pela corrente secundária (i2) e suas funções-diferença (deln). A distância entre pontos consecutivos nesses planos tem um aumento significativo quando a saturação ocorre, contrariando a tendência durante os intervalos não distorcidos por saturação. Além disso, a proposta para correção desses sinais utiliza uma técnica de ajuste de curvas por Mínimos Quadrados, a qual emprega o sinal de frequência estimado a partir dos sinais da corrente secundária como parâmetro de compensação. O referido sinal de frequência é estimado por uma metodologia fundamentada em Morfologia Matemática, cujos operadores de dilatação e erosão são utilizados para estimação de valores futuros dos sinais α e β, obtidos a partir da Transformada de Clarke. Simulações computacionais de curtos-circuitos foram realizadas para a obtenção dos sinais da corrente secundária distorcida por saturação. O método de detecção foi avaliado em termos da capacidade de reconhecimento dos intervalos de saturação e velocidade de resposta. Ainda, a técnica de correção foi avaliada com relação à precisão da compensação e do tempo de processamento. Cálculos de erro transitório e a utilização de um filtro de Fourier de ciclo completo foram a base para a análise qualitativa do desempenho da técnica de correção. Os testes revelaram que a combinação entre as técnicas propostas garante excelente precisão durante a correção dos sinais distorcidos por saturação, mostrando que as propostas constituem uma ferramenta robusta para aplicação em relés numéricos, aumentando a confiabilidade dos esquemas de proteção em situações que envolvam a saturação dos TCs.