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1
Survilo, Josifs, and Antons Kutjuns. "Operation Modes of HV/MV Substations." Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University. Power and Electrical Engineering 25, no. 25 (January 1, 2009): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10144-009-0018-y.
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Operation Modes of HV/MV SubstationsA distribution network consists of high voltage grid, medium voltage grid, and low voltage grid. Medium voltage grid is connected to high voltage grid via substations with HV/MV transformers. The substation may contain one, mostly two but sometimes even more transformers. Out of reliability and expenditure considerations the two transformer option prevail over others mentioned. For two transformer substation, there may be made choice out of several operation modes: 1) two (small) transformers, with rated power each over 0.7 of maximum substation load, permanently in operation; 2) one (big) transformer, with rated power over maximum substation load, permanently in operation and small transformer in constant cold reserve; 3) big transformer in operation in cold season, small transformer-in warm one. Considering transformer load losses and no load losses and observing transformer loading factor β it can be said that the mode 1) is less advantageous. The least power losses has the mode 3). There may be singled out yet three extra modes of two transformer substations: 4) two big transformers in permanent operation; 5) one big transformer permanently in operation and one such transformer in cold reserve; 6) two small transformers in operation in cold season of the year, in warm season-one small transformer on duty. At present mostly two transformers of equal power each are installed on substations and in operation is one of them, hence extra mode 5). When one transformer becomes faulty, it can be changed for smaller one and the third operation mode can be practiced. Extra mode 4) is unpractical in all aspects. The mode 6) has greater losses than the mode 3) and is not considered in detail. To prove the advantage of the third mode in sense of power losses, the notion of effective utilization time of power losses was introduced and it was proven that relative value of this quantity diminishes with loading factor β. The use of advantageous substation option would make it possible to save notable amount of electrical energy but smaller transformer lifetime of this option must be taken into account as well.
2
Guo, Zheng Wei, Xiang Li Liu, Xin Ju Guo, Cun Kai Liu, Chuan Jing, Yong Li, and Min Tang. "Research on Pressure Relief Technology of Main Transformer in 220KV Indoor Substation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 873 (November 2017): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.873.279.
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Most indoor substations adopt oil-immersed transformers as voltage transformation device. In multiple disadvantage conditions, the flammable gases formed form transformer oil may explode in transformer room. Typical 220kV main transformer room of indoor substation was researched in this paper. An correlation of pressure relief area of the 220kV mail transformer room of indoor substation were presented based on the CFD tool FLACS modeling of the general designing schemes of the State Grid Corporation of China. This research may be used as reference of the pressure relief technology for main transformer rooms of indoor substations.
3
Xie, Lian Ke, Chuan Min Chen, Yang Gao, Song Tao Liu, and Li Xing Jiang. "Study on Noise Attenuation Laws and Control Methods of the Transformer." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 2530–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.2530.
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The mechanism and characteristics of substation transformer noise are introduced in this paper. Based on the recent measured noise data of 220 kV, 500 kV and 750 kV substations, the noise source characteristics of transformer and the attenuation laws in noise transmission are analyzed. It is hoped that this paper can offer some measures and suggestions for controlling the noise of transformer substation. Lastly but not least it will provide some references for noise control during the new substation’s design and construction process.
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Oyeleye, Yinka, Dare Adeniran, and Emmanuel Itodo. "Design of Effective 33/11 kV Injection Substations Using International Standards." Journal of Applied Science & Process Engineering 8, no. 2 (October 31, 2021): 977–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jaspe.3625.2021.
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This research focuses on the design of an effective 33/11 kV modelled injection substation that conforms to an appropriate standard for equipment protection, the safety of personnel and power quality compliance. This is to provide a solution to one of the major problems industries in Nigeria faces due to sudden voltage fluctuations in the power system which results in damages to equipment and thus outage of power supply and damages to substation equipment. The methodology involved designing an effective 33/11 kV injection substation and associated distributive substation elements using international codes and applicable algorithms. 60% loading of transformer and additional 1.25 factor of future expansion (F.E) were considered too. The results showed that a 7.5 MVA injection transformer was designed to operate at 60%. Also, the results revealed that the injection substation would feed 15 numbers of 500 kVA distributive transformers. Each distribution substation was sized in accordance with the 7.5MVA injection transformer philosophy in this work. This research concludes that the injection substation must be loaded at 60% with an additional 1.25 F.E. in order to increase the transformer life span, and the 7.5MVA injection substation can crater for 15nos of 500 kVA distribution transformers in this research. Each substation will reliably and effectively carry the expected load demand. This research recommends that injection substations should be designed for areas with high energy requirements for reliable power quality. It recommends that substations should conform to 60% loading at the initial years of usage and that the substation design should conform to appropriate standards used in this work.
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Oktaviani, Wiwin A., Rahmat Septiaji, and Barlian Taufik. "Variasi Nilai Tegangan Percik Arrester Akibat Pengaruh Kapasitas Trafo Daya dan Jarak Arrester." Electrician 16, no. 2 (May 27, 2022): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/elc.v16n2.2235.
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The ability of each substation to withstand lightning and overvoltage affects the power distribution of the power system. In order to make the best operation of the substations, it is necessary to install Arresters which are used to protect the transformers in each substation from overvoltage caused by lightning surges. In this study, the effect of capacity on the placement distance of the arrester is discussed with 30 MVA and 60 MVA transformers. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the power transformer capacity of the four substations on the value of the arrester spark voltage and to obtain the optimal arrester installation technique at each substation using the Lagrange optimization method. Lagrange optimization method is used to determine the optimal distance between the arrester and the power transformer. The calculation results show that in a transformer with a capacity of 60 MVA, the Arrester spark voltage occurs at t = 20 microseconds with a voltage drop of 390.49 kV. Meanwhile, in a transformer with a capacity of 30 MVA, the Arrester spark time is at t = 13.9 microseconds with a voltage drop of 266.3 kV. This shows the capacity of the transformer that affects the magnitude of the Arrester's spark voltage and the spark time. Thus, the smaller the transformer capacity, the smaller the arrester spark time with the large voltage drop
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Borodin, M. V., S. Yu Zakharov, R. P. Belikov, and V. I. Bobrovsky. "Improvement of the technology of installation of «pillows» under the foundation of CTS 10 / 0.4 kV kiosk type." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 23, no. 3 (July 20, 2021): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2021-23-3-169-182.
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THE PURPOSE. To determine the number of reconstructed, newly installed and replaced 10 / 0.4 kV transformer substations, consider an improved technology for installing a "pillow" under the foundation of a kiosk-type 10 / 0.4 kV transformer substation and determine the time spent on its installation. METHODS. The article presents an analysis of data on the number of reconstructed, newly installed and replaced 10 / 0.4 kV transformer substations, an algorithm for installing an improved "pillow" under the foundation of a 10 / 0.4 kV kiosk-type transformer substation. RESULTS. In the course of the experiment on the installation of an improved "pillow" under the foundation of the CTS, the time of work was determined. The total time spent on the construction of an improved "pillow" under the foundation of a kiosk-type CTS was 580 minutes, which is just over 9.5 hours. Also the standardized time of work during the installation of an improved "pillow" under the foundation of a kiosk-type CTS Also, the standardized time for performing work during the installation of an improved "pillow" under the foundation of a kiosk- type package transformer substation has been proposed. CONCLUSIONS. The use of the data presented in the article on the number of reconstructed, newly installed and replaced 10 / 0.4 kV transformer substations will allow scientists and specialists to develop and propose new methods of reconstruction and construction technologies for various transformer substations, as well as determine the economic efficiency of new foundations for transformer substations. The technology of kiosk-type CTS foundation installation described in the article will allow not only to increase the operational characteristics of the CTS, but also ensure the fire safety of the installed equipment. The technical solution specified in the article can be used during the reconstruction and construction of a 10 / 0.4 kV kiosk-type package transformer substation. The proposed algorithm for mounting an improved "pillow" under the foundation of a kiosk-type package transformer substation is universal, since it can be used at a package transformer substation of various capacities.
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Borodin, M. V., S. Yu Zakharov, R. P. Belikov, and V. I. Bobrovsky. "Improvement of the technology of installation of «pillows» under the foundation of CTS 10 / 0.4 kV kiosk type." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 23, no. 3 (July 20, 2021): 154–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2021-23-3-154-167.
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THE PURPOSE. To determine the number of reconstructed, newly installed and replaced 10 / 0.4 kV transformer substations, consider an improved technology for installing a "pillow" under the foundation of a kiosk-type 10 / 0.4 kV transformer substation and determine the time spent on its installation. METHODS. The article presents an analysis of data on the number of reconstructed, newly installed and replaced 10 / 0.4 kV transformer substations, an algorithm for installing an improved "pillow" under the foundation of a 10 / 0.4 kV kiosk-type transformer substation. RESULTS. In the course of the experiment on the installation of an improved "pillow" under the foundation of the CTS, the time of work was determined. The total time spent on the construction of an improved "pillow" under the foundation of a kiosk-type CTS was 580 minutes, which is just over 9.5 hours. Also the standardized time of work during the installation of an improved "pillow" under the foundation of a kiosk-type CTS Also, the standardized time for performing work during the installation of an improved "pillow" under the foundation of a kiosk- type package transformer substation has been proposed. CONCLUSIONS. The use of the data presented in the article on the number of reconstructed, newly installed and replaced 10 / 0.4 kV transformer substations will allow scientists and specialists to develop and propose new methods of reconstruction and construction technologies for various transformer substations, as well as determine the economic efficiency of new foundations for transformer substations. The technology of kiosk-type CTS foundation installation described in the article will allow not only to increase the operational characteristics of the CTS, but also ensure the fire safety of the installed equipment. The technical solution specified in the article can be used during the reconstruction and construction of a 10 / 0.4 kV kiosk-type package transformer substation. The proposed algorithm for mounting an improved "pillow" under the foundation of a kiosk-type package transformer substation is universal, since it can be used at a package transformer substation of various capacities.
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Abdikulova, Z. K., and E. O. Zhaparov. "СALCULATION AND CHOICE OF ELECTRIC CHART OF SUBSTATION OF THE КENTAU TRANSFORMER PLANT." BULLETIN Series of Physics & Mathematical Sciences 70, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-2.1728-7901.21.
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Electric supply system in enterprises must provide with electrical supply continuity and reliability as in normal and accidental regimes, quality electro energetic, production efficiency, so in connection with these in the article there have been analyzed work regimes of substations, studied electrical net scheme for Kentau Transformer Plant’s substation, calculated plant’s loads and short circuit currents and on the base of the calculated results curried out inspection for the chosen equipment. The number of connections, reliability of power supply and prospects for development are the determining factors for choosing the electrical scheme of high-voltage switchgears. You also need to take into account the need to conduct audits and tests of switches without interruption. In our case, we have four connections: two communication lines with electrical systems and two transformers. The distribution devices of the substation of the Kentau transformer plant are connected to the transformers according to a block scheme. Electrical installations are connected to the network transformer unit or receive backup power from another substation, since in case of failure of one network, both transformers can not work with the rest of the network. Based on this, measures are proposed for the reconstruction of the substation, with the replacement of the block diagram of the switchgear with the circuit for connecting the power transformer to the switchgear by a bus bridge. Offered measurements on reconstruction of the substation by replacing block scheme of switchgears to scheme of power transformer connection with DD bus bridge. Worked out main modernization problems of the substation switchgear, done calculation and selection of distributing bus bars for arranging switchgear.
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Ying, Liming, Donghui Wang, Guodong Wang, and Wenyi Wang. "Acoustic characteristic analysis of power transformers in urban communities based on a combined finite and boundary element method." Indoor and Built Environment 29, no. 2 (June 19, 2019): 208–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x19857452.
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Power transformers in substations are common sources of noise in residential areas of neighbourhoods. A quantified and visualized analysis of the power transformer acoustic characteristics is a prerequisite for the suppression of audible noise from the corresponding substation. In this study, based on a combined finite and boundary element method, a full-sized 3D power transformer multiphysics coupling model, which is aimed at realizing high accuracy and improving the computational efficiency, was developed. After validation of the numerical method using comparative tests, profile analyses in the near-field and far-field in the extended planes and three-dimensional areas of a power transformer were conducted to characterize the external acoustic field. The calculation results included the distribution of the spatial sound pressure levels of the power transformer at multiple levels in the frequency domain. These spatial sound pressure levels can be used to guide the efficient measurement of the external acoustic field of a power transformer and the soundscape planning around a substation, and the differentiated design of the sound absorption structure inside a substation.
10
Tao, Xiao. "Design and Research of Optical Fiber Signal Analyzer in Embedded System Based on Big Data." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2066, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2066/1/012055.
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Abstract With the advent of the era of big data, substation automation technology has reached a certain level after more than ten years of application development. In recent years, in the transformation and construction of the transmission and distribution network, a large number of substations have adopted modern technology, which has greatly improved the technological modernization of transmission and distribution and transformer construction, enhanced the reliability of transmission and distribution and transformer scheduling, and reduced the substation. The total cost of construction and the application of electronic transformers have effectively promoted the research on digital substations. In order to complete the real-time monitoring and testing of the substation system, so as to more quickly grasp the working status of the substation equipment, this paper proposes a research and design of an optical fiber signal analyzer for substation system testing. By analyzing the IEC 61850 protocol, the characteristics of the embedded system and the embedded operating system, the software modular design of the sampling value module of the signal analyzer is carried out, and the analysis of the substation configuration file SCD is designed and realized. The research results show that in practical applications, it is necessary to parse the CID files one by one, which will cause cumbersome work and easy omissions. Based on the above considerations, the SCD configuration file containing the entire site information was finally selected.
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Barseghyan, Sarkis, Arman Hayrapetyan, and Armen Kirakosyan. "Ecological assessment of noise impact of dry transformer substations on the environment." E3S Web of Conferences 265 (2021): 02011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126502011.
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At present, special attention is paid to assessing the negative impact of power facilities on the environment, including the impact of noise generated by power equipment. Power transformers are one of the sources of noise for industrial areas and the surrounding area. The noise of transformers is caused both by the vibration of its active part and by the fans of the cooling system, which is amplified by resonance phenomena in its individual elements. The presented work provides an environmental assessment of the noise impact of transformer substations. The noise impact of a transformer substation is considered on the example of three dry transformers in the area immediately adjacent to the living space. A new corrected approach was developed and tested for calculating the sound power level for dry transformers with the MatLab software package. An assessment of the noise impact of the projected transformer substation to install three dry transformers was the voltage class of which is 400 kVA, and one has 1000 kVA for the territory immediately adjacent to the living area was made. In our researches, the regulated noise characteristic for transformers is the corrected sound power level, which is indicated in the technical characteristics of the transformer. Calculations on non-standard nominal rated powers were carried out.
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Malygin, Dmitry Vladimirovich, Maksim Vladimirovich Borodin, Roman Pavlovich Belikov, Yulia Lyusievna Mikhaylova, and Zumeyra Munirovna Shakurova. "The Development of A Universal Transformer Housing of the Unit Transformer Substation 6-10 / 0.4 KV." E3S Web of Conferences 288 (2021): 01097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128801097.
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The company group of the PJSC “ROSSETI” pays great attention to reducing occupational hazard at the facilities of the power grid complex. The analysis of the accidents in the branch of PJSC “IGDC of the Center”– “Orelenergo” revealed that transformer housings installed at the mast-type transformer substations 6-10 / 0.4 kV can’t fully provide the required safety level as they can be slightly raised even without using a special tool, and therefore one can stick his hands or some objects to the current-carrying parts of the transformer substation. According to the statistics of the damages at the mast-type transformer substations 6-10 / 0.4 kV various small animals and birds can enter the electrical installation through small slits between the housing and the transformer, which will lead to different emergency situations. To prevent the aforementioned negative consequences, a universal transformer housing was developed for a mast-type unit transformer substation (UTS) 6-10 / 0.4 kV. The offered design of the housing is universal, since it can be used for the transformers of various capacities; for its manufacture tools and materials with different characteristics can be used. At the same time, the installation of the developed housing will allow power grid companies to reduce occupational hazard, reduce the undersupply of electricity and increase the reliability of power supply to the agricultural consumers. The technical solution presented in the article can be applied for the mast-type UTS 6-10 / 0.4 kV in the post-Soviet countries.
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Sun, Ruibang, Xing Yang, Juncai Wang, Peng Chen, and Liusuo Wu. "Experimental Study on Axial Temperature Profile of Jet Fire of Oil-Filled Equipment in Substation." Processes 9, no. 8 (August 21, 2021): 1460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081460.
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With the widespread use of substations around the world, oil jet fire accidents from transformer oil-filled equipment in substations caused by faults have occurred from time to time. In this paper, a series of transformer oil jet fire experiments are carried out by changing the external heat source (30 cm and 40 cm) and the inner diameter of the container (5 cm, 8 cm and 10 cm) to study the axial centerline temperature distribution of the transformer oil jet fire plume of the transformer oil-filled equipment in the substation. The experiment uses K-type thermocouple, electronic balance and CCD to measure and assess the temperature distribution of the axial centerline of the fire plume of the transformer oil jet. The result demonstrates that the axial centerline temperature of the fire plume increases with the external heat release rate and the inner diameter of the container. In addition, a novel axial temperature distribution prediction model of the transformer oil jet fire plume is established. This model can effectively predict the oil jet fire plume temperature of transformer oil- filling equipment in substations, and provide help for substation fire control.
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Ningrum, Rahma Farah, Riki Ruli A. Siregar, and Darma Rusjdi. "Fuzzy mamdani logic inference model in the loading of distribution substation transformer SCADA system." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v10.i2.pp298-305.
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-152e332e-7fff-7073-a541-1d420decb47b"><span>The research objective of supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), with fuzzy Mamdani logic simulation on the loading section of distribution transformer substations. Data acquisition is available when saving SAIFI SAIDI data and storing the results of monitoring equipment. The method used is Mamdani fuzzy logic, there are two input variables, namely current and voltage devices. The membership function in Mamdani fuzzy logic has been created based on the input current and voltage variables. Currently: parameter {0, 600} low is created {0, 350, 450, 600}, normal {400-650} parameter is created {400, 500, 550, 650}, parameter high {≥600} is created {600, 650, 750, 1000}, when determining the voltage: low {≤10.5} parameters {0 4 7 10.5}, normal {9-14} parameters {9, 10, 13, 14} and high {≥13} - parameters {13, 14, 15, 16}. Based on the results of the Mamdani logic rule test on the output current containing a transformer and a voltage sensor, the results obtained are IF (normal current; (630) AND voltage (high); (13.2) (high load transformer). The components in the simulation tool include miniature substations made with the 1A travel substation model, 3A substation as the main substation, the relay as distribution substation as the monitoring application. Telestatus and Telecontrol use a microcontroller. Initial scenario. After substation is resumed, data is stored after downtime, service life, duration, and data period. Initial scenario After substation is resumed, data is stored after downtime, service life, duration, and data period.</span></span>
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Kumar, Shantanu, Ahmed Abu-Siada, Narottam Das, and Syed Islam. "Toward a Substation Automation System Based on IEC 61850." Electronics 10, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10030310.
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With the global trend to digitalize substation automation systems, International Electro technical Commission 61850, a communication protocol defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission, has been given much attention to ensure consistent communication and integration of substation high-voltage primary plant assets such as instrument transformers, circuit breakers and power transformers with various intelligent electronic devices into a hierarchical level. Along with this transition, equipment of primary plants in the switchyard, such as non-conventional instrument transformers, and a secondary system including merging units are expected to play critical roles due to their fast-transient response over a wide bandwidth. While a non-conventional instrument transformer has advantages when compared with the conventional one, extensive and detailed performance investigation and feasibility studies are still required for its full implementation at a large scale within utilities, industries, smart grids and digital substations. This paper is taking one step forward with respect to this aim by employing an optimized network engineering tool to evaluate the performance of an Ethernet-based network and to validate the overall process bus design requirement of a high-voltage non-conventional instrument transformer. Furthermore, the impact of communication delay on the substation automation system during peak traffic is investigated through a detailed simulation analysis.
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Bayliss, C. R., and D. W. Moore. "The transformer feeder substation." Power Engineering Journal 1, no. 5 (1987): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/pe:19870050.
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Naima, Benbouza, Benfarhi Louiza, and Azoui Boubekeur. "Reduction of the Low Voltage Substation Constraints by Inserting Photovoltaic Systems in Underserved Areas." Recent Advances in Electrical & Electronic Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Electrical & Electronic Engineering) 12, no. 2 (February 28, 2019): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2352096511666180523095219.
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Background: The improvement of the voltage in power lines and the respect of the low voltage distribution transformer substations constraints (Transformer utilization rate and Voltage drop) are possible by several means: reinforcement of conductor sections, installation of new MV / LV substations (Medium Voltage (MV), Low Voltage (LV)), etc. Methods: Connection of mini-photovoltaic systems (PV) to the network, or to consumers in underserved areas, is a well-adopted solution to solve the problem of voltage drop and lighten the substation transformer, and at the same time provide clean electrical energy. PV systems can therefore contribute to this solution since they produce energy at the deficit site. Results: This paper presents the improvement of transformer substation constraints, supplying an end of low voltage electrical line, by inserting photovoltaic systems at underserved subscribers. Conclusion: This study is applied to a typical load pattern, specified to the consumers region.
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Musthofa, Musthofa, and Ujang Nur Rahman. "Sistem Monitoring Beban Trafo Distribusi Secara Visual Dan Sms Gateway di PT PLN (Persero)." Energi & Kelistrikan 13, no. 1 (June 29, 2021): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33322/energi.v13i1.1286.
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Economic growth of the community encourages the increasing electricity demand. To meet the electricity demand, of course, it is necessary to increase the capacity of the distribution transformer with the addition of an insert transformer and a new transformer. So that the increasing number of installed transformers is not proportional to the number of officers measuring the transformer load. The problem is the number of transformers is 3,938 units at PLN UP3 Padang with only 70 teams of load measuring officers, so load measurement only reaches 68% in 2019. This is because load measurements are carried out manually by mandating substations one by one, thus requiring large human resources and costs. Under these conditions, an easy and fast load measurement monitoring system is needed. This study uses the Root Cause Problem Solving (RCPS) methodology and System and Equipment Design by creating a Visual Transformer Load Monitoring System and SMS Gateway. With this system and equipment, the load of the substation can be easily seen visually with a light indicator installed on the panel box of the substation pole, so that the condition of the transformer can be quickly identified. The telemetering function with SMS sends load data to officers so that the risk of transformer damage can be reduced because this tool is an early warning against unbalanced loads, one phase outages with the Condition Base Maintenance (CBM) principle so that PLN can maintain transformer lifetime and maintain service quality.
Keywords: Load Monitor, Visual and SMS Gateway, Distribution Transformer
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Hua, Liang, Jiaen Qi, Wei Huang, Sijiang Zhang, Feng Gao, and Shengjiang Peng. "An improved simulated load test system." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2093, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2093/1/012019.
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Abstract A miniaturized analog load-checking relay protection test device is developed in this paper, in which a high-precision wireless phase volt-ampere test device is configured. This device, characterized by intelligence and ease of operation, realizes the detection of the transformation ratio, polarity, phase, etc. of the secondary wiring of the transformer in the smart substation merging unit and the conventional substation. It meets the testing requirements of smart substations, and can test bus differential protection, line protection, and various protections such as main transformer differential.
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Tabachnikova, T. V., L. V. Shvetskova, and A. V. Yumalin. "Analysis of the number of switches of on-load tap changer of a power transformer for field substation, taking into account discrete time and voltage level sampling." E3S Web of Conferences 220 (2020): 01056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022001056.
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The introduction of “smart grids” technologies poses the problems of multi-criteria determination of the optimum voltage in the main substation of the object under study. In this study the busbar sections of the field substation of the oil and gas company is considered as the main substation. This paper studies regulation of voltage level in an electrical network using on-load tap changer (OLTC) of a power transformer for field substation of an oil and gas enterprise. Considered are approaches for voltage regulation taking into account the development of smart grid technologies. The authors have developed a universal method for determining the optimal voltage level on the busbar sections of a field substation, which allows for selection of the optimum voltage in accordance with certain parameters: loss of active, reactive power, voltage, electricity consumption, specific consumption or efficiency factor of artificial oil lift. The actual daily graphs of consumption of active, reactive power and voltage level at one of the field substations of PJSC Tatneft were studied. The operation mode of on-load tap-changer drive of the field transformer was modeled, taking into account the calculated optimal values of voltage and the dead zone. The paper presents the results of study of automatic voltage regulation on busbar sections of a field substation, taking into account the constraints for tap changer switches of a power transformer.
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Hermawan, Ahmad, Rachmat Sutjipto, Shafira Irmadhani Hidayat, and Florentina Berlian Suryaningtyas. "Studi Pengaruh Pembebanan sebagai Dasar Scheduling Maintenance untuk Meminimalisir Susut Umur Transformator 1 GI Blimbing." ELPOSYS: Jurnal Sistem Kelistrikan 7, no. 3 (November 4, 2020): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/elposys.v7i3.16.
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Transformer 1’s load in Blimbing Substation has increased significantly each year. In 2016 until 2018 the load on Transformer 1 was 33.81%, 43.53%, and 71.75%. The amount of this transformer’s load will affect the hot spot temparature. Hot spot temperature is also affected by environmental temperature. In this study, load curve method was used then followed by calculate the loss life of transformer. From the calculation, known that the higher of hot spot temperature, the higher impact to loss life of transformer too. In 2018, the highest loading data was on November and it was obtained loss life of transformers by 0.649% per month, so it is estimated that this Transformer 1 at Blimbing Substation has a lifespan of 30 years 9 months. According to IEC 60076-7 normal life of transformers with loading under nominal is 20.55 years or 180000 hours. To minimize loss life of transformer or in other words extend the life time of transformer can be done by scheduling maintenance. Scheduling maintenance is the activity which monitoring the main transmission material on scheduled and provided a treatment based on the monitoring results. It can be concluded that the lifespan of Transformer 1 at Blimbing Substation can exceed the specified standard. The one of factors that affect this, is scheduling maintenance.
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Cai, Rui, Qian Wang, Yucheng Hou, and Haorui Liu. "Event Monitoring of Transformer Discharge Sounds based on Voiceprint." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2078, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2078/1/012066.
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Abstract This paper investigates the operation inspection and anomaly diagnosis of transformers in substations, and carries out an application study of artificial intelligence-based sound recognition technology in transformer discharge diagnosis to improve the timeliness and diagnostic capability of intelligent monitoring of substation equipment operation. In this study, a sound parameterization technology in the field of sound recognition is used to implement automatic discharge sound detections. The sound samples are pre-processed and then Mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients (MFCCs) are extracted as features, which are used to train Gaussian mixture models (GMMs). Finally, the trained GMMs are used to detect discharge sounds in the place of transformers in substations. The test results demonstrate that the audio anomaly detection based on MFCCs and GMMs can be used to effectively recognize anomalous discharge in the high scenario of transformers.
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Viteri, Diego Ernesto, César Andrés Garzón Bustos, and Eider Alexander Narvaez Cubillos. "Análisis de Confiabilidad en Subestaciones Eléctricas Tipo Maniobra Implementando el Transformador de Tensión con Núcleo de Potencia." Ingeniería 22, no. 1 (January 30, 2017): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.14483/udistrital.jour.reving.2017.1.a09.
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Context: It is intended to conduct a technical study of a voltage transformer power core, used for the supply of the auxiliary services of a maneuver type substation, hoping to mitigate the possibility of losing the continuous electricity power supply and likewise reducing the dependency with the external supplier. This is a result of a collaborative project between the Bogota Energy Company and the Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de Caldas.Method: The study consists of two stages, the first one is an analysis of reliability of the substation auxiliary systems, carried out in three scenarios: before and after use of the transformer and using a unique generator for auxiliary services. The second one is simulation using the ATP software to verify the behavior of the equipment in transient state.Results: The reliability of auxiliary services increased after the equipment has been installed, as the failure rate went from 0.31 [failure/year] with the current system, to become 0.0025 [failure/year].Conclusions: The implementation of transformer is suitable for substations that do not have a reliable power system auxiliary services as it makes the substation auto dependent. Implement this system in Colombia would get a big increase in the reliability of the auxiliary services in maneuver type substations and therefore a lower probability of loss.
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Wicaksono, Catur, Akhwan Akhwan, and Ava Rizkinda Putri. "Analysis of the Carrying Capacity of Kranji Traction Substation in the Operation of Soekarno-Hatta Airport Train." Jurnal Perkeretaapian Indonesia 2, no. 1 (March 20, 2018): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37367/jpi.v2i1.47.
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This research was prepared with the aim of carrying out the calculation of the capacity of the traction substation and analyzing the carrying capacity of the Kranji Traction Substation at the operation of the Soekarno-Hatta Airport Train at rush hour in the morning. This research was conducted with data sources in the form of a train circuit arrangement, filling distance between traction substations, headway, double track type, train consumption ratio, and total train weight. The capability parameters of the substation carrying capacity are measured based on the narrowing of the 8.5 minute, 5 minute and 3 minute headway and the blackout of the Cakung substation. The plan load value is obtained based on the ratio of the maximum current load to the headway constriction load. Carrying capacity is measured based on the comparison of planned load values to the existing capacity of substations. The results of the analysis stated the rectifier load was 2626.42 kW and the transformer load was 3533 kVA on all types of parameters. With a rectifier capacity of 43% and a transformer of 51%. An evaluation of the results of the data analysis showed that the Kranji Traction Station was able to supply power for the operation of the Soekarno-Hatta Airport Train in the morning rush hour.
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Ying, Liming, Jinwei Wang, Qin Liu, and Donghui Wang. "Application Study of Adaptive Tracking Algorithm in Active Noise Control System of Transformer." Applied Sciences 9, no. 13 (July 2, 2019): 2693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9132693.
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Active noise control (ANC) technology can be able to reduce the low frequency noise effectively, and has been widely applied in limited enclosed equipment, such as cars, aircraft cockpits, and headphones, etc. Compared with the traditional noise reduction methods, ANC technology is a cost-effective method in handling the low-frequency noise of transformers. An experimental ANC system in a virtual substation is designed and constructed. An adaptive signal tracking ANC algorithm is proposed, and a set of ANC experimental prototypes applied to a virtual substation is designed. Based on the proposed algorithm, the distributions of the acoustics and spectral characteristics of transformer noise in substations are analyzed. Experimental results show that the effective noise reduction can be achieved an average of 5 dB(A) in a given region with respect to the absence of the ANC system.
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Ivshin, I. G., A. R. Galyautdinova, O. V. Vladimirov, and M. F. Nizamiev. "The system for monitoring and express analysis of main equipment of transformer substation 35/6 (10) kv." BULLETIN of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Technical Science and Technology Series 134, no. 1 (2021): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7263-2021-134-1-100-108.
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There is carried out an analysis and selection of equipment necessary for monitoring and express analysis of the technical condition of a 35/6 (10) kV transformer substation. The authors propose diagnostic parameters for determining the technical condition of equipment and an algorithm for determining the coefficient of express analysis of a transformer substation, which ensures the process of remote monitoring, monitoring the state of operating equipment and predicting changes in the technical condition. The system for monitoring and express analysis of the technical condition of the equipment under development allows online monitoring of changes in the monitored parameters, keeping the equipment in serviceable condition. This monitoring system will make it possible to detect defects at an early stage, to operate the substation's energy equipment more efficiently, and to assess the technical condition of the entire substation in a comprehensive way. The above solutions make it possible to switch to organizing repairs of the substation's main equipment according to the actual state, as well as to increase the reliability and quality of electricity transmission to consumers.
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Klimash, V. S., and B. D. Tabarov. "Method for control of the start-up regulating devicefor power transformers of the power supply system." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 21, no. 3 (November 29, 2019): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2019-21-3-135-145.
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Three-phase thyristor switches are designed for pulsed formation of inrush currents of electrical equipment with their subsequent shunting in steady state operation. In transformer substations, they perform a bumpless turning on of a power transformer by connecting its primary winding first to two phases of the network at the moment of zero crossing by the phase voltage of the network third phase, and then to the network third phase at the moment of zero crossing by the line voltage of the other two network phases. In this case, the starting currents of the transformer almost immediately enter the steady state without the appearance of constant components in the magnetization currents and voltage drop. To expand the functionality of thyristor switches, it is proposed, in addition to bumpless turning on of a power transformer, to disconnect it without arcing between the contacts of electrical equipment, as well as to carry out continuous voltage regulation for consumers when voltage in the network changes. The proposed method and structure for its implementation on the basis of two three-phase thyristor reactor keys and a capacitor bank make it possible while changing the network voltage to stabilize the generated reactive power at the input of the substation without creating the current distortions in the power transformer and power transmission simultaneously with stabilizing the substation output voltage. Modeling and research of the start-regulating device as part of a transformer substation was carried out in the MatLab environment. The results of numerical experiments in stationary and dynamic modes of the substation operation showed the feasibility of using the developed technical solutions for the industrial power supply system.
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Varga, Aleksandr A., and Galaktion V. Shvedov. "Estimating the Error of Calculating the Load Losses in 6—10 kV Distribution Electric Networks." Vestnik MEI, no. 5 (2021): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24160/1993-6982-2021-5-37-43.
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The aim of the study is to estimate the level of load losses for actual (nonuniform) loading of transformer substations in comparison with the load loss level under the conditions of their being uniformly loaded for a typical 6 kV urban distribution electric network. The extent to which such networks are equipped with automated information and measurement systems for fiscal electricity metering is extremely poor. Therefore, not only the load curves of the 6--10/0.4 kV substation transformers, but also their load factors are unknown in the majority of cases. Under these conditions, in calculating the load losses in 6--10 kV distribution electric networks, it is assumed that all substation transformers are uniformly (equally) loaded. The load losses in these electrical networks are calculated with a certain error associated with the assumption according to which the substation transformers are supposed to be uniformly loaded. Under these conditions, estimation of this error becomes of issue. The article describes the modeling, calculation and analysis of technical losses of electricity under the conditions of nonuniformly loaded transformers of a typical urban distribution network consisting of four transformers and four cables interconnecting them. The modeling and calculation of power losses were carried out using the RAP-10-st computer program for several different groups of transformer loading factors. Within each group, different subgroups were produced by rearranging the group loading factors. Each subgroup modeled a nonuniform transformers loading mode in the studied network. For each of these modes, the power losses were calculated and studied with the use of the RAP-10-st computer program. A conclusion has been drawn from the obtained analysis results regarding the error in determining the load losses associated with the assumption about the uniform loading of the substation transformers in the network. The obtained results may prompt electric grid companies to increase the extent of fitting their networks with automated information and measurement systems for fiscal electricity metering to improve the accuracy of determining the load losses.
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Gao, Yong Xin. "Analysis and Application of Electronic Instrument Transformer in Digital Substation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 316-317 (April 2013): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.316-317.141.
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Electronic transformer Manager nature is a will simulation volume transformation for digital volume of device, they will simulation of current and the voltage signal in as possible near signal source of local used most has price of reliable way will its transformation for digital volume, electronic type transformer Manager and merged unit as digital substation of component, and traditional transformer Manager compared to has insulated simple, and dynamic range wide, and anti-saturated performance strong, and Advantages of data output. combined digital substation with IEC61850 in the text, examined issues such as data synchronization of electronic instrument transformers, made recommendations on engineering practice.
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Li, Ying Jin, Yue Ma, and Wen Li Wang. "New Application of Fibre Optical Current Transformer in Smart Retrofit Substation." Advanced Materials Research 614-615 (December 2012): 1846–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.614-615.1846.
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The paper studied the outside attachment of fibre optical current transformer in smart GIS substation innovation projects. Based on Ampere circuital theorem, sensing optical fibre can be wrapped around the flange at the bottom of the GIS bushing without modification damage on GIS components and long time power cut. The experiment result proved the accuracy and feasibility of this new application. Furthermore, kinds of electronic transformers are compared with fibre optical current transformer, and the analysis gives a conclusion that fibre optical current transformer could be the optimization of system design in smart substation innovation projects.
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Xu, Rui, Zhong Min Mei, Tian Long Mei, Ting Fang Yu, Jing Ping Wu, and Hong Fan. "VA One Applied in the Noise Control Numerical Simulation of an Indoor Substation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 419 (October 2013): 801–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.419.801.
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Due to the city indoor substations have caused serious noise pollution to the environment, a compatible model has been established to simulate the sound field at the main transformer chamber of a substation indoor and outdoor. Appling the software VA One, based on statistical energy analysis method, the sound filed of one 110kv substation transformer chamber in Nan Chang is taken as an example. Make appropriate noise control program according to the simulation results. Found that the sound pressure level, after reforming the inlet position, has met the requirements compared with the one before. The pressure level conforms to the requirements of the Urban Regional Environmental Noise Standards. Verify the rationality and reliability of the model and method.
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Li, Wei Heng, Lin Sheng Wang, and Feng Yan Wang. "Research on Wireless Alarming System of Transformer Substation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 214 (November 2012): 659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.214.659.
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How to find the faults and cope with the trouble in power system in the shortest time, becomes an intractable problem in electric power industry. With SCM technology, the authors put forward the two-level distributed structure composed of substations and transmission wires. Transmission line is provided with a plurality of alarm alarm extensions, information is transmitted to the alarm host through the wireless way. Substation can utilized management system to get alarm information by serial adapter of alarm host, at the same time the alarm information can be displayed on the computer screen.The system has been tested for many times in suburb of Nanyang city.The experiments showed that the systems operation is stable, achieve the expected design goal, which can also played a positive role in power management, power security at the same time.
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Li, Pei Ying, Yu Tian Pan, and Qing Zhang Qin. "DC Power Dynamic Management System in Digitalized Transformer Substation." Advanced Materials Research 658 (January 2013): 527–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.658.527.
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In this paper, using current advanced computer and real-time Ethernet technologies to design a set of high performances’ DC power dynamic management system for digitalized transformer substation. In the system, the operation states and fault conditions of DC power system can be remote monitored and controlled, the state informations of the feeder switches are real time displayed, the state transformations of DC generatrices are remote controlled, the states of equalizing charge and floating charge of the battery charger are remote controlled and remote transformed, the parameters of the battery charger are remote set, etc. In addition, the operation modes of the whole DC power system in the transformer substation are shown by way of simulation map installed in the upper management machine. This dynamic management system greatly contribute to the construction of unwatched, intelligentized, digitalized transformer substation.
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Afif, Salim, I. W. Sukerayasa, and W. G. Ariastina. "Analisis Pengaruh Harmonisa terhadap Rugi-Rugi Daya pada Sistem Tegangan Rendah dan Transformator GR088 di Penyulang Menjangan." Jurnal SPEKTRUM 5, no. 2 (December 13, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/spektrum.2018.v05.i02.p01.
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Menjangan feeder is a medium-voltage network system which distributes electricity throughout Gilimanuk and some areas in Buleleng. It has 69 distribution substations, which one of them, substation GR088, contributes to the highest value of the total harmonic distortion (THDi). In this research, the effect of harmonic distortions on losses at low voltage system of substation GR088 will be evaluated.The method used in this study is direct measurement of harmonic distortions at each low-voltage costumer whose electricity is generated by substation GR088 at Menjangan Feeder. Software is also used to perform harmonic load flow analysis and simulations. The total value of losses on transformer and low voltage system of substation GR088 Menjangan feeder, in a no-harmonic condition is 1481,7 Watt. On under-harmonic condition, the total value of losses is 1552,5 Watt. Therefore there is a 70,8 Watt difference between the two conditions. At this case, beside the heat created by the harmonic distortion that can affect the performance of transformers, it also cause a quite great value of losses, which is 1,7 kWh per day, or approximately 620 kWh per year. It means the harmonic distortion in substation GR088 can cause PT PLN (Persero) lose Rp.910.018,8 per year.
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Sutjipto, Rachmat, Anang Dasa Novfowan, and Rohmanita Duanaputri. "STUDI PERENCANAAN PENINGKATAN KINERJA TRAFO DISTRIBUSI DENGAN RELOKASI ANTARA 2 BUAH TRAFO." JURNAL ELTEK 17, no. 2 (November 11, 2019): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/eltek.v17i2.161.
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Dalam penggunaan trafo diketahui bahwa terdapat beberapa trafo yang dibebani tidak optimal sesuai dengan standar yang ada. Sebagai contoh, berdasarkan hasil pengukuran pada bulan Agustus 2015 pada PT. PLN (Persero) Rayon Pare diketahui bahwa pada gardu EF283 di Penyulang Bendo beban puncaknya telah mencapai 103,59 % sedangkan pada gardu EF070 di Penyulang Sambirejo pada beban puncaknya hanya mencapai 32,62 %. Kondisi tersebut akan berakibat negatif pada kinerja dari trafo dimana pada pembebanan yang terlalu tinggi pada trafo akan berakibat trafo tersebut overload dan berimbas mengurangi umur ekonomis dari trafo dan dapat mengakibatkan kerusakan pada trafo akibat panas yang berlebihan. Sebaliknya, jika trafo dibebani jauh dibawah kapasitasnya maka efisiensi trafo akan rendah.
Untuk meningkatkan kinerja dari kedua trafo tersebut di atas maka digunakan cara relokasi diantara kedua trafo tersebut dan diharapkan trafo pada gardu EF283 tidak terjadi overload sedangkan prosentase pembebanan gardu EF070 diharapkan meningkat sehingga efisiensi trafo meningkat. Setelah dianalisa dan dibandingkan antara kondisi sebelum dan setelah relokasi pada aspek % pembebanan, effisiensi dan faktor kebutuhan, juga dianalisa tentang pertumbuhan beban dengan menggunakan metode least factor maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa sebelum dilaksanakan relokasi harus dipertimbangkan beberapa persyaratan untuk dilaksanakannya relokasi. Selain itu diketahui bahwa effisiensi trafo akan lebih besar (optimal) jika dibandingkan antara kondisi sebelum (trafo EF283 dan EF070 adalah 97,54 % dan 97,42 %) dan setelah relokasi (98,44 % dan 98,50 %). Sedangkan untuk umur trafo , umur trafo pada gardu EF283 akan relatif lebih panjang dan pada trafo di gardu EF070 akan relatif lebih pendek umur trafonya karena adanya peningkatan pembebanan walaupun effisiensi trafonya ternyata lebih baik dibandingkan sebelum relokasi.
In the use of transformers it is known that there are several transformers that are not optimally loaded according to the existing standards. For example, based on the results of measurements in August 2015 at PT. PLN (Persero) Rayon Pare is known that at EF283 substation at Bendo Feeder the peak load has reached 103.59% while at EF070 substation at Sambirejo Feeder at peak load it only reaches 32.62%. These conditions will negatively affect the performance of the transformer where overloading of the transformer will result in the transformer overloading and impacting to reduce the economic life of the transformer and can cause damage to the transformer due to excessive heat. Conversely, if the transformer is burdened far below its capacity, the transformer efficiency will be low.
To improve the performance of the two transformers, relocation between the two transformers is used and it is expected that the transformer on the EF283 substation will not overload while the percentage of EF070 substation loading is expected to increase so that the transformer efficiency increases. After analyzing and comparing the conditions before and after relocation in the aspects of% loading, efficiency and needs factors, also analyzed the load growth using the least factor method, it can be concluded that before the relocation is carried out, several conditions must be considered for the relocation. In addition, it is known that the transformer efficiency will be greater (optimal) compared to the conditions before (transformer EF283 and EF070 are 97.54% and 97.42%) and after relocation (98.44% and 98.50%). As for the life of the transformer, the life of the transformer at the EF283 substation will be relatively longer and at the transformer at the EF070 substation will be relatively shorter in the life of the transformer due to an increase in loading even though the transformer efficiency turns out to be better than before relocation.
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Bahri, Farid Akmal Saipul, and Hasril Hasini. "Flow and Heat Dissipation Analysis in Transformer Substation with Minimal Ventilation using CFD." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.35 (November 30, 2018): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.35.22755.
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This paper aims to investigate the flow and heat dissipation of a transformer located in substation building with minimal ventilation system. The study is carried out using CFD, which model the flow and conjugate heat transfer in step-up transformer and its surrounding air. Transformer model is generated by considering the extended fins at both side which enhance heat dissipation. Three different substation ventilation designs are proposed in this work. The effect of air outlet positions with fixed inlets are investigated. The primary objective is to investigate transformer surface and surrounding temperatures for different ventilation systems. The result indicated that minimum natural ventilation of a transformer substation is achievable to avoid transformer overheating. This must be achieved by carefully selecting suitable air inlets and outlets positions in a transformer substation.
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Yang, Qian Qian, Wen Xiao Qian, Jing Yuan Liu, Ming Chen, Hao Li, and Yang Zhang. "Electromagnetic Shielding Effect of Aluminum Foam in 10~500 kV Electrical Substations." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 2378–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.2378.
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With the growing attention drawn to the electrical substation electromagnetic environmental problem, the application of material with electromagnetic shielding effect gains more and more popularity. This work evaluated the electromagnetic shielding effect of aluminum foam in 10 kV Xifaxian transformer dado and three electrical substations, a 66 kV Niluo substation, a 220 kV Hexi substation and a 500 kV Keerqin substation. 304L stainless steel and its composite material were also used as a comparison. By comparing with the environmental data, it showed that the power frequency electric field intensity next to the transformer of 500 kV Keerqin substation was slightly higher than the national standard, whereas the other power frequency electric field and magnetic induction intensities were lower than the limit values. The power frequency electric field and magnetic induction intensities attenuated with the increase of measuring distance from enclosing wall. 304L stainless steel, aluminum foam and their composite materials all had certain electromagnetic shielding effect. Aluminum foam and composite materials had almost the same shielding effect for power frequency electric field, which was slightly better than 304L stainless steel. Unlike the electric shielding effect, the magnetic shielding effect of aluminum foam was significantly superior to that of the 304L stainless steel. Meanwhile, their composite material had the best one.
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Zhou, Yuhao, and Bowen Wang. "Acoustic Multi-Parameter Early Warning Method for Transformer DC Bias State." Sensors 22, no. 8 (April 10, 2022): 2906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22082906.
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The acoustic signal in the operation of a power transformer contains a lot of transformer operation state information, which is of great significance to the detection of DC bias state. In this paper, three typical parameters used for DC bias state detection are selected by comparing the acoustic variation of a 500 kV Jingting transformer substation No. 2 transformer with that of the core model built in the laboratory; then, acoustic samples of the 162 EHV normal state transformers are collected, and the distribution regularity of three typical parameters in normal state is given. Finally, according to the distribution regularity, clear warning threshold of typical parameters are given, and the DC bias cases from the 500 kV Jingting transformer substation are used to verify the effectiveness of the threshold.
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Yu Brostilova, T., V. A. Ageev, S. V. Golobokov, and M. V. Sotnikov. "The efficiency of electric power supply with the transmission of peak loads to distributed generation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 866, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/866/1/012032.
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Abstract A model of a radial power supply system in MatLAB was compiled to perform the research. The transformer substation is represented by a step-down transformer, the load of the substations in the form of a resistance. Electricity is transmitted to the substations along three power transmission lines. The power center is represented by an ideal source. A reserve source of limited power is connected to the remote substation. We made calculations of the voltage drop in the lines, voltage at the inputs of substations and electricity losses for transit. The study of the radial power supply system was performed in the daytime maximum mode; the minimum load mode was performed at night and in the peak load mode. As a result of modeling the operating modes, the indicators of the classical radial power supply scheme were compared with the indicators of the system when the local generation facilities were switched on during the working shift or during peak hours. Connection of reserve sources allows reducing voltage fluctuations along the line and reducing power losses for transit.
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Agus Semara Putra, I. Putu, I. Ketut Wijaya, and I. Made Mataram. "PEMERATAAN BEBAN PADA GARDU KD 056 PENYULANG TABANAN PT PLN (PERSERO) DISTRIBUSI BALI AREA BALI SELATAN." Jurnal SPEKTRUM 5, no. 1 (June 25, 2018): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/spektrum.2018.v05.i01.p12.
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Load balancing is a routine done by PLN to manage a distribution substation. It is done on Peak Load Time (WBP) only. Initial load measurements and load data on a distribution transformer need to be done for balancing as input of simulation software. The load imbalance in a power distribution system is due to an imbalance in single phase loads in the R, S and T phases in low voltage networks due to the imbalance of the load the current in the neutral transformer arises. The current flowing in the neutral of the transformer causes losses, i.e. losses due to neutral currents in the neutral conductor of transformers and losses due to neutral currents flowing to the ground. In this research load equalization in substation KD 056 was done by making a simulation on the ETAP program by measuring the value of the voltage on the KD 056 substation. The result of load balancing in KD 056 substation with the simulation ETAP program i.e. the voltage drop obtained from the percentage of KD 056 substation after being balanced by voltage drop on phase R which decreased from 7.30% to 1.36% from the 219VA source voltage. Once the KD 056 substation is balanced, it can lower the voltage drop and power losses, thus the system voltage meets the standards of PLN.
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Zhou, Jun, Weidong Chen, Haoxi Tu, Lianfeng Wang, and Hongmei Ni. "Study on the Application of 220/20kV SF6 Gas Transformer." Frontiers of Mechatronical Engineering 2, no. 1 (May 28, 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/fme.v2i1.805.
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<p>With the rapid development of Shenzhen's economy, the land resources in Shenzhen are more and more scarce, and the location of substation is more and more difficult. In order to solve the contradiction between the land resources shortage and the development of power grid, the new mode of substation construction of "embedded attached substation" came into being. Because of the particularity of the embedded attached substation, the fire protection requires that the equipment of this kind of substation should be oil-free, making it difficult to select the appropriate 220/20kV transformer. Therefore, this paper studies a new 220/20kV SF6 gas transformer for the above problems, combined with its structural characteristics, aspects including fire protection, ventilation and noise reduction are described to provide reference for transformer selection of this type of substation.</p>
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Zhao, De Li, Hui Lin Zhang, Feng Zhen Liu, and Xin Zhao. "A Way to Determine the Economic Operation Mode of Substation Transformer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 575 (June 2014): 649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.575.649.
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By analyzing the main transformer substation operation mode change various calculation methods of loss are conducted on how to determine the economic operation mode of the double main transformer substation. According to load changes, in order to achieve best value for economy it is neccessary to reduce variable transformer loss. In this paper, a practical method of substation transfomer determination is analyzed.
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Chen, Chuanmin, Yang Gao, and Songtao Liu. "Study on Noise Prediction Model and Control Schemes for Substation." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/696429.
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With the government’s emphasis on environmental issues of power transmission and transformation project, noise pollution has become a prominent problem now. The noise from the working transformer, reactor, and other electrical equipment in the substation will bring negative effect to the ambient environment. This paper focuses on using acoustic software for the simulation and calculation method to control substation noise. According to the characteristics of the substation noise and the techniques of noise reduction, a substation’s acoustic field model was established with the SoundPLAN software to predict the scope of substation noise. On this basis, 4 reasonable noise control schemes were advanced to provide some helpful references for noise control during the new substation’s design and construction process. And the feasibility and application effect of these control schemes can be verified by using the method of simulation modeling. The simulation results show that the substation always has the problem of excessive noise at boundary under the conventional measures. The excess noise can be efficiently reduced by taking the corresponding noise reduction methods.
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Fang, Huan Huan, Xin Mei Shu, Jun Wang, and Ming Qin Wang. "The Design and Simulation of Voltage and Reactive Power Fuzzy Controller in Substation." Advanced Materials Research 591-593 (November 2012): 1441–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.591-593.1441.
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This paper analyzes the existing problems of the present substation of substation voltage and reactive power integrated control. A design for substation’s voltage and reactive power integrated control based on fuzzy 17-area control method is proposed. We build a substation simulation model base on voltage and reactive power fuzzy integrated controller. In this way, we analyze and simulate this control system dynamic performance. The simulation results show that this kind of control idea is feasible and it can effectively improve the voltage qualification rate, reduce frequency of the adjusted taps of transformer and switch action of the capacitor. It has a good control effect.
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Chen, Chao Shun, Shih Chieh Hsieh, Cheng Ting Hsu, Chia Hung Lin, and Cheng Ta Tsai. "Unit Commitment of Distribution Main Transformers Considering PV Penetration." Advanced Materials Research 1044-1045 (October 2014): 527–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1044-1045.527.
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This paper presents the unit commitment of main transformers to meet the service reliability criterion in distribution substations by considering the growth of photovoltaic (PV) installation with the probabilistic power generation in the service area. The historical data of solar irradiation over one year period are collected to derive the annual duration curve of solar energy to derive the probabilistic distribution of PV power generation. All PV power systems of each study year are considered as an equivalent virtual main transformer with probabilistic capacity. By the integration of probabilistic PV power generation model and the risk model of main transformer outage, the loss of load expectation (LOLE) of the distribution substation is analyzed according to the annual growth of customer loading and PV penetration level. When the LOLE is less than the service reliability criterion, one new unit of main transformer has to be added to improve system reliability.
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MESSALTI, Sabir. "Design Of MV/LV Substation Transformer." Engineering 05, no. 01 (2013): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/eng.2013.51b004.
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Man, Yu Yan, Chi Zhang, Nan Wang, Li Ming Zhang, and Hao Ming Wang. "Effect of Substation Network on Transformer PD Monitoring." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 842–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.842.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, a simulation model for the propagation of transformer PD pulse has been constructed,and the propagation of PD in a real substation were investigated. We also studied the frequency characteristics of currents at different detection positions, and the influences of substation network are analyzed in aspects of system resonant frequency. The optimal detection position and the optimal measuring band are proposed. The results show that, the calculated range of substation network and capacitive apparatus play the key roles in impedance characteristics.
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Jahromi, Martiya Zare, Amir Abiri Jahromi, Deepa Kundur, Scott Sanner, and Marthe Kassouf. "Data analytics for cybersecurity enhancement of transformer protection." ACM SIGEnergy Energy Informatics Review 1, no. 1 (November 2021): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3508467.3508469.
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Electric power substations are experiencing an accelerated pace of digital transformation including the deployment of LAN-based IEC 61850 communication protocols that facilitate accessibility to substation data while also increasing remote access points and exposure to complex cyberattacks. In this environment, machine learning algorithms will play a vital role in cyberattack detection and mitigation and natural questions arise as to the most effective models in the context of smart grid substations. This paper compares the performance of three autoencoder-based anomaly detection systems including linear, fully connected, and convolutional autoencoders, as well as long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network for cybersecurity enhancement of transformer protection. The simulation results indicated that the LSTM model outperforms the other models for detecting cyberattacks targeting asymmetrical fault data. The linear autoencoder, fully connected autoencoder and 1D CNN further outperform the LSTM model for detecting cyberattacks targeting the symmetrical fault data.
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Kotenev, Viktor I., Alexander V. Kotenev, and Alexander D. Stulov. "Automatic control system of the reactive power factor of the power supply system of the industrial enterprise." Vestnik of Samara State Technical University. Technical Sciences Series 29, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14498/tech.2021.4.7.
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Considered is the control of the reactive power factor of the power supply system of an industrial enterprise, which includes: electrical receivers with asynchronous load; workshop transformer substations with and without regulated capacitor units, as well as the main step-down substation with synchronous motors powered from it. It is proposed to consider electrical receivers with capacitor units and a transformer substation as an object of reactive power factor control, on the basis of which the corresponding automatic control system (ACS) is built. An ACS with an algorithm formed as a function of active and reactive power of electrical receivers is considered. The ACS was developed by the reactive power factor of the power supply system of the entire enterprise with shop combined loads. A method is given for calculating the capacity of capacitor units of shop substations. The use of this control system will allow meeting the regulatory requirements for ensuring the limiting values of the reactive power coefficients and thereby reducing losses during the transportation of electricity and increasing the throughput of the electrical network.
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Zhou, Li, Tongqin Shi, Songquan Huang, Fangchao Ke, Zhenxi Huang, Zhaoyang Zhang, and Jinzheng Liang. "Convolutional neural network for real-time main transformer detection." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2229, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2229/1/012021.
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Abstract For substation constructions, the main transformer is the dominant electrical equipment, and its arrival and operation affect the progress of project directly. In the context of smart grid construction, in order to improve the efficiency of real-time main transformer detection, this paper proposes an identification and detection method based on the SSD algorithm. The SSD algorithm is able to extract the target device (such as main transformer) accurately and the Lenet algorithm module can analyse the features contained in the image. To improve the accuracy of the detection method, the image migration algorithm of VGG-Net is used to expand the negative samples of main transformers to improve the generalisation of the algorithm. Finally, the image set collected in the real substation projects is used for validation, and result shows that the method identifies main transformers more accurately, with high effectiveness and feasibility.