Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Transition naturelle'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Transition naturelle.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Oteski, Ludomir. "Transition vers le chaos en convection naturelle confinée : descriptions lagrangienne et eulérienne." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112084/document.
Full textThis thesis is about the numerical study of an air flow inside a two dimensionally heated cavity. The aspect ratio height/width is set to two. Boundary conditions on horizontal walls are taken as adiabatic. In this case, the base flow consists of a recirculation around the stratified core of the cavity and of boundary layers along the vertical walls. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved using a spectral direct numerical simulation code under the Boussinesq assumption coupled with a particle tracking scheme based on interpolation. The Rayleigh number, based on the temperature difference is chosen as the control parameter of the system. The transition to chaos in this flow is considered both from the Eulerian and Lagrangian point of view.The Lagrangian point of view considers the mixing of point-wise non-diffusive passive tracers. The study is based on the identification of invariant objects: fixed points, periodic orbits and their stable/unstable manifolds,homoclinic and heteroclinic connections, toroidal trajectories.The mixing of tracers is partial when the flow undergoes the first Hopf bifurcation. The complete mixing of tracers results from a compromise between Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser's tori, which act as barriers to mixing, and homoclinic/heteroclinic tangles which are responsible for the mixing.The statistical study of return times and the homogenisation rate shows regionswhere the dynamics is non-hyperbolic. When the Rayleigh number is increased, mixing is increasingly complete before the flow becomes quasi-periodic in time.The Eulerian description considers the transition to chaos via the numerical identification of attractors and their associated bifurcations when the Rayleigh number is varied. Two main routes are found depending on the symmetries associated with the first two Hopf bifurcations of the system. A total of thirty three different regimes are identified from steady to hyperchaotic, among which two- and three-frequency tori as well as intermittent dynamics. Both quantitative and qualitative bifurcation diagrams are suggested for the system
Davoust, Laurent. "Convection naturelle MHD dans une cavité horizontale élancée." Grenoble INPG, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPG0139.
Full textWallot, Louis Philippe. "Approche numérique bidimensionnelle de la convection naturelle dans une enceinte fermée : transition vers le chaos par quasi-périodicité." Perpignan, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PERP0698.
Full textThe author numerically explores the road towards chaos by two-dimensional non stationary natural convection developing in a closed enclosure containing of the air, of square cross-section. The cavity is tilted of an angle of 15° have regard to the plane horizontal and heated by two opposite sides. This study showed that the system forwards towards chaos via three supercritical bifurcation of Hopf. By increase in the number of Rayleigh, the point limit attractor is destabilized and yields the place to an attractor cycle limit which, in its turn, loses its linear stability with the profit of an attractor torus T2. A phenomenon of fixing of frequency, rather fugacious, brings back this torus to an attractor cycle limit. This cycle is destabilized, again, thus giving rise to an attractor torus T2. It occurs a second phenomenon of fixing of frequency to the insue of which the dynamic evolution of the system becomes chaotic
Le, Quéré Patrick. "Etude de la transition à l'instationnarité des écoulements de convection naturelle en cavité verticale différentiellement chauffée par méthodes spectrales Chebyshev." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376073048.
Full textLe, Quéré Patrick. "Etude de la transition à l'instationnarité des écoulements de convection naturelle en cavité verticale différentiellement chauffée par méthodes spectrales chebyshev." Poitiers, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987POIT2003.
Full textBégou, Guillaume. "Prévision de la transition laminaire-turbulent dans le code elsA par la méthode des paraboles." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ESAE0002/document.
Full textA simplified laminar-turbulent transition prediction method (the so-called parabolas method) is recast into a RANS compatible formulation.The parabolas method is a database approach that gives an estimation of the growth rates of modal perturbations growing in the boundary layer.These perturbations rise through a process called receptivity and undergo a linear modal growth, followed by non-linear interactions that lead to a breakdown to transition. The N-factor (or e-to-N) method predicts the transition location under the assumption that transition occurs when the total linear growth of a mode reaches a prescribed threshold. This total growth is obtained via an integration of a mode's growth rate along the boundary-layer edge streamline. This classical integral formulation is not suitable in a RANS context and is therefore recast into a set of transport equations whose source terms depend on the growth rates given by the parabolas method.The resulting model (N-sigma-P or NSP) predicts if a given point in the flow field is up- or downstream of the transition location. It has been validated for cases where transition was triggered by longitudinal (Tollmien-Schlichting) and crossflow modes
Maréchal, Chloé. "Géochimie des isotopes du cuivre et du zinc : Méthode, variabilité naturelle et application océanographique." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10178.
Full textMbakidi-Ngouaby, Henri. "Métabolites de Pseudotsuga menziesii : approche métabolomique et rôle dans la résistance." Thesis, Limoges, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0056/document.
Full textFor the identification and access to secondary metabolites of Douglas-fir, the optimization of the extraction conditions was carried out in different solvents. The identification of compounds by LC-MS / MS was favored. LC-ESI-MS / MS analysis of thewood extracts from the three zones was carried out to identify the different groups of metabolites present in each zone. About fifty metabolites have been identified. The most representative groups of metabolites are polyphenols and terpenes, which are said to have antioxidant, antifungal properties that are at origin of the natural durability of wood. In a second step, the relative quantification of metabolites of interest was carried out using wood samples taken during the 4 seasons of the year. The results showed that duramen was the richest metabolite area in any season. However, the amount of each metabolite varies differently depending on the season. For a majority of quantified compounds, spring and summer are the seasons in which wood accumulates a large amount of metabolites. These results confirm that the duramen is the area richest in protective metabolites. This information can be useful for selecting the most resistant lines and improving the natural durability of wood
Skouta, Rachid. "Approche numérique bidimensionnelle de la transition vers le chaos par convection naturelle instationnaire dans une enceinte fermée, de section carrée, inclinée eu égard au plan horizontal et chaufféepar deux côtés opposés : influence de l'angle d'inclinaison." Perpignan, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PERP0477.
Full textAuthors solve numerically, using an implicit centred finite difference method and Boussinesq equations to gouvern dimensional unsteady natural convection in square cross-sectioned closed cavity limited with two opposite cold walls while the two other walls are hot and isothermal. Several vaules of tilt angle are considered. Authors shows if the enclosure elements of symmetry are considered, it is sufficient to solve the Boussinesq equations for tilt angles inclued in the interval [0°, 45°]. We observed that the unstable system correspond to the 0° and 45° tilt angles ; 30° angles which also correspond to minimum of stability surrounded by two maximum values (15° and 35°). For 45° tilt angle, the transition towards chaos takes place through a subharmonic cascade and a tangent bifurcation associated with intermittency phenomena, while 30° tilt angle the transition to chaos seems to be carried out by quasi-periodicity and a tangent bifurcation associated with intermittency phenomena. For symmetrical tilt angle in relation to the horizontal plane, heated from two opposite sides, numerical calculations reveal small differences between various critical Rayleigh numbers characterizing the changes of the attractor behaviour. These deviations could result from our assumption, contestable when the attractor is non stationary, according to which the transfer phenomena are two-dimensional
Skouta, Abdelaziz. "Etude numérique de la transition vers le chaos par convection naturelle instationnaire bidimensionnelle dans une enceinte allongée, de grand axe horizontal et de section carrée, inclinée eu égard au plan horizontal et chauffée par deux côtés opposés." Perpignan, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PERP0388.
Full textUsing finite-differences discretization procedures, authors explore numerically, the route to chaos followed by the system when the Rayleigh number Ra increases. They show that the larger the Rayleigh number is, the more sensitive the attractor becomes to time steps and mesh grids
Patin, Etienne. "Influences du mode de vie sur la diversité génétique des populations humaines." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066214.
Full textNoeppel, Anne. "Modélisation numérique de la solidification des alliages métalliques binaires." Grenoble INPG, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPG0177.
Full textThe binary alloys obtained by solidification must satisfy requirements for quality, which supposes to control the solidification process. This control is however imperfect because of physical mechanism such as the segregations and the columnar-to-equiaxed transition (CET). Numerical simulations are necessary to understand such phenomena. A multiphase macroscopic model was used to quantify the influence of forced and natural convection on segregations. Then the model was developed in the case of purely equiaxed structures. Finally, simulations of 1D CET were carried out. A comparison with experimental results made it possible to carry out a validation of the model and to apply it to the experiments of the Impress project. A development 2D of the CET is also proposed
Oukouiss, Abdelkarim. "Phase transitions in ferromagnetic fluids." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211920.
Full textStandaert, Alain R. "Synthèse de ligands nouveaux pour les métaux de transition." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213216.
Full textArid, Ahmed. "Etude de l’évolution du front de fusion dans une cuve de stockage contenant un coulis de glace." Pau, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PAUU3037.
Full textThis work concerns the thermal evolution of an ice slurry (mixture of ice particles within an aqueous solution) inside a storage tank. The ice slurry is used for the transport of energy by latent heat. Depending on the imposed external temperature, the ice slurry will melt creating a slurry-liquid interface and a natural convection inside the liquid phase. Our work consisted of modeling the ice slurry melting in a 2D cartesian cavity heated from below or laterally. The characteristic equations of the phenomenon are nonlinear, so we have implemented numerical methods. A natural convection occurs inside the liquid (Rayleigh-Bénard cellular convection). In the “solid phase”, temperature gradients appear due to the gradual melting of ice in the presence of the solution, according to the phase diagram. The presented results concern the temperature fields, velocity fields in the liquid, the ice fraction and the position of the interface. The case of ice slurry in the presence of pure water was also examined
Xu, Hòng. "Liquid-solid phase transition of pure systems and mixtures from density functional theory." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213247.
Full textBrodkorb, André. "A study of optically pure transition metal complexes and their interaction with DNA." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211622.
Full textGarcia, Abeledo Maria-Leonor. "Synthèse de ligands formant des complexes peu solubles avec les métaux de transition." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213337.
Full textCondé, Philippe. "Les effets pervers d'une forte dotation en ressources naturelles sur le processus de transition en Russie." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010001.
Full textHamzaoui, Idir. "Effet de la convection naturelle et forcée lors des transitions de phases : Application à la croissance cristalline." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI132.
Full textThis work concerns the influence of natural convection during solid-liquid phase change. The geometrical configuration considered throughout this study was chosen to correspond to the crucible of the 'Afrodite' benchmark experiment. Various numerical models (3D, 2D and 2D1/2) have been proposed to study cases of natural convection, pure materials's solid-liquid phase change and solidification of metallic alloys involving segregation phenomena. The classical 2D models, which do not take into account the viscous dissipation induced by the side walls of the crucible, are shown to be unable to predict reliable results. The proposed 2D1/2 models are obtained by averaging momentum, energy and heat conservation equations along the short transverse direction, assuming adjustable transverse velocity profiles depending on a parameter δ. A validity domain where these models are applicable is rigorously defined in terms of ranges of variation of the control parameters. An empirical expression is also proposed for the optimal δ values, for which the 2D1/2 models can accurately replace the 3D models for both natural convection problems (flow intensity and temperature fields) and pure materials solid-liquid phase change cases (form and evolution of the liquid solid-liquid front). The multi-domain approach, used for pure materials solid-liquid phase change cases, and the enthalpy approach coupled with a segregation model, used for binary metallic alloys solidification cases, are detailed. A comparison between the numerical results, obtained with the 2D1/2 model, and the experimental results, obtained with the 'Afrodite' benchmark, for the solidification of both pure tin and tin-lead ingots, is carried out. Special care has been devoted to the definition of the boundary conditions that are representative of the experiments. A good agreement is finally found between the numerical and experimental results
Delandtsheer, Anne. "Classifications of finite highy transitive dimensional linear spaces." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213075.
Full textEtoc, Ariane. "Synthèse de complexes de métaux de transition optiquement purs et étude photophysique en présence d'ADN." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211307.
Full textGagnon, Pierre-Luc, and Pierre-Luc Gagnon. "La transition institutionnelle vers la durabilité dans la gestion étatique des ressources naturelles au Canada : le cas du Québec." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23667.
Full textLa croissance économique s’est appuyée, depuis l’ère industrielle, sur un fort apport en ressources naturelles. Si la plupart des pays industrialisés opèrent désormais dans une économie davantage axée sur la technologie et les services, il n’en demeure pas moins que le milieu naturel demeure soumis à un ensemble de pressions provenant du commerce des ressources naturelles, de la pollution, de la croissance de la population humaine, de la désintégration des grands écosystèmes ainsi que de la précarisation de la biodiversité. La montée en puissance de groupes environnementaux et le soutien public que ceux-ci ont su mobiliser pour la protection de l’environnement ont favorisé la mise à l’agenda politique d’une gestion étatique de l’environnement axée sur la durabilité. La présente thèse s’intéresse à l’intégration de critères de durabilité dans la gestion étatique des ressources naturelles. À cet égard, la thèse adopte un cadre analytique fondé sur deux axes. Les changements institutionnels s’appuyant sur les règles formelles forment le premier axe. Le deuxième axe s’articule autour de la gestion même des ressources naturelles, c’est-à-dire des modes de gestion traditionnelle, scientifique, adaptative et écosystémique. Après avoir situé la gestion étatique des ressources naturelles dans le cadre fédéral canadien, la thèse effectue une analyse de l’intégration des critères de gestion écosystémique aux règles formelles encadrant la gestion des ressources naturelles aux paliers fédéral et québécois. La thèse conclut en spécifiant que les processus de développement durable institutionnalisés aux deux paliers de gouvernement n’ont pas mené à l’adoption d’un cadre cohérent de gestion écosystémique des ressources naturelles. De plus, un ensemble de manquements aux deux paliers de gouvernement en ce qui concerne la gestion écosystémique des ressources naturelles ont été observés, plus spécifiquement en ce qui concerne le suivi et le contrôle des ressources.
Since the beginning of the industrial age, plentiful natural resources have been the driving force behind economic growth. Although the economies of most industrialized nations are now based more on technology and services, the natural environment is still subjected to pressure from a variety of sources: natural resource trade, pollution, human population growth, the disintegration of large ecosystems, and diminished biodiversity. The rise in power of environmental groups and their success in generating public support for environmental protection have put sustainability-based state management of the environment on the political agenda. This thesis explores the integration of sustainability criteria in state management of natural resources. It studies this issue using a two-axis analytical framework. The first one centers on institutional change through formal rules and the second on the actual management of natural resources (traditional, scientific, adaptive or ecosystemic management). After situating state management of natural resources within the Canadian federal framework, the thesis analyzes the integration of ecosystemic management criteria in the formal rules governing natural resource management at the federal and Quebec levels. The thesis concludes by explaining that the sustainable development processes institutionalized at both levels of government have not led to the adoption of a coherent framework for the ecosystemic management of natural resources. A number of deficiencies in the ecosystemic management of natural resources were observed at both levels of government, particularly with regard to resource monitoring and control.
Since the beginning of the industrial age, plentiful natural resources have been the driving force behind economic growth. Although the economies of most industrialized nations are now based more on technology and services, the natural environment is still subjected to pressure from a variety of sources: natural resource trade, pollution, human population growth, the disintegration of large ecosystems, and diminished biodiversity. The rise in power of environmental groups and their success in generating public support for environmental protection have put sustainability-based state management of the environment on the political agenda. This thesis explores the integration of sustainability criteria in state management of natural resources. It studies this issue using a two-axis analytical framework. The first one centers on institutional change through formal rules and the second on the actual management of natural resources (traditional, scientific, adaptive or ecosystemic management). After situating state management of natural resources within the Canadian federal framework, the thesis analyzes the integration of ecosystemic management criteria in the formal rules governing natural resource management at the federal and Quebec levels. The thesis concludes by explaining that the sustainable development processes institutionalized at both levels of government have not led to the adoption of a coherent framework for the ecosystemic management of natural resources. A number of deficiencies in the ecosystemic management of natural resources were observed at both levels of government, particularly with regard to resource monitoring and control.
Nguyen, Van. "Relations structure- Fonction de l'ornithine carbamoyltransférase catabolique de pseudomonas aeruginosa. Etude du mécanisme de la transition allostérique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212170.
Full textCoussaert, Tamara. "Etude de la stabilité de la transition de phase fluide-fluide dans les dispersions colloïdales monodisperses et bidisperses." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212015.
Full textKasimi, Rachida. "Sédimentologie et cyclostratigraphie des couches de transition eifelien-givetien au bord sud du bassin de Dinant (Belgique, France)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212792.
Full textRaemdonck, Damien van. "Developmental analysis of the transition from primary to secondary growth in poplar." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210956.
Full textLAFONTAINE, MARIE-ANGE. "Synthese, structure et proprietes physiques de quelques vanadates d'elements de transition, homologues synthetiques de mineraux naturels." Le Mans, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LEMA1002.
Full textDaanoun, Ali. "Etude théorique des transitions de phase des dispersions colloïdales en présence de forces de déplétion." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212424.
Full textVannitsem, Stéphane. "Prévisibilité de l'atmosphère :croissance de l'erreur, échelles spatiales de l'erreur, échelles spatiales et transitions abruptes." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212695.
Full textGagnon, Pierre-Luc. "LA TRANSITION INSTITUTIONNELLE VERS LA DURABILITÉ DANS LA GESTION ÉTATIQUE DES RESSOURCES NATURELLES AU CANADA : LE CAS DU QUÉBEC." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28997/28997.pdf.
Full textSince the beginning of the industrial age, plentiful natural resources have been the driving force behind economic growth. Although the economies of most industrialized nations are now based more on technology and services, the natural environment is still subjected to pressure from a variety of sources: natural resource trade, pollution, human population growth, the disintegration of large ecosystems, and diminished biodiversity. The rise in power of environmental groups and their success in generating public support for environmental protection have put sustainability-based state management of the environment on the political agenda. This thesis explores the integration of sustainability criteria in state management of natural resources. It studies this issue using a two-axis analytical framework. The first one centers on institutional change through formal rules and the second on the actual management of natural resources (traditional, scientific, adaptive or ecosystemic management). After situating state management of natural resources within the Canadian federal framework, the thesis analyzes the integration of ecosystemic management criteria in the formal rules governing natural resource management at the federal and Quebec levels. The thesis concludes by explaining that the sustainable development processes institutionalized at both levels of government have not led to the adoption of a coherent framework for the ecosystemic management of natural resources. A number of deficiencies in the ecosystemic management of natural resources were observed at both levels of government, particularly with regard to resource monitoring and control.
Daoudi, Abdelali. "Systèmes Métal-CO comme modèles de chimisorption : interaction de configuration et orbitales naturelles." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112050.
Full textBaus, Marc. "Théorie microscopique des systèmes classiques avec brisure de symétrie. Applications aux transitions de phase du premier ordre." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213281.
Full textGianluca, Maria Guidi. "Bistability, irreversible transitions between multiple steady states and oscillations in chemical and enzymatic systems :a theoretical analysis." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212014.
Full textSierra, Jimenez Mara Johanna. "Parcs nationaux en transition vers des parcs nationaux naturels anthropisés (PNNa) ? Étude comparative de trois parcs nationaux naturels habités du Continent américain (Colombie, Guyane française, Québec)." Thesis, Pau, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PAUU1010/document.
Full textThe evolution of international environmental policies and national and local conservation contexts gives increasing importance to the anthropic dimension within the national parks (category II UICN). Not only does this dimension takes into account the local population that lives permanently in these various natural areas, but also the economic actors who, legally or illegally, benefit from those protected areas (tourism, gold-washing, wood, etc.) or participate directly or indirectly in the process of the territorial elaboration of a national park. The integration of the anthropic aspect definitely help the emergence of new dynamics and strategies of collaborative management and policies. Building on political geography, socio-cultural geography and political ecology, this thesis aims to shed light how that anthropic dimension (sociocultural as well as economical) entails the transition of some protected areas from a classical type to a new category we identify as the “Nature and Anthropic National Park” (PNNa). We focus on three specific study cases in the American continent: the Amazonian park of the French Guiana, the Sea Park of Saguenay-Saint-Laurent of Québec, Canada, and the Amazonian Amacayacu National Park of Colombia. The systemic analysis of their structure and their functioning, as far as macrostructure of policies and microstructures of management are concerned, has allowed us to bring out that transition in the territorial management of these category II protected natural areas and the deriving conflicts for power
La evolución de las políticas de gobernanza medioambiental internacional y la transición de los contextos nacionales y locales de conservación, favorecen cada vez más la integración de la dimensión antrópica al interior de los parques nacionales (categoría II-UICN). Esta dimensión corresponde de una parte, a las poblaciones locales que habitan de manera permanente las diversas zonas de protección dentro del parque nacional, y de otra parte, a los actores económicos (legales e ilegales) que explotan el territorio protegido (Turismo, explotación minera, explotación de madera, etc), o que participan de manera directa o indirecta en los procesos de construcción territorial del parque nacional. La integración de la dimensión antrópica dentro de estos territorios naturales de protección favorece en consecuencia la emergencia de nuevas dinámicas y estrategias participativas de gestión y de gobernanza. A través de un triple enfoque científico construido mediante el cruce de diversos puntos de vista de la geografía política, de la geografía sociocultural y de la political ecology, esta tesis se interesa en el análisis de tres casos de estudio particulares del Continente americano. El objetivo de esta contribución es el de intentar mostrar, cómo la integración de la dimensión antrópica (sociocultural y económica) influencia la transición de algunos espacios naturales protegidos hacia una nueva configuración que nosotros proponemos identificar aquí bajo el nombre de “parques nacionales naturales antropizados – PNNa”.El análisis sistémico de la estructura y del funcionamiento de las macroestructuras de gobernanza y de las microestructuras de gestión participativa del Parque amazónico de la Guayana, en Francia, del Parque marino del Saguenay-Saint-Laurent en Quebec, Canadá, y del Parque nacional natural Amacayacu en Amazonia colombiana, nos permitieron poner en evidencia este tipo de transición en la gestión territorial de los espacios naturales protegidos de categoría II, así que los conflictos de poder que resultan de esta transformación
Zombré, Wendlamita. "Durabilité des matériaux composites dans un environnement Génie Civil : expérimentation multi-échelle et analyse statistique." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1106/document.
Full textOur thesis is part of this MICRO project "Innovative Composite Materials for the Repair of Structures: Reliability approach of the dimensioning for their requalification and the prediction of their durability". Final objective of the thesis is to understand the problem of sustainability through a multi-scale phenomenological experimental approach and to propose probabilistic life-time models. So, we defined the methodology of our study, as well as the methods, materials and analysis techniques. The study material is a non-equilibrium (70% / 30%) unbalanced bidirectional carbon / epoxy that is crosslinked at room temperature and made by hand layup process. Six hygrothermal aging obtained by crossing between temperatures (20°C, 40°C and 60°C) and humidities (50%, 75% and immersion) at various times were carried out during the study. After identifying the various indicators, we carried out physicochemical analyzes (absorption-desorption, DSC, TMA, Infrared, DMA and Tomography) as well as a follow-up of the mechanical characteristics (tensile, interlaminar shear, pull-out and double shear). These indicators were analyzed statistically to more rigorously validate the trends that were observed. The monitoring of mechanical performance indicators by accelerated aging was carried out and then compared to 1 year of natural aging. The antagonism of the various mechanisms of damage has been demonstrated in the case of simple traction and interlaminar shear. It appears that plasticization is the mechanism that most affects the performance of carbon / epoxy composites. For high temperatures, it appears that post-cure by densifying the network has improved interfacial cohesion, which has inhibited the impact of thermal degradation on mechanical performance. Comparing with natural aging, it was noted that aging in an aqueous condition was more generally degrading and aqueous conditions accelerated well the degradation in a natural environment. In particular, the trends observed do not follow evolutions that permit to write simplified prediction models. The quality of the composite / concrete adhesion was evaluated by pull-out tests. The strong disparities between the results make the analysis delicate. But it has been shown that the post-cure seems to improve the cohesion whereas the plasticization is very harmful for the stability of the bonded joints accelerating excessively the degradation in comparison to the natural aging. This instability has also been proven by the double shear tests where the delamination was observed from the first maturities of aging. The anchor length is reduced and a time-sensitive model has been proposed for the selected aging condition (60°C-immersion). On the other hand, this plasticization softens the failure due to the increased deformability of the joint. In this environmental condition, the monitoring of the elastic limit stress seems to be a relevant indicator for the monitoring of the durability because it simulates the natural aging with reasonable differences. The last part of our work consisted in the proposal of a statistical treatment of the data in order to validate firstly the trends observed experimentally, to bring more information and to discuss on the choice of the models of prediction. Although, physical model is very appreciated by the community, it is not systematically applicable. Indeed, it assumes degenerative performance, which in practice is not the case. A physical approach has been proposed on the refined database in order to respect the writing conditions of the model (degenerative trends). The model chosen to predict the ultimate tensile strength is conservative but applicable for reliability studies. Bayesian enrichment can be used to demonstrate the advantage it can confer in reliability studies
François, Hélène. "Contribution à l'étude des transitions de phase bidimensionnelles à l'interface mercure-solution. Cas de l'uracile, de l'adénine et de la 6-méthyladénosine." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213016.
Full textClantin, Bernard. "Relations structure-fonction d'ornithine carbamoyltransférases (OTCase ): Etude de la thermostabilité de l'OTCase de Pyrococcus furiosus, Etude du mécanisme de la transition allostérique de l'OTCase catabolique de Pseudomonas putida." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211568.
Full textEsnault, Benoît. "La transition du monopole à la concurrence sur les marchés du gaz naturel en Europe : l'importance stratégique du stockage souterrain." Dijon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000DIJOE014.
Full textDevleeschouwer, Xavier. "La transition Frasnien-Famennien (Dévonien Supérieur) en Europe : sédimentologie, stratigraphie séquentielle et susceptibilité magnétique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211873.
Full textLi, Yiqin. "Approches analytique et expérimentale de la convection naturelle en canal vertical : Application aux double-façades photovoltaïques." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI002/document.
Full textUnder the current energy context, the development of solar energy goes through its large scale development, especially in urban areas. Active and integrated solutions, such as photovoltaic double-skins, allow both the heat recovery for building needs and the exploitation of building envelope as collecting surface. Furthermore, this configuration limits the efficiency loss and the acceleration of ageing process due to overheating of the solar cells. Indeed, in this configuration, the photovoltaic panels are separated from the building by an air channel and the thermally driven flow that develops in the channel helps to evacuate the heat absorbed by the panels. However, the global behaviour of the photovoltaic double-skin is complex and not yet fully understood. This study is part of a scientific project on multi-scale modelling and experimentation of BIPV components. It focuses on the experimentation of the natural convection phenomenon in double-façades. An experimental apparatus developed during C. Daverat's thesis models the double-façade by a vertical channel with wall heating. The working fluid is water so as to avoid radiative heat transfer between walls. The experimental apparatus consists of a 65 cm high vertical channel, with isoflux heating, immersed in a 1.5 m high water tank. The fluid flow is instrumented with measurements of heat flux, wall temperature and velocity. The velocity measurements are made by Particle Image Velocimetry and Laser Doppler Velocimetry. Two heating configurations are studied: symmetrical (same heat flux is imposed on both walls) and asymmetrical (only one wall is heated, the other one being adiabatic). For the study with symmetrical heating configuration, experimental data from Daverat's thesis are analysed by a zonal approach. The channel is split into several zones and a scaling analysis is conducted in order to explain experimental observations. Thus, the study focuses on heat transfer, pressure evolution in the channel and fluctuations, in particular, the evaluation of the maximum Reynolds stress. The asymmetrical configuration is studied for the transient regime and the steady regime. For the transient regime, early stage (first hours) is characterised in terms of wall temperature, velocity and two- or three-dimensional flow behaviour. A large-scale reversal flow is observed. The impact of external thermal stratification is also studied. For the steady regime, thermal and dynamic behaviours are studied and two different states are distinguished and characterised. Reversal flows are also observed. Finally, the influence of the Prandtl number and the channel width is discussed
Gros, Alice. "Modélisation de la cristallisation sous tension du caoutchouc naturel." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ECDN0018.
Full textDespite the numerous experimental inverstigations performed over the past century and more intensively in the last fifteen years, strain-induced crystallization taking place in natural rubber still remains hardly understood in its precise mechanisms, leading models to remain phenomenological ones. The present study aims to develop a physicallymotivated model which qualitatively reproduces physical phenomena observed during an uniaxial tensile test. Firstly, the amorphous network is assumed to deform in an equal-force manner, resulting in a representative chain encompassing the inhomogeneity of matter through the chain-length distribution. Secondly, based on classical thermodynamics and on the entangled nature of the polymer network, both crystallization and fusion conditions are established. Moreover the derivation of the equilibrium point of a finite crystallite in a deformed network clarifies the tight relation between deformation and temperature during fusion. Finally, a semi-crystallized chain is defined, accounting for both the inhomogeneity of the amorphous phase and the heterogeneity due to the presence of a crystalline phase. This chain is included in a modified full-network model, initially dedicated to amorphous networks. This work leads to a complete thermo-mechanical constitutive equation which qualitatively reproduces the response of natural rubber in tension, but also to an original interpretative description of strain-induced crystallization
Lepoittevin, Jean-Pierre. "Phenols, diphenols et cyclohexanediols a longues chaines derives d'allergenes naturels." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR13103.
Full textRuffray, Kévin. "Synthèse et étude physico-chimique de systèmes d-f hétérométalliques moléculaires et auto-assemblés." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENCM0025/document.
Full textThe interactions between an f metal and its environment are studied in several fields (nuclear industry, electronics …). However, those phenomena are often misunderstood in a fundamental point of view. The interactions which are able to settle between d and f metals are partly studied, mainly in the field of magnetism. The charge transfer phenomena were however less studied, despite an increasing interest in numerous systems. This study intends to develop molecular systems which allow studying numerous physicochemical properties of d-4f and d-5f systems, along with their transposability towards coordination polymers systems exhibiting d and f mixed metallic nodes.On the molecular systems, studies focused on photo-induced charge transfer from a d metal to an f metal and on their electrochemical properties. In order to do this, it was necessary to develop several molecular reference systems based on Ru allowing the addition of a 4f or 5f metal. The molecular systems, Ru and mixed Ru-f element, were characterized. Comparative photo-physical and electrochemical studies, experimental and theoretical (DFT and TD-DFT), between the monometallic Ru and the Ru-4f and Ru-5f systems have been achieved.Coordination polymers systems have been broached to enlarge the comparative study of the d-f mixed systems to 3D compounds. To that end, the synthesis of systems containing a d metal, an f metal and a ditopic ligand (2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone, DHBQ) has been studied, the aim being the controlled integration of the d metal in a well-known 4f-DHBQ polymeric structure. These studies showed that the introduction of a d metal in this type of coordination polymers is not possible in the study conditions for kinetic reasons. However, for the same kinetic reasons, the presence of the d metal during the synthesis influences in a significant way the morphology of the 4f-DHBQ compounds, opening other perspectives to these 4f systems. Thus, it is possible to use them as hard materials precursors (oxides, carbides) whose structural and microstructural aspects are controlled via structural and morphological properties of the coordination polymer
Raventós, Barangé Anna. "L'Image du Bâtard dans la littérature française de transition entre les Lumières et le romantisme." Paris 4, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA040067.
Full textGeeraerts, Gilles. "Coverability and expressiveness properties of well-structured transition systems." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210724.
Full textNous pensons par exemple aux systèmes informatiques qui contrôlent les appareils médicaux ou certains systèmes vitaux (comme les freins) des véhicules automobiles.
Afin d’assurer la correction de ces systèmes informatiques, différentes techniques de vérification Assistée par Ordinateur ont été proposées, durant les trois dernières
décennies principalement. Ces techniques reposent sur un principe commun: donner une description formelle tant du système que de la propriété qu’il doit respecter, et appliquer une méthode automatique pour prouver que le système respecte la propriété.
Parmi les principaux modèles aptes à décrire formellement des systèmes informatiques, la classe des systèmes de transition bien structurés [ACJT96, FS01] occupe une place importante, et ce, pour deux raisons essentielles. Tout d’abord, cette classe généralise plusieurs autres classes bien étudiées et utiles de modèles à espace
d’états infini, comme les réseaux de Petri [Pet62](et leurs extensions monotones [Cia94, FGRVB06]) ou les systèmes communiquant par canaux FIFO avec pertes [AJ93]. Ensuite, des problèmes intéressants peuvent être résolus algorithmiquement sur cette classe. Parmi ces problèmes, on trouve le probléme de couverture, auquel certaines propriétés intéressantes de sûreté peuvent être réduites.
Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons au problème de couverture. Jusqu’à présent, le seul algorithme général (c’est-à-dire applicable à n’importe quel système bien structuré) pour résoudre ce problème était un algorithme dit en arrière [ACJT96] car il calcule itérativement tous les états potentiellement non-sûrs et vérifie si l’état initial du système en fait partie. Nous proposons Expand, Enlarge and Check, le premier algorithme en avant pour résoudre le problème de couverture, qui calcule les états potentiellement accessibles du système et vérifie si certains d’entre eux sont non-sûrs. Cette approche est plus efficace en pratique, comme le montrent nos expériences. Nous présentons également des techniques permettant d’accroître l’efficacité de notre méthode dans le cas où nous analysons des réseaux de Petri (ou
une de leurs extensions monotones), ou bien des systèmes communiquant par canaux FIFO avec pertes. Enfin, nous nous intéressons au calcul de l’ensemble de couverture pour les réseaux de Petri, un objet mathématique permettant notamment de résoudre le problème de couverture. Nous étudions l’algorithme de Karp & Miller [KM69], une solution classique pour calculer cet ensemble. Nous montrons qu’une optimisation de cet algorithme présenté dans [Fin91] est fausse, et nous proposons une autre solution totalement neuve, et plus efficace que la solution de Karp & Miller.
Dans la seconde partie de la thèse, nous nous intéressons aux pouvoirs d’expression des systèmes bien structurés, tant en terme de mots infinis que de mots finis. Le pouvoir d’expression d’une classe de systèmes est, en quelque sorte, une mesure de la diversité des comportements que les modèles de cette classe peuvent représenter. En ce qui concerne les mots infinis, nous étudions les pouvoirs d’expression des réseaux de Petri et de deux de leurs extensions (les réseaux de Petri avec arcs non-bloquants et les réseaux de Petri avec arcs de transfert). Nous montrons qu’il existe une hiérarchie stricte entre ces différents pouvoirs d’expression. Nous obtenons également des résultats partiels concernant le pouvoir d’expression des réseaux de Petri avec arcs de réinitialisation. En ce qui concerne les mots finis, nous introduisons la classe des langages bien structurés, qui sont des langages acceptés par des systèmes de transition bien structurés étiquettés, où l’ensemble des états accepteurs est clos par le haut. Nous prouvons trois lemmes de pompage concernant ces langages. Ceux-ci nous permettent de réobtenir facilement des résultats classiques de la littérature, ainsi que plusieurs nouveaux résultats. En particulier, nous prouvons, comme dans le cas des mots infinis, qu’il existe une hiérarchie stricte entre les pouvoirs d’expression des extensions des réseaux de Petri considérées.
Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation Informatique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Roubeix, Vincent. "Transformations biogéochimiques et transfert du silicium dans la zone de transition fleuve-mer: le rôle des diatomées planctoniques." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210638.
Full textLa construction d’un modèle global du cycle de Si le long du continuum aquatique continent-océan a permis de mettre en évidence l’importance de la zone de transition fleuve-mer pour le transfert du silicium continental vers les océans. Ce transfert est influencé par les diatomées planctoniques qui fixent le DSi et, en sédimentant, retiennent une partie du silicium continental dans les sédiments des estuaires.
Les modifications des flux de Si continentaux par les diatomées planctoniques dans les estuaires ont été clarifiées par :
1) des expériences sur l’écophysiologie d’une diatomée d’eau douce euryhaline (Cyclotella meneghiniana) particulièrement peu affectée par l’augmentation de salinité subi par le plancton lors de son transport des fleuves à la mer,
2) l’étude de la dissolution de la silice biogénique (bSiO2) qui constitue la coque externe des diatomées, et notamment l’effet de la salinité et des bactéries sur ce processus de recyclage du DSi,
3) la reconstitution du mélange des eaux et des diatomées dans un estuaire par l’expérimentation (3 espèces de diatomées dans un gradient salin artificiel) et par la construction et l’utilisation d’un modèle de Si dans la zone de mélange estuarienne.
Les résultats soulignent notamment l’importance des variations de salinité, de la turbidité de l’eau, de la nature des diatomées de rivière (sténohalines versus euryhalines) et de la viabilité des cellules sur les transformations et la rétention du silicium dans la zone de transition fleuve-mer.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Kinet, Maxime. "MHD turbulence at low magnetic Reynolds number: spectral propertiesand transition mechanism in a square duct." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210271.
Full textHere we are concerned with situations where the magnetic field is relatively strong and the flow manifests turbulent motions. The interaction of the fluid with the electromagnetic field is still insufficiently understood and efficient predicting methods are lacking. Our goal is to provide more insight on this problem by making heavy use of numerical methods. In this work, two different classes of problem are investigated.
First we consider that the turbulent character of the fluid is well developed and that solid boundaries are sufficiently far away to be completely neglected. The main effects of a strong magnetic field in that case are to damp the motion and to homogenize the flow along its direction, leading to a quasi two dimensional state. Using numerical simulations we have studied the dynamics of the flow in Fourier space and in particular the non linear energy transfers between turbulent eddies. Further we investigated the scale-by-scale anisotropy and compared various methods to address this quantity. Finally, the evolution of a passive scalar embedded in the flow was analyzed and it turned out that the characteristic anisotropy of the velocity field is reflected in the distribution of the scalar quantity.
In the second problem, the flow in a duct of square cross section subject to a transverse magnetic field has been considered. Here, unlike in the previous situation, the magnetic field has globally a destabilizing effect on the flow, because of the strong inhomogeneities it produces. For instance, high velocity regions develop along the walls that are parallel to the magnetic field. There, we are mostly interested in the possible development of persistent time-dependent fluctuations. It is observed that the transition between laminar and turbulent regimes occurs through at least two distinct bifurcations. The first one takes place at moderate Reynolds number and is characterized by highly organized fluctuations. The second is encountered at higher Reynolds number and presents very strong and localized disturbances.
/Il existe un grand nombre d'applications industrielles dans lesquelles un écoulement de métal liquide est soumis à un champ magnétique. La production d'acier par coulée continue, la fabrication de matériaux semi-conducteurs ou encore les échan-geurs de chaleur des futurs réacteurs à fusion nucléaire en sont de bons exemples. L'interaction du liquide conducteur avec le champ magnétique est à l'origine de nombreux phénomènes inhabituels en hydrodynamique classique et doit dès lors être décrite par la magnétohydrodynamique (ou MHD en abrégé). Le but de ce travail est d'étudier la physique de ces interactions, en se basant sur la résolution numérique des équations qui les gouvernent.
Plusieurs aspects du problème ont été considérés indépendamment. Tout d'abord, l'étude de la turbulence homogène a permis de mettre en evidence les comportements du fluide loin de toute paroi solide. Ceci est mis un oeuvre dans un domaine spatial périodique, où les variables sont représentées par leur série de Fourier. L'influence du champ magnétique dans ce cas consiste à dissiper les fluctuations turbulentes et à rendre le champ de vitesse anisotrope. Les principaux résultats obtenus dans ce cadre concernent la distribution ainsi que le transfert d'énergie dans l'espace spectral, l'anisotropie des différentes échelles turbulentes de l'écoulement ainsi que le transport d'un scalaire passif au sein du fluide.
Dans un deuxième temps, le travail a porté sur l'écoulement dans une conduite rectangulaire soumise à un champ magnétique et dont les parois sont conductrices d'électricité. La particularité de cet écoulement réside dans les zones de vitesse élevées qui se développent le long des parois parallèles au champ magnétique. Celles-ci donnent lieu à un intense cisaillement qui a généralement pour effet de rendre l'écoulement instable. La simulation numérique de ce problème a permis l'étude des instabilités au sein du fluide et de la transition du régime laminaire vers la turbulence.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Roig, Frédéric. "Transitions et dynamique relaxationnelle de polymères issus de la paroi végétale." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1432/.
Full textIn the future, increasing CO2 will stimulate the photosynthesis process and could allow a substantial increase in plant material. Compared to fossil fuels like oil or char, plant matter represents an annually renewable resource. Knowledge of its physicochemical properties is essential. The gene mutations of plant species allow identifying genes responsible for synthesis of the constituent polymers. The objective of this thesis is to apply thermal analysis techniques coupled with dielectric spectroscopy, to study the dynamic structure of plant cell walls of Arabidopsis Thaliana. In an analytical approach, the major cell wall polysaccharides extracted: cellulose and lignin, are studied. The glass transition of each polymer and the localized and delocalized molecular mobility were determined. Cellulose is the major structural component of plant cell walls; special attention was paid to the influence of its interaction with water on its physical structure. The decrease in glass transition temperature when the humidity increases, is a characteristic phenomenon of plasticization. The comparative study of the composite with natural plant cell wall polymers showed the contribution of cellulose and lignin in the dynamic chain of Arabidopsis Thaliana. These interpretations highlight the impact of genetic modifications on the interactions between and within molecular cell wall polymers
Thebault, Martin. "Coherent structures and impact of the external thermal stratification in a transitional natural convection vertical channel." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1327/document.
Full textIn natural convective flows, complex coherent structures develop whose the role in heat and mass transfer are not well understood. A numerical study, based on Large-Eddy-Simulations of a vertical channel with one side uniformly was therefore carried out. Different stages of transitional flow development were identified numerically with two characteristic frequency bands being observed in the flow, near the heated wall. Methods derived from the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) was also used and allows the most energetic modes to be separated accordingly to two characteristic frequency bands found numerically. As result, the contribution of the two families of modes to the near wall turbulent heat transfer and velocity-temperature correlation has been evaluated. POD was also performed on experimental measurements showing similarities with the numerically observed structures.In this work, variations of the external thermal stratification have been identified as one possible source of these differences and its influence was therefore investigated experimentally and numerically. It is shown that the increase in the positive gradient of the external stratification not only decreases the mass flow rate but also displaces the transition height to a lower location in the channel. Numerical simulations also allow the study of cases of weak and negative thermal stratifications which are difficult to achieve in laboratories. A theoretical model of the influence of the external thermal stratification on the mass flow rate was also developed. There is an excellent agreement between the theoretical predictions and the experimentally and numerically obtained mass flow rates. This clearly highlights that external temperature distributions are key driving factors and their influence is accurately quantified in this work