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Journal articles on the topic 'Transformer-less system'

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Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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P, Maithili, and Kanakaraj J. "Transformer Less Self-Commutated PV Inverter." Regular issue 10, no. 8 (2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.g9037.0610821.

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The power demand is increased day by day and generation of electrical energy from non-renewable sources are not able to meet the demand. An alternate energy sources are the only solution to meet the power demand. The power generation from solar energy with photovoltaic effect is plays a major role. This Solar PV system has low efficiency. The power semiconductor devices and converter circuit along with inductive / magnetic circuit. The Inverter circuit have an influence on photovoltaic power generation to improve the level of output voltage along with efficiency. In this paper a new transformer less DC-AC converter is proposed, and it has high efficiency, requires less cost when compares with conventional inverter with transformer. Transformer less self-commutated photovoltaic inverter is reflected the advantages of central and string inverters. It gives high output power and low-cost converter. These transformer less DC-AC converter is connect with Boost/Buck-Boost converter for the better output. So, this proposed DC-AC converter topology is not required mechanical switching and it is lighter in size. The PV technology has low efficiency and utilize more cost for generation of power. The proposed transformer less PV inverter is the better choice to increase the usefulness and reduce the charge rate of this PV system.

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Maithili, P., and J. Kanakaraj. "Transformer Less Self-Commutated PV Inverter." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) 10, no. 8 (2021): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.G9037.0610821.

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Zunnurain, I. A., M. F. Hariz, S. M. Ilham, N. Kimpol, M. N. K. Anuar, and K. M. Yumi. "High Gain Transformer-less DC/AC Inverter for PV System." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2129, no. 1 (2021): 012065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2129/1/012065.

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Abstract Investigation interests on many scientific aspects of photovoltaic (PV) trans-former-less inverter system has improved over the past decade. Using step-up transformer or high frequency transformer in electrical system has made the entire system expensive and voluminous. There is alternative topology to replace the transformer by implementing DC/DC quadratic boost converter to expand the voltage from 12VDC to 325VDC from the photovoltaic (PV) solar and convert it to AC applying H-bridge inverter circuit. This method will replace the conventional method of bulky transformer into a lighter converter with the same performance. The circuit is simulated using Power Sim (PSIM) software to initiate the design and study the circuit capability. The experimental result will project the exact voltage in the range of 230VACrms . The harmonic profile of the inverter is studies and compared with the normal inverter configuration.

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Shaikh, Mohammed Tauseef, and M. Kulkarni S. "A Review on Transformer Less UPFC." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 2, no. 6 (2018): 940–41. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd18750.

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This paper is a review of an innovative technique with a new concept of transformer less unified power flow controller UPFC . The Transformer less UPFC is based on two cascade multilevel inverters CMIs , which reduce the complexity of the circuit. The construction of the conventional UPFC consists of two back to back inverters which results in complexity and bulkiness which involves the transformers which are complication for isolation and attaining high power rating with required output waveforms. The proposed controller will reduce the cost and space as compared to the conventional UPFC. A multilevel configuration technique will be used to reduce the total harmonic content and thus increases the overall efficiency of the system. Shaikh Mohammed Tauseef | S. M. Kulkarni "A Review on Transformer - Less UPFC" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18750.pdf

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Noor, Shahreen, Md Noman Habib Khan, and K. M. Abdul Al Woadud. "Cost and Efficiency Analysis of PV Transformer-Less Inverter Topology to Grid Connection." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 2, no. 3 (2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2017.2.3.290.

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Photovoltaic (PV) inverters bear a part and parcel role due to cost and power efficiency where it can be used either in Transformer based system or Transformer-less system. Both system even though the renewable energy which is fully Environmental friendly, however some limitations such as bulky system, maintenance cost increasing indicate for avoiding the Transformer based inverter. In contrast, Transformer -less inverter topology is recovering the TRX based issue and to reduce the overall system cost size with high efficiency. In this paper, Transformer -based inverters have been discussed as well as Transformer –less (TRX) inverter topologies and main focusing part is the cost analysis of TRX inverter topology to grid connection and the different marking process of PV-TRX Inverter Topology to Grid Connection has been shown as well as comparison will be shown with Bangladesh.

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Noor, Shahreen, Md Noman Habib Khan, and K. M. Abdul Al Woadud. "Cost and Efficiency Analysis of PV Transformer-Less Inverter Topology to Grid Connection." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 2, no. 3 (2017): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2017.2.3.290.

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Suroso and Siswantoro Hari. "A performance comparison of transformer-less grid tied PV system using diode clamped and neutral point shorted inverters." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS) 11, no. 2 (2020): 702–10. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i2.pp702-710.

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Grid tied photovoltaic (PV) system is an operation mode of PV system working together with utility power supply to provide power to the power load. Conventionally, transformer is used together with the power inverter. The power transformer works as galvanic insolation amongst PV system and power grid. It works also to raise the voltage of power inverter. However, use of transformer will add system complexity, price, weight and size of the entire system. Transformer-less system is an alternative to make the system simpler and more practical in use. The paper discusses performance of transformer-less grid tied PV systems using diode clamped and neutral point shorted inverters. Effects of transformer elimination to the feat of the grid tied PV system especially harmonics content and leakage current of PV system were examined and analyzed. The performance was also compared with the traditional system using H-bridge inverter. The leakage currents did not flow in the system applying diode clamped inverter, and neutral point shorted inverter. In case of harmonics content, the diode clamped inverter injected less harmonics components than the neutral point shorted inverter. The neutral point shorted provides a simpler inverter circuit in the transformerless systems.

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R, Selvamathi, Indragandhi V, and Ashok kumar L. "Analysis of transformer less inverter for PV applications." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2-1 (2018): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.9995.

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To enhance the effectiveness and decrease the cost of a Photovoltaic (PV) system, the utilization of transformer less PV inverters is an option of expanding interest. In any case, this topology should be considered in detail, as it shows a few issues like effectiveness degradation and safety issues identified with the galvanic association between the system and the PV generator.In this research paper, a review of standalone and grid-connected PV inverter structures has been done. From one viewpoint, a few options in light of established structures have been introduced. At last parasitic capacitance in PV arrays and leakage current produced from PV systems are examined.

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Alajmi, Bader N., Khaled H. Ahmed, Grain Philip Adam, and Barry W. Williams. "Single-Phase Single-Stage Transformer less Grid-Connected PV System." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 28, no. 6 (2013): 2664–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2012.2228280.

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Sumathi, Dr S. "Transformer less Z - Source Inverter using Grid Connected PV System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 8, no. 5 (2020): 3025–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2020.5506.

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Murthy, G. V. K., K. Sowjan Kumar, B. Nagaraju, and K. Venkateswarlu. "Buck Boost Transformer Less in PV System with Grid Connected." International Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering and Management 9, no. 4 (2022): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.55524/ijirem.2022.9.4.29.

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For single-phase grid-connected solar PV applications, a novel single-stage buck boost trans formerless inverter (BBTI) topology is presented in this paper. Leakage currents are eliminated since the input PV source and grid neutral share a common ground in this topology. In addition, the buck-boost capability of the proposed topology ensures that the maximum power point is maintained throughout a wide range of input PV voltage variations. The fact that only one energy storage inductor is used in the proposed topology makes it symmetrical during both grid half cycles. Additionally, the proposed topology's two out of five switches operate at a line frequency, resulting in low switching losses, while the remaining three switches operate in any mode with low losses. To control the proposed inverter topology, a straightforward sine-triangle pulse width modulation strategy is outlined and analyzed across all operating modes. The 300W laboratory prototype is the subject of experiments, and all of the major findings are presented in the paper. These findings demonstrate that the proposed system offers higher efficiency with lower THD in output current.

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Hendawi, Essam. "An Efficient Grid Connected Photovoltaic System Based on H6 Transformer-less Inverter." European Journal of Energy Research 3, no. 3 (2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejenergy.2023.3.3.125.

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Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems based on transformer-less inverters have been widely used. Various topologies of transformer-less inverters are presented. The requirements of minimizing leakage current through transformer-less inverters and maximizing the power generated from PV arrays are of great importance. This paper presents a complete system that can effectively minimize the leakage current to safe values. In addition, operation at maximum PV array power point is realized. The system is based on modified H6 transformer-less inverter to minimize the leakage current. Perturbation and Observation P&O maximum power point tracker in addition to a dc-dc boost converter are utilized to achieve the second target. Analysis of each part and system controllers in the proposed system are presented in detail. Losses and system efficiency are introduced. Effects of sun irradiance variations are included. Simulation results prove the effectiveness of the proposed system.

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Daniel A Figueiredo and Sanjay S Pawar. "Single Phase Transformer Less Inverter for Grid Connected Photo Voltaic System." International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology 11, no. 2 (2024): 463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32628/ijsrst2412344.

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Sustainable power generation systems have been developed as a result of increased consumption of energy, the rapid depletion of fossil fuels, and environmental degradation worldwide. Thus, the demand for photovoltaic systems is increasing, owing to the increased need for renewable resources worldwide. Transformers are often used in photovoltaic systems to offer voltage ratio conversions between input and output along with galvanic isolation. The inverter, that may be a transformer-less or with a transformer, is the enabling technology in PV systems. But, the efficiency and power density of these traditional iron and copper-based transformers are decreased while the inverter's weight, size, and cost are increased. Thus, it is recommended to refrain from utilizing transformers within the inverter. For this reason, transformer-less inverters for grid-tied, low-voltage, single-phase photovoltaic (PV) systems have gained more attention thesedays. To comply with the safety requirements imposed by grid regulations, there are a few distinctive challenges, particularly with respect to leakage current problems, which need to be sufficiently handled. Owing to this In recent years, distributed solar grid-tied systems have made widespread use of single phase transformerless Voltage Source Inverters. This paper explores a novel transformer-less solar inverter for grid connected PV system and Results are investigated in MATLAB Simulink provided a significant reduction in distortion in voltage and current at load side.

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Shrikant, P. Khadase, and N. A. Bodkhe Prof. "Improved Transformer Less Solar Inverter for Solar Grid Using Constants Power Generation." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING (IJAITE) 7, no. 6 (2022): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7275641.

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There are two main types of distributed solar power generation system stand-alone system and grid-connected system. In grid-connected system usually are equipped with additional transformer to transfer the energy from solar power to the grid. However, it has resulted in considerable cost in providing these systems. Therefore, in this research develops boost transformer less solar inverter system. The proposed system consists of a boost converter and transformer less inverter. Boost converter is used to increase the dc voltage yield by photovoltaic (PV) and delivered to the grid by mean of transformer less inverter. In order to maximize the power from PV, the proposed system is also designed with Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) by changing the value of modulation index in the transformer less inverters. From the simulation results show that the system can work effectively in a variety condition such as light intensity changed and fluctuating in the grid voltage side. The algorithms utilized for MPPT are generalized algorithms and are easy to model or use as a code. The algorithms are written in m files of MATLAB and utilized in simulation.

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Khan, M. N. H., M. H. Delwar, Md A. Kabir, et al. "Proposed PV Transformer-Less Inverter Topology Technique for Leakage Current Reduction." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 7, no. 3 (2016): 936. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v7.i3.pp936-945.

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Importance and demand of using renewable energy is dramatically escalated globally. Hence, the use of renewable energy is going to touch in peak. This demand is varying according to the site choosing. For instance, Wind is preferable where air is following highly as well as solar recommended place is high sun ray reducing places. Especially, the renewable system is highly recommended for electrification issues where it’s possible to produce the electricity for fulfilling rural and remote areas electricity problem. The photovoltaic (PV) panel of connecting with transformer based system is popular where some limitations are occurred especially cost and weight. In contrast, in this paper is focusing these issues where the transformer-less inverter system is used. Here will discuss some transformer-based and transformer-less inverter topologies and the leakage current issue which is occurred when transformer-less inverter system is used. Moreover, here is proposed a topology for reducing the leakage current after doing switching technique in both 50% and 75% duty cycle where output voltage remains quite same.

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Madasamy, P., Rajesh Verma, A. Rameshbabu, et al. "Neutral Point Clamped Transformer-Less Multilevel Converter for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System." Electronics 10, no. 8 (2021): 977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10080977.

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Transformer-less (TL) inverter topologies have elicited further special treatment in photo-voltaic (PV) power system as they provide high efficiency and low cost. Neutral point clamped (NPC) multilevel-inverter (MLI) topologies-based transformer-less are being immensely used in grid-connected medium-voltage high-power claims. Unfortunately, these topologies such as NPC-MLI, full-bridge inverter with DC bypass (FB-DCBP) suffer from the shoot-through problem on the bridge legs, which affect the reliability of the implementation. Based on the previous above credits, a T type neutral point clamped (TNP)—MLI (TNP-MLI) with transformer-less topology called TL-TNP-MLI is presented to be an alternate which can be suitable in the grid-connected PV power generation systems. The suggested TL-TNP-MLI topologies free from inverter bridge legs shoot-through burden, switching frequency common-mode current (CMC), and leakage current. The control system of the grid interface with hysteresis current control (HCC) strategy is proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed PV connected transformer-less TNP-MLI topology with different grid and PV scenario has been verified through the MATLAB/Simulink simulation model and field-programmable gate area (FPGA)-based experimental results for a 1.5 kW system.

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Han, Libo, Jingyuan Yin, Lixin Wu, Longfei Sun, and Tongzhen Wei. "Research on the Novel Flexible On-Load Voltage Regulator Transformer and Voltage Stability Analysis." Energies 15, no. 17 (2022): 6189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176189.

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Voltage stability has always been a hot topic in power system research. Traditional On-Load Tap-Charger (OLTC) transformer is considered to play a very important role in the system voltage stability. However, in the heavy load of distribution network, the tap adjustment of OLTC transformer will lead to the shift of critical stable operating point, which bring the “negative voltage regulating effect” of voltage adjustment, and even cause the instability of system voltage. This paper presents a Flexible On-Load Voltage Regulation (OLVR) transformer based on power electronic technology. The Flexible On-Load Voltage Regulation (OLVR) transformer is a combination of Power Electronic Converter (PEC) and OLTC transformer, which can realize voltage step-less regulation and reactive power regulation. Meanwhile, the paper presents the equivalent models of distribution network with Flexible OLVR transformer and analyzes the critical operating point. Through the step-less voltage regulation control of the Flexible OLVR transformer, the negative voltage regulation effect of the transformer in on-load voltage regulation is avoided, and the voltage stability of the distribution network is improved.

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Mahdee, Mahir, Chowdhury Mohammad Samir, Sunzidur Rahman, Md Shabuj Hossain, Ahmed Mortuza Saleque, and Md Abdur Rahman. "A Novel Transformer-less Grid Tie Inverter for Rooftop PV system." AIUB Journal of Science and Engineering (AJSE) 16, no. 1 (2017): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.53799/ajse.v16i1.30.

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This paper presents a relatively new concept for the design and implementation of a grid-tie inverter for photo voltaic (PV) systems. The proposed method will eliminate the uses of battery pack hence overall cost of any PV project will be significantly reduced. As the output of any PV array varies with the variation of solar irradiance hence a boost converter with PID regulated variable duty cycle has been used to keep a constant input to the inverter. Multilevel inverter topology has been proposed for utility grid connectivity. The proposed design is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and a prototype is also implemented to verify the simulation results. The controllers are implemented in Arduino microcontroller board.

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Yousofi-Darmian, Saeed, and Seyed Masoud Barakati. "Transformer-Less Single-Phase Four-Level Inverter for PV System Applications." Journal of Power Electronics 14, no. 6 (2014): 1233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.6113/jpe.2014.14.6.1233.

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Anand, Sandeep, Saikrishna Kashyap Gundlapalli, and B. G. Fernandes. "Transformer-Less Grid Feeding Current Source Inverter for Solar Photovoltaic System." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 61, no. 10 (2014): 5334–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2014.2300038.

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Li, Yanping, and Yong Li. "Research and Application of Standard Oil Dispensing System for Dissolved Gases in Transformer Oil." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2125, no. 1 (2021): 012072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2125/1/012072.

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Abstract Measuring the content of dissolved gas components in transformer insulating oil by gas chromatography is an important means to judge the internal potential faults of oil filled electrical equipment in the process of operation supervision. The necessary work skills of power grid operators include the ability to detect the content of dissolved gas in transformer oil and judge the operation state of transformer. This paper introduces a preparation method and equipment of transformer standard oil. It can quickly prepare standard oils with various gas component contents. The standard oil quantity value is accurate, the data stability period is greater than 90 days, and the uncertainty is less than 5%. The equipment can be used for training and evaluation of transformer oil gas chromatographic analysis practitioners and calibration of transformer oil on-line gas chromatograph.

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Khan, Noman Habib. "Performance Analysis of Common Issues In the PV Transformer-Less Inverter Topology." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 1, no. 1 (2018): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2016.1.1.15.

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The Photovoltaic (PV) Panel is part and parcel in recent time where it has been used in the electricity generation through either in Transformer based or Transformer-less inverter topology. To reduce the limitation of using transformer based system, no transformer topology is highly popular where the main and common issue is leakage current through parasitic capacitance. In this paper, main focusing issue is leakage current hence, a new topology is introduced and for leakage current reduction purposes, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) has used as a switching combination and compared with another topology.

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Hanafi, Dirman, and Zarkhoni Aziz. "Health Monitoring System for Transformer by using Internet of Things (IoT)." International Journal of Electrical, Energy and Power System Engineering 5, no. 1 (2022): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ijeepse.5.1.19-23.

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Transformer is an important device in electrical field that used to transfer electricity from one circuit to another with changing the voltage level. The transformer will be having a problem such as increasing in temperature and make a lot of noise. Typical transformer measurement system will take time for testing and less accurate. The aim of this project is to design the IoT system for monitoring and evaluate the performance of the transformer current, sound and temperature. The monitoring system using three types of sensors to sense the current, sound and temperature. ESP32 is being used to keep and process the data before sending to the Blynk application to show the value by using internet. Two different conditions are being tested to the transformer which are transformer without load and with load. Ammeter and ACS712 current sensor are used to get the current value. Besides, for temperature value used two equipment which are using thermometer and MLX90614 temperature sensor. The transformer sound obtained from the sound sensor. The data will be display in Blynk application. The result obtained show the health monitoring system for transformer by using Internet of Things is acceptable because has low error and save time to measure the parameters.

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Gurram, Janardhan, N. N. V. Surendra Babu, and G. N. Srinivas. "Optimized MPPT for Grid tied Transformer Less PV System: A Comparative Analysis." E3S Web of Conferences 547 (2024): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202454702007.

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For grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) systems, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) are prone to initialization issues, which could cause them to converge at local maxima rather than the global maximum power point (MPP). This means that, a regular retraining on big datasets is required. This paper presents a novel hybrid MPPT algorithm that combines Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and Vascular Invasive Growth Optimization (VIGO) to address this challenge. The exploration-exploitation conundrum that traditional optimization algorithms have is addressed by VIGO, and the convergence speed and accuracy of MPPT are improved by XGBoost. To assess its performance, the suggested approach is compared with well-known methods such as Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA), Sparrow Search Algorithm (SSA), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). This comparison study shows that the hybrid VIGO-XGBoost method produces improved maximum power.

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Gerasimov, V. A., A. V. Komlev, and A. Y. Filozhenko. "TRANSFORMER CALCULATION METHOD DEVELOPMENT OF THE AUV CONTACT-LESS BATTERY CHARGING SYSTEM." IZVESTIYA SFedU. ENGINEERING SCIENCES, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 156–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2311-3103-2020-1-156-170.

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N. S., Jayalakshmi, Ankit Kumar, and Ashish Kumar. "Analysis and Design of Single Phase High Efficiency Transformer less PV Inverter Topology." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 9, no. 2 (2018): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v9.i2.pp730-737.

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An inclination towards renewable energy resources has been increased due to the requirement of clean environment and to satisfy the increasing power demand for the long run. A grid connected system requires the availability of a transformer in its power conversion stages that provides galvanic isolation between the grid and the power system. But inclusion of transformer results in making the system bulky and more expensive. In this paper different transformer-less PV inverter topologies are analyzed by comparing their efficiency, leakage current and THD of load current using MATLAB/Simulink environment. In order to achieve maximum power, maximum power point tracking (P&amp;O algorithm) is used. From the simulation results, modified HB-ZVR is found to have minimum leakage current and constant common mode voltage with higher efficiency. Also, the hardware results are obtained for modified HB-ZVR topology.

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Candidus, U. Eya, C. Ejiogu Emenike, U. Agu Marcel, and B. Nnadi Damian. "Transformer-less Voltage Stabilizer Controlled By Proportional-Plus-Integral (PI) Controller." Journal of Power Electronics and Devices 5, no. 3 (2019): 42–51. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557180.

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Transformer-based voltage stabilizers are characterized by large size, heavy weight, noise pollution, expensive production, unreliable operation and have limited ability to stabilize output voltage. To overcome this problem, a pulse-width modulated transformerless voltage stabilizer is considered in this paper. The output voltage variation is stabilized by Plus Integral (PI) controller. The main properties of this proposed system are: (i) It is light in weight and occupies small space; (ii) It has low total harmonic distortions; (iii) the output possesses pure sine wave signals; (iv) It is very cheap for mass production. In this paper, we applied the modulation index of 0.86 in the proposed system (PS). The total harmonic distortion, THD of 3.968% was realized and we ensured constant voltage output of proposed system within the input voltage band of (120-230) VAC. The proposed topic can be applied at homes, offices and also in industries.

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Gu, Yang, Jianjun Ni, Zaiming Geng, Bing Zhao, and Haowen Yang. "Buoy and Winch Collaborative Control System Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 13, no. 2 (2025): 326. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13020326.

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The improved control performance of the buoy and winch collaborative control system can enhance the stability of the connection between underwater robots and ground industrial control equipment. To overcome the challenge of mathematical modeling of this control system, this research introduces reinforcement learning and transformer models in the design process. The main contributions include the development of two simulation environments for training DRL agents, designing a reward function to guide the exploration process, proposing a buoy control algorithm based on the discrete soft actor-critic (SAC) algorithm, and proposing a winch cable length prediction algorithm based on a lightweight transformer model. The experiment results demonstrated significant improvements in rewards diagrams, buoy control trajectories, and winch model performance, showcasing the effectiveness of our proposed system. The average error of the buoy tracking trajectories induced by different policies trained in the two environments is less than 0.05, and the evaluation error of the behavior cloning lightweight transformer model is less than 0.03.

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Dapshima, Babagana Ali, Yasmin Chuupa Essa, and Dr Saumya Chaturvedi. "Fault Detection and Protection of Power Transformer Using Fuzzy Logic." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 1 (2023): 1816–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.48748.

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Abstract: Power transformer malfunctions cause significant power outages and, as a result, material damage. This critical issue must be resolved. Power transformers must be protected from various fault conditions and power system failure. Fuzzy logic is used in this study to detect and protect power system transformer faults. In the simulation system that diagnoses transformer faults and monitors its operating conditions, the fuzzy logic (FL) toolbox in MATLAB/ SIMULINK software was used. The input variables, current and rate of change of current with time, have been identified as "Error" and "Error-Dot" in the programme. The study's findings show that when the output response is zero, the current in the transformer is normal. This is obtained by injecting [0] and [0] input values into the system, resulting in a response of "6e(-017)," which is close to zero. If the output response is greater than zero, the transformer current is rising above normal and the protection scheme should be notified. This condition is achieved by giving the system input values of [-1.5] and [5] and expecting a response of "+5". If the response is less than zero, the transformer current is less than normal, and the protection scheme should be notified. The study concluded that electrical faults and mechanical failures in power transformers can be quickly identified using Fuzzy logic. Thus, power transformer damage is avoided by controlling relays more effectively and quickly. This has resulted in significant savings in maintenance and repair costs. It is assumed that the study was a success.

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Tekale, Anil, Radharaman Saha, and Pratik Ghutke Swapna God. "Implementation of Fuzzy Based Grid-Tied PV System for Single Phase Transformer less Inverter with Charge Pump Circuit Concept." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-4 (2019): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd23583.

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Cui, Qi Ming, Shu Ting Cui, Zu Yuan Guan, and Wen Tao Sun. "Expert System Based on ESTA and Guide for Condition Evaluation of Transformers." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.306.

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Through the application research of expert system shell ESTA, We have established a transformer condition evaluation expert system(ES) based on ESTA and corporate standards of State Grid (Q/GDW 169-2008) «Guide forCondition Evaluation of Oil-immersed Power Transformers (Reactors) ». Knowledge Base consists of several sections, parameters, rules in the evaluation of state variables, components and transformers. The value of the transformer condition evaluation expert system is that it supports and enhances the operation and maintenance personnel work, guidance (less experienced) the operation and maintenance personnel to understand the basic process of transformer condition evaluation. The application show that the system is effective and practical.

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Al-Mamoori, Dalya Hamzah, Ayob Shahrin Md, and M. Saad Arif. "Single-stage transformer less multilevel boost inverter with zero leakage current for PV system." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems 16, no. 1 (2025): 673–82. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i1.pp673-682.

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Transformer less inverters (TIs) are highly efficient and have a high power density, making them a popular choice for grid-connected solar PV applications. However, certain topologies can lead to high-frequency common-mode voltage (CMV), which can cause issues such as high leakage current, electromagnetic interference, and an absence of safety. Our newly developed inverter is designed to be more efficient, cost-effective, and compact than traditional types while also addressing the issue of leakage current. This architecture eliminates leakage current by directly connecting the grid's neutral terminal to the PV's negative polarity, resulting in a low leakage current. Moreover, the inverter increases output voltage using only one voltage source and a few power devices, making it a cost-effective solution. Its modular form allows for an increase in output levels, further enhancing its cost-effectiveness. We conducted a comprehensive mathematical examination, and the MATLAB/Simulink results demonstrate its ability to increase the output voltage, eliminate leakage current, and maintain acceptable output voltage THD and current waveforms. These results and the inverter's safety features showcase significant improvements over traditional inverters and provide a secure and reliable solution for grid-connected solar PV applications.

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Srinivas, othagadi. "Transformer less MOSFET Inverter for Single Phase Drive and Grid-Tied Photovoltaic System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 6, no. 1 (2018): 955–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2018.1145.

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Tiwari, Pratibha, and Anchal Yadav. "Photovoltaic grid-connected with transformer less renewable source system with multilevel NPC inverter." International Journal of Digital Signals and Smart Systems 4, no. 1/2/3 (2020): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijdsss.2020.10027770.

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Yadav, Anchal, and Pratibha Tiwari. "Photovoltaic grid-connected with transformer less renewable source system with multilevel NPC inverter." International Journal of Digital Signals and Smart Systems 4, no. 1/2/3 (2020): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijdsss.2020.106079.

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Ikhwanto, Ikhwanto, R. A. Kusumoputro, and Novi Azman. "Rancang Bangun Host Sistem Mini SCADA Untuk Pengontrolan Beban Trafo 20 KV Pada Gardu Induk." Jurnal Ilmiah Giga 16, no. 1 (2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.47313/jig.v16i1.585.

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In this era of globalization, the needs of remote control systems is increasing, where the system used is more sophisticated. Similarly, when a transformer operator in electrical substations, which will control and monitor the load transformer 20 KV is still done by hand. This will result in less efficient and optimal performance of the operator. We need a system that can control remotely. To overcome these problems, hence designed "Host Mini SCADA systems for controlling the load on 20 KV transformer substations parent. With this system an operator can perform control and monitoring of the load transformer 20 KV, among others: Frequency, Current, Voltage, and Temperature. In addition, this system also can detect if the transformer is faulty. Monitoring and controlling performed remotely via SMS Gateway. This system consists of a PC (Personal Computer), which functions as process control and remote control units. GSM Modem serves to make the process of data transfer via SMS (Short Message Service). Software Visual Basic, a programming language used to create a program / software on Host mini SCADA system.

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Solanke, Ms Pratiksha, and Prof Sneha Tibude. "An Intelligent Grid-Tied PV System with Dual- Charge Pump Circuits for Single-Phase Transformerless Inverters." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 8 (2023): 1467–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.55382.

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Abstract: Using a single-phase solar inverter without a transformer, we design a grid-connected photovoltaic system in this article. In order to stop the flow of water, we are creating a new topology that uses the electric pump concept. For control in this study, a fuzzy logic controller was employed. This paper describes a new transformer-less inverter that uses pulse width modulation

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Khan, M. N. H., K. J. Ahmad, M. S. Zahan, and M. N. Hasan. "Battery-Equivalent DC Supply from Leakage Current: PV to Transformer-less Inverter Topology." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 7, no. 4 (2016): 1193. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v7.i4.pp1193-1199.

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Solar panels are highly used for electricity generation, which can be gotten through switching-based transformer-less inverters. Hence, grid system with no galvanic-isolation, is taking the peak level in the world, which is effective and delivers power with enhanced efficiency. The PV generation presented here is for stand-alone system installed in remote areas on when and as the resulting power gets connected to electronic load installation instead of being tied to the grid. In this paper will be discussed the use of leakage current. Transformer-less inverter topology for exploring the issue of common mode (CMV) voltage development, which can be utilized as a Battery-Equivalent DC Supply after adding on places as when found suitable for such installations.

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N. H. Khan, M., M. R. Hasan, and M. K. Alam. "Switching Algorithm for Leakage Current Reduction in a PV- No Transformer Inverter System." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 4, no. 1 (2016): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v4.i1.pp52-56.

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Electricity generation purposes renewable energy brings a important role especially Photovoltaic (PV) panels that can be covered our basic energy (electricity) needs. This photovoltaic panels cover a domestic level (solar power for home), commercially (solar power for commercial applications) or at the community level. Here used this photovoltaic panel as an input of PV-transformer-less inverter topology which has been compared with existed H6 transformer-less inverter topology. It’s possible to reduce the leakage current with inclined the output voltage that has been shown here by using proposed topology. This topology is made by using two extra switches with filter. Moreover, overall system actually verified with Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) switching technique.

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Kirubhakaran, T., R. Viji, and S. Rajesh. "A Single Phase Transformer Less Grid Integrated Solar PV System with MPPT using Luo Converter." Journal of Alternative and Renewable Energy Sources 4, no. 3 (2018): 42–47. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2292301.

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The single phase transformer less grid with Luo converter is a type of a high-gain DC-DC converter that gives a positive output. Higher value of output voltage is obtained by using combination of   inductors and capacitors by using a single switch voltage gain is two times of that provided by a boost converter. The two stages re-lift configuration gives higher value of output from a low input voltage. In this paper, the re- lift configuration of Luo converter in continuous conduction mode with MPPT is presented and the relevant expressions are derived. This single switch converter in single phase transformer-less grid with maximum power point tracking from solar pv system is suggested. Simulation results are presented to support the theoretical analysis.

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Vinitha, R., and P. Shankar. "Improvement of Transformer-less Inverter Output Voltage Using 7-Level Single Phase Inverter and LCL Filter." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (2022): 613–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43676.

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Abstract-The system is designed for transformer-less inverter which has harmonic distortion present in their output voltage due to power electronic switching. Total Harmonic Distortion present within the output voltage may be minimized by using 7-level cascaded H-Bridge inverter rather than previous multilevel inverter. An LCL filter with damping resistor is proposed which might be used between the inverter and therefore the load. In the recent days the renewable energy sources has increased rapidly, as these individuals power sources are getting increased throughout the years. Power electronics are getting great at controlling and having a great advantage to process the power. Inverters are one of these power electronic devices used in the process of conversion of DC to AC power. The transformer-less inverter has an excellent efficiency, also not having a transformer the device is compact, have less weight and cheaper. Harmonics is one of the power quality problem and need to eradicate at the proper time to reduce significant power losses thus multilevel inverters are receiving more attention in industrial application and renewable energy system. The DC link capacitor is used to reduce the fluctuation of the DC voltage. These harmonic distortion are generated because of power electronic switching, Using Mat lab /Simulink software the 7-level cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter is simulated. This system will help in securing the loads and reducing the loss due to heating caused by unwanted harmonics in the voltage Keywords – Multilevel Inverter, Harmonics, Switching, Filter, Transformer-less

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Gupta, Akhil, Saurabh Chanana, and Tilak Thakur. "Power quality investigation of a solar PV transformer-less grid-connected system fed DVR." Frontiers in Energy 8, no. 2 (2014): 240–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11708-014-0322-x.

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Al-Mamoori, Dalya Hamzah, Shahrin Md Ayob, and M. Saad Bin Arif. "Single-stage transformer less multilevel boost inverter with zero leakage current for PV system." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 16, no. 1 (2025): 673. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i1.pp673-682.

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Ikhwanto, Ikhwanto, R. A. Suwodjo Kusumoputro, and Novi Azman. "Rancang Bangun Host Sistem Mini SCADA Untuk Pengontrolan Beban Trafo 20 KV Pada Gardu Induk." Jurnal Ilmiah Giga 17, no. 1 (2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47313/jig.v17i1.538.

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In this era of globalization, the needs of remote control systems is increasing, where the system used is more sophisticated. Similarly, when a transformer operator in electrical substations, which will control and monitor the load transformer 20 KV is still done by hand. This will result in less efficient and optimal performance of the operator. We need a system that can control remotely. To overcome these problems, hence designed "Host Mini SCADA systems for controlling the load on 20 KV transformer substations parent. With this system an operator can perform control and monitoring of the load transformer 20 KV, among others: Frequency, Current, Voltage, and Temperature. In addition, this system also can detect if the transformer is faulty. Monitoring and controlling performed remotely via SMS Gateway. This system consists of a PC (Personal Computer), which functions as process control and remote control units. GSM Modem serves to make the process of data transfer via SMS (Short Message Service). Software Visual Basic, a programming language used to create a program / software on Host mini SCADA system.

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Arash, Akbari Bahareh, Majidi Majid, and Babaei Darvishi Farshid. "A transformer-less DC-DC converter for grid-connected PV systems using TSTS-ZSI voltage boost-buck technique." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 23, no. 3 (2024): 3100–3109. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14993298.

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This research introduces an innovative design for a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system utilizing a transformer-less DC-DC converter. The converter is based on the TSTS-ZSI (Three-Switch Transformer-less Z-Source Inverter) voltage boost-buck technique, which enhances voltage regulation and energy transfer, making it ideal for micro-inverter applications. The primary goal of the study is to improve energy efficiency while ensuring seamless integration with the grid. The proposed system not only boosts voltage but also ensures efficient buck operation, leading to enhanced power injection into the grid under fluctuating conditions. By utilizing advanced control techniques, the converter minimizes power losses, reduces stress on the components, and maintains stability in a wide range of grid scenarios. Simulations performed using MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate that the converter delivers stable and efficient power with minimal energy loss. The results validate its effectiveness in small-scale grid-connected systems, achieving enhanced power management under various operating conditions. The converter's ability to operate efficiently without a transformer reduces magnetic losses and electromagnetic interference, making it a cost-effective and compact solution. The research presents a valuable contribution to the field of renewable energy integration, with its applications extending to both residential and commercial grid-connected PV systems.'

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Janardhan Gurram, NNV Surendra Babu Rudy, and GN Srinivas. "Grid interface of solar PV transformer-less inverters using enhanced phase locked loop." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 11, no. 3 (2022): 052–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2022.11.3.0095.

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The era of Renewable Energy sources has overtaken the usage of conventional energy sources like coal, fossil fuels etc. This paper presents grid interface of single phase transformerless inverter system using enhanced phase locked loop. To connect solar PV with grid it is required to estimate phase angle, voltage amplitude and phase angle measurement of grid and the output of inverter. It is required to track exact utility voltage vector for reliable control of power to the grid. This paper compares the frequency measurement and phase angle and voltage amplitude using simple phase locked loop system along with enhanced phase locked loop so that the enhanced phase locked loop (EPLL) is proved to be giving superior performance over simple phase locked loop. The simulation of both the techniques are pursued and the results are compared.

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Janardhan, Gurram, Surendra Babu NNV, and Srinivas GN. "Grid interface of solar PV transformer-less inverters using enhanced phase locked loop." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 11, no. 3 (2022): 052–58. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6961725.

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Li, Chenglong, Dahai Zhang, Weijie Zhang, et al. "A Constant-Pressure Hydraulic PTO System for a Wave Energy Converter Based on a Hydraulic Transformer and Multi-Chamber Cylinder." Energies 15, no. 1 (2021): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010241.

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This paper presents a constant-pressure hydraulic PTO system that can convert stored pressure energy into electrical energy at a stable speed through hydraulic motors and generators. A multi-chamber cylinder can be connected to the main power generation circuit by check valves, and the motor displacement can be controlled by a fuzzy controller to maintain the main power generation circuit under stable pressure. The hydraulic transformer can control the forces applied to the floater. The hydrodynamic parameters of the floater are calculated by AQWA, and the optimal PTO damping of the hydraulic system is analyzed as the target of transformer control. MATLAB/Simulink and AMESim are used to carry out the co-simulation. Three kinds of wave elevation time-series for the specific state are designed for the simulation. In the co-simulation, three approaches are carried out for the simulation including no control strategy, fuzzy control with a fixed transformer ratio, and fuzzy control with a variable transformer ratio. Under the fuzzy control with a fixed transformer ratio, the floater displacement and captured energy do not increase significantly, but the oil pressure fluctuation is very stable, which indicates that the fuzzy controller maintains the stability of the main power circuit. While under fuzzy control with a variable transformer ratio, the power generation is not larger than those under no control strategy or fuzzy control with a fixed transformer ratio, which proves that this hydraulic transformer concept is less efficient.

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Baldwin Immanuel, T., P. Muthukumar, C. Gnanavel, M. Rajavelan та M. Marimuthu. "Transformer less 1Φ Inverter for Grid-Connected PV Systems with an Optimized Control". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, № 3.34 (2018): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.34.18968.

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This paper investigates the transformerless single-phase inverter incorporates with the photovoltaic system along with the support of grid voltage. Solar Energy is a Non-Conventional Energy source which is mandatory for power generation due to their immeasurable parade and green pleasant nature. One-cycle control (OCC), Ruggedness and consistency which makes the interfacing with the grid easily. For grid interfacing, the inverter circuit does not need phase locked loop facility and are gradually being working for such solicitations. The strategy of the OCC inverter of one stage for solar PV applications is supported by means of a Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation to enhance inverter enactment at both low and high insolation levels. These factors allows the plan of a MPPT along P&O controller that pointedly progresses inverter playacting. Though, the OCC-based structures testified previous sensing of the grid voltage which slightly equalizers the strength of its characteristics, In order to dazed the restriction of prior researches, an One Cycle Control based grid-connected one-stage PV system is suggested. The sustainability of the suggested scheme is inveterate by performance simulation justification.

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Singh, Arunesh Kumar, Abhinav Saxena, Nathuni Roy, and Umakanta Choudhury. "Inter-turn fault stability enrichment and diagnostic analysis of power system network using wavelet transformation-based sample data control and fuzzy logic controller." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 43, no. 12 (2021): 2788–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01423312211007006.

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In this paper, performance analysis of power system network is carried out by injecting the inter-turn fault at the power transformer. The injection of inter-turn fault generates the inrush current in the network. The power system network consists of transformer, current transformer, potential transformer, circuit breaker, isolator, resistance, inductance, loads, and generating source. The fault detection and termination related to inrush current has some drawbacks and limitations such as slow convergence rate, less stability and more distortion with the existing methods. These drawbacks motivate the researchers to overcome the drawbacks with new proposed methods using wavelet transformation with sample data control and fuzzy logic controller. The wavelet transformation is used to diagnose the fault type but contribute lesser for fault termination; due to that, sample data of different signals are collected at different frequencies. Further, the analysis of collected sample data is assessed by using Z-transformation and fuzzy logic controller for fault termination. The stability, total harmonic distortion and convergence rate of collected sample data among all three methods (wavelet transformation, Z-transformation and fuzzy logic controller) are compared for fault termination by using linear regression analysis. The complete performance of fault diagnosis along with fault termination has been analyzed on Simulink. It is observed that after fault injection at power transformer, fault recovers faster under fuzzy logic controller in comparison with Z-transformation followed by wavelet transformation due to higher stability, less total harmonic distortion and faster convergence.

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