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Journal articles on the topic 'Transformer differential protection'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Onah, Aniagboso John, and Edwin Ejiofor Ezema. "Transformer Differential Protection." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 8 (August 21, 2020): 891–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.8.2035.

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Overcurrent and earth fault protective equipment employing time grading and directional detection cannot provide correct discrimination on all power networks and in many cases clearing times for some faults would not be acceptable. Differential protection is an alternative overcurrent protective scheme, which is used to protect individual sections of networks or pieces of equipment, such as transformers, generators, e.t.c. Thus, where protection co-ordination is difficult using time delayed over current and earth fault protection, or where fast fault clearance is critical, then differential protection may be used. Kirchhoff’s first law, which states that the sum of the currents flowing to a node must be equal to the sum of the currents flowing out from it is the basic principle of the differential protection scheme. It detects the difference between the current entering a section and that leaving it. Under normal operating conditions, the current leaving the protected unit would be equal to that entering it at every instant. If the current flowing into the protected unit is the same as the current leaving, then the fault is not in the protected unit and the protective equipment or relay should not operate. If there is a difference in either the phase or magnitude between input and output, then the fault is in the protected unit and the protection should operate. This paper investigates how power transformers can be protected using the current-differential protection schemes.

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2

Zhang, Wenkui, Qian Tan, Pei Liu, Shihong Miao, and Liangsong Zhou. "Self-adaptive transformer differential protection." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2011.0739.

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3

Gomez-Morante, M., and D. W. Nicoletti. "A wavelet-based differential transformer protection." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 14, no. 4 (1999): 1351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.796228.

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4

Ozgonenel, Okan, and Serap Karagol. "Transformer differential protection using wavelet transform." Electric Power Systems Research 114 (September 2014): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2014.04.008.

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5

SALIH, Bashar. "Differential Relay Protection for Prototype Transformer." PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY 1, no. 6 (June 28, 2021): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15199/48.2021.06.30.

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6

Mei, Li Xue. "Transformer Differential Protection Applications of the Applicant Electronic Current Transformer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 3818–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.3818.

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This paper mainly analyses, improvement and experiment using the device of Wuhan Hua gong Electric Automation Co., Ltd. existing. As a comparison, this paper firstly analyzes the measuring principle of electromagnetic current transformer and the saturation problem, coil measurement principle and error, a brief summary of the distinction between the two. One time, two times of converter and the merging unit as part of electronic current transformer, this paper also made some analysis. Then analyzed some improvement of transformer differential protection of electronic current transformer based on improved. Firstly, the hardware protection data interface part of, through the analysis of the reasonable selection, then it is based on transformer differential protection of electronic current transformer, the two line ratio braking curve formulation through the analysis of unbalanced current sources, make do with electromagnetic current transformer current unbalance and the ratio braking curve based on the comparative analysis. Finally, the relay protection software the program is changed the basic function of the device is tested, the test results showed that the improved protection device.

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7

Stanbury, Michael, and Zarko Djekic. "The Impact of Current-Transformer Saturation on Transformer Differential Protection." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 30, no. 3 (June 2015): 1278–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2014.2372794.

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8

Ahmed, E., and R. El-Sehiemy. "A suggested differential protection scheme for power transformer." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/irase.5.2014.2.1.

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This paper integrates a Real Power Differential Scheme (RPDS) for power transformer protection. The suggested RPDS for power transformer computes the active power loci during normal operation, switching, normal, and internal, involves turn to turn, and external faults at varied load angles. The proposed RPDS concept is based on monitoring and comparing the transformers primary and secondary active and reactive powers. The dynamic response of the proposed RPDS is tested 300 MVA, 220/66 kV, Y/Δ transformer. Furthermore, the suggested scheme is simulated with the use of Matlab/Simulink then tested for various fault and switching conditions. Moreover, the RPDS is checked for inter turn fault conditions at primary and secondary sides. The evaluation of the suggested scheme confirms the superiority of the proposed scheme to distinguish internal and external faults as well as magnetizing inrush currents with good selectivity, high speed, sensitivity, stability limits and high accuracy response of the power differential scheme. Finally, the suggested scheme is able to detect correctly the turn to turn faults for wide range of fault resistances but fails at very low values.

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9

Iqteit, Nassim A., and Khalid Yahya. "Simulink model of transformer differential protection using phase angle difference based algorithm." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 1088. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i2.pp1088-1098.

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<p class="p1">An application of phase-angle-difference based algorithm with percentage differential relays is presented in this paper. In the situation where the transformer differential relay is under magnetizing inrush current, the algorithm will be utilized to block the process. In this study, the technique is modeled and implemented using Simulink integrated with MATLAB. The real circuit model of power transformer and current transformers are considered in the simulation model. The results confirmed the effectiveness of the technique in different operation modes; such as, magnetizing inrush currents, current transformers saturation and internal transformer faults.</p>

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10

Sutherland, P. E. "Application of transformer ground differential protection relays." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 36, no. 1 (2000): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/28.821790.

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11

Azizan, N. S., C. L. Wooi, B. Ismail, S. N. M. Arshad, M. Isa, W. A. Mustafa, and MNK Rohani. "Simulation of differential relay for transformer protection." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 767 (March 21, 2020): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/767/1/012004.

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12

Vazquez, Ernesto, IvÁn I. Mijares, Oscar L. Chacon, and Arturo Conde. "Transformer Differential Protection Using Principal Component Analysis." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 23, no. 1 (January 2008): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2007.911149.

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13

Verzosa, Quintin, and Wah A. Lee. "Testing Microprocessor-Based Numerical Transformer Differential Protection." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 53, no. 1 (January 2017): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2016.2609402.

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14

Shah, Ashesh M., Bhavesh R. Bhalja, Rajesh M. Patel, Het Bhalja, Pramod Agarwal, Yogesh M. Makwana, and Om P. Malik. "Quartile Based Differential Protection of Power Transformer." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 35, no. 5 (October 2020): 2447–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2020.2968725.

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15

Bejmert, D., M. Kereit, F. Mieske, W. Rebizant, K. Solak, and A. Wiszniewski. "Power transformer differential protection with integral approach." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 118 (June 2020): 105859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.105859.

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16

Saravanan, Balamurugan, and A. Rathinam. "Inrush Blocking Scheme in Transformer Differential Protection." Energy Procedia 117 (June 2017): 1165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.05.242.

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17

Bejmert, Daniel, Klaus Boehme, Matthias Kereit, and Waldemar Rebizant. "HV Transformer Protection and Stabilization under Geomagnetically Induced Currents." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 9, 2020): 4693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184693.

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This paper presents the results of research related to the issues arising from DC excitation of power transformers due to geomagnetically induced currents (GIC). First, the GIC phenomena and their influence on power system operation are discussed. Then, a recorded case of tripping of the transformer differential protection due to geomagnetic disturbances (GD), as well as simulation signals from a developed model of a transformer subjected to a GD are analyzed. Next, two algorithms for GIC detection utilizing the rate of change of transformer differential currents and the DC component in the neutral current are proposed, thoroughly tested, and recommended.

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18

Gao, Yang, and Guo Yan Liang. "The Analysis and Discussion of the Actual Case about the Differential Protection Malfunction Caused by the Transient Exciting Current of Large-Scale High-Voltage Main Transformer at the Time of Switching." Advanced Materials Research 694-697 (May 2013): 785–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.694-697.785.

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In this paper, based on the choice of voltage level 500kV for large transformer differential protection of maloperation accident actually as an example, discusses how to improve the reliability and the transformer differential protection with the relationship between pressure test. Analysis found that in order to avoid the excitation transient exciting current transformer differential protection sparked the misoperation, on-site technical personnel in the differential protection setting calculation process, make use of data in conformity with the relevant parameters, rules and standards, familiar with differential protection, also need to understand the characteristics of transformer excitation transient exciting current high-voltage tests, the influence of characteristic more should fully exert the modern PC wave record device, instrument function can improve the actual effect of transformer differential protection. This factory for transformer differential protection for setting, protection greatly improves the reliability. This experience is worth popularizing.

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19

Nisja, Indra. "Performance of current transformer operate under harmonic condition and their effects on transformer differential protection." MATEC Web of Conferences 159 (2018): 02075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815902075.

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This paper focused to determine the performance of Current Transformer (CT) operates under harmonics condition and their effects on transformer differential protection. A laboratory test has been implemented to determine the error produced by both CT and power transformer when operating under harmonic condition. The test was performing with the actual condition, where the power transformer is connected to an adjusted nonlinear load, so that the test can be conducted with several levels of total harmonic distortion current (THDi). The results shows, for THDi ranging from 16.70% to 40.88% the maximum errors occurred on CT at secondary power transformers is 27.21% and CT at primary power transformers is 8.12%. This error resulted in differential current flow 0.17A and relay trip without any fault. In this study it was found that the relays started to operate incorrectly on THDi 31.5%.

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20

de Alencar, Raidson Jenner N., and Ubiratan Holanda Bezerra. "Power Transformer Differential Protection Through Gradient of the Differential Current." Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical Systems 24, no. 1-2 (March 26, 2013): 162–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40313-013-0021-6.

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21

Fani, Bahador, Mohamad Esmai Hamedani Golshan, and Hosein Askarian Abyaneh. "Waveform feature monitoring scheme for transformer differential protection." Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE C 12, no. 2 (February 2011): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1631/jzus.c1010042.

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22

Magrin, Fabiano, and Maria Cristina Tavares. "Increasing sensitivity for transformer protection using incremental differential." Journal of Engineering 2018, no. 15 (October 1, 2018): 1209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/joe.2018.0262.

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23

Ahmad, Azniza, Mohammad Lufti Othman, Kurreemun Khudsiya Bibi Zainab, and Hashim Hizam. "Adaptive ANN based differential protective relay for reliable power transformer protection operation during energisation." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v8.i4.pp307-316.

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Power transformer is the most expensive equipment in electrical power system that needs continuous monitoring and fast protection response. Differential relay is usually used in power transformer protection scheme. This protection compares the difference of currents between transformer primary and secondary sides, with which a tripping signal to the circuit breaker is asserted. However, when power transformers are energized, the magnetizing inrush current is present and due to its high magnitude, the relay mal-operates. To prevent mal-operation, methods revolving around the fact that the relay should be able to discriminate between the magnetizing inrush current and the fault current must be studied. This paper presents an Artificial Neural Network(ANN) based differential relay that is designed to enable the differential relay to correct its mal-operation during energization by training the ANN and testing it with harmonic current as the restraining element. The MATLAB software is used to implement and evaluate the proposed differential relay. It is shown that the ANN based differential relay is indeed an adaptive relay when it is appropriately trained using the Network Fitting Tool. The improved differential relay models also include a reset part which enables automatic reset of the relays. Using the techniques of 2nd harmonic restraint and ANN to design a differential relay thus illustrates that the latter can successfully differentiate between magnetizing inrush and internal fault currents. With the new adaptive ANN-based differential relay, there is no mal-operation of the relay during energization. The ANN based differential relay shows better performance in terms of its ability to differentiate fault against energization current. Amazingly, the response time, when there is an internal fault, is 1 ms compared to 4.5 ms of the conventional 2nd harmonic restraint based relay.

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24

Cai, Wei, Lin Sun, and Hua Ren Wu. "Simulation of Transformer Protection Based on an Embedded MATLAB Function." Advanced Materials Research 960-961 (June 2014): 995–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.995.

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This paper establishes a simulation model of a simplified power system with transformer differential protection based on an embedded Matlab function block. The differential protection consists of percentage restraint differential protection, second harmonic restraint, differential current instantaneous trip protection and over-excitation protection. The model is able to correctly simulate the transformer’s inrush current and internal and external faults. The results from the simulation show that the circuit breaker correctly operates for a transformer internal fault and provides a good braking effect for an external fault. In addition, the protection model is able to identify the inrush current of the transformer and avoid a protection mis-trip event.

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25

Tian, De, and Hai Hui Song. "Modeling and Simulation on Transformer Computer Protection in Wind Farm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 437 (October 2013): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.437.173.

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This paper studies a single machine infinite bus system with two-winding transformer and access 110KV power system after improveing voltage. We established a system model of transformer based on MATLAB/Simulink, and established the computer protection data acquisition system model in wind farm, studied second harmonic ratio brake differential protection. Setted calculation combined with actual differential protection for a given parameter transformer, and use the simulink to simulate test of short-circuit. By the simulation study, we investigated the performance of transformer differential protection.

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26

Medeiros, Rodrigo Prado, and Flavio Bezerra Costa. "A Wavelet-Based Transformer Differential Protection With Differential Current Transformer Saturation and Cross-Country Fault Detection." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 33, no. 2 (April 2018): 789–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2017.2764062.

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27

Litvinov, Ilya, Aleksandra Naumova, Vasiliy Titov, Andrey Trofimov, and Elena Gracheva. "The study of power transformer differential protection’s operation in the internal fault conditions." E3S Web of Conferences 288 (2021): 01096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128801096.

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Special attention is paid to high-speed relay protections’ operation in transient modes due to a number of major failure events that have occurred over the past 10 years in the power system of the Russian Federation. Operation of power transformer’s differential protection in case of internal short circuit is studied in this research. False blocking of protection is possible in such mode due to saturation of current transformers. A value of blocking time may exceed the maximum permissible short-circuit disconnection time under conditions of maintaining the dynamic stability of the power system. Primary and secondary currents in transient modes are obtained by simulation of short circuits. Windings of the modeled current transformers are connected in a star to a null wire. RMS values are calculated using a mathematical model of the Fourier filter. The current transformers were checked according to the methods declared in PNST 283-2018 and GOST R 58669-2019. The analysis carried out in this work allows to estimate possibility of long-term blocking of the differential protection of a power transformer in case of internal short circuit, especially in case of significant value of time constants.

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28

Doletskaya, Larisa I., Vladislav I. Ziryukin, and Roman V. Solopov. "An electric power system object model creating experience for researching the operation of digital means of relay protection and automation." Journal Of Applied Informatics 16, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37791/2687-0649-2021-16-4-83-95.

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The article is devoted to the operation logic modeling of relay protection and automation terminals in order to their verification, adjustment and further exploitation. The problem of adjusting protection terminals mutual interaction is unlikely to appear in real conditions due to wide variety of them. The authors propose a solution to this problem by creating a verified model based on a digital twin of an electric power network section created in the MatLab software package. This model helps to study the functioning of the researched protection settings in nominal, repair, emergency and post-emergency equipment operation modes. A model of the selected substation was created displaying all the properties that are significant for research of the original one. In addition, the requirements analysis for the main and backup protection operation settings of the three-winding transformers was carried out. The main unit is a differential transformer relay protection and the backup one is maximal current protection in amount of three units for every transformer winding circuit: higher, middle and lower transformer voltage branch. The model makes it possible to analyze the relay protection operation selectivity by checking the current settings which could be imported from XML documents unloaded from existing terminals and to evaluate the correctness of new calculated ones with the possibility of their manual input. As a result of the researched object modeling, a three-stage operation analysis of the differential and maximal current protections was carried out. It has shown relay protection selective operation both in the case of nominal and abnormal modes, including the event of the main transformer protection malfunction. This technique can be extended to the other electric power network.

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29

Igarashi, G., and J. C. Santos. "Transformer Differential Protection Using Process Bus According to IEC 61850-9-2 and Non-Conventional Instrument Transformers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 799-800 (October 2015): 1311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.799-800.1311.

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Our aim is to show some impacts on the differential protection of power transformers when using Non-Conventional Instrument Transformers associated with the IEC 61850-9-2 process bus. Described herein are a model for simulating the samples in the process bus, a proposed algorithm for differential protection of power transformers adapted from conventional differential relays so that it works according to the IEC 61850-9-2 standard, and a response analysis of the protection algorithm with the loss of the time synchronization signal in the process bus. Suggestions on parameters to be followed for safer operation of the process bus in these circumstances are also offered.

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30

Marei, Marwa M., Manal H. Nawir, and Ali Abdul Razzaq Altahir. "An improved technique for power transformer protection using fuzzy logic protective relaying." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 22, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 1754. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i3.pp1754-1760.

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The three-phase power transformer in the transmission or distribution substations represents one of the essential devices on electric power networks. Losing this devise cause a disconnection of the power utility to a large number of electrical loads. The robust protection system must be designed to protect the device during abnormal operations. A complete protection system for a poly-phase power transformer for one of the Karbala transmission networks (East Karbala substation) is modeled and simulated, adopting a fuzzy logic protective relaying using MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. This study discusses fuzzy logic-based relaying for a power transformer safety, as well as internal faults that are clearly identified. Two principles of operation are used to protect the transformer; differential relay and overcurrent relay. The differential relay is proposed as the unit protection, while the overcurrent is backup protection. The proposed fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is used to detect abnormal operation; it is also modeled to organize the operation between unit and backup protection. The numerical results clarify that the proposed model can perform fast, rigorous, and authoritative protection for the transformer. Also, modeling of the protection mode decreases the complexity of designing various subsystem and combining them in one controller.

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31

Shen, Bing, Hong Zhi Zhang, Xin Yi Jiang, and Guo Shun Xu. "The Simulation Research and Analysis of Transformer with Differential Protection in Shipboard Medium Voltage Based on Matlab." Advanced Materials Research 1021 (August 2014): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1021.181.

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In order to ensure the safe operation of the ship in the medium-voltage grid, transformer protection is particularly important. Using Matlab/Simulink, this paper established transformer and its differential protection simulation model of the medium-voltage ship. To achieve differential protection function, this paper uses the M-file to program the differential protection S-function. The simulation results indicate that the differential protection models can achieve their protection functions and have better quick-acting and stability.

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32

He, Hong Hua. "Simulation Design of Transformer Differential Protection Based on Mat Lab." Advanced Materials Research 722 (July 2013): 282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.722.282.

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The microprocessor-relay protection device has gradually replaced regular simulation relay protection it is also difficult to visually determine protection device malfunction or tripping. Therefore, the use of the Mat lab toolbox to build transformer differential protection simulation model, the simulation results show that two-line ratio brake can correctly identify internal fault current, and rapidly remove fault, and the system also can provide convenient for microprocessor transformer protection.

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33

Wang, Hui, Kun Yan, Hou Lei Gao, and Xue Wei Chen. "Simulation and Analysis of Transformer Inrush Current and its Impact on Current Differential Protection." Advanced Materials Research 732-733 (August 2013): 712–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.732-733.712.

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A transformer model was built using PSCAD. The generation mechanism, waveform characteristics and influence factors of inrush current were simulated and analyzed. Combined with transformer differential protection, this paper discussed the conventional methods to identify inrush current and the operation logic to prevent mal-operation caused by inrush current. The typical transformer differential protection operating criteria were also simulated under different fault conditions. The results show that digital simulation can properly present inrush current waveform characteristics, different kinds of transformer fault status and inrush current influence on differential protection.

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34

Ge, Li Juan, Yong Zhang, and Haijun Li. "Analysis on 2nd Main Transformer Trip Accident of a Certain Substation of the West Inner Mongolia Power Grid." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 1312–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.1312.

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This paper mainly analyzes the causes of a 10KV line and 2nd transformer circuit breaker tripping, also analyzes the action mechanism of the relay protection. Because of the permanent phase fault at the head of the line, instantaneous over-current protection(SegmentⅠ) as its main protection of the phase fault made the 921 breaker triping, the action was selective.And the permanence of this fault led to the failure of the reclosing; Reversed the TA(current transformer) for measuring with the TA for differential protection in high voltage side of the transformer, this fault can also make the TA of the differential protection circuit quickly saturated when the external short-circuit current flowing through the TA. When the above saturation happens, a big differential current generating from differential circuit will lead to sampling error. This is the direct cause of the mal-operation of the differential protection which resulting in the 2nd transformer tripping. In response to this accident, put forward specific prevention measures.

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35

Wei, Wei, Li He, Wei Zhen, and Xiao Bin Liang. "Analysis on Line Differential Protection Based on Transient Saturation Characteristics of TPY-Type Current Transformer." Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (December 2014): 671–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.671.

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Transient saturation characteristics of TPY-type current transformer have great impact on the right action of line differential protection. This paper proposes an analytical method of line differential protection under current transformer saturation by utilizing current transformer model and test methods. The true current value of primary side can be obtained by our proposed method and therefore it yields correct assessment of line operating status. This method has high reliability applying to practical engineering examples of differential protection.

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36

Kainth, Harjit Singh, and Gagandeep Sharma. "A New method for differential protection in Power transformer." IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 9, no. 2 (2014): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1676-09246470.

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37

Lee, Byung, Jinsik Lee, Sung Won, Byongjun Lee, Peter Crossley, and Yong Kang. "Saturation Detection-Based Blocking Scheme for Transformer Differential Protection." Energies 7, no. 7 (July 18, 2014): 4571–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en7074571.

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38

Andreev, Mikhail, Aleksey Suvorov, Anton Kievets, and Vladimir Rudnik. "Digital transformer differential protection setting using its mathematical models." Proceedings of Irkutsk State Technical University 24, no. 1 (February 2020): 5–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2020-1-85-96.

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39

Idoniboyeobu, D., and D. Bob. "Using Digital Relays for Improved Power Transformer Differential Protection." British Journal of Applied Science & Technology 5, no. 5 (January 10, 2015): 482–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjast/2015/10832.

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40

Ahmed, Eman, and Ragab El-Sehiemy. "An efficient power differential scheme for power transformer protection." International Conference on Electrical Engineering 8, no. 8th (May 1, 2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/iceeng.2012.30674.

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41

Guo, X., H. A. Maier, and K. Feser. "A new inrush detection method for transformer differential protection." Archiv f�r Elektrotechnik 76, no. 1 (January 1992): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01451989.

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42

Padmini, S., Subransu Sekhar Dash, Shruti Chandrasekhar, and Priyanka Vedula. "Fuzzy Logiccontrol Of Differential Protection For Large Power Transformer." i-manager's Journal on Circuits and Systems 1, no. 1 (February 15, 2013): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jcir.1.1.2194.

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43

SURIBABU and RAM SANKER. "Wavelet-Packet-Transform Based Differential Protection of Power Transformer." i-manager's Journal on Digital Signal Processing 4, no. 4 (2016): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jdp.4.4.8311.

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44

Dashti, Hamed, and Majid Sanaye-Pasand. "Power Transformer Protection Using a Multiregion Adaptive Differential Relay." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 29, no. 2 (April 2014): 777–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2013.2280023.

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Murugan, Senthil Kumar, Sishaj P. Simon, Kinattingal Sundareswaran, P. Srinivasa Rao Nayak, and Narayana Prasad Padhy. "An Empirical Fourier Transform-Based Power Transformer Differential Protection." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 32, no. 1 (February 2017): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2016.2575981.

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Fani, B., M. E. Hamedani Golshan, and M. Saghaian-nejad. "Transformer Differential Protection Using Geometrical Structure Analysis of Waveforms." Electric Power Components and Systems 39, no. 3 (January 31, 2011): 204–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325008.2010.526991.

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Ali, E., O. P. Malik, A. Knight, S. Abdelkader, A. Helal, and H. Desouki. "Ratios-based universal differential protection algorithm for power transformer." Electric Power Systems Research 186 (September 2020): 106383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106383.

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Ali, E., A. Helal, H. Desouki, K. Shebl, S. Abdelkader, and O. P. Malik. "Power transformer differential protection using current and voltage ratios." Electric Power Systems Research 154 (January 2018): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.08.026.

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Bejmert, D., W. Rebizant, and L. Schiel. "Transformer differential protection with fuzzy logic based inrush stabilization." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 63 (December 2014): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.05.056.

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Hassan, Ahmed, and Mustafa Ibrahim. "Microprocessor - Controlled Differential Protection of a Power Transformer.(Dept.E)." MEJ. Mansoura Engineering Journal 10, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/bfemu.2021.176988.

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