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Journal articles on the topic 'Transformerless PV inverter topology'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Bouzguenda, Mounir, Tarek Selmi, Adel Gastli, and Ahmed Masmoudi. "Microcontroller-based inverter topology integrated in PV systems." COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 34, no. 1 (January 5, 2015): 132–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-10-2013-0330.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the problem of the leakage currents in transformerless inverter topologies. It proposes a novel topology and how important the adopted control strategy on the power quality produced by the inverter. Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents an investigation of a novel transformerless inverter topology. It adopted a control strategy in which the DC source is disconnected from the inverter when the zero vectors of the control are applied. By using such control strategy, the electrical efficiency of the whole system was improved and the leakage current was significantly reduced. Findings – The paper provides a solution to minimize the leakage current in transformerless inverter topologies. Besides, the problem of zero-crossing distortions was totally eliminated. Research limitations/implications – Because of the high conversion ratio of the boost converter, the efficiency of the whole system needs to be enhanced. Practical implications – The paper includes the experimental results of the proposed topology which are in good match with the simulation results. Originality/value – This paper identifies a need to study the leakage current phenomena in transformerless inverter topologies.

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2

Albalawi, Hani, and Sherif Zaid. "An H5 Transformerless Inverter for Grid Connected PV Systems with Improved Utilization Factor and a Simple Maximum Power Point Algorithm." Energies 11, no. 11 (October 25, 2018): 2912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11112912.

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Due to their small size, minimum cost, and great efficiency, photovoltaic (PV) grid-connected transformerless inverters have been developed and become famous around the world in distributed PV generators systems. One of the most efficient topologies of the transformerless inverter family is H5 topology. This inverter extracts a discontinuous current from the PV panel, which conflicts with the operation at maximum power point tracking (MPPT) conditions while the utilization factor of the PV degrades. This paper proposes improved H5 topology featuring a boost converter inserted in the middle between the PV panels and the H5 inverter. The design of the boost converter is planned to operate at continuous conduction mode to guarantee MPPT conditions of the PV. A new and simple off line MPPT algorithm is introduced and performance factors like efficiency and utilization factors of the proposed and convention H5 topology are compared. The simulation results indicate that the proposed system provides a preferable utilization factor and a simpler MPPT algorithm.

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3

Karam, K., M. Badawi El Najjar, and M. El Hassan. "Three-Phase Transformerless Inverter for Photovoltaic Grid Connected System with Zero Common Mode Noise." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 19 (September 2021): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj19.239.

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The pervasion of transformerless grid connected photovoltaic (PV) inverters has triggered the concerns of many researchers since it can induce power quality problems. In these types of applications, the generation of common mode (CM) leakage current is one of the major factors that affects the reliability of the overall design. In single-phase systems, the concept of the common ground between the PV negative terminal and the neutral point of the grid is the only topology that “totally” cancels this CM noise. However, none of the existing three-phase inverter techniques is able to totally remove it. Therefore, this paper proposes a three-phase PV inverter based on the concept applied in the single-phase system in order to achieve, for the first time, a zero CM noise in three-phase grid-connected PV applications. The proposed inverter is simulated with a PV array, appropriate modulation technique, corresponding inverter controller, and a three-phase Y-connected alternating current (AC) grid voltage. The simulation of the overall system is done using Matlab/Simulink software. As compared with results of existing three-phase topologies, this is the only three-phase transformerless PV inverter technique that offers generation of multilevel output, total elimination of leakage current flow, simple inverter structure, and uncomplicated modulation technique.

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Madasamy, P., V. Suresh Kumar, P. Sanjeevikumar, Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen, Eklas Hosain, and C. Bharatiraja. "A Three-Phase Transformerless T-Type- NPC-MLI for Grid Connected PV Systems with Common-Mode Leakage Current Mitigation." Energies 12, no. 12 (June 24, 2019): 2434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122434.

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DC to AC inverters are the well-known and improved in various kinds photovoltaic (PV) and gird tied systems. However, these inverters are require interfacing transformers to be synchronized with the grid-connected system. Therefore, the system is bulky and not economy. The transformerless inverter (TLI) topologies and its grid interface techniques are increasingly engrossed for the benefit of high efficiency, reliability, and low cost. The main concern in the TL inverters is common mode voltage (CMV), which causes the switching-frequency leakage current, grid interface concerns and exaggerates the EMI problems. The single-phase inverter two-level topologies are well developed with additional switches and components for eliminating the CMV. Multilevel inverters (MLIs) based grid connected transformerless inverter topology is being researched to avail additional benefits from MLI, even through that are trust topologies presented in the literature. With the above aim, this paper has proposed three -phase three-level T type NP-MLI (TNP-MLI) topology with transformerless PV grid connected proficiency. The CM leakage current should handle over mitigating CMV through removing unwanted switching events in the inverter pulse width modulation (PWM). This paper is proposes PV connected T type NP-MLI interface with three-phase grid connected system with the help of improved space vector modulation (SVM) technique to mitigate the CM leakage current to overcome the above said requests on the PV tied TL grid connected system. This proposed the SVM technique to mitigate the CM leakage current by selecting only mediums, and zero vectors with suitable current control method in order to maintain the inverter current and grid interface requirements. The proposed PV tied TNP-MLI offering higher efficiency, lower breakdown voltage on the devices, smaller THD of output voltage, good reliability, and long life span. The paper also investigated the CM leakage currents envisage and behavior for the three-phase MLI through the inverter switching function, which is not discussed before. The proposed SVM on TL-TNP-MLI offers the reliable PV grid interface with very low switching-frequency leakage current (200mA) for all the PV and inverter operation conditions. The feasibility and effectiveness of the TLI and its control strategy is confirmed through the MATLAB/Simulink simulation model directly as compared with 2kW roof top PV plant connected TL-TNP-MLI experimentation, showing good accordance with theoretical investigation. The simulation and experimental results are demonstrated and presented in the good stability of steady state and dynamics performances. The proposed inverter reduces the cost of grid interface transformer, harmonics filter, and CMV suppressions choke.

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5

Selmi, Tarek, and Maher Rezgui. "A Novel DC-AC Inverter Topology to Eliminate Leakage Current." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 1733. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v9.i4.pp1733-1744.

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Experiments confirmed that Transformerless Inverters (TIs) deliver more reliability and higher energy efficiency. Nonetheless, one of the shortcomings of TIs is the leakage current that occurs between the photovoltaic (PV) string terminals and the ground. Such a drawback is justified by the non-galvanic isolation caused by the transformer being omitted. As such, this study is intended to develop a novel TI inverter topology for solar PV systems. The latter is meant to remove the leakage current and enhance the operating system of the entire PV conversion as well. Added to its null zero-crossing distortion and capability regarding energy efficiency, the developed TI, being validated by simulation and experiment, eradicated the leakage current.

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6

Cardoso, Jorge, Nimrod Vazquez, Claudia Hernandez, and Joaquin Vaquero. "A Transformerless Single-Phase Current Source Inverter Topology and Control for Photovoltaic Applications." Energies 11, no. 8 (August 2, 2018): 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11082011.

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Low power grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) generation systems increasingly use transformerless inverters. The elimination of the transformer allows smaller, lighter and cheaper systems, and improves the total efficiency. However, a leakage current may appear, flowing from the grid to the PV panels through the existing parasitic capacitance between them, since there is no galvanic isolation. As a result, electromagnetic interferences and security issues arise. This paper presents a novel transformerless single-phase Current Source Inverter (CSI) topology with a reduced inductor, compared to conventional CSIs. This topology directly connects the neutral line of the grid to the negative terminal of the PV system, referred as common mode configuration, eliminating this way, theoretically, the possibility of any leakage current through this terminal. The switches control is based on a hysteresis current controller together with a combinational logic circuitry and it is implemented in a digital platform based on National Instruments Technology. Results that validate the proposal, based on both simulations and tests of a low voltage low power prototype, are presented.

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7

Estévez-Bén, Adyr A., Alfredo Alvarez-Diazcomas, and Juvenal Rodríguez-Reséndiz. "Transformerless Multilevel Voltage-Source Inverter Topology Comparative Study for PV Systems." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 24, 2020): 3261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123261.

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At present, renewable energies represent 25% of the global power generation capacity. The increase in clean energy facilities is mainly due to the high levels of pollution generated by the burning of fossil fuels to satisfy the growing electricity demand. The global capacity of generating electricity from solar energy has experienced a significant increase, reaching 505 GW in 2018. Today, multilevel inverters are used in PV systems to convert direct current into alternating current. However, the use of multilevel inverters in renewable energies applications presents different challenges; for example, grid-connected systems use a transformer to avoid the presence of leakage currents. The grid-connected systems must meet at least two international standards analyzed in this work: VDE 0126-1-1 and VDE-AR-N 4105, which establish a maximum leakage current of 300 mA and harmonic distortion maximum of 5%. Previously, DC/AC converters have been studied in different industrial applications. The state-of-the-art presented in the work is due to the growing need for a greater use of clean energy and the use of inverters as an interface between these technologies and the grid. Also, the paper presents a comparative analysis of the main multilevel inverter voltage-source topologies used in transformerless PV systems. In each scheme, the advantages and disadvantages are presented, as well as the main challenges. In addition, current trends in grid-connected systems using these schemes are discussed. Finally, a comparative table based on input voltage, switching frequency, output levels, control strategy used, efficiency, and leakage current is shown.

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Albalawi, Hani, and Sherif A. Zaid. "Performance Improvement of a Grid-Tied Neutral-Point-Clamped 3-φ Transformerless Inverter Using Model Predictive Control." Processes 7, no. 11 (November 15, 2019): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7110856.

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Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems are now a common part of the modern power network. A recent development in the topology of these systems is the use of transformerless inverters. Although they are compact, cheap, and efficient, transformerless inverters suffer from chronic leakage current. Various researches have been directed toward evolving their performance and diminishing leakage current. This paper introduces the application of a model predictive control (MPC) algorithm to govern and improve the performance of a grid-tied neutral-point-clamped (NPC) 3-φ transformerless inverter powered by a PV panel. The transformerless inverter was linked to the grid via an inductor/capacitor (LC) filter. The filter elements, as well as the internal impedance of the grid, were considered in the system model. The discrete model of the proposed system was determined, and the algorithm of the MPC controller was established. Matlab’s simulations for the proposed system, controlled by the MPC and the ordinary proportional–integral (PI) current controller with sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM), were carried out. The simulation results showed that the MPC controller had the best performance for earth leakage current, total harmonic distortion (THD), and the grid current spectrum. Also, the efficiency of the system using the MPC was improved compared to that using a PI current controller with SPW modulation.

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9

Cao, Haiyan. "A Novel Inverter Topology for Single-Phase Transformerless PV System." Active and Passive Electronic Components 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1962438.

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Transformerless photovoltaic (PV) power system is very promising due to its low cost, small size, and high efficiency. One of its most important issues is how to prevent the common mode leakage current. In order to solve the problem, a new inverter is proposed in this paper. The system common mode model is established, and the four operation modes of the inverter are analyzed. It reveals that the common mode voltage can be kept constant, and consequently the leakage current can be suppressed. Finally, the experimental tests are conducted. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed solution.

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10

Kerekes, Tamás, Remus Teodorescu, Pedro Rodriguez, Gerardo Vazquez, and Emiliano Aldabas. "A New High-Efficiency Single-Phase Transformerless PV Inverter Topology." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 58, no. 1 (January 2011): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2009.2024092.

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11

BRAJAMUSTHI, ANGGARA, SRI UTAMI, and DJAFAR SODIQ. "PLTS Transformerless Tegangan 20 kV menggunakan Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter." ELKOMIKA: Jurnal Teknik Energi Elektrik, Teknik Telekomunikasi, & Teknik Elektronika 6, no. 1 (April 23, 2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/elkomika.v6i1.16.

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ABSTRAKAplikasi dari inverter multilevel pada sistem Pusat Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS) dapat menghilangkan kebutuhan terhadap transformator, sehingga dapat mengurangi biaya investasi, mengurangi kompleksitas instalasi dan menghilangkan rugi-rugi daya transformator. Pada penelitian ini, sebuah inverter dengan topologi Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter dirancang agar mampu mengubah tegangan rendah DC dari beberapa Photovoltaic (PV) array menjadi tegangan fasa-fasa 20 kV AC. Perancangan menghasilkan sebuah inverter 3 fasa 27-level dimana setiap level masing-masing memiliki PV array, DC-DC boost converter, H-bridge inverter, dan keluaran 3 fasa terhubung dengan filter LCL. Setiap komponen dari inverter dan sistem tersebut kemudian dimodelkan pada MATLAB Simulink untuk mensimulasikan kinerja dari setiap komponen dan sistem pada Standard Test Condition (STC) dari modul PV. Pada keadaan STC, daya 3 fasa maksimum yang dapat dihasilkan adalah 1,716 MW atau 68,54% dari daya DC maksimum sebesar 2,5 MWp. Sistem dapat menghasilkan tegangan fasa-fasa keluaran sebesar 20 kV dengan Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) di bawah 5%.Kata kunci: Pusat Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS), photovoltaic, Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel InverterABSTRACTThe application of Multilevel Inverter in a Photovoltaic Solar Power Plant system could eliminate the needs of step-up transformer, which will reduce the system investment cost, simplify the system installation and also eliminate power losses of the transformer. In this paper, an inverter design was proposed with Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter topology that is capable of converting low voltage DC power from several PV arrays into 20 kV AC power. The design resulted a 3 phase 27-level inverter where each level in the inverter has its own photovoltaic array, DC-DC boost converter, H-bridge inverter, and the 3 phase output is connected to LCL filter. Each component of the Inverter and the system were then modelled in MATLAB Simulink to simulate the operation of the components and the system at PV Standard Test Condition (STC). At STC, the maximum 3 phase output power of the system is 1,716 MW or 68,54% of maximum DC power of 2,5 MWp. The system can reach 20 kV of output voltage with less than 5% THD. Keywords: Photovoltaic Power Plant System, PV, Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter

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Jahan, Hossein Khoun, Naser Vosoughi Kurdkandi, Mehdi Abapour, Kazem Zare, Seyed Hossein Hosseini, Yongheng Yang, and Frede Blaabjerg. "Common-Ground-Type Single-Source High Step-Up Cascaded Multilevel Inverter for Transformerless PV Applications." Mathematics 8, no. 10 (October 7, 2020): 1716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8101716.

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The cascaded multilevel inverter (CMI) is one type of common inverter in industrial applications. This type of inverter can be synthesized either as a symmetric configuration with several identical H-bridge (HB) cells or as an asymmetric configuration with non-identical HB cells. In photovoltaic (PV) applications with the CMI, the PV modules can be used to replace the isolated dc sources; however, this brings inter-module leakage currents. To tackle the issue, the single-source CMI is preferred. Furthermore, in a grid-tied PV system, the main constraint is the capacitive leakage current. This problem can be addressed by providing a common ground, which is shared by PV modules and the ac grid. This paper thus proposes a topology that fulfills the mentioned requirements and thus, CMI is a promising inverter with wide-ranging industrial uses, such as PV applications. The proposed CMI topology also features high boosting capability, fault current limiting, and a transformerless configuration. To demonstrate the capabilities of this CMI, simulations and experimental results are provided.

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13

Huang, Li, Shan Shan Shi, Yong Biao Yang, Jin Song Liu, and Dong Wang. "Comparative Analysis of Inverter Topology for Highly Efficient Single-Phase Photovoltaic Generation System." Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (December 2014): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.20.

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The distributed renewable energy sources as wind, photovoltaic, fuel cell, wave are getting more and more attention and research due to the continuous deterioration of environment and constant stress of energy crisis. In this paper, several widely used topologies in transformerless PV inverter are introduced at the beginning. Then, the pros and cons of various topologies are discussed and evaluated in detail with respect to leakage current, efficiency and cost. The final conclusions derived can be regarded as references for design of highly efficient single-phase photovoltaic generation system.

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Mahmoudian, Mehrdad, Eduardo M. G. Rodrigues, and Edris Pouresmaeil. "An Efficient H7 Single-Phase Photovoltaic Grid Connected Inverter for CMC Conceptualization and Mitigation Method." Electronics 9, no. 9 (September 3, 2020): 1440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091440.

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Transformerless inverters are the economic choice as power interfaces between photovoltaic (PV) renewable sources and the power grid. Without galvanic isolation and adequate power convert design, single-phase grid connected inverters may have limited performance due to the presence of a significant common mode ground current by creating safety issues and enhancing the negative impact of harmonics in the grid current. This paper proposes an extended H6 transformerless inverter that uses an additional power switch (H7) to improve common mode leakage current mitigation in a single-phase utility grid. The switch with a diode in series connection aims to make an effective clamp of common mode voltage at the DC link midpoint. The principles of operation of the proposed structure with bipolar sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) is presented and formulated. Laboratory tests’ performance is detailed and evaluated in comparison with well-known single-phase transformer-less topologies in terms of power conversion efficiency, total harmonic distortion (THD) level, and circuit components number. The studied topology performance evaluation is completed with the inclusion of reactive power compensation functionality verified by a low-power laboratory implementation with 98.02% efficiency and 30.3 mA for the leakage current.

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Zeb, Kamran, Imran Khan, Waqar Uddin, Muhammad Adil Khan, P. Sathishkumar, Tiago Davi Curi Busarello, Iftikhar Ahmad, and H. J. Kim. "A Review on Recent Advances and Future Trends of Transformerless Inverter Structures for Single-Phase Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems." Energies 11, no. 8 (July 28, 2018): 1968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11081968.

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The research significance of various scientific aspects of photovoltaic (PV) systems has increased over the past decade. Grid-tied inverters the vital elements for the effective interface of Renewable Energy Resources (RER) and utility in the distributed generation system. Currently, Single-Phase Transformerless Grid-Connected Photovoltaic (SPTG-CPV) inverters (1–10 kW) are undergoing further developments, with new designs, and interest of the solar market. In comparison to the transformer (TR) Galvanic Isolation (GI)-based inverters, its advantageous features are lower cost, lighter weight, smaller volume, higher efficiency, and less complexity. In this paper, a review of SPTG-CPV inverters has been carried out. The basic operational principles of all SPTG-CPV inverters are presented in details for positive, negative, and zero cycles. A comprehensive analysis of each topology has been deliberated. A comparative assessment is also performed based on weaknesses, strengths, component ratings, efficiency, total harmonic distortion (THD), semiconductor device losses, and leakage current of various SPTG-CPV inverters schemes. Typical PV inverter structures and control schemes for grid connected three-phase system and single-phase systems are also discussed, described, and reviewed. Comparison of various industrial grids-connected PV inverters is also performed. Loss analysis is also performed for various topologies at 1 kW. Selection of appropriate topologies for their particular application is thoroughly presented. Then, discussion and forthcoming progress are emphasized. Lastly, the conclusions are presented. More than 100 research publications on the topic of SPTG-CPV inverter topologies, configurations, and control schematics along with the recent developments are thoroughly reviewed and classified for quick reference.

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Li, Hong, Yangbin Zeng, Bo Zhang, Trillion Q. Zheng, Ruixiang Hao, and Zhichang Yang. "An Improved H5 Topology With Low Common-Mode Current for Transformerless PV Grid-Connected Inverter." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 34, no. 2 (February 2019): 1254–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2018.2833144.

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17

Chamarthi, Phani Kumar, Ahmed Al-Durra, Tarek H. M. EL-Fouly, and Khaled Al Jaafari. "A Novel Three-Phase Transformerless Cascaded Multilevel Inverter Topology for Grid-Connected Solar PV Applications." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 57, no. 3 (May 2021): 2285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2021.3057312.

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18

Raji, Atanda K., and Mohamed T. E. Kahn. "Investigation of common-mode voltage and ground leakage current of grid-connected transformerless PV inverter topology." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 26, no. 1 (March 23, 2015): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2015/v26i1a2217.

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The problems of increasing electricity demand by the unabated population and economy growth can be solved by employing sustainable distributed generation technologies. Convectional primary energy sources such as coal, liquid hydrocarbons’ and natural gasses create environmental degradation and energy security problems. Even though the cost of solar energy is zero, the same cannot be said of a solar energy system. The system cost especially the initial capital investment has been hindering the rapid deployment of solar energy systems. One way of reducing the system cost of a solar energy system is to look into the constituent components and see where cost can be reduced without compromising the system efficiency and human safety. Eliminating the isolation transformer reduces the cost and increases the system overall efficiency. However, the galvanic connection between the PV array and the utility grid creates a safety problem for people and system equipment. We present a simplified model for the investigation of the common mode voltage and ground leakage current that can lead to electromagnetic interference. The leakage current level is used for the determination of the suitability of the investigated PV inverter topology for grid connection without isolation transformer.

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19

Liu, Wenjie, Yongheng Yang, Tamas Kerekes, Elizaveta Liivik, Dmitri Vinnikov, and Frede Blaabjerg. "Common-Mode Voltage Analysis and Reduction for the Quasi-Z-Source Inverter with a Split Inductor." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23 (December 4, 2020): 8713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238713.

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In transformerless grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems, leakage currents should be properly addressed. The voltage fluctuations between the neutral point of the grid and the PV array, i.e., common-mode voltage (CMV), will affect the value of the leakage currents. Therefore, the leakage currents can be attenuated through proper control of the CMV. The CMV depends on the converter topology and the modulation strategy. For the quasi-Z-source inverter (qZSI), the amplitude of the high-frequency components in the CMV increases due to the extra shoot-through (ST) state. The CMV reduction strategies for the conventional voltage source inverter (VSI) should be modified when applied to the qZSI. In this paper, an input-split-inductor qZSI is introduced to reduce the CMV, in which all the CMV reduction strategies for the VSI can be used directly with appropriate ST state insertion. Moreover, the proposed method can be extended to impedance source converters with a similar structure. Simulations and experimental tests demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy for the qZSI in terms of CMV reduction.

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Sonti, Venu, and Sachin Jain. "DC Decoupling-Based Three-Phase Three-Level Transformerless PV Inverter Topology for Minimization of Leakage Current." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 66, no. 10 (October 2019): 8273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2018.2869364.

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Yue, Xiumei, Hongliang Wang, Xiaonan Zhu, Xinwei Wei, and Yan-Fei Liu. "A Topology Synthetization Method for Single-Phase, Full-Bridge, Transformerless Inverter with Leakage Current Suppression Part I." Energies 13, no. 2 (January 16, 2020): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020434.

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Single-phase full-bridge transformerless topologies, such as the H5, H6, or the highly efficient and reliable inverter concept (HERIC) topologies, are commonly used for leakage current suppression for photovoltaic (PV) applications. The main derivation methodology of full-bridge topologies has been used based on both a DC-based decoupling model and an AC-based decoupling model. However, this methodology is not suited to the search for all possible topologies, and cannot verify whether they are inclusive. Part I of this paper will propose a new topology derivation methodology based on unipolar sinusoidal pulse width modulation (USPWM) to search all possible full-bridge topologies for leakage current suppression. First of all, a unified circuit model is proposed, instead of the DC- and AC-based models. Secondly, a mathematic method called the MN principle is then proposed to search for all possible topologies, and a derivation procedure is provided. It was verified that all existing topologies could be found using the proposed method; furthermore, seven new topologies were derived. The proposed topology derivation methodology is extended to search topologies under Double-Frequency USPWM (DFUSPWM). Twenty topologies under USPWM and four topologies under DFUSPWM have been derived.

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Ahmad, Zameer, and S. N. Singh. "An improved single phase transformerless inverter topology for grid connected PV system with reduce leakage current and reactive power capability." Solar Energy 157 (November 2017): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.08.007.

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23

Ozkan, Ziya, and Ahmet M. Hava. "Classification of Grid Connected Transformerless PV Inverters with a Focus on the Leakage Current Characteristics and Extension of Topology Families." Journal of Power Electronics 15, no. 1 (January 20, 2015): 256–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.6113/jpe.2015.15.1.256.

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24

Saridakis, Stefanos, Eftichios Koutroulis, and Frede Blaabjerg. "Optimal Design of Modern Transformerless PV Inverter Topologies." IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 28, no. 2 (June 2013): 394–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tec.2013.2252013.

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Hendawi, Essam. "A high performance grid connected PV system based on HERIC transformerless inverter." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 20, no. 2 (November 1, 2020): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v20.i2.pp602-612.

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<p>This paper presents an effective single phase grid connected photovoltaic PV system based on High Efficiency and Reliable Inverter Concept HERIC transformerless inverter. dc-dc boost converter controlled by incremental conductance IC maximum power point tracker MPPT is employed to achieve the maximum extraction power of the PV panels. Proportional integral PI controller controls the output voltage of the boost converter to meet the utility grid requirements. LCL filter is utilized to keep the inverter voltage very close to sinusoidal shape. Employing the HERIC transformerless inverter reduces significantly the ground leakage current beyond safe limits. Semiconductors losses are studied to investigate the efficiency of the proposed system at different insolation levels. Simulation results verify the high performance of the proposed system when considering leakage current and system efficiency.</p>

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Ma, Lan, Hongbing Xu, Alex Q. Huang, Xiaodong Wang, and Jianxiao Zou. "Single‐phase hybrid‐H6 transformerless PV grid‐tied inverter." IET Power Electronics 11, no. 15 (November 13, 2018): 2440–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-pel.2018.5009.

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Yüksel, Ahmet, and Emre Özkop. "Control of Single Phase Grid Connected Transformerless PV Inverter System." Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences 25, no. 2 (2019): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/pajes.2018.93275.

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Yüksel, Ahmet, and Emre Özkop. "Control of Single Phase Grid Connected Transformerless PV Inverter System." Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences 25, no. 2 (2019): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/pajes.2019.93275.

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Atawi, Ibrahim, and Sherif Zaid. "Model Predictive Control of H7 Transformerless Inverter Powered by PV." Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing 31, no. 1 (2022): 449–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/iasc.2022.019959.

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Salih, Firas S., and Oday A. Ahmed. "Improved Y-Source Single-Stage Transformerless Micro-Inverter for PV Residential Applications." Engineering and Technology Journal 38, no. 9A (September 25, 2020): 1327–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v38i9a.1143.

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Y-Source Impedance Network (YSN) is one of the most suitable for providing high voltage gain. It generatesa high voltage gain by using a small shoot-through duty cycle, which makes it suitable in applications require a wide range of input voltages such as the Photovoltaic (PV) power plants. However, traditional (YSNs) are unable to boost low voltages in certain applications to the DC-link voltage (about 400V) since it requires a high number of the turns ratio. Higher turns ratio implies higher leakage inductance resulting in higher DC-link voltage spikes. Also, traditional YSNs have high voltage stresses across the components. In this paper, a developed new transformerless Micro-Inverter (MI) is presented that can overcome all the aforementioned drawbacks. The proposed MI has been developed and designed to eliminate both the leakage inductance due to three-winding coupled transformer and leakage current due to using transformerless MI configuration. In addition, the proposed MI reduced the components' stress significantly and increases the converter voltage gain capability in one single-stage. The proposed high boost ratio transformerless MI is analyzed through the PLECS software simulator and implemented in a small scale MI prototype to ensure the results agree with the analysis and simulation results.

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Jeong, Sung-In. "Failure Analysis when Interlocking a Transformerless Type PV Inverter with a PV DC Simulator." Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 69, no. 7 (July 31, 2020): 1143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5370/kiee.2020.69.7.1143.

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Liu, Wenjie, Kamran Ali Khan Niazi, Tamas Kerekes, and Yongheng Yang. "A Review on Transformerless Step-Up Single-Phase Inverters with Different DC-Link Voltage for Photovoltaic Applications." Energies 12, no. 19 (September 23, 2019): 3626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193626.

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Photovoltaic (PV) energy has been competitive in power generation as an alternative to fossil energy resources over the past decades. The installation of grid-connected solar energy systems is expected to increase rapidly with the fast development of the power electronics technology. As the key to the interface of the PV energy and the grid, power converters should be reliable, efficient and comply with the grid requirements. Considering the nature of PV energy, the power conversion should be flexible (e.g., high step-up DC-DC conversion and harmonic-free DC-AC conversion). Accordingly, many power electronic converters have been reported in literature. Compared with isolated inverters, transformerless inverters show great advantages. This paper thus presents an overview of the transformerless step-up single-phase inverters for PV applications based on the dc-link configurations. Grid-connected PV inverters are classified as constant dc-link voltage structures, pseudo-dc-link voltage structures, pulsating dc-link voltage structures and integrated dc-link voltage structures. The discussion on the composition of different dc-link structures is presented, which provides guidance to select appropriate transformerless inverter topologies for PV applications.

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Yang, Yongheng, Huai Wang, and Frede Blaabjerg. "Reliability Assessment of Transformerless PV Inverters considering Mission Profiles." International Journal of Photoenergy 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/968269.

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Due to the small volume and high efficiency, transformerless inverters have gained much popularity in grid-connected PV applications, where minimizing leakage current injection is mandatory. This can be achieved by either modifying the modulation schemes or adding extra power switching devices, resulting in an uneven distribution of the power losses on the switching devices. Consequently, the device thermal loading is redistributed and thus may alter the entire inverter reliability performance, especially under a long-term operation. In this consideration, this paper assesses the device reliability of three transformerless inverters under a yearly mission profile (i.e., solar irradiance and ambient temperature). The mission profile is translated to device thermal loading, which is used for lifetime prediction. Comparison results reveal the lifetime mismatches among the power switching devices operating under the same condition, which offers new thoughts for a robust design and a reliable operation of grid-connected transformerless PV inverters with high efficiency.

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Lopez, Hector, Juvenal Rodriguez Resendiz, Xiaoqiang Guo, Nimrod Vazquez, and Roberto V. Carrillo-Serrano. "Transformerless Common-Mode Current-Source Inverter Grid-Connected for PV Applications." IEEE Access 6 (2018): 62944–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2873504.

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Liu, Hongpeng, Yan Ran, Kuan Liu, Wei Wang, and Dianguo Xu. "A Modified Single-Phase Transformerless Y-Source PV Grid-Connected Inverter." IEEE Access 6 (2018): 18561–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2818188.

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Guo, Xiaoqiang, Yong Yang, Ran He, Baocheng Wang, and Frede Blaabjerg. "Transformerless Z-Source Four-Leg PV Inverter With Leakage Current Reduction." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 34, no. 5 (May 2019): 4343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2018.2861896.

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Valderrama, Gerardo Escobar, Gerardo Vazquez Guzman, Erick I. Pool-Mazun, Panfilo Raymundo Martinez-Rodriguez, Manuel J. Lopez-Sanchez, and Jose Miguel Sosa Zuniga. "A Single-Phase Asymmetrical T-Type Five-Level Transformerless PV Inverter." IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics 6, no. 1 (March 2018): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jestpe.2017.2726989.

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P, ThasleenaMariyam, Dr Babu Paul, and Kiran Boby. "Transformerless Inverter with Interleaved Boost Converter for Single Phase PV systems." International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 6, no. 5 (May 25, 2019): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/23488379/ijeee-v6i5p108.

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Fang, Yunmei, Yunkai Zhu, and Juntao Fei. "Adaptive Intelligent Sliding Mode Control of a Photovoltaic Grid-Connected Inverter." Applied Sciences 8, no. 10 (September 28, 2018): 1756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8101756.

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Adaptive intelligent sliding mode control methods are developed for a single-phase photovoltaic (PV) grid-connected transformerless system with a boost chopper and a DC-AC inverter. A maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method is implemented in the boost part in order to extract the maximum power from the PV array. A global fast terminal sliding control (GFTSMC) strategy is developed for an H-bridge inverter to make the tracking error between a grid reference voltage and the output voltage of the inverter converge to zero in a finite time. A fuzzy-neural-network (FNN) is used to estimate the system uncertainties. Intelligent methods, such as an adaptive fuzzy integral sliding controller and a fuzzy approximator, are employed to control the DC-AC inverter and approach the upper bound of the system nonlinearities, achieving reliable grid-connection, small voltage tracking error, and strong robustness to environmental variations. Simulation with a grid-connected PV inverter model is implemented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

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Yamada, Ryo, and Makoto Hagiwara. "Operation of a Transformerless Three-phase PV Inverter Using Multiple Bidirectional Choppers." IEEJ Transactions on Industry Applications 139, no. 8 (August 1, 2019): 751–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejias.139.751.

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41

Ji, Baojian, Jianhua Wang, and Jianfeng Zhao. "High-Efficiency Single-Phase Transformerless PV H6 Inverter With Hybrid Modulation Method." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 60, no. 5 (May 2013): 2104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2012.2225391.

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Yamada, Ryo, and Makoto Hagiwara. "Operation of a transformerless three‐phase PV inverter using multiple bidirectional choppers." Electrical Engineering in Japan 209, no. 1-2 (September 24, 2019): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eej.23246.

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Xiao, Huafeng, and Shaojun Xie. "Transformerless Split-Inductor Neutral Point Clamped Three-Level PV Grid-Connected Inverter." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 27, no. 4 (April 2012): 1799–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2011.2164940.

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44

Palanisamy, Aswin, Yam P. Siwakoti, Akshay Mahajan, Teng Long, Omid Forati Kashani, and Frede Blaabjerg. "A transformerless three‐level three‐phase boost PWM inverter for PV applications." IET Power Electronics 14, no. 10 (July 16, 2021): 1768–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12142.

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45

V, Kaviya, and Maruthupandi P. "PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF SOLAR PV-BATTERY GRID CONNECTED SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERLESS INVERTER." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 5, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2020.v05i04.072.

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Wang, Baocheng, and Wei Tang. "A Novel Three-Switch Z-Source SEPIC Inverter." Electronics 8, no. 2 (February 21, 2019): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8020247.

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In this paper, a novel single-phase transformerless Z-source inverter (ZSI) derived from the basic SEPIC topology, which is named SEPIC-based ZSI, is proposed. The negative end of the input DC voltage of this topology is directly connected to the load and grounded, which can completely eliminate leakage current. Furthermore, this topology has some attractive characteristics such as buck–boost capability, impressive voltage gain, linear voltage gain is realized by a simple control method, and so on. The theoretical design and simulation results are demonstrated by corresponding experiments carried out on a 500 W laboratory prototype controlled by using a DSP TMS320F28335 controller combined with a FPGA SPARTAN-6.

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Suryanarayana, K., and H. N. Nagaraja. "Cascaded Bidirectional Converter Topology for 700 W Transformerless High Frequency Inverter." Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical Systems 27, no. 5 (July 5, 2016): 542–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40313-016-0256-0.

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Khan, Mohammed Ali, Ahteshamul Haque, and V. S. Bharath Kurukuru. "Intelligent control of a novel transformerless inverter topology for photovoltaic applications." Electrical Engineering 102, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 627–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00202-019-00899-2.

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Guo, Xiaoqiang, Xue Zhang, Honglei Guan, Tamas Kerekes, and Frede Blaabjerg. "Three-Phase ZVR Topology and Modulation Strategy for Transformerless PV System." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 34, no. 2 (February 2019): 1017–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2018.2849074.

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Watanabe, Hiroki, Jun-ichi Itoh, Naoki Koike, and Shinichiro Nagai. "PV Micro-Inverter Topology Using LLC Resonant Converter." Energies 12, no. 16 (August 13, 2019): 3106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12163106.

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In this paper, a DC–single-phase AC power converter with an LLC resonant converter is presented for a photovoltaic (PV) micro-inverter application. This application requires the leakage current suppression capability. Therefore, an isolated power converter is usually combined for DC/AC systems. The LLC resonant converter is the one of the isolated power converter topologies, and it has good performance for conversion efficiency with easy control. On the other hand, a double-line frequency power ripple has to be compensated for in order to improve the performance of the maximum power point tracking (MPPT). Therefore, a bulky electrolytic capacitor is usually necessary for the power converter. However, the electrolytic capacitor may limit the lifetime of the micro-inverter. This paper introduces the PV micro-inverter with a LLC resonant converter. In addition, the active power decoupling circuit is applied in order to compensate the double-line frequency power ripple by the small capacitor in order to eliminate the electrolytic capacitor. Finally, the transformer design is considered in order to reduce the transformer losses. As a result, the conversion efficiency of the LLC converter is improved by 1% when the litz wire has many strands.

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