Academic literature on the topic 'Translated Bull'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Translated Bull.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Translated Bull"
1
Ashrafyan, K.E. "ADDITIONS AND CLARIFICATIONS IN THE RUSSIAN TRANSLATIONS OF THE 1493 BULL OF POPE ALEXANDER VI: BULL NO. 1 "BREVES INTER CAETERA", AND BULL NO. 4 "DUDUM SIQUIDE"." Annali d'Italia 33 (July 26, 2022): 106–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6907970.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter provides clarifications and additions to the complete translations of pope Alexander VI's two bulls of 1493 related to the discoveries of Christopher Columbus and the division of peace between the Kingdom of Castile and León and the Kingdom of Portugal. These documents have a more accurate translation and complement the documents from the earlier monograph "TRANSLATION INTO RUSSIAN OF THREE BULLS FROM 1493 OF POPE ALEXANDER VI: BULLS No. 1 "BREVE INTER CAETERA", AND BULLS No. 4 "DUDUM SIQUIDE".
2
IVANOV, MIRUNA. "ASPEKTE ZUR ÜBERSETZUNG DER FERNSEHWERBUNG AUS DEM DEUTSCHEN INS RUMÄNISCHE." BUKARESTER BEITRÄGE ZUR GERMANISTIK 7, no. 7/2025 (2025): 169–81. https://doi.org/10.62229/bbzg7-25/10.
Full textAbstract:
In the current globalized society that we live in, many international brands advertise their products or services via television commercials, which still represent the most popular advertisement channel in the 21st century. In doing so, brand companies must translate their commercials into the target language of a specific country. Certain cultural barriers may appear throughout this translation process (based on the Skopos Theory in Translation) between the language of the commercial’s country of origin and the language of the target country, in which the commercial has been translated into. The translator should, therefore, demonstrate great linguistical, pragmalinguistical and stilistic knowledge in that foreign language, in order to avoid such cultural and/ or language barriers, be persuasive and attract potential clients who are willing to buy their product. The purpose of this research is to analyse the extent to which the marketing techniques of the two company brands Red Bull and Merci have been fulfilled through their television commercials, in terms of addressing a key audience, as well as considering both cultural aspects of the country of origin and the target country in its translation process from German into Romanian and thus maintaining the communicative essence of the original advertising text.
3
Pastore, Thomas. "The Belle-Epoque of Portfolios? How Returns, Risk, and Diversification Correlated with the Wealth Distribution in Paris in 1912." Journal of Economic History 84, no. 3 (2024): 767–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050724000354.
Full textAbstract:
I reconstruct the historical performance of individual portfolios owned by Parisian investors during the French Belle-Epoque, which was characterized by a massive concentration of wealth. Using the value of inherited bequests as a proxy for ex ante wealth, I show that wealthier investors not only exhibited greater betas and thus benefited from the bull market, but also captured positive alphas, which translated into greater Sharpe ratios. Their performance was enhanced by diversification tilted toward equity and foreign assets. I identify heterogeneity in returns as a significant driver of the rise of wealth inequalities during the Belle-Epoque.
4
Doran, Greg. "Family, Places and the Island: An Interview with Kent Stetson." Canadian Theatre Review 128 (September 2006): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ctr.128.011.
Full textAbstract:
Kent Stetson has written many plays, which have been performed widely. In 2001, The Harps of God won the Governor-General’s Award for Drama. Currently, Stetson is working on a novel, an adaptation of his play New Arcadia. As well, his play Horse High, Bull Strong, Pig Tight is being translated into French for a planned tour of France. The following interview took place on 29 December 2005 over coffee and cinnamon rolls in Charlottetown, PEL Greg Doran: How did growing up on PEl shape your view of the world or the country? Is there a different sensibility?
5
L., Marsadolov. "ABOUT TARCHATA IN ALTAI AND THE TERMS «MEGALITH», «MEGALITHIC COMPLEX», «DROPSTONE»." Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 37, no. 1 (2025): 72–87. https://doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2025)37(1).-04.
Full textAbstract:
This discussion article briefly reviews the history of the study of archaeological sites in Tarkhat and near the village of Tashanta, as well as different names for one site («Chuisky Tract», «Tashanta-1», «Zhylky-tas») proposed by three archaeologists. The first archaeologist to examine and photograph the structure in Tarkhat in 1964 during his work in the Hermitage expedition in Altai was S.S. Sorokin. G.V. Kubarev in his article proposed a new English term for archaeologists «dropstone», which is mainly used in glaciology and geology. Translated from English, this term consists of two words: «drop» and «stone». L.S. Marsadolov suggests that archaeologists use the universal international term «megalith» (translated from Greek - «huge stone»), which is used not only by archaeologists, but also by other specialists in many countries of the world. If G.V. Kubarev considers the petroglyphs fromTarkhata to be “inexpressive” and “unfinished,” while L.S. Marsadolov, on the contrary, considers these petroglyphs to be important and interesting, and two compositions in Tarkhata probably depict the constellations Orion and Taurus/Bull.
6
Lenz, R. W., C. Gonzalez-Marin, T. B. Gilligan, et al. "190 SexedULTRA™, A NEW METHOD OF PROCESSING SEX-SORTED BOVINE SPERM IMPROVES CONCEPTION RATES." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 29, no. 1 (2017): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv29n1ab190.
Full textAbstract:
The gap in fertility between conventional and sex-sorted bovine sperm, known to be on the order of 10 percentage points, has never been bridged, even by increasing the number of sex-sorted sperm per inseminate. A concerted effort in the last few years has resulted in substantial changes in all stages of the sex-sorting process to develop an improved sex-sorted product called SexedULTRA™ (Sexing Technologies, Navasota, TX, USA). In vitro tests show that SexedULTRA™ maintained sperm integrity better than the previous XY method, and field trials were conducted to determine if this translated into improved bovine field fertility. The initial field trial was performed using ejaculates from 8 Holstein bulls located at Select Sires in Plain City (OH, USA). Each ejaculate was split in 2 aliquots that were then processed following the 2 methods (XY method or SexedULTRA™). A total of 6,930 Holstein heifers were inseminated across 41 commercial herds in the United States. Conception rate data were analysed using mixed model ANOVA (JMP 10.0.0; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) with fixed effects of treatment, bull, bull by treatment interaction, and the random effect of herd. Sex-sorted bull sperm following the SexedULTRA™ method resulted in a greater (P < 0.001) conception rate compared with the XY method sperm (45.7 ± 1.7 v. 41.2 ± 1.6%). This is the first report of an improvement in conception rates using sex-sorted bovine semen in a decade since it became commercially available. A second field trial to investigate dose rate effects and compare against conventional semen was performed using 5 dairy bulls located at German Genetics International GmbH in Cloppenburg (Germany). Each ejaculate was split 4 ways, sex-sorted, and frozen in 0.25-mL straws as follows: XY 2.1 million/straw, SexedULTRA™ 2.1 million/straw, SexedULTRA™ 3.0 million/straw, and SexedULTRA™ 4.0 million/straw. A total of 7,855 heifers were inseminated with these sex-sorted straws, whereas 62,398 heifers were inseminated with conventional straws (15 million/straw) produced using contemporary ejaculates from the same bulls. The 56-day nonreturn rate was calculated by sire and treatment combination, and assigned a weight based on the total number of AI for each combination thereof. Table 1 contains the nonreturn rate weighted means and the relative fertility compared to conventional sperm. Data were analysed using a mixed model ANOVA (JMP 10.0.0; SAS Institute Inc.) with treatment and bull as fixed effects. SexedULTRA™ 4.0 sperm presented the greatest (P < 0.001) 56-day nonreturn rate followed by conventional 15.0 (66.73 v. 65.66%); XY 2.1 presented the lowest (P < 0.001) nonreturn rate. This is the first time a dose response effect with sex-sorted bovine sperm and parity in conception rates with conventional semen has been demonstrated. Table 1. Field trial results for number of inseminations, 56-day nonreturn rate (NRR) weighted means, and relative fertility1 compared with conventional sperm
7
Muryasari, Desiana, Rohiman Rohiman, and Iqbal Mahendra. "TINJAUAN IKONOGRAFI DAN IKONOLOGI POSTER IKLAN RED BULL “POWER ON FOR STRENGTH”." Gorga : Jurnal Seni Rupa 13, no. 01 (2024): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/gr.v13i01.58339.
Full textAbstract:
Red Bull is an energy drink brand owned by Red Bull GmbH from Austria. With a share of Red Bull is an energy drink brand owned by Austrian company Red Bull. With a market share of 38%, Red Bull became the world's most popular energy drink brand in 2019. Rather than relying on traditional marketing methods, Red Bull gained attention and built a “brand myth” through several extreme sports series. Red Bull has repeatedly used nonverbal forms of signs and signals (icons) when designing advertising posters for its products. What is interesting to study is that the symbols used in Red Bull product advertisements have an important and lasting role. The purpose of this study is to identify the signs and markings on Red Bull's “Power on for Strength” advertising posters. The qualitative research method uses a historical approach. This research review is historical and based on Erwin Panofsky's theory of iconography and iconology. Translated with DeepL.com (free version). The iconography review emphasizes the themes and concepts in the Product advertising posters. The first conclusion regarding the visual design of the Red Bull “Power On For strength” advertising poster has factual and representational meanings. The main object is factual in the object of can packaging and the Power icon which is explicitly an expression of Red Bull can packaging is strength. The second conclusion is the theme of the advertisement about the representation of recognizable objects. The representation of familiar objects is often used to express the objective relationship between the sign of an object in the icon and the real object. The third conclusion is the meaning of the Red Bull advertising poster “Power On For Strength” Red Bull product identification process through the shape and icon of power on the object of can packaging. The can packaging symbolizes the product name Red Bull, and the Power icon as a sign of power. Using the power icon means that drinking Red Bull increases energy in the body, in other words making you feel like you just woke up.Keywords: Advertising, Poster, Iconography, Iconology, RedBullAbstrakRed Bull merupakan sebuah merek minuman energi milik Red Bull GmbH asal Austria. Dengan pangsa Red Bull adalah merek minuman energi yang dimiliki oleh perusahaan Austria Red Bull. Dengan pangsa pasar sebesar 38%, Red Bull menjadi merek minuman energi terpopuler di dunia pada tahun 2019. Daripada mengandalkan metode pemasaran tradisional, Red Bull mendapatkan perhatian dan membangun "mitos merek" melalui beberapa seri olahraga ekstrim. Red Bull telah berulang kali menggunakan bentuk tanda dan tanda (ikon) nonverbal ketika merancang poster iklan untuk produknya. Yang menarik untuk dikaji adalah simbol yang digunakan dalam iklan produk Red Bull mempunyai peranan penting dan abadi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi tanda dan penandaan pada poster iklan “Power on for Strength” Red Bull. Metode penelitian kualitatif menggunakan pendekatan sejarah. Tinjauan penelitian ini bersifat historis dan didasarkan pada teori ikonografi dan ikonografi Erwin Panofsky. Tinjauan ikonografi menekankan kepada tema dan konsep pada poster iklan Produk. Kesimpulan pertama mengenai desain visual poster iklan Red Bull “Power On For trength'' memiliki makna faktual dan representasionalnya. Objek utama bersifat faktual ialah pada objek kemasan kaleng dan ikon Power yang secara eksplisit bersifat ekspresi dari kemasan kaleng Red Bull ialah kekuatan. Kesimpulan kedua tema iklan tentang representasi objek yang mudah dikenali. representasi objek yang familiar sering digunakan untuk mengungkapkan hubungan objektif antara tanda suatu objek dalam ikon dan objek nyata. Kesimpulan ketiga adalah makna poster iklan Red Bull “Power On For Strangth” Red Bull proses identifikasi produk melalui bentuk dan ikon power pada objek kemasan kaleng. Kemasan kaleng melambangkan nama produk Red Bull, dan ikon Power sebagai tanda bentuk kekuasaan. Menggunakan ikon power berarti meminum Red Bull meningkatkan energi dalam tubuh, dengan kata lain membuat Anda merasa seperti baru bangun tidur.Kata Kunci: Iklan, Poster, Ikonografi, Ikonologi, RedBullAuthors:Desiana Muryasari : Institut Informatika dan Bisnis DarmajayaRohiman : Institut Informatika dan Bisnis DarmajayaIqbal Mahendra : Institut Informatika dan Bisnis DarmajayaReferencesAppel, G., Grewal, L., Hadi, R., & Stephen, A. T. (2020). The future of social media in marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 48(1), 79–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-019-00695-1Burhan, M. A. (2008). Perkembangan Seni Lukis Mooi Indie sampai Persagi di Batavia, 1900-1942. Jakarta. Galeri Nasional Indonesia.Burhan, M. A. (2015). Lukisan Ivan Sagita “Makasih Kollwitz (2005) dalam Sejarah Seni Lukis Modern Indonesia: Tinjauan Ikonografi dan Ikonologi. Panggung, 25(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.26742/panggung.v25i1.10Firat, D. (2019). YouTube advertising value and its effects on purchase intention. Journal of Global Business Insights, 4(2), 141–155. https://doi.org/10.5038/2640-6489.4.2.1097Justin, M. R., Rohiman, R., Moussadecq, A., Darmawande, A., & Ramadhan, A. A. (2023). Iklan Layanan Masyarakat Sebagai Media Kampanye Sosial Bahaya Adiksi Game Online. Gorga : Jurnal Seni Rupa, 12(1), 48. https://doi.org/10.24114/gr.v12i1.42857Official Website., R. B. E. D. (2024). Red Bull Energy Drink—Official Website. https://www.redbull.com/id-id/energydrink/company-profilePanofsky, E. (1955). Meaning in the Visual Arts. Doubleday & Company, Inc.Ramadhan, A. Z. (2020). Analisis Semiotika Iklan Cetak La Lights “Jangan Mau Diadu” Versi Ayam. Gorga: Jurnal Seni Rupa, 9(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.24114/gr.v9i2.19551Rohiman, R., Mousadecq, A., Darmawan, A., & Ramadhan, A. A. (2022). Kajian Tanda Pada Poster Iklan Produk IKEA. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Darmajaya, 1(0), Article 0.Rohiman, R., Moussadecq, A., & Widakdo, D. T. (2022). Ornamen Kapal Lampung Typeface. Gorga : Jurnal Seni Rupa, 11(2), 439. https://doi.org/10.24114/gr.v11i2.38959Schouten, A. P., Janssen, L., & Verspaget, M. (2020). Celebrity vs. Influencer endorsements in advertising: The role of identification, credibility, and Product-Endorser fit. International Journal of Advertising, 39(2), 258–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2019.1634898Utoyo, A. W. (2020). Analisis Komunikasi Visual Pada Poster Sebagai Media Komunikasi Mendorong Jarak Sosial Di Jakarta Saat Epidemi Covid 19. LUGAS Jurnal Komunikasi, 4(1), 35–42. https://doi.org/10.31334/lugas.v4i1.939
8
Gausia, Kaniz, Jena D. Hamadani, Md Manirul Islam, et al. "Bangla translation, adaptation and piloting of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale." Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 33, no. 3 (2008): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v33i3.1138.
Full textAbstract:
Standardized questionnaires for screening common health problems in the community often need to be translated for use in non-English speaking countries. There is a lack of literature documenting the process of translation of such questionnaire/scale that would enable their application in cross-cultural settings and standardization of the procedure. This paper reports the process of translation into Bangla of the widely used Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for use in Bangladesh. Three methods: forward translation, committee translation, and back translation were used to ensure the equivalence of the translated version. Both the English and Bangla versions were piloted among 10 social science graduates who were proficient in both the languages. The concurrence of each respondent between the two versions showed a correlation coefficient of 0.98 (p<0.01). The Bland-Altman test also showed a high degree of agreement. The piloted version was also tested with 15 women in the postnatal period and found to be suitable for women with lower educational attainment. The documentation of the translation process and the lessons learnt would be helpful in similar settings where screening questionnaires need to be adapted for local use.DOI = 10.3329/bmrcb.v33i3.1138Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2007; 33: 81-87
9
Villa, Néstor A., Wilson Moreno, and Alejandro Ceballos. "Actividad de glutatión peroxidasa y superóxido dismutasa en sangre, plasma sanguíneo y plasma seminal en toros Normando." Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias 21, no. 4 (2009): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.rccp.324326.
Full textAbstract:
Summary The aim of the study was to evaluate the activity of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx; EC 1.11.1.9), and superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1) in blood, blood plasma and seminal plasma, and to correlate them with seminal characteristics (i.e. volume, individual and total motility, concentration, ratio of live and death cells, and hyposmotic test) in Normande bulls. Semen and blood samples were collected from each bull (n = 20) from farms located in the high Andes mountains in Caldas State (Colombia). Data were analyzed by a linear regression model. The blood activity of GPx was 80 ± 48 U/g Hb, 0.09 ± 0.1 U/ml, and 0.9 ± 0.7 U/ml, in blood, blood plasma and seminal plasma, respectively. There was no relationship to either seminal characteristics or hyposmotic test (p > 0.05). The activity of SOD was 940 ± 374 U/g Hb, 120 ± 73 U/ml, and 5.1 ± 2.6 U/ml, in blood, blood plasma, and seminal plasma, respectively. There was a negative trend (p = 0.06) in the relationship of SOD activity in seminal plasma to hyposmotic test; however, there was no association to other seminal characteristics (p > 0.05). The blood activity of both enzymes suggested a suboptimal intake of Se, Cu, and Zn, and it was not translated into an adequate antioxidant defense of the seminal plasma. It suggested the activity of undetermined isoenzymes or and independency between blood and testicle compartments.
10
Gonzalez-Marin, C., R. W. Lenz, T. B. Gilligan, et al. "191 SexedULTRA™, A NEW METHOD OF PROCESSING SEX SORTED BOVINE SPERM IMPROVES POST-THAW SPERM QUALITY AND IN VITRO FERTILITY." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 29, no. 1 (2017): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv29n1ab191.
Full textAbstract:
Since the first publications 30 years ago showing that flow cytometry was a reliable method to separate X and Y chromosome bearing sperm, the process has been subject to continual refinement. Numerous experiments have been performed in the last few years with the objective of developing an improved sex-sorted product, branded SexedULTRA™ (Sexing Technologies, Navasota, TX, USA) that retains sperm integrity to improve post-thaw sperm quality, in vitro embryo production, and field fertility compared with the previous XY method. Laboratory evaluations were performed on semen from 12 bulls at the Sexing Technologies laboratory in Navasota (TX, USA). Each ejaculate was divided in 2 aliquots and then processed in 1 of 2 methods (XY method or SexedULTRA™). Post-thaw sperm motilities were classified into percent total and progressively motile after thawing (0 h) and after a 3-h incubation at 37°C using a computer-assisted sperm motility analyzer (Hamilton Thorne IVOS II system, Hamilton Thorne Biosciences, Beverly, MA, USA). Percent intact acrosomes was also estimated after a 3-h incubation. Results were analysed by a mixed model ANOVA with the fixed effect of treatment and random effect of bull. Percent total motile SexedULTRA™ sperm was greater (P < 0.001) than sperm processed following the XY method at 0 (78.8 v. 67.2%) and 3 h (51.0% v. 39.0%) post-thaw. Likewise, there was a higher percent of progressively motile sperm both at 0 (50.7 v. 44.9%) and 3 h (31.5 v. 4.4%) post-thaw in the SexedULTRA™ sperm. Percent intact acrosomes was also greater in SexedULTRA™ sperm compared with the sperm processed following previous method (78.0 v. 64.0%). In vitro fertilizations were performed as a measure of sperm competence using 8 ejaculates from 2 bulls in Sexing Technologies IVF laboratory in Laceyville (PA, USA). Five to 10 oocytes and 5,000 motile sperm/oocyte were placed per IVF drop for the analysis. A total of 3 straws and a minimum of 800 oocytes per treatment group (ejaculate × treatment) were included in the comparison for development to 8-cell stage (cleavage rate) and to Day 7 blastocyst stage, measured as total (grades 1 to 4) and freezable (grades 1 and 2) embryos. Results were analysed using a mixed model ANOVA with treatment as a fixed effect and bull, ejaculate within bull, and IVF cycle as random effects. Results from IVF trials are shown in Table 1. Total and freezable embryo numbers were significantly higher (P < 0.05) when using SexedULTRA™ compared with XY sperm. Maintaining a suitable environment for sperm to progress through the various steps of the sex-sorting process results in better semen quality post-thaw as well as improved in vitro fertility. The SexedULTRA™ method confers a significant benefit in maintaining sperm integrity that, if translated into field fertility, could reduce the conception rate gap between conventional and sex-sorted bovine sperm. Table 1. Results from IVF and embryo culture using frozen-thawed, sex-sorted semen processed using the XY or the SexedULTRA™ method
Books on the topic "Translated Bull"
1
Contributors, See Notes Multiple. The Pope's Bull, Condemning The New Testament, With Moral Reflections; Done by Father Quesnel, the Present Luther of France. With the Several Texts, ... Faithfully Translated From the French. Gale ECCO, Print Editions, 2018.
Find full text
2
Bull, George. The Works of the Right Reverend George Bull, D.D. Late Bishop of St. Davids. Concerning the Holy Trinity. ... Translated Into English: With the Notes ... Grabe. ... by Fr. Holland, ... of 2; Volume 2. Gale Ecco, Print Editions, 2018.
Find full text
3
Catholic Church Pope (1592-1605 CL and Pope 1536-1605 Clement VIII. Papal Bull in Coena Domini, Translated into English: With a Short Historical Introduction, and Evidence of Its Present Validity As Part of the Roman Law, and of Its Recognition by the Romish Hierarchy in Ireland. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.
Find full text
4
Catholic Church Pope (1592-1605 CL and Pope 1536-1605 Clement VIII. Papal Bull in Coena Domini, Translated into English: With a Short Historical Introduction, and Evidence of Its Present Validity As Part of the Roman Law, and of Its Recognition by the Romish Hierarchy in Ireland. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.
Find full text
5
Explanatory Commentary on Esther : With Four Appendices Consisting of the Second Targum Translated from the Aramaic with Notes : Mithra : the Winged Bulls of Persepolis: And Zoroaster. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2022.
Find full text
6
Explanatory Commentary on Esther : With Four Appendices Consisting of the Second Targum Translated from the Aramaic with Notes : Mithra : the Winged Bulls of Persepolis: And Zoroaster. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2022.
Find full text
7
An explanatory commentary on Esther: With four appendices, consisting of the second Targum translated from the Aramaic with notes, Mithra, the winged bulls of Persepolis, and Zoroaster. T. & T. Clark, 1985.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Translated Bull"
1
Bula, Ali. "The Medina Document." In Liberal Islam. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195116212.003.0020.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Ali Bula; (Turkey, born 195 I) is a leading figure among the growing group of Muslim intellectuals in Turkey. His first book, published in the late 1970s, achieved the status of “a kind of manifesto of the Muslim intellectuals.” Bula argues that Islam represents a viable alternative to Western political systems that solves many of the social and political ills associated with the West, but only if Muslim intellectuals undertake a systematic analysis of Islam’s applicability to modem problems. His more recent work has attempted to supply some of this analysis and begun to focus on the issue of pluralism, particularly ethnic and religious pluralism. Bula’s basis for analysis is the Medina Document, a contract signed by the Prophet Muhammad, Jews, and polytheists granting Muslims the right to rule in the Arabian city and at the same time protecting the rights of other groups. themselves as a distinct social group. Later the Roman Suhayl, the Persian Salman and the Kurdish Gavan would be added to this group. Indeed, the second article of the Medina Document [translated and discussed in this chapter] would designate this social group as “an umma [community] distinct from other people” on a religious and legal basis.
2
Agrigoroaei, Vladimir. "XIV. The Allophone Translator of a Franciscan ‘Rule with a Bull’ and His Use of Greek Biblical Quotations." In Translation Automatisms in the Vernacular Texts of the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period. Brepols Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.bibver-eb.5.135182.
Full text
3
Kozak, Viacheslav V., and Anastasia L. Makarova. "Translation Technique Features of the Old Croatian Bull to the Pauline Order from 1371." In Slavic and Balkan linguistics. Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2658-3372.2020.1.07.
Full textAbstract:
The study deals with lexical and syntactic features of the Pope Gregory XI’s consistorial bull to the Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit, written in Avignon in 1371 and translated from Latin into Old Croatian (Čakavian). The focus is on the degree of consciousness of the translator’s work, which does not imply a word for word (or even morpheme for morpheme) translation, but rather work with the semantics of the original text and careful selection of language elements. The analyzed examples demonstrate 1) variability of translation of lexemes and syntactic constructions (cf. for example, Latin persona ‘person’ and Old Croatian prelat ‘prelate’, stroitelь ‘administrator; abbot, prior, superior’ and oblastnik ‘administrator, governor’); 2) generalization of meaning of Latin lexemes (cf. for example, Latin antistes ‘bishop, abbot or prior’, episcopus ‘bishop’ and pontifex ‘pontiff’ and Old Croatian biskup ‘bishop’); 3) possibility of translating Latin tokens with phrases (cf., for example, Latin cum usuagiis ‘with the right to use the forest’ and Old Croatian z d’rêvi plodovitimi i neplod’nimi ‘with fruit-bearing and non-fruit-bearing trees’). In general, the translation technique of the bull is characterized by a conscious work with the original text at the level of its semantics and genre.
4
"II. The University of Bologna 105. Universitas: A Papal Bull in Favor of the University of Bologna (1220) translated from Latin by M. Miche`le Mulchahey." In Medieval Italy. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.9783/9780812206067.466.
Full text
5
Gray, Douglas. "Later Prose Romance: Caxton to Berners." In Later Medieval English Literature. Oxford University PressOxford, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198122180.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Caxton, Malory’s editor, was himself a prolific producer of prose romances. Later in 1485, the year of his Morte Darthur, he produced two: Charles the Grete and Paris and Vienne. He had already published a number—the Recuyell of the Hystoryes of Troye (?1473–4, while he was still in Bruges), Th’istories of Jason (1477), Godefroy of Boloyne (or The Siege and Conqueste of Jerusalem) in 1481—and produced others later—The Four Sons of Aymon and Blanchardin and Eglantyne in 1489, and the Eneydos (1490). All were translated from French, and represent a number of popular types––stories of antiquity, of the crusades, and of romantic love. The bulk is impressive, but, by and large, the quality is not.
6
Benech-Arnold, Roberto L., M. Verónica Rodríguez, Diego Batlla, and Rocío Fernández Farnocchia. "Understanding the effects of maternal environment in controlling seed dormancy." In Advances in seed science and technology for more sustainable crop production. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/as.2022.0105.04.
Full textAbstract:
The maternal environment explored by the developing seed has decisive importance in shaping the seed dormancy phenotype. Although these effects have started to be recognized several decades ago, only in recent years we began to understand the underlying mechanisms through which the environmental signals perceived by the mother plant are translated into a particular dormancy phenotype. On the other hand, there is an increasing body of evidence suggesting the adaptive significance of maternal effects on dormancy which certainly have been shaped by natural selection to act as precise devices to maximize phenotypic fitness in response to environmental uncertainty or heterogeneity. These maternal effects on dormancy have obvious implications also for agricultural production. Taking into account these effects to design agricultural practices that minimize dormancy adverse effects on crop production, should be part of a bulk of strategies towards a more sustainable agriculture.
7
France, Peter, and Kenneth Haynes. "Sacred and Religious Texts." In The Oxford History Of Literary Translation In English. Oxford University PressOxford, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199246236.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract From about 1780, in sharp contrast with the first part of the century, a new interest in translating the Bible was widely evident in Britain, prompted in part by recent German biblical criticism. Although this initial enthusiasm did not endure in the face of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars (see Sheehan 2005: 241–7), throughout our period, new and revised biblical translations were made quite often in both Britain and America. The most significant of these was the Revised Version of the King James Bible (the subject of § 10.2, below). Devotional texts were also frequently translated, to serve sectarian ends as well as personal needs, and a handful of these endured into the twentieth century. Finally, the massive task of translating the Church Fathers in bulk was largely accomplished at this time, and these translations continue even now to be in use.
8
Al-Hamad, Abu Malik Shayba. "Jumbled Words and Authentication for the Important Period Prior to Shaykh Al-Shekawi’s Allegiance Which Made the Umma Happy." In The Boko Haram Reader. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190908300.003.0064.
Full textAbstract:
(27 MARCH 2015) [Trans.: David Cook] Posted at: https://twitter.com/ifRk23 (suspended) This document is presented as reminiscences by Abu Malik Shayba al-Hamad (@ shaiba_ha) of the Tunisian-based Anṣār al-Sharī‘a, who claims to have facilitated the union between Boko Haram and ISIS. Hamad appears to have been something of a clearing-house in connection with a wide range of West African and European groups, probably because Tunisia during the period 2011–14 allowed freedom to Salafi-jihadis. The document is placed here out of chronological order because it describes events that occurred in 2014 and early 2015. Only selections of the seven-page document are translated here, as the bulk of it concerns other groups in Africa. Note that it was the capture of the Chibok girls which provoked the admiration of the writer, and made him realize that Boko Haram is a truly jihadi group...
9
"Women Monastics and Women Visitors at a Pachomian Women’s Monastery in Fourth-Century c.e. Egypt." In Women’s Religions in the Greco-Roman World, edited by Ross Shepard Kraemer. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195170658.003.0044.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract author: Born in Galatia in ca. 363, Palladius took up the monastic life in his midtwenties but modified his ascetic rigor because of poor health. His Lausiac History was dedicated to Lausus, chamberlain in the court of Theodosius II. Originally written in Greek in 419–20 and subsequently translated into Latin, it represents a major source for early monasticism in Egypt, Palestine, Syria, and Asia Minor. Though the bulk of the work describes male monastics and their communities, the work also contains important references to early women’s monasteries and anecdotes about female ascetics. translation: A. Veilleux, Pachomian Koinonia, vol. 2, Pachomian Chronicles and Rules, Cistercian Studies 45 (Kalamazoo, Mich.: Cistercian Pubs., 1981). text: PG 34, 991–1262; CTS 6 (C. Butler, 1904); CSCO (R. Draguet, 1978, 389–90, 398–99). Draguet also provides corrections to Butler’s text in various articles, for which see M. Geerard, Clavis Patrum Graecorum 3:169. additional translation: W. K. L. Clarke, The Lausiac History of Palladius (London: SPCK, 1918).
10
"Emerald Tablet." In Milestone Documents in World History. Schlager Group Inc., 2024. https://doi.org/10.3735/9781961844056.book-part-033.
Full textAbstract:
The Emerald Tablet, frequently known by its Latin title, Tabula smaragdina, is one of the most important documents in the history of alchemy. While most alchemical texts are centered on the actual work of the alchemist in the laboratory, the Emerald Tablet makes a theoretical, even theological, statement of the basic principles of alchemy. Composed anonymously at the end of the Greek alchemical tradition in Egypt sometime between the years 500 and 700 CE, the Emerald Tablet was translated into Arabic in the early ninth century and became a foundational document of Islamic alchemy during the Middle Ages. Part of the Emerald Tablet’s appeal came from its attribution to Hermes Trismegistus, a mythical Egyptian philosopher who supposedly lived before the biblical Flood and whose writings carried immense authority in late antiquity and the Middle Ages; at the end of the Renaissance, however, in 1614, the humanist Isaac Casaubon proved these writings to be much later pseudepigrapha. The Emerald Tablet was next translated into Latin in twelfth-century Spain, together with the greater bulk of Arabic scholarship and ancient Greek texts known in the Muslim world, and it again became a key text for the development of alchemy, this time in western Europe. In this case alchemy finally led to the development of scientific chemistry, and in the seventeenth century the doctrine of occult sympathy taught by the Emerald Tablet gave Isaac Newton an imaginative basis for conceiving of the operation of force at a distance, allowing him to develop the theory of gravity.
Conference papers on the topic "Translated Bull"
1
Hassanin, Ahmed, Peter Yancey, Chris Alexander, Glenn Astolfi, Jeffrey Piascik, and Jeff Pavelka. "Surface and Defect Preparation Using Atmospheric Plasma for Non-Metallic Pipe Repair." In CONFERENCE 2022. AMPP, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2022-18175.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Atmospheric Plasma Solutions Inc. (APS) partnered with ADV Integrity, Inc. to conduct a testing program to evaluate the impact of atmospheric plasma surface preparation on the performance of composite systems used to repair defects in transmission pipelines. The APS surface treatment system provides a portable solution for coating removal and functionalizes surfaces to increase adhesion of resins/epoxy/coatings to the underlying substrate. Composite repair systems’ performance relies heavily on the levels of adhesion between the initial layer of the composite system and the substrate. Enhanced adhesion translates to improved performance of composite systems due to increased bonding (mechanical and chemical) which improves the load transfer from the substrate to the composite layers. Atmospheric plasma treated surfaces were compared to industry standard surface preparation (NACE-2) and flash-rusted surfaces on commercially available composite repairs systems. All groups were tested to ASTM standards for contact angle wettability; lap shear testing; full-scale leak repair pressure testing; and mechanical testing (tensile and fracture toughness (Charpy V-notch)). Plasma treated surfaces displayed over a 300% increase in pressure cyclic performance compared to industry standard solutions. Additionally, utilizing this solution did not affect the bulk material properties of the metal substrates as shown in tensile and Charpy tests.
2
Jia, Yi, and Edwar Romero. "Radio Telemeter for Gear Bulk Temperature Measurement." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/ptg-48129.
Full textAbstract:
A radio telemeter was designed and fabricated for gear bulk temperature measurement. The temperature telemeter developed in the paper is based on the principle of an inductor-capacitor (L-C) tuned electronic oscillator. A temperature sensitive capacitor has been integrated into an electronic circuit of an L-C oscillator as a frequency-controlling element. The change in the value of the capacitor due to temperature variation is translated into modulation in the oscillator frequency. This change in frequency, with proper calibration, permits accurate bulk temperature measurements of the gear. The Surface Mount Component and Photolithography technology were employed to fabricate the miniature temperature radio telemeter. Various test results will be presented. These results have proven that the telemeter is a useful device in measuring gear bulk temperature.
3
KHRISSI, Youssef. "Thermal Characterization of a New Bio-Composite Building Material based on Gypsum and Date Palm Fiber." In Mediterranean Architectural Heritage. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644903117-6.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. In Morocco, the prevalent use of building materials with low thermal resistance has translated into substantial energy consumption. This has underscored the pressing need to promote the development and adoption of sustainable construction and insulation materials. The primary objective of our study is to enhance the thermal properties of plaster by incorporating date palm fibers (DPF) to create an exterior wall coating. To evaluate the thermal properties of the resulting Gypsum-DPF bio-composite material, we conducted several experimental measurements of thermophysical properties. These measurements encompassed the determination of bulk density and thermal conductivity, which were assessed using the steady-state hot plate method. Our findings reveal that the inclusion of date palm fiber in the material led to a noteworthy reduction in bulk density, amounting to approximately 17.16%. Furthermore, thermal conductivity decreased by approximately 26.24%. These outcomes underscore the potential and value of utilizing this bio-composite material in building construction to enhance thermal comfort and, critically, contribute to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, particularly CO2 emissions.
4
De Martino, A., D. Carrara, B. Drévillon, and L. Schwartz. "Full field OCT with thermal light." In European Conference on Biomedical Optics. Optica Publishing Group, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ecbo.2001.4431_38.
Full textAbstract:
A very simple OCT system has been developed, based on a Linnik interferometric microscope with its reference mirror mounted on a piezoelectric translator. The geometrical extension of the optics allows efficient illumination of this device with a low power (3 W) light bulb, yielding full field interferometric images at 50 Hz acquisition rate with a fast CCD camera. Due to the very broad spectral width of the light source and camera response, an axial resolution better than 2 μm is easily achieved. Tomographic images of cell smears are shown.
5
Pegna, Joseph. "Exploratory Investigation of Layered Fabrication Applied to Construction Automation." In ASME 1995 Design Engineering Technical Conferences collocated with the ASME 1995 15th International Computers in Engineering Conference and the ASME 1995 9th Annual Engineering Database Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1995-0029.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract After more than a decade of research in construction automation, robotic tools have brought little if any productivity improvement to the industry. In this paper, we argue that automation which applies to most manufacturing industry does not translate effectively to construction which is limited not by labor, but by process. We propose a radical departure from generally accepted concepts in construction automation and demonstrate that new techniques of layered manufacturing can be applied effectively to construction. In the process, we also modified material processing of cement to adapt it to the requirements of rapid prototyping. We illustrate our purpose with sample structures manufactured by incremental deposition of reactive bulk materials (cement and Silica in this instance).
6
Matthews, S., J. Fendt, M. Hyland, and L. M. Berger. "Heat-Treatment Induced Microstructural Evolution of TiC-Based Hardmetal Coatings." In ITSC2011, edited by B. R. Marple, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, et al. DVS Media GmbH, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2011p0109.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Considerable effort has been made to translate the beneficial properties of bulk Ti(C,N)-based hardmetals to wear resistant thermal spray coatings. Such efforts have focused primarily on as-sprayed coatings. However, past work has shown that hardmetal coatings can undergo significant changes when operated at elevated temperature for extended periods. This work characterised the microstructural changes in a HVOF sprayed (Ti,Mo)(C,N)-Ni coating treated in air at 700°C for up to 30 days. The microstructural development of the carbonitride phase was very subtle. Image analysis indicated that the Mo-rich rim phase underwent the greatest degree of dissolution during spraying and precipitation with heat treatment. Dissolution of the carbonitride phases during spraying led to significant alloying of the Ni binder. Rapid recovery of the Ni binder composition occurred after one day of treatment, but it retained a higher steady state degree of alloying relative to the starting powder.
7
Bongat, Ruben A., and Menandro S. Berana. "Ice Build-Up Modeling and Performance Analysis of the Customized External-Melt Ice Thermal Energy Storage in the Philippines." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-65300.
Full textAbstract:
This paper elucidates the mathematical modeling of ice build-up, analysis of performance and projected economic impact of a custom-designed external-melt ice thermal energy storage (TES) that was constructed in the Philippines. Custom-designed TES evaporator coil at compressor-aided, partial storage mode with maximum design ice thickness of 2.95 in (74.93 mm) was used for the TES facility with computed maximum cooling demand of 326.2 TR (1,147 kW). The model was developed for ice formation rates based on relevant and validated researches. The governing equations for freezing were formed to solve for the weight of water converted to ice and prevailing TES bulk water temperature. All the thermophysical properties of ice expressed as a function of bulk ice temperature with correlated compressor capacity based on actual refrigeration system operating parameters was used. Performance and cost analyses showed that the custom-designed TES cooling coil requires an increase in initial investment by about 14.26% compared to conventional water chiller of similar capacity by only considering the addition of TES tank, excluding electrical and piping requirements of the chiller and TES systems. Benefits from time-of-use (TOU) rates, wherein electricity is cheaper at night, and coefficient of performance (COP) improvement due to lower ambient temperature at night translate to 31.88% internal rate of return (IRR) at 5-year cash flow or simple payback period of 2.55 years.
8
Bell, Brett J., and Sherry L. Voytik-Harbin. "Multiaxial Study of Fibroblast Biomechanics in a 3D Collagen Matrix." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206722.
Full textAbstract:
It is becoming increasingly evident, that of the signaling modalities relevant to the cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment, the mechanical component is a very important mediator of cell behavior (reviewed in [1, 2]). Indeed, proliferation, ECM protein expression (collagen), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) levels, migration, and stem cell differentiation, have all been shown to be affected by mechanical environmental cues [3, 4]. Although the importance of physical signaling mechanisms has been well established, the bulk of this work has yet to be translated to a more physiologic 3D microenvironment [1]. Self-assembling collagen matrices provide a biochemically, biophysically relevant 3D model of soft tissues in which biomechanical studies can be performed [5, 6]. It is with this 3D tissue model in mind, that a biaxial mechanical testing system (BMTS) was devised, built, tested, and applied to the study of cell-ECM biomechanics. The completion of this device has enabled us, to undertake a multi-scale, multidimensional study of cell-ECM mechanics. Hierarchical quantification of cell and ECM strains using digital image correlation (DIC) facilitate a more complete understanding of the mechanical response of cells to macroscopic loads and deformations. Furthermore, transfection of cells with GFP tagged actin binding protein utrophin (UTR-GFP) enables qualitative assessment of cytoskeletal deformations [7].
9
D’Amore, Antonio, John A. Stella, David E. Schmidt, William R. Wagner, and Michael S. Sacks. "A Micro-Architectural Based Structural Model for Elastomeric Electrospun Scaffolds." In ASME 2010 First Global Congress on NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nemb2010-13344.
Full textAbstract:
Interest in electrospun polymeric nano-microfibers for tissue engineering applications has rapidly grown during the last decade. In spite of this technique’s flexibility and ability to form complex fiber assemblies, additional studies are required to elucidate how the fibrous microstructure translates into specific tissue (or meso-scale) level mechanical behavior. Deterministic structural models can quantify how key structures contribute to the mechanical response as a function of bulk deformation across multiple scales, as well as provide a better understanding of cellular mechanical response to local micro-structural deformations. Our ultimate aim is to utilize such models to assist tissue engineering scaffold design. In the current work, we present a novel approach to automatically quantify key micro-architectural descriptors (fiber overlaps, connectivity, orientation, and diameter) from SEM images of electrospun poly (ester urethane) urea (PEUU) to recreate statistically equivalent scaffold mechanical models. An appropriate representative volume element (RVE) size was determined by quantifying the point of stabilization of the architectural descriptors over image areas of increasing size. Material models were then generated specifying: fiber overlap density, fiber orientation, connectivity and fiber diameter. Macro-meso mechanical response was predicted via FEM simulations.
10
Mermelstein, Marc D., and R. G. Priest. "Dynamic speckle spatial coherence measurements with single-mode optical fiber couplers." In OSA Annual Meeting. Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1990.tui5.
Full textAbstract:
Recent experiments have demonstrated the suitability of single-mode optical fiber couplers in heterodyne laser light scattering experiments.1 The optical fiber coupler obviates the wavefront matching requirement at the photodetector in bulk optic arrangements and provides a moveable point-like optical probe of the scattered electric field. Three single-mode fiber optic couplers are utilized to measure the spatial coherence of the amplitude, phase rate, and amplitude weighted phase rate fluctuations of light scattered by polystyrene spheres suspended in water and undergoing Brownian motion. Light scattered with a wavevector k s is divided by a beam splitter and collected by two single mode fibers initially aligned with their cores superpositioned. One fiber is mounted on a piezoelectric translator so that the core spacing may be varied. The light collected by each fiber is combined with a local oscillator field, mixed at individual photodetectors, and subsequently demodulated. Coherence measurements for the two demodulated outputs are determined by a spectrum analyzer as a function of the core spacing. Amplitude coher ence measurements are in agreement with the Van Cittert—Zernike theorem for the transverse coherence length. Phase rate and amplitude weighted phase rate coherence measurements are also presented.
Reports on the topic "Translated Bull"
1
Barker, Amanda, Taylor Sullivan, W. Baxter, et al. Iron oxidation–reduction processes in warming permafrost soils and surface waters expose a seasonally rusting Arctic watershed. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48714.
Full textAbstract:
Landscape-scale changes from climate change in the Arctic affect the soil thermal regime and impact the depth to permafrost in vulnerable tundra watersheds. When top-down thaw of permafrost occurs, oxygen and porewaters infiltrate deeper in the soil column exposing fresh, previously frozen material and altering redox conditions. A gap remains in understanding how redox stratifications in thawing permafrost impact the geochemistry of watersheds in response to climate change and how investigations into redox may be scaled by coupling extensive geophysical mapping techniques. In this study, we collected soils and soil porewaters from three soil pits and surface water samples from an Arctic watershed on the North Slope of Alaska and analyzed for trace metals iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) and Fe oxidation state using bulk and microscale techniques. We also used geophysical mapping and soil thermistors to measure active layer depths across the watershed to relate accelerating permafrost thaw to watershed geochemistry. Overall, evidence showed that Fe and Mn could be useful as geochemical indicators of permafrost thaw and release of Fe(II) from thawing permafrost and further oxidation to Fe(III) could translate to a higher degree of seasonal rusting coinciding with the warming and thawing of near surface-permafrost.
2
Hertel, Thomas, Maros Ivanic, Paul Preckel, and John Cranfield. Trade Liberalization and the Structure of Poverty in Developing Countries. GTAP Working Paper, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp25.
Full textAbstract:
“Globalization increases poverty” is a common assertion made by critics of globalization. The proliferation of low-wage jobs and higher food prices are some of the arguments brought forward in support of this argument. One of the hallmarks of globalization is the systematic dismantling of barriers to trade. Advocates of trade liberalization – particularly industrialized country agriculture reform – argue that the ensuing rise in world prices for agriculture products will boost rural incomes, thereby reducing poverty in the poorest countries, where the bulk of world poverty resides. Who is right? The goal of this paper is take a systematic look at the structure of poverty across a range of developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America, and explore how national poverty rates in some of the poorest countries in the world are likely to be affected by global trade liberalization. Our analysis of the structure of poverty is based on national household surveys from 14 developing countries. While we consider both spending and earnings effects of trade liberalization, it is argued that the earnings effects will generally be the dominant factor. This is particularly true in the short run for households that are highly specialized in their earnings patterns. Consider the case of a self-employed farm household. Assuming that trade liberalization results in higher farm prices, we expect the short run effect on the returns to family labor and land to be positive, and somewhat larger in percentage terms (the so-called “magnification effect”). Furthermore, if this household is not employed off-farm, then the farm profitability effect translates directly into an income effect, and this is likely to be sufficient to lift some of the farm households out of poverty. Of course this same effect can work in reverse, with commodity price declines increasing poverty. This makes specialized households highly vulnerable to trade policy shocks. In addition to agriculture-specialized households, we focus on self-employed non-agriculture specialized households, households specialized in wage labor and those relying on transfer payments for 95% or more of their income. Together, these four types of specialized households account for an average of 56% of the poor in the 14 countries examined. Thus a majority of the poor have specialized earnings patterns and are likely to be disproportionately affected by trade liberalization. The same is not true of the non-poor, where a majority of the households are diversified, and are therefore less vulnerable to sector-specific commodity price changes. We also find that the poor are over-represented among the agriculture-specialized households. With this background, we turn to an examination of the broad effects of multilateral trade liberalization on relative commodity prices and factor returns across the 14 countries in question. We distinguish between per capita effects – or the impact of trade liberalization on the “average” household in each country, and the effects on the poorest households. Our per capita results are quite similar to other studies of multilateral trade liberalization, with most countries gaining modestly, while a few gain substantially and a few lose due to the erosion of benefits from existing preferences. Some argue that this “rising tide will lift all boats” and so the positive per capita gains from trade liberalization will reduce poverty. However, we show that the short run impact of trade liberalization on different household groups is quite varied, and not always positive. First of all, global trade liberalization tends to raise food prices – particularly for staples, relative to non-food prices. This is true in all but 2 of the countries in our sample. This food price hike has an adverse effect on the poor, relative to the per capita household, since they spend a disproportionate share of their income on food. Also, the short run earnings impacts are quite varied, with agricultural profits rising relative to per capita income in 11 of the 14 countries, while relative non-agricultural profits and wages fall in many of these countries. Thus the overall impact on poverty depends on the structure of poverty in each country – hence our emphasis on this topic. We proceed to systematically explore the impact of trade liberalization on poverty utilizing a recently developed analytical framework that combines the detailed household survey data with a global economic model in order to measure the poverty impacts of trade liberalization on the five different household strata in each country. Each of the first four strata corresponds to one of the groups of earnings-specialized households, while the fifth encompasses the diversified households in each country. We conduct our analysis at the level of one hundred income percentiles, ranging from poorest to richest in each stratum. In this way, we uncover the differential impact of trade liberalization, by country, stratum and by income level. We also calculate the change in poverty rates, both at the stratum and national levels. Our findings emphasize the differential short run poverty impacts of multilateral trade liberalization on poverty across countries, across strata, and within strata, thereby highlighting the links between the structure of poverty and the national impacts of trade liberalization.