Academic literature on the topic 'Transit signal delay'
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Journal articles on the topic "Transit signal delay"
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Lee, Jinwoo, Amer Shalaby, John Greenough, Mike Bowie, and Stanley Hung. "Advanced Transit Signal Priority Control with Online Microsimulation-Based Transit Prediction Model." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1925, no. 1 (2005): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105192500119.
Full textAbstract:
An advanced transit signal priority (TSP) control method is presented: it provides priority operation in response to real-time traffic and transit conditions. A high-performance online microscopic simulation model was developed for the purpose of predicting transit travel time along an intersection approach. The proposed method was evaluated through application to a hypothetical intersection with a nearside bus stop. The performance of the proposed method was compared with that of normal signal operation without TSP and a conventional signal priority method. The experimental results indicated that the developed method provided efficient and effective priority operation for both transit vehicles and automobiles. The proposed method significantly reduced transit vehicle delays as well as side-street traffic delay compared with conventional active priority control.
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Lin, Ciyun, and Bowen Gong. "Transit-Based Emergency Evacuation with Transit Signal Priority in Sudden-Onset Disaster." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3625342.
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This study presents methods of transit signal priority without transit-only lanes for a transit-based emergency evacuation in a sudden-onset disaster. Arterial priority signal coordination is optimized when a traffic signal control system provides priority signals for transit vehicles along an evacuation route. Transit signal priority is determined by “transit vehicle arrival time estimation,” “queuing vehicle dissipation time estimation,” “traffic signal status estimation,” “transit signal optimization,” and “arterial traffic signal coordination for transit vehicle in evacuation route.” It takes advantage of the large capacities of transit vehicles, reduces the evacuation time, and evacuates as many evacuees as possible. The proposed methods were tested on a simulation platform with Paramics V6.0. To evaluate and compare the performance of transit signal priority, three scenarios were simulated in the simulator. The results indicate that the methods of this study can reduce the travel times of transit vehicles along an evacuation route by 13% and 10%, improve the standard deviation of travel time by 16% and 46%, and decrease the average person delay at a signalized intersection by 22% and 17% when the traffic flow saturation along an evacuation route is0.8<V/C≤1.0andV/C>1.0, respectively.
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Isukapati, Isaac K., Hana Rudová, Gregory J. Barlow, and Stephen F. Smith. "Analysis of Trends in Data on Transit Bus Dwell Times." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2619, no. 1 (2017): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2619-07.
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Transit vehicles create special challenges for urban traffic signal control. Signal timing plans are typically designed for the flow of passenger vehicles, but transit vehicles—with frequent stops and uncertain dwell times—may have different flow patterns that fail to match those plans. Transit vehicles stopping on urban streets can also restrict or block other traffic on the road. This situation results in increased overall wait times and delays throughout the system for transit vehicles and other traffic. Transit signal priority (TSP) systems are often used to mitigate some of these issues, primarily by addressing delay to the transit vehicles. However, existing TSP strategies give unconditional priority to transit vehicles, exacerbating quality of service for other modes. In networks for which transit vehicles have significant effects on traffic congestion, particularly urban areas, the use of more-realistic models of transit behavior in adaptive traffic signal control could reduce delay for all modes. Estimating the arrival time of a transit vehicle at an intersection requires an accurate model of dwell times at transit stops. As a first step toward developing a model for predicting bus arrival times, this paper analyzes trends in automatic vehicle location data collected over 2 years and allows several inferences to be drawn about the statistical nature of dwell times, particularly for use in real-time control and TSP. On the basis of this trend analysis, the authors argue that an effective predictive dwell time distribution model must treat independent variables as random or stochastic regressors.
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Wang, Ding, Wenxin Qiao, and Chunfu Shao. "Relieving the Impact of Transit Signal Priority on Passenger Cars through a Bilevel Model." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7696094.
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Transit signal priority (TSP) is an effective control strategy to improve transit operations on the urban network. However, the TSP may sacrifice the right-of-way of vehicles from side streets which have only few transit vehicles; therefore, how to minimize the negative impact of TSP strategy on the side streets is an important issue to be addressed. Concerning the typical mixed-traffic flow pattern and heavy transit volume in China, a bilevel model is proposed in this paper: the upper-level model focused on minimizing the vehicle delay in the nonpriority direction while ensuring acceptable delay variation in transit priority direction, and the lower-level model aimed at minimizing the average passenger delay in the entire intersection. The parameters which will affect the efficiency of the bilevel model have been analyzed based on a hypothetical intersection. Finally, a real-world intersection has been studied, and the average vehicle delay in the nonpriority direction decreased 11.28 s and 22.54 s (under different delay variation constraint) compared to the models that only minimize average passenger delay, while the vehicle delay in the priority direction increased only 1.37 s and 2.87 s; the results proved the practical applicability and efficiency of the proposed bilevel model.
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Zhou, Guangwei, and Albert Gan. "Performance of Transit Signal Priority with Queue Jumper Lanes." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1925, no. 1 (2005): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105192500127.
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Queue jumper lanes are a special type of bus preferential treatment that allows buses to bypass a waiting queue through a right-turn bay and then cut out in front of the queue by getting an early green signal. The performance of queue jumper lanes is evaluated under different transit signal priority (TSP) strategies, traffic volumes, bus volumes, dwell times, and bus stop and detector locations. Four TSP strategies are considered: green extension, red truncation, phase skip, and phase insertion. It was found that queue jumper lanes without TSP were ineffective in reducing bus delay. Queue jumper lanes with TSP strategies that include a phase insertion were found to be more effective in reducing bus delay while also improving general vehicle operations than those strategies that do not include this treatment. Nearside bus stops upstream of check-in detectors were preferred for jumper TSP over farside bus stops and nearside bus stops downstream of check-in detectors. Through vehicles on the bus approach were found to have only a slight impact on bus delay when the volume-to-capacity (v/c) ratio was below 0.9. However, when v/c exceeded 0.9, bus delay increased quickly. Right-turn volumes were found to have an insignificant impact on average bus delay, and an optimal detector location that minimizes bus delay under local conditions was shown to exist.
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Duerr, Peter A. "Dynamic Right-of-Way for Transit Vehicles: Integrated Modeling Approach for Optimizing Signal Control on Mixed Traffic Arterials." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1731, no. 1 (2000): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1731-05.
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Public transit and general traffic on many urban arterials are controlled by the same set of signals and must compete for shared road space. In these situations, transit vehicles typically face considerable delays because their dwell times at transit stops remove them from the coordinated green wave for general traffic flow. Although existing control systems allow for local adjustments of signal timings to provide transit priority, these short-term actions often contradict the network control scheme and may preclude a priority scheme or significantly disrupt traffic flow. A new concept for a corridor control system is introduced—the dynamic right-of-way, which serves the demands of public transit and general traffic using an integrated model for evaluation and optimization. The control system is intended to ( a) reduce critical interferences between both modes of transport by dynamically controlling inflow and outflow for all network links, ( b) provide a green signal whenever a transit vehicle approaches an intersection, and ( c) minimize general traffic disruption by maintaining overall signal coordination. Through linking an event-based simulator with a genetic algorithm-based optimization routine, delay-minimizing multicycle signal control schemes are calculated. In offline experiments, the potential for achieving substantial reductions in delays is demonstrated. Finally, a method is presented by which these control schemes are implemented and adjusted dynamically, based on online measurements and a control modification function derived from a neural network model.
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Shu, Shijie, Jing Zhao, and Yin Han. "Signal Timing Optimization for Transit Priority at Near-Saturated Intersections." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2018 (July 11, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8502804.
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Transit signal priority is a useful way to improve transit operations in urban networks. Most of the existing studies have been conducted in conditions with low saturation to avoid the detrimental effects of vehicles without priority. However, from the public transit point of view, it is more meaningful to assign transit signal priority when the degree of the saturation intersections is high. This study proposes a signal control model for transit signal priority to minimize the overall delay at near-saturated intersection. The delay increment is calculated in three scenarios for buses and private vehicles according to the dissipation time of the vehicular queue. A set of constrains are set up to avoid queue overflows and to ensure the rationalization of the signal timing. The proposed control model is tested based on a case study and numerical experiments. The results show that the proposed model can reduce the total person delay at near-saturated intersections. The length of priority time, degree of saturation, and number of lanes are the three main influencing factors. More than 6% reductions in person delay can be obtained for undersaturated intersections when the priority time is less than 5 s. Moreover, even when the intersection saturation is 0.95, the bus signal priority can be applied if only the priority time is less than 5 s.
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Gao, Liu Yi, Xiao Jian Hu, Wei Wang, and Shan Shan Yu. "Development and Evaluation of a Green Wave Control Algorithm Based on Two-Way Bandwidth Maximization for Transit Signal Priority." Applied Mechanics and Materials 505-506 (January 2014): 1046–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.505-506.1046.
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A good traffic signal design is one of the key solutions to many transportation problems. A two-way green wave control strategy for transit signal priority is reviewed and evaluated in this paper. Considering the traffic tidal phenomenon along the arterial roads during rush hours, a directional transit signal priority algorithm depend on the passenger flow has been developed for the coordination in signalized intersections. The algorithm provides signal timing plans for each intersection and the optimal bus speed along each section based on two-way bandwidth maximization. The strategy was designed to provide sectional control on transits, using electric signs and existing traffic control devices. In this paper, the strategys efficiency was evaluated using VISSIM micro-simulation along an arterial road which contains five intersections and serves more than ten bus lines. Actual data was used in the simulation. The simulation results show that the presented algorithm can effectively improve the operation efficiency of the transit system. This green wave control strategy reduced the number of stops by 34 % to 47 % and travel delay time by 27 % to 30% of the transit, while restricting the impact on vehicular traffic to the minimum. Moreover, the number of stops and travel delay time of vehicular traffic actually got a slight decrease. The algorithm shows promising results, and with minor upgrades, it can be applied to any type of intersection.
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Li, Rui, Changjiang Zheng, and Wenquan Li. "Optimization Model of Transit Signal Priority Control for Intersection and Downstream Bus Stop." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9487190.
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Transit signal priority has a positive effect on improving traffic condition and level of transit service in the urban area. In this paper, a passenger-based transit signal priority (TSP) optimization model is formulated to optimize intersection signal phasing based on minimizing accessibility-based passenger delay at the intersection and increased waiting-delay at the downstream bus stop simultaneously. Genetic Algorithm is utilized to calculate passenger-based optimization model that is calibrated by evening rush hour actual traffic data (17:30–18:30, October 13th–October 15th, 2015) along Shuiximen Boulevard in Nanjing, China. The performance of the proposed optimization model in decreasing delay and improving system reliability is simulated and evaluated by VISSIM-based simulation platform, and the results illustrate that the proposed optimization model presents promising outcomes in decreasing accessibility-based passenger delay at intersection (average reduction of 12%) and passenger waiting-delay at downstream bus service stop (average reduction of 18%) compared with traditional vehicle-based TSP optimization method in rush hour.
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Ghanim, Mohammad S., Francois Dion, and Ghassan Abu-Lebdeh. "The impact of dwell time variability on transit signal priority performance." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 41, no. 2 (2014): 154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2012-0306.
Full textAbstract:
Transit signal priority (TSP) is an operational control strategy that provides preferential treatments for transit vehicles at signalized intersections. Many transit agencies are currently considering the implementation of priority systems providing buses with preferential treatments at signalized intersections. While studies have demonstrated potential bus delay reductions, none has attempted to identify the problems posed by variable dwell times at bus stops. This study identifies the impacts of variable dwell times on the efficiency of transit signal priority systems. Results also show that, in general, variable dwell times negatively affect the TSP performance. However, and contrary to expectations, a number of scenarios with variable dwell times resulted in lower average bus delays than scenarios with fixed dwell times. These results are attributed to changes in progression and bus arrival patterns under variable dwell times resulting in an increasing number of buses arriving close enough to benefit from preferential treatments.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Transit signal delay"
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Kamdar, Vaibhavi Killol. "Evaluating the Transit Signal Priority Impacts along the U.S. 1 Corridor in Northern Verginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30845.
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Heavy traffic volumes in peak hours accompanied by closely located signalized intersections and nearside bus stops on U.S. 1, result in congestion and traffic delays that bus transit may be able to alleviate to some extent. The capital investment and operating costs of other transit solutions such as â Bus Rapid Transitâ and â Heavy Rail Transitâ projects were found to be cost prohibitive compared to bus transit signal priority (TSP) options. Successful implementation of a limited TSP pilot project led local authorities to conclude that TSP should be extended to the full length of the Fairfax Connector bus routes on U.S. 1.
This research focused on testing the impacts of a ten second green extension priority strategy for all the northbound transit buses in the morning peak period at twenty-six signalized intersections along U.S. 1. A micro simulation model VISSIM 3.7 was used to analyze the impacts of TSP.
The simulation analysis indicates that the Fairfax Connector buses might benefit from the
green extension strategy. Overall, improvements of up to 4% for transit travel time savings and 5-13% reduction in control delay for transit vehicles were observed. Considering all side street traffic, the total increase in maximum queue length might be up to 1.23%.
Future research possibilities proposed include the evaluation of different priority strategies such as an early green, red truncation and queue jumps. Impacts of using a dedicated lane for transit buses along with TSP can also be evaluated. Conditional transit signal priority may also include bus occupancy levels and bus latenesses.<br>Master of Science
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ODHIAMBO, EVANS OTIENO. "Evaluation of Signal Optimization Software : Comparison of Optimal Signal Pans from TRANSYT and LinSig – A Case Study." Thesis, KTH, Transportplanering, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-259541.
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The design of traffic signal control plan is directly related to the level of traffic congestion experienced both at the junction level and the network particularly in urban areas. Ensuring signals are well designed is one of the most cost-effective ways of tackling urban congestion problems. Signal time plans are designed with the help of signal optimization models. Optimization can either be done for multiple or single objectives and is formulated as a problem of finding the appropriate cycle lengths, green splits, and offsets. Some of these objective functions include; better mobility, efficient energy use, and environmental sustainability. LinSig and TRANSYT are two of the most widely used traffic signal optimization tools in Sweden. Each of them has an inbuilt optimization function which differs from the other. LinSig optimizes based on delay or maximum reserve capacity while TRANSYT optimization is based on performance index (P.I) involving delay, progression, stops and fuel consumption.This thesis compared these optimization models through theoretical review and application to a case study in Norrköping. The theoretical review showed that both TRANSYT and LinSig have objective functions based on delay and its derivatives. The review also showed that these models suffer from the inability to accurately model block back as they are based on the assumption of vertical queuing of traffic at the stop line. Apart from these similarities, these two models also have significant variations with respect to modeling short congested sections of the network as well as modeling mixed traffic including different vehicle classes, pedestrians, and cyclists.From the case study, TRANSYT showed longer cycle time compared to LinSig in both scenarios as its optimization objectives include both delay and stops while LinSig accounts for only delay. The Allocation of phase green splits and individual junction delay was comparable for undersaturated junctions while congested network sections had significant differences. Total network delay was, however, less in LinSig compared to TRANSYT. This could be attributed to different modeling criteria for mixed traffic and congested network in addition to the fact that cyclists were not modeled in TRANSYT. VISSIM simulation of the two-signal time plans showed that network delay and queue lengths from TRANSYT signal timings are much less compared to LinSig time plans. A strong indication of better signal coordination.
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Wanfang, Zhang. "THE TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEX MEASURING SYSTEM FOR SINGLE-TRANSIENT SIGNALS." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/608868.
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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1993 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada<br>In order to reduce the measuring channels for the single-transient signals, the author
propose the time division multiplex technique and introduce the method of SAW delay
line in this paper.
That used method of SAW tap-delay line in this system is different from previous
methods consists in making traditional method, which is one-path signal input
different delayed multi- path signals output, alter new method, which is simultaneous
multi-path signal inputs that are respectively delayed and one-path signal serial output.
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Bromfield, Stephanie Antoinette. "Operational and safety effects of signage and lighting configurations for public transit buses in Florida." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002062.
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Fkadu, Kebede Aregay. "Evaluation of Adaptive Traffic Signal Control Using Traffic Simulation : A case study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Thesis, KTH, Transportplanering, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-277842.
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One of the most significant urban transport problems is traffic congestion. All major cities both in developed and developing countries are facing the problem due to increasing travel demand caused by increasing urbanization and the attendant economic and population growth. Recognizing the growing burden of traffic congestion, community leaders and transportation planners in Addis Ababa are still actively promoting large-scale road constructions to alleviate traffic congestion. Although Intelligent Transportation Systems(ITS) applications seem to have the potential to improve signalization performance, highly congested intersections in Addis Ababa are still controlled by a timed signal and manual operation. Moreover, these pre-timed signal controls are functioning sub-optimally as they are not being regularly monitored and updated to cope with varying traffic demands. Even though the benefits are well known theoretically, at the time of writing of this thesis, Adaptive Traffic Signal Controllers (ATSC) haven’t been deployed in Ethiopia and no research has been conducted to demonstrate and quantify their effectiveness. This master’s research thesis, therefore, intends to fill the identified gap, by undertaking a microscopic traffic simulation investigation, to evaluate the benefits of adopting a Traffic-responsive Urban Control (TUC) strategy and optimizing traffic signal timings. For the purpose of this study, an oversaturated three-intersection test corridor located in the heart of Addis Ababa city is modeled in VISSIM using real-world traffic data. After validating the calibrated model, the corridor was evaluated with the existing pre-timed, TRANSYT optimized pre-timed plan and TUC strategy. Multiple simulation runs were then made for each scenario alternatives and various measures of effectiveness were considered in the evaluation process. Simulation evaluation has demonstrated an average delay reduction of 24.17% when the existing pre-timed alternative is compared to TRANSYT optimized plan and 35% when compared to the TUC strategy. Overall evaluation results indicate that deploying the TUC strategy and optimizing the aging pre-timed signal plans exhibits a significant flow improvement. It is expected that the result of the thesis work will be an input for future comprehensive policy development processes.
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Afifi, Mohammed Ahmed Melegy Mohammed. "TCP FTAT (Fast Transmit Adaptive Transmission): A New End-To- End Congestion Control Algorithm." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1414689425.
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Hunter, Brandon. "Channel Probing for an Indoor Wireless Communications Channel." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2003. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/64.
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The statistics of the amplitude, time and angle of arrival of multipaths in an indoor environment are all necessary components of multipath models used to simulate the performance of spatial diversity in receive antenna configurations. The model presented by Saleh and Valenzuela, was added to by Spencer et. al., and included all three of these parameters for a 7 GHz channel. A system was built to measure these multipath parameters at 2.4 GHz for multiple locations in an indoor environment. Another system was built to measure the angle of transmission for a 6 GHz channel. The addition of this parameter allows spatial diversity at the transmitter along with the receiver to be simulated. The process of going from raw measurement data to discrete arrivals and then to clustered arrivals is analyzed. Many possible errors associated with discrete arrival processing are discussed along with possible solutions. Four clustering methods are compared and their relative strengths and weaknesses are pointed out. The effects that errors in the clustering process have on parameter estimation and model performance are also simulated.
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Yang, Fei. "Estimating Bus Delay at Signalized Intersections from Archived AVL/APC Data." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/6600.
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The travel times of public transit systems that operate on mixed use right-of-ways are often dictated by the delays experienced at signalized intersections. When these delays become large and/or highly variable, transit quality degrades and agency operating costs increase. A number of transit priority measures can be applied, including transit signal priority or queue jump lanes. However, it is necessary that a process of prioritizing intersections for priority treatment be conducted so as to ensure the greatest return on investment is achieved.
This thesis proposes and demonstrates a methodology to determine the distribution of stopped delays experienced by transit vehicles at signalized intersections using archived AVL (automated vehicle location) and APC (automated passenger counting) data. This methodology is calibrated and validated using queue length and bus unscheduled stopped delay data measured at a field site. Results show the proposed methodology is of sufficient accuracy to be used in practice for prioritizing signalized intersections for priority treatment. On the condition that a sample of the transit vehicle fleet is equipped with an AVL/APC system, the proposed methodology can be automatically implemented using the archived AVL/APC data and therefore avoid the need to conduct dedicated data collection surveys.
The proposed methodology can provide estimates of (1) the maximum extent of the queue; and (2) measures of the distribution of stopped delays experienced by transit vehicles (e.g. mean, standard deviation, 90th percentile, etc.) caused by the downstream traffic signal. These measures can be produced separately for different analysis periods (e.g. different times of the day; days of the week; and time of the year) and can be compiled separately for different transit routes. These outputs can then be used to identify and prioritize signalized intersections as candidates for transit signal priority measures.
The proposed method is suitable for application to most transit AVL/APC databases and is demonstrated using data from Grand River Transit, the public transit service provider in the Region of Waterloo, Ontario Canada.
Books on the topic "Transit signal delay"
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Wright, A. G. Signal-induced background. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0011.
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Signal-induced background has a time dependence that distinguishes it from the sources discussed in Chapter 6. These events refer to a progression in which a signal generates a subsequent one, correlated in time to the initial detection. The timescale for correlated background ranges from nanoseconds to days. The earliest signal is a prepulse generated by a photon incident on d1. Late pulses relate to the k-to-d1, and k-to-anode transit time. The next category, the afterpulses, spans ~100 ns to 10 μs, with a peaked time distribution. There is a long-lived source of photons, extending to days and caused by exposure of a photomultiplier to bright light or to nuclear radiation. Afterpulses contribute to the slope of a photon-counting plateau characteristic, distort fluorescent decay, and pulse shape discrimination measurements. They also affect resolution, and processes of a statistical nature.
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Wendling, Fabrice, Marco Congendo, and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. EEG Analysis. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0044.
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This chapter addresses the analysis and quantification of electroencephalographic (EEG) and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) signals. Topics include characteristics of these signals and practical issues such as sampling, filtering, and artifact rejection. Basic concepts of analysis in time and frequency domains are presented, with attention to non-stationary signals focusing on time-frequency signal decomposition, analytic signal and Hilbert transform, wavelet transform, matching pursuit, blind source separation and independent component analysis, canonical correlation analysis, and empirical model decomposition. The behavior of these methods in denoising EEG signals is illustrated. Concepts of functional and effective connectivity are developed with emphasis on methods to estimate causality and phase and time delays using linear and nonlinear methods. Attention is given to Granger causality and methods inspired by this concept. A concrete example is provided to show how information processing methods can be combined in the detection and classification of transient events in EEG/MEG signals.
Book chapters on the topic "Transit signal delay"
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Chuang, Kai-Hsiang, Frank Kober, and Min-Chi Ku. "Quantitative Analysis of Renal Perfusion by Arterial Spin Labeling." In Methods in Molecular Biology. Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0978-1_39.
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AbstractThe signal intensity differences measured by an arterial-spin-labelling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) experiment are proportional to the local perfusion, which can be quantified with kinetic modeling. Here we present a step-by-step tutorial for the data post-processing needed to calculate an ASL perfusion map. The process of developing an analysis software is described with the essential program code, which involves nonlinear fitting a tracer kinetic model to the ASL data. Key parameters for the quantification are the arterial transit time (ATT), which is the time the labeled blood takes to flow from the labeling area to the tissue, and the tissue T1. As ATT varies with vasculature, physiology, anesthesia and pathology, it is recommended to measure it using multiple delay times. The tutorial explains how to analyze ASL data with multiple delay times and a T1 map for quantification.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This analysis protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and experimental procedure.
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Dong, Lun, Athina P. Petropulu, and H. Vincent Poor. "Cross-Layer Cooperative Beamforming for Wireless Networks." In Cooperative Communications for Improved Wireless Network Transmission. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-665-5.ch007.
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Cooperative beamforming (CB) is a signal transmission technique that enables long-range communications in an energy efficient manner. CB relies on cooperation from a set of distributed network nodes, each carrying a single transmit antenna and acting as elements of a virtual antenna array. By appropriately weighting their transmissions, the cooperating nodes form one or more beams to cooperatively transmit one or more message signals to the desired destinations. In this chapter, a cross-layer framework is presented that brings the CB ideas closer to implementation in a wireless network setting. The process of sharing among the network nodes the information to be beamed is studied and evaluated in terms of its effect on the spectral efficiency of the overall system. Optimal or suboptimal beamforming weights are designed, and queuing analysis is provided to study delay characteristics of source messages.
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Pillai, Manu J., and M. P. Sebastian. "Improving Energy Efficiency and Throughput in Heterogeneous Mobile Ad Hoc Networks." In Innovations in Mobile Multimedia Communications and Applications. IGI Global, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-563-6.ch003.
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The nodes are expected to transmit at different power levels in heterogeneous mobile adhoc networks, thus leading to communication links of different length. Conventional MAC protocols that unconditionally presume that links are bi-directional and with unvarying energy distribution may not succeed or execute badly under such circumstances. Interference and signal loss resulting out of distance and fading diminish the entire throughput attained in heterogeneous networks to a greater extent. This article presents a MAC protocol, which adaptively transmits data frames using either the energy efficient nodes or a list of high data rate assistant nodes. In addition, a cross-layer based energy level on-demand routing protocol that adaptively regulates the transmission rate on basis of congestion is projected as well. Simulation results illustrate that the proposed protocols considerably diminish energy consumption and delay, and attain high throughput in contrast with the Hybrid MAC and traditional IEEE 802.11 protocols
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Hanson, Robin. "Assumptions." In The Age of Em. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754626.003.0009.
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The concept of whole brain emulation has been widely discussed in futurism ( Martin 1971 ; Moravec 1988 ; Hanson 1994b , 2008b ; Shulman 2010 ; Alstott 2013 ; Eth et al. 2013 ; Bostrom 2014 ) and in science fiction ( Clarke 1956 ; Egan 1994 ; Brin 2002 ; Vinge 2003 ; Stross 2006 ) for many decades. Sometimes emulations are called “uploads.” Let me now try to be clearer about the technological assumptions whose consequences I seek to explore. When I refer to a “brain” here, I refer not just to neurons in a head, but also to other supporting cells in the head, and to neurons and key closely connected systems elsewhere in the human body, such as the systems that manage hormones. Using that terminology, I assume, following a wellestablished consensus in the cognitive and brain sciences, that “the mind is just the brain” ( Bermúdez 2010 ). That is, what the brain fundamentally does is to take input signals from eyes, ears, skin, etc., and after a short delay produces both internal state changes and output signals to control muscles, hormone levels, and other body changes. The brain does not just happen to transform input signals into state changes and output signals; this transformation is the primary function of the brain, both to us and to the evolutionary processes that designed brains. The brain is designed to make this signal processing robust and efficient. Because of this, we expect the physical variables (technically, “degrees of freedom”) within the brain that encode signals and signal-relevant states, which transform these signals and states, and which transmit them elsewhere, to be overall rather physically isolated and disconnected from the other far more numerous unrelated physical degrees of freedom and processes in the brain. That is, changes in other aspects of the brain only rarely influence key brain parts that encode mental states and signals. We have seen this disconnection in ears and eyes, and it has allowed us to create useful artificial ears and eyes, which allow the once-deaf to hear and the once-blind to see. We expect the same to apply to artificial brains more generally. In addition, it appears that most brain signals are of the form of neuron spikes, which are especially identifiable and disconnected from other physical variables.
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Axelrod, Felicia B. "Familial Dysautonomia." In Cognitive and Behavioral Abnormalities of Pediatric Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195342680.003.0055.
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Familial dysautonomia (FD, Riley-Day syndrome, hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type III) can be considered a genetic model for understanding how perturbations in the autonomic nervous system and the sensory system can compromise cognition and alter behavior. Even in the original description of FD, the psychological and behavioral aspects of the disorder were attributed to central autonomic dysfunction (Riley et al. 1949). Five children with “central autonomic dysfunction with defective lacrimation” were described as exhibiting “undue reaction to mild anxiety” associated with physical manifestations of excessive sweating and salivation, red blotching of the skin, and transient but marked arterial hypertension. In addition, all the children had “constantly diminished production of tears.” Thus, from its earliest description it was appreciated that FD represented a disorder in which central, as well as peripheral, disturbance of autonomic function was associated with changes in behavior. Familial dysautonomias’ impact on cognitive functioning, however, was not immediately apparent. Although intelligence has been reported to be generally within the normal range (Welton et al. 1979), many patients exhibit delays in social, emotional, and/or cognitive domains, which for some patients is quite extreme. As survival has improved for the FD population (Axelrod et al. 2002), an adult FD population has evolved and progressive degeneration has been appreciated both clinically (Axelrod et al. 1981) and neuropathologically (Pearson, Axelrod, and Dancis 1974). In addition, the progressive nature of the disorder appears to include neuropsychological issues as patients report difficulty concentrating (Welton et al. 1979), depression, anxiety, and even phobias (Clayson, Welton, and Axelrod 1980). Thus, in FD the autonomic and sensory nervous systems appear to play a role in the development of normal cognition and behavior, as well as in sustaining homeostasis of these functions. Familial dysautonomia is a recessive disorder caused by IKBKAP gene mutations with a carrier rate as high as one in 27 in the Ashkenazi Jewish population (Anderson et al. 2001; Slaugenhaupt et al. 2001). Prior to identification of the gene in 2001, diagnosis was based on clinical criteria utilizing the ethnic bias for this disorder, as well as on a constellation of signs attributed to sensory and autonomic dysfunctions (Axelrod 2004; Axelrod 2007).
Conference papers on the topic "Transit signal delay"
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Yan, Zheng, and Enjian Yao. "Transit Signal Priority Control for Emission and Average Delay." In 19th COTA International Conference of Transportation Professionals. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482292.239.
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Qiao, Wenxin, Yujie Sun, and Ding Wang. "Towards Sustainable Transport: A Transit Signal Priority Model Based on Emission and Delay Reduction." In 17th COTA International Conference of Transportation Professionals. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480915.343.
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Mohammadi, Roozbeh, Claudio Roncoli, and Milos N. Mladenovic. "Transit signal priority in a connected vehicle environment: User throughput and schedule delay optimization approach." In 2020 Forum on Integrated and Sustainable Transportation Systems (FISTS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fists46898.2020.9264898.
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Tveit, Gisle B., Lars E. Bakken, and Tor Bjo̸rge. "Compressor Transient Behaviour." In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-53700.
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An important issue related to compressor and driver integration is the behaviour during driver trip. Field tests at Troll Kollsnes gas treatment plant have shown that under a short power outage and within certain operating scenarios, the compressor enters the surge- and rotating stall area. These problems lead to a reduced flexibility in the operation of the pipeline compressors. The 40 MW variable speed electric motor driven compressors have therefore been subjected to dynamic simulation analyses to reveal the transient response. Dynamic simulations based on earlier trip tests have been performed so as to understand what parameters affect the severity and duration of a surge under power outage. An elaborate plant model has been created with the dynamic simulation tool OTISS™ by AspenTech and tuned to represent the plant. The model is validated against actual plant tests and operating data. The paper reports experience from analyses of the compressor and driver behaviour during run down. It is based on earlier tests and dynamic simulations performed for the Troll Kollsnes gas treatment plant. The main objective has been to study the compressor system sensitivity related to variation in polar inertia, driver power decay and trip signal delay on the transient rundown behaviour.
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Maas, Ju¨rgen, and Dirk Gu¨th. "Experimental Investigation of the Transient Behavior of MR Fluids." In ASME 2011 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2011-5240.
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The transient behavior of MRF actuators is an important property for certain applications that is mainly affected by three delays, occurring from the dynamic properties of the coil current, the magnetic field and the torque generation by the MRF. In order to investigate the transient behavior of the generated torque with respect to the magnetic field, which is mainly affected by the motion of the MR particles in the carrier fluid, the mentioned response time of the electrical and magnetic domains must be in an appropriated ratio in comparison to the MRF response time to obtain reliable results by experiments. Therefore a special disc-type test actuator with outstanding dynamics is designed that minimizes the delays by the use of an ultrafast current control and a magnetic core made of soft ferrite material for preventing the effects of eddy currents. For the experimental investigation of the transient behavior of MR fluids, the small signal as well as the large signal behavior is analyzed for different test signals and load conditions of the actuator. Various results of the investigated transient behavior are shown finally for two different MR fluids featuring response times of about 1 ms for the fluid itself and switching times of about 4 ms for the MRF actuator.
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McCarthy, Daniel J., and Richard H. Lyon. "Recovering the Timing of Impulsive Forces From Noisy Vibration Transients." In ASME 1995 Design Engineering Technical Conferences collocated with the ASME 1995 15th International Computers in Engineering Conference and the ASME 1995 9th Annual Engineering Database Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1995-0386.
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Abstract A transient vibration signal can be processed to extract information about impulsive forces within a machine, by removing the effects of dispersion and reverberation. These source waveform signatures, like the timing and strength of valve impact forces within a reciprocating air compressor, can then be used to diagnose machine faults. Stable and causal inverse filters are guaranteed through the use of minimum-phase processing. Unfortunately, the timing of the impulsive source waveform is lost in this manner. A technique to accurately recover the timing is highly desirable. The time of occurrence of the force input can be robustly obtained from the frequency-averaged group delays of the transfer function and vibration response once the nonminimum-phase behavior of the signals, except that due to pure delay, has been removed. This is best done with the allpass components of the signals because, in addition to the nonminimum-phase inherently present in a structure due to reverberation, additional nonminimum-phase zeros can be artificially introduced by data truncation. Since only the phase is of interest, the nonminimum-phase behavior can be removed by electronically damping the signals with exponential windows, effectively de-reverberating them. In some instances the timing of the impulsive source events that we aim to recover will change as faults develop; also, in any machine there will be some normal random variation in the timing of internal events like valve impacts. The correct timing can be determined in the presence of this inherent variability through the use of a sliding exponential window and statistical curve fitting.
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Lenz, Andreas, Manuel S. Stein, and A. Lee Swindlehurst. "Analog transmit signal optimization for undersampled delay-Doppler estimation." In 2017 25th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/eusipco.2017.8081399.
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Haber, Rodolfo E., Rodolfo Haber-Haber, Angel Escribano, and Javier Escribano. "Networked Fuzzy Control System for a High-Performance Drilling Process." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34538.
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In order to improve drilling efficiency while preserving tool life, the current study focuses on the design and implementation of a simple, optimal fuzzy-control system for drilling force. The main topic of this study is the design and implementation of a networked fuzzy controller. The control system consists of a two-input (force error and change of error), single-output (feed-rate increment) fuzzy controller. The control algorithm is connected to the process through a multipoint interface (MPI) bus. The output (i.e., feed-rate) signal is transmitted through the MPI; therefore, network-induced delay is unavoidable. The optimal tuning of the fuzzy controller using a maximum known delay is based on the integral time absolute error (ITAE) criterion. The main advantage of the approach presented herein is the design of a simple fuzzy controller using a known maximum allowable delay to deal with uncertainties and nonlinearities in the drilling process and delays in the network-based application. The results demonstrate that the proposed control strategy provides an excellent transient response without overshoot and a slightly higher drilling time than the CNC working alone (uncontrolled). Therefore, the fuzzy-control system reduces the influence of the increase in cutting force and torque that occurs as the drill depth increases, thus eliminating the risk of rapid drill wear and catastrophic drill breakage.
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Mousnier, M., G. Bascoul, T. Lombardi, et al. "Thermal Transient Phenomenon Analysis for Design Debug." In ISTFA 2018. ASM International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2018p0368.
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Abstract Thermal issues management is a daily design challenge for teams working with analog mixed-signal technologies such as “SmartMOS”, with the integration of analog circuitry, high power density devices and logic control. A case study based on an NXP new product introduction will illustrate the use of Thermography as a complementary technique to standard Design debug activities, leading to the demonstration of a thermal crosstalk phenomenon in the analyzed analog mixed signal device. Based on InfraRed Thermography principle and specific Trigger Delay and Thermal Mapping modes, a transient thermal event was fully characterized, in addition to more common techniques such as Design and Layout study, electrical characterization, simulation, Microprobing, and Thermal Laser Stimulation. The added value of the thermography, as well as the limitations of the technique, will be discussed in that paper.
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Haber, Rodolfo E., Rodolfo Haber-Haber, Angel Alique, and Agusti´n Jime´nez. "Fuzzy Logic Based Drilling Force Control in a Network-Based Application." In ASME 2007 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2007-31039.
Full textAbstract:
In order to improve efficiency of high-performance drilling processes while preserving tool life, the current study focuses on the design and implementation of an optimal fuzzy-control system for drilling force. The main topic of this study is the design and implementation of a networked fuzzy controller. The control algorithm is connected to the process through a multipoint interface (MPI) bus, a proprietary programming and communication interface for peer-to-peer networking that resembles the PROFIBUS protocol. The output (i.e., feed-rate) signal is transmitted through the MPI; therefore, network-induced delay is unavoidable. The optimal tuning of the fuzzy controller using a maximum known delay is based on the integral time absolute error (ITAE) criterion. In this study, a step in the force reference signal is considered a disturbance, and the goal is to assess how well the system follows set-point changes using the ITAE criterion. The main advantage of the approach presented herein is the design of an optimal fuzzy controller using a known maximum allowable delay to deal with uncertainties and nonlinearities in the drilling process and delays in the network-based application. In order to suppress the cutting-force increase, the feed rate is decreased gradually as the drilling depth increases, and the cutting force is quite well regulated at the given setpoint. The good transient response is verified by improvements in the integral time absolute error (11.77), integral time square error (2.912) and integral of absolute error (12.81) performance indices. Moreover, the experimental results without oscillations and overshoot corroborate that increases and fluctuations in force drilling can be suppressed despite an increase in drilling depth. Thus, the drilling process can be stabilized and the risk of drill failure can be greatly reduced through a fuzzy-control system.