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1
Sudarmaji, Sudarmaji, Iman Santoso, and Retna Endah Sri Mulyati. "Analisis Kesalahan Hasil Terjemahan Mesin Penerjemah Teks Bahasa Jerman ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia." Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 6, no. 2 (2023): 483–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v6i2.668.
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Many online translation machines can translate more than 100 languages, including German into Indonesian and vice versa. However, the accuracy and standardization of the results still need to be investigated. This study aims to identify language errors in the translation of German texts into Indonesian using Google Translate and Bing Translator. This research is a descriptive qualitative research based on language error analysis. The data is derived from 12 German news articles published by Deutsche Welle. These German texts were translated into Indonesian using these two machine translators. The translated texts were analyzed for language errors at the semantic, morphological, and syntactic levels. The results of this study show that there are still language errors at the semantic, morphological, and syntactic levels in the translated texts produced by Google Translate and Bing Translator. Both translation machines tend to translate the text word for word. A translation result is an initial form of translation that needs to be edited to obtain an accurate translation.
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Burbara, Rawiya. "Towards a Bilingual Binational Translation Method: The Amputated Tongue Collection of Short Stories as a Sample." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 4, no. 12 (2021): 132–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.12.15.
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Translators and writers are divided into two main groups regarding the method of translation that should be adopted in translating texts. One group believes that the translator should be true to the translated text, while the other group believes that the translator has the right to recreate the text into a more beautiful one. This study deals with this issue from these two points of view and tries to answer the following questions: Why do we translate? What should we translate? How do we translate? The study relies on an innovative translation method developed by the Board of Maktoub Project for Translation that belongs to Van Leer Institute in Jerusalem to answer these questions. A group of about one hundred Arab and Jewish translators translated Arabic literature texts into Hebrew in an internationally new method, which is neither individual nor collective. It is a bilingual binational method. The translators consist of pairs of a Jewish or/and Arab translator, an Arab/or Jewish literary editor, and a linguistic editor, believing that translation is a text and culture, heritage, and traditions of a people or nation. This dual method gave the translated text its right of accuracy after it had been translated by one translator who can make mistakes due to his ignorance of the writer's culture. The study's conclusion confirms that bilingual binational translation is more fruitful and more accurate because it is based on dialogue, bilingual, and binational cultural knowledge.
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Nasution, Dewi Kesuma. "Machine Translation in Website Localization: Assessing its Translation Quality for Language Learning." AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan 14, no. 2 (2022): 1879–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v14i2.1308.
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This study seeks to investigate the quality of translation generated by a popular Machine Translation (MT) platform, viz. Google Translate (GT) in translating the content of a Russian flight charterer’s website from English into Indonesian. To analyze the translation quality produced by MT, we compared the original translation of the website texts translated by a human translator and the machine-translated version. The translation quality is limited to the readability level. The texts serving as the data were collected from the menus of a Russian flight chartering service website which was originally translated by an Indonesian translator. An analysis further discovered that the translation produced by MT is divided into two quality categories: less readable and readable. The less readable translation is caused by MT’s inability to adjust to stylistic forms in Indonesian, failure to do adaptation strategy and in some cases, MT tends to follow the same sentence structure of the original text (source text).
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Afzaal, Muhammad, Muhammad Imran, Xiangtao Du, and Norah Almusharraf. "Automated and Human Interaction in Written Discourse: A Contrastive Parallel Corpus-based Investigation of Metadiscourse Features in Machine-Human Translations." SAGE Open 12, no. 4 (2022): 215824402211422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221142210.
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The rise of the internet has generated a need for fast online translations, which human translators cannot meet. Statistical tools such as Google and Baidu Translate provide automatic translation from one written language to another. This study reports the descriptive comparison of the machine-translation (MT) with human translation (HT), considering the metadiscoursal interactional features. The study uses a parallel corpus consisting of 79 texts translated from Chinese to English by professional human translators and machine translations (Baidu translate & Google translate) and a comparable reference corpus of non-translated English text. The statistical analysis revealed no statistically significant difference between Baidu and Google translate regarding all types of metadiscoursal indicators. However, the findings of this study demonstrate significant disparities in the interactional characteristics of various HT and MT groups. Compared to the metadiscourse features in non-translated English political texts, human translators were found to outperform machine translations in the use of attitude markers. In contrast, the distribution of directives in machine-translated texts is more native-like. In addition, MT and HT have utilized a significantly smaller number of hedges, self-mention, and readers than non-translated texts. Our results indicate that the MT systems, though still calling for further improvement, have shown tremendous growth potential and may complement human translators.
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Mihkelev, Anneli. "The image of neighbours: Latvian and Lithuanian literature in Estonia." Sign Systems Studies 40, no. 3/4 (2012): 432–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2012.3-4.09.
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The translated text has a specific value in the new culture: it can be a translation of a literary text, and it can be a translation of culture, i.e. a synchronic text of a cultural system. There are two principal concepts which are used in the present article: 'translation' and 'reception'. Reception begins with the selection of the author, literary or historical epoch, literary style, or ideology. So, every translation and reception begins with reading, and every reading creates meanings. At the same time, reception is also translation: it is a moment when two distinct cultures mix, and this situation needs understanding of the other. The translated texts create the image of the translated culture and/or nation. The article examines texts from Latvian and Lithuanian literatures from the second half of the 18th century to the early 20th century which have been translated into Estonian: what kind of texts are translated in different periods and by different translators (the selection of the authors and the texts); what the purpose of the translations is; how these translations translate Latvian or Lithuanian culture into Estonian; and how Estonians understand and accept these translated texts. And, finally, how these translated texts create the image of the translated culture and/or nation.
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Marco, Josep. "Normalisation and the Translation of Phraseology in the COVALT Corpus1." Terminologie et linguistique 54, no. 4 (2010): 842–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/038907ar.
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Abstract In this article, it is assumed that phraseological usage can be regarded as an indicator of normalisation in translated texts, as phraseological units are target-language standardised forms belonging to its lexical repertoire. Drawing on data yielded by the English-Catalan subcorpus of COVALT (Valencian Corpus of Translated Literature), it was found that Catalan translated texts are less phraseological than their corresponding English source texts, though only by a narrow margin. The narrowness of the margin seems to bear witness to some effort on the translators’ part to retain or recreate a noticeable degree of phraseological activity in translated texts. However, further research is needed into the motives underlying translator behaviour in this respect.
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Joshi, Ms Shivani. "Translating “Printed Texts” into the “Moving Pictures – Film”." International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 7, no. 5 (2022): 075–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.75.13.
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Literature is a mirror to society: a way of imparting knowledge, sharing ideas and thoughts, and bringing revolutions in the civilization. When it comes to literature, the treasure of literature lies in the vernacular language and which needs to be translated into the globally accepted language in order to make it available to each stratum of the society. Traditionally “Translation Literature” means “translating literature of one language to another language in authentic way”, however, there is a surge in research probing the parallels between translation and adaptation process. What is available in the form of printed text in one language is translated not only into the printed text in another language but also into the language of sound and moving objects. This paper attempts to examine how “Literature” in one language translated into “Cinema”. When a book is translated into the film, a scriptwriter makes certain changes by adding the essence through the appropriate dialogue: while working with language, he translates and adapts relevantly for the modern audience - translating a written text from one language into another language and the another medium.
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Swadeshi, Ahimsa W., and Adi Sutrisno. "Lexical Error Analysis of Indonesian-English Translation of Texts in Dewantara Kirti Griya Museum." Lexicon 8, no. 2 (2021): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/lexicon.v8i2.67886.
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The current research aims to examine lexical errors in Indonesian-English translated texts in Museum Dewantara Kirti Griya. The classification of Lexical Errors proposed by Legenhausen (1975, as cited in James, 2013) is applied in analysing the texts. From 43 texts, the result indicates that there are 88 errors, classified into formal errors (62,5%) and semantic errors (37,5%). The first one deals with the arrangement of words and phrases, while the second deals with meaning and collocation. The most common errors are about the confusion between concepts and terms. This happens when the translator meets local-cultural terms in the SL that needs extra effort to translate.
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Kovács, Gabriella. "Reading Strategies, Reading Comprehension, and Translation." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 10, no. 2 (2018): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausp-2018-0013.
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AbstractTranslators and language teachers are cultural and intercultural mediators, facilitators of intercultural transfers and border crossings between cultures. The abilities to understand, interpret, and produce written texts appropriately play an essential role in these professions. In the process of translation, source-language texts have to be understood and translated using the most appropriate target-language equivalents. Reading skills and awareness of reading strategies are equally essential for language teachers, who are expected to guide language learners in developing these skills. In this study, we intend to examine the reading habits and reading strategies used by a group of Hungarian translator and teacher trainees when dealing with texts written in English. Their reading comprehension performance will be assessed with a test and compared with their ability to translate English texts into Hungarian. Based on the literature and our personal experience in language teaching, teacher training, and translator training, we assume that students preparing for the above mentioned professions have a well-developed reading strategy awareness and that their reading comprehension skills in English strongly influence the ability to translate texts into their native language.
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Jubaidah, Siti, and Aliurridha. "Strategi Meningkatkan Keakuratan Hasil Terjemahan Bahasa Indonesia ke Bahasa Inggris Menggunakan Google Translate." JISHUM : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora 2, no. 4 (2024): 487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.57248/jishum.v2i4.403.
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This study aims to find ways or strategies that can be used to get much more accurate Google Translate translation results, especially translations from Indonesian to English. This study uses qualitative research methods because it is carried out to provide an explanation of a phenomenon which will later build a theory related to this phenomenon. This study can be categorized as an experimental research study; because it uses two research objects and then compares the results. The two objects are Chapter 1 of the novel Laskar Pelangi by Andrea Hirata which was directly translated using Google Translate and Chapter 1 of the novel Laskar Pelangi by Andrea Hirata which underwent adjustments (in the form of strategy implementation) before being translated using Google Translate. These two translations were then compared to see which version was most similar to the translation of professional translator Angie Killbane who had translated the novel into English. This study only focuses on the similarity of Google Translate translation results for texts that have not undergone adjustments and Google Translate translation results for texts that have undergone adjustments with the translation results of professional translators. The results of this study found that text translations that underwent adjustments were more similar to the results of translations by professional translators. The adjustment in question is to clarify the meaning of the sentence by adding time information and adapting the language so that Google Translate can understand the meaning of the sentence correctly so that it can produce a translation that is much more accurate, acceptable and reasonable, in accordance with translation rules.
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Urbainczyk, Theresa. "TRANSLATED TEXTS FROM LATE ANTIQUITY." Classical Review 52, no. 1 (2002): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cr/52.1.15.
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Yim, Jin, and Yong-hun Lee. "Can Generative AIs Distinguish Translated from Non-Translated Texts?" Studies in Modern Grammar 123 (September 30, 2024): 139–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14342/smog.2024.123.139.
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Veresné Valentinyi, Klára. "Explicitation Strategies of Beginner and Professional Translators in Sight Translated Texts Interpreted by Relevance Theory." Acta Carolus Robertus 12, no. 1 (2022): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.33032/acr.2888.
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In this paper, we present a study in which we investigated the explicitation strategies of beginner, inexperienced and practicing, professional translators in sight translated texts (STTs). Research shows that translated texts (TTs) are longer than non-translated texts (non-TTs) and parallel texts. The reason for this is that translators explicate, i.e. they explain the hidden, implicit message of the text. The strategies of explanation, insertion, repetition, paraphrasing are used as explicitation strategies. One of the reasons for explicitation is that the target language reader has different cultural and professional backgrounds, consequently, they may not always know the background of the source language text, or the original message of the source language text may not be clear enough, therefore, the translator has to explain it. The other reason is that translators seek to be safe, so they will explain the implicit content even when it is not necessary. The study examined the sight translation strategies of beginner and professional translators, as it was assumed that both groups use explicitation strategies, and that they use the same explicitation strategies, since the use of explicitation strategies is a feature of all translations, regardless of the level of experience of the translator. Our research results supported our hypotheses, i.e. the same explicitation strategies appeared in the sight translated texts by beginner and professional translators. However, it has also been found, that beginner, inexperienced translators use more repetition and paraphrasing, which is explained by their inadequate translator competences.
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Moya, Virgilio. "La Ampliation del Discurso Traslativo a Propósito de los Nombres Propios." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 45, no. 1 (1999): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.45.1.03moy.
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Abstract The paper deals with the information the translator adds to proper names in the target text (his readership does not share the same presuppositions as the readership of the original text). The paper is based on the linguistic use of the target culture, that is to say, in what the present journalistic texts are conventionally doing in both translated and non-translated texts. We work with journalistic texts mainly because they can be a basis to the translation of any pragmatic text, and we cannot forget that this is the most translated material. And after the description, analysis and explanation of these texts, we have confirmed that: a) proper names go through true shifts from the source text to the target text; b) some shifts are not as optional as Herting proposes; c) the addition — and at times the omission — of information, as much as sometimes ambiguity and literality show the creativity, the encyclopaedic knowledge and the common sense of the translator; and d) so much explanation surrounding names in the target text is one of the signs of their own translatability. Résumé Dans notre article nous abordons le sujet de l'information que le traducteur ajoute aux noms propres dans le texte d'arrivée (ses lecteurs ne partageant pas les mêmes présuppositions que les lecteurs du texte de départ). L'article se fonde sur l'usage linguistique de la culture cible, c'est-à-dire, à ce qui se fait de manière conventionnelle dans les textes de presse actuels, tant pour les textes traduits que pour les textes non traduits. Nous travaillons sur des articles de presse principalement parce qu'ils nous servent de base pour la traduction de tout texte pragmatique, car nous ne pouvons pas oublier que ce sont ces textes pragmatiques qui sont les plus traduits de nos jours. Après la description, l'analyse et l'explication de ces textes, nous avons pu vérifier que: a) les noms propres subiraient de vraies transformations lorsqu'ils passent du texte source au texte cible; b) quelques transformations subies ne sont pas aussi facultatives que le pense Herting; c) l'ajout (et parfois l'omission) d'information, de même que la tendence à l'ambiguïté et la traduction littérale parfois, révèlent la creativité, les connaissances encyclopédiques et le bon sens du traducteur; et d) toute cette information additionnelle vis-à-vis du nom propre est donc bien un des indices de sa possible traduction.
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Yusupovna, Nazarova Munira. "LANGUAGE AND STYLE IN EDITING TRANSLATION TEXTS." American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research 4, no. 9 (2024): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/volume04issue09-17.
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This scientific article delves into the vital role of editing in translated texts, with a specific focus on the critical elements of journalistic translated texts: language and style. It highlights the central role of language and style in improving text quality during the editing process, a topic of immense importance and relevance to our field of journalism. The main goal of this scientific article is to empower you, the reader, with the knowledge of how language and style can be practically applied in the editing of translated texts in journalism. By identifying and eliminating our shortcomings in word use, we can enhance the quality and effectiveness of our work.
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Saeed, Aziz Mohammed Abdo. "An Analysis of Syntactic Complexity in Texts Translated by Google Translate and Human Translator from Arabic into English." Arts for Linguistic & Literary Studies 7, no. 1 (2025): 694–710. https://doi.org/10.53286/arts.v7i1.2305.
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This paper compared the syntactic complexity of translations from Arabic into English produced by Google Translate with human translation of the same texts using the web-based L2 Syntactic Complexity Analyzer (L2SCA). Syntactic complexity is an important aspect of writing quality and language proficiency in general. Understanding how machine translation tools deal with syntactic complexity when translating texts from Arabic into English will offer insights for their efficacy. The study analyzed the syntactic complexity of translations of five text samples collected from an Arabic book “Hiwar Ma’a Sadeeqi Almulhid” [Dialogue with An Atheist] by Mostafa Mahmoud. The output of Google Translate is compared with human translation for the same texts by Mohammed Yahia. The results showed that Google Translate output has lower syntactic complexity ratios for most of the 10 indices measured. The paper highlighted key findings that have implications for developing machine translation quality. This paper contributes to the ongoing development of machine translation.
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Bedjaoui, Fewzia, and Rym Allal. "Re-creating Literary Texts." Traduction et Langues 10, no. 1 (2011): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.52919/translang.v10i1.491.
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A translator must always be resourceful in terms of vocabulary and syntactic structures. As for creativity in literary translation, we believe that creativity and translation remain inseparable, that is, translation itself is a creative process. The translation is not simply a transformation of an original text into a literal equivalent, but must successfully convey the overall meaning of the original, including the cultural meaning. Fundamental questions are asked. What about the question of the translatability of the original style? Should a translation have the style of the translator? Can we say that the original literary style is untranslatable?
 Translation depends on the theoretical knowledge and the practical skill of the translator, a negotiation where the meanings are not translated, but the messages. Indeed, the act of translation goes well beyond simple linguistic transcoding; it is in fact an act of interlinguistic communication. Therefore, the task of the translator connects disciplines and cultures and makes an essential contribution to literature and language on an international scale.
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Sarhsian, Evelina Levonivna, and Olha Andriivna Zinchenko. "UTILIZING MACHINE TRANSLATION TECHNOLOGY FOR REPRODUCING SHORT PROSE LITERARY TEXTS." Studia Linguistica, no. 24 (2024): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2024.24.101-110.
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Machine translation systems permeate all spheres of human activity, including the field of literary translation. Scholars note that machine translation holds significant potential for development and is less labor-intensive compared to the work of human translators. Consequently, there is a need to analyze common errors in machine translation to help avoid them in the future as neural machine translation systems continue to evolve. This article examines and analyzes the quality of a Ukrainian translation of the Spanish short story “Amigos” by Argentine writer Julio Cortázar, performed by the machine translation system DeepL. The translated text was compared with the official Ukrainian translation done by a human translator. The translated text was analyzed for errors, and the types of errors made by the DeepL system were identified. Additionally, the number of errors was counted. The study employed methods of analysis, synthesis, and comparison of the original and translated texts. Considering the number and significance of the errors in terms of their impact on the essence of the text within narrow and broad contexts, we concluded that the quality of the story’s translation is relatively high. It was determined that using machine translation for translating literary works, particularly short prose, is potentially feasible and effective, provided that the translated text is subsequently edited by a human translator. To improve the quality of machine translation of literary texts, recommendations were developed to enhance the performance of the DeepL machine translation system.
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Delaere, Isabelle, Gert De Sutter, and Koen Plevoets. "Is translated language more standardized than non-translated language?" Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 24, no. 2 (2012): 203–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.24.2.01del.
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With this article, we seek to support the law of growing standardization by showing that texts translated into Belgian Dutch make more use of standard language than non-translated Belgian Dutch texts. Additionally, we want to examine whether the use of standard vs. non-standard language can be attributed to the variables text type and source language. In order to achieve that goal, we gathered a diverse set of linguistic variables and used a 10-million-word corpus that is parallel, comparable and bidirectional (the Dutch Parallel Corpus; Macken et al. 2011). The frequency counts for each of the variables are used to determine the differences in standard language use by means of profile-based correspondence analysis (Plevoets 2008). The results of our analysis show that (i) in general, there is indeed a standardizing trend among translations and (ii) text types with a lot of editorial control (fiction, non-fiction and journalistic texts) contain more standard language than the less edited text types (administrative texts and external communication) which adds support for the idea that the differences between translated and non-translated texts are text type dependent.
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Ghafur, Fenik M. "Foreignization and Domestication in the Kurdish Translation of the English Short Stories for Children." Koya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 7, no. 1 (2024): 483–93. https://doi.org/10.14500/kujhss.v7n1y2024.pp483-493.
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Translation in the field of children’s literature includes various dimensions and constraints that requires linguistic, ideological, cultural and stylistic aptness on the part of the translator. This reflects the fact that apart from entertaining, this domain is utilized for the child’s educational, religious and moral development over the phases of childhood as well. Besides, economics and ideology have significant roles in the establishment and availability of the translation of this type of genre nationally and internationally. This study, therefore, focuses on preliminary ideas concerning patterns of behavior in the translation of English literature written for children into Sorani Kurdish. It explores several strategies Kurdish translators follow to address various challenging paused by paradigmatic modification, with the aim to introduce translators who wish to translate for children, to the linguistic, stylistic, ideological and cultural differences specific to writing for children in certain cultures. To attain that, the study contemplates translated short stories written for children rather than instructive or information books. It strives to answer what paradigmatic shifts in reference to foreignization and domestication occurred in the Kurdish translation of English short stories written for children, against the backdrops of Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS). The study assumes that Kurdish translated texts in the domain of children’s literature lean towards domestication. The outcomes disclose that Kurdish translated texts have tendency towards domesticating strategy, meanwhile they are interested in making Kurdish young readers familiar with other cultures by choosing to have a high degree of foreignness in the Kurdish translated texts.
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Marhamah, Aulia, Imas Marliana, Halimah Ibrahim, and Sahkholid Nasution. "ANALISIS KESALAHAN LINGUISTIK DALAM PENERJEMAHAN TEKS BAHASA ARAB PADA GOOGLE TRANSLATE." AL-MUADDIB: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Kependidikan 7, no. 1 (2025): 122–36. https://doi.org/10.46773/muaddib.v7i1.1513.
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This study aims to analyze linguistic errors in translating Arabic texts. The habit of translating Arabic often uses Google Translate, focusing on morphological, syntactic, and semantic aspects to see the extent of errors in using Google Translate. The research method used is a qualitative method with a content analysis approach to see and explore these problems. Primary data used from testing Arabic texts that have been translated into Indonesian by Google Translate. While secondary data through literature studies. The results of the study show that Google Translate often makes mistakes in understanding the structure and linguistic system of Arabic, which has morphological complexity, flexibility of sentence structure, and semantic nuances that cannot always be translated directly. Morphological errors include misidentification of word forms and vowels, syntactic errors related to structure.
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Alvstad, Cecilia. "The translation pact." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 23, no. 3 (2014): 270–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947014536505.
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In this article I argue that translated texts and translational paratexts invite readers to read translated texts as if they were the originals, a hitherto widely ignored premise of translations. Although translations are produced by many agents in collaboration (authors, publishers, copy-editors and translators), they are generally presented as texts produced predominantly by one agent, the author. I therefore claim that there is a ‘translation pact’ at work in translated literature, a rhetorical construction through which readers are invited to read translated texts as if they were the originals. A narratological implication of the pact is that individual readers who accept the pact will reconstruct only an ‘implied author’ and not an ‘implied translator’. This view differs from earlier works on the implied translator (e.g. Munday, 2008: 11; O’Sullivan, 2003; Schiavi, 1996). The translation pact is most often constructed implicitly, but sometimes translators draw attention to themselves and manifest their agency, for example by discussing translational decisions in prefaces and notes. Against what one would assume from previous claims on the translator’s ‘visibility’ (Venuti, 1995), I demonstrate that the translator’s presence does not necessarily work against the pact but can rather strengthen it. The translation pact explains why readers, including critics, literary scholars and other professional readers, often talk and write about translations as if they were originals composed solely by the author.
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Novozhilova, Anna, Svetlana Korolkova, Yevgenia Shovgenina, and Alexander Shovgenin. "Pragmatics of Translating Tourism Discourse Texts." SHS Web of Conferences 50 (2018): 01121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185001121.
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The article presents translation analysis of the texts within tourism discourse. According to the authors, the Internet is the most popular source of information and thus tourist websites are aimed at forming tourism attractiveness of a certain region as well as promoting regional branding. As illustrated by examples of multilingual hotel websites, the language component of website content is an essential factor for translation. As a result, the analysis of data shows that in many translations various errors are made, which are characterized by a violation of stylistic, lexical, grammatical, spelling and punctuation norms or rules, consequently, translated texts do not correspond to their original communicative and pragmatic function. Having studied the original examples, the authors prove that the translated text in the tourism discourse performs its main function, i.e. attracts a large number of potential customers only when a professional translator while translating generates a new text, taking into account grammatical and linguistic norms of the language of translation, as well as maintaining stylistic imagery and colour in accordance with a specific lingua-culture of a foreign recipient.
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Purwanto, Andri, and Aceng Rahmat. "Deep Structure in the Nobel Qur’an." IJLECR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE EDUCATION AND CULTURE REVIEW 8, no. 2 (2022): 84–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/ijlecr.v8i2.12849.
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The objective of this research was to analyze the deep structure in the translation of Noble Qur’an. Since translation goal is meaning (deep structure), this study is badly needed. The theory of deep structure is proposed by Avram Noam Chomsky. This research is a content analysis method and reading, classifying, note-taking techniques for collecting data. The source data is taken from the Noble Qur’an, English translation and commentary translated by Dr Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din Al-Hilali dan Dr Muhammad Muhsin Khan. The research discusses some meaning components in the translation of Nobel Qur’an, there are eight meaning component strategies, i.e. (1) Features of form was found in 15 translated texts or 13%, (2) Function was found in 2 translated texts or 2%, (3) Form and function was found in 29 translated texts or 26%, (4) Comparison was found in 6 translated texts or 5%, (5) Classifier was found in 8 translated texts or 7%, (6) Couplets, triplets, quadruplets and quintaplets were found in 31 translated texts or 13%, (7) Synonym was found in 11 translated texts or 10%, and (8) Synonim plus reference was found in 5 translated texts or 4%, (9) Synonym with no modification was found in 6 translated texts or 5%.
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Aleksandrovych, Maryna. "Practical Issues of Translated Texts Editing." Integrated communications 25242644 (2019): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-2644.2019.7.5.
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This article contains a summary of some practical issues of translated texts editing with clear examples. Copy editing of translated texts is different from copy editing of texts written in the native language, because the focus of the work shifts from how to deliver an author’s message in the most appropriate way to how to deliver author’s text, written in the native language, in another language (Ukrainian) in the most appropriate way. The first question is the versatility: does the copy editor need to know the language of the original text in order to do effective copy editing. And she/he should at least understand the basic features of the language of the original text such as phonetics, grammar and syntax. Also a copy editor should pay particular attention to such aspects as: at the lexical level – false friends, transliteration of proper nouns, excess of possessive pronouns, translation or adaptation of lexical gaps; at the syntactic level – copulative verb, word order in a sentence, contrastive stress in a phrase, address words, syntax simplification. A necessary aspect is the unification of certain elements in the translated text: address words, units of measurement (length, weight, area, time, volume, etc.), transliterated proper and common nouns. Described in this article principles of transliteration, unification, adaptation, lexical and syntactic aspects of copy editing of translated texts will help to improve the quality of translated books into Ukrainian.
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CABATBAT, JOSEPHINE JILL T., JICA P. MONSANTO, and GIOVANNI A. TAPANG. "PRESERVED NETWORK METRICS ACROSS TRANSLATED TEXTS." International Journal of Modern Physics C 25, no. 02 (2014): 1350092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183113500927.
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Co-occurrence language networks based on Bible translations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) translations in different languages were constructed and compared with random text networks. Among the considered network metrics, the network size, N, the normalized betweenness centrality (BC), and the average k-nearest neighbors, knn, were found to be the most preserved across translations. Moreover, similar frequency distributions of co-occurring network motifs were observed for translated texts networks.
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Peterlin, Agnes Pisanski. "Engagement markers in translated academic texts." English Text Construction 9, no. 2 (2016): 268–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/etc.9.2.03pis.
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The author-audience interaction is an important issue in academic writing, but when academic texts are translated, new issues regarding the author-audience relationship arise because of the translator’s involvement in the text. This paper examines translators’ interventions in academic writing by focusing on one dimension of the author-audience interaction, i.e., reader-oriented strategies or engagement markers. Corpus analysis is employed to explore the use of engagement markers in academic texts translated into English, their corresponding source texts originally written in Slovene, and in comparable original English texts. The analysis reveals that while the frequency of engagement markers is relatively similar in the two sets of originals, it is considerably lower in the translated texts. This means that translators’ interventions resulted in a reduction in the use of engagement markers. The findings identify several potential reasons for translators’ intervention, including a tendency to avoid risky strategies such as the use of directives, adaptation of the target text to the conventions of the target language/culture, and adaptation of the target text to a new audience.
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Ma'shumah, Nadia Khumairo, Isra F. Sianipar, and Cynthia Yanda Salsabila. "Google Translate Performance in Translating English Passive Voice into Indonesian." PIONEER: Journal of Language and Literature 13, no. 2 (2021): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.36841/pioneer.v13i2.1292.
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A scant number of Google Translate users and researchers continue to be skeptical of the current Google Translate's performance as a machine translation tool. As English passive voice translation often brings problems, especially when translated into Indonesian which rich of affixes, this study works to analyze the way Google Translate (MT) translates English passive voice into Indonesian and to investigate whether Google Translate (MT) can do modulation. The data in this research were in the form of clauses and sentences with passive voice taken from corpus data. It included 497 news articles from the online news platform ‘GlobalVoices,' which were processed with AntConc 3.5.8 software. The data in this research were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively to achieve broad objectives, depth of understanding, and the corroboration. Meanwhile, the comparative methods were used to analyze both source and target texts. Through the cautious process of collecting and analyzing the data, the results showed that (1) GT (via NMT) was able to translate the English passive voice by distinguishing morphological changes in Indonesian passive voice (2) GT was able to modulate English passive voice into Indonesian base verbs and Indonesian active voice.
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Lulu, Reem Adib. "Grammatical Cohesion in the English to Arabic Translation of Political Texts." rEFLections 20 (December 31, 2015): 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.61508/refl.v20i0.113982.
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Cohesive markers link sentences together in text and make the whole text united and meaningful. While translating from the source language (SL) to the target language (TL), the translator may not translate all of the cohesive markers or may incorrectly translate them which affects the communicative meaning of the SL. Thus, many studies have analyzed different texts in different languages by using one of the translation theories to find a better strategy of translating such cohesive markers. This study makes use of Halliday and Hasan’s (1976) model of cohesion to identify cohesive markers used in Arabic and English texts, and it focuses on references as cohesive markers. The source English texts are taken from the online editions of The New York Times and The Washington Post, while their translated Arabic versions are taken from the online Arabic newspaper, Asharq Al-Awsat. The study also adopts Nida’s (1964) translation techniques to identify the translation techniques which are used to translate English grammatical cohesive markers into Arabic. Two techniques of Nida are found in the analysis: alteration and subtraction. One new technique is also found in this study, namely sustaining. By identifying the translation techniques used in translating the cohesive markers, translators and linguists will be aware of these techniques.
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M. Janković, Ljiljana. "TRANSLATING LITERARY TEXTS FROM ENGLISH INTO SERBIAN: A CONTRASTIVE APPROACH." Филолог – часопис за језик књижевност и културу 15, no. 30 (2024): 84–108. https://doi.org/10.21618/fil2430084j.
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Contrastive linguistics presupposes a systematic analysis of differences and similarities between two or more languages. Translation studies constitute a field of contrastive linguistics, since translation from one language to another undoubtedly involves the contrasting and comparing of two languages. Some scholars believe that translated texts demonstrate linguistic patterns that systematically distinguish them from non-translated texts in the same language (Baroni & Bernardini, 2006; Volansky et al., 2015; Zanettin, 2013), which supports the idea that translated language is a kind of “third code” (Frawley, 2000 [1984]). However, translation has been defined as both a process and product in linguistic literature. Translation as a process transfers the meaning from one language to another, simultaneously accounting for the textual, grammatical, and pragmatic features of the source text. The empirical research presented in this paper was conducted with the fourth-year students at the English Department at the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Niš, Serbia. A literary text translated from English into Serbian was analysed in order to prove that, despite various linguistic and extra-linguistic constraints, a balance between the style and form and the achievement of accuracy may be attained in the translation process. The analysis of the students’ translations demonstrates that the best results are gained by concentrating on the aesthetic values of the source text and by considering the substance of the text, as well as its sense and the message. The paper also considers the fact that in translating into the mother tongue (Serbian), the (English) text to be translated poses a problem of analysis – the translator has to analyse the text to comprehend the implicit and explicit shades of its meaning
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de Vries, Erik, Martijn Schoonvelde, and Gijs Schumacher. "No Longer Lost in Translation: Evidence that Google Translate Works for Comparative Bag-of-Words Text Applications." Political Analysis 26, no. 4 (2018): 417–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pan.2018.26.
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Automated text analysis allows researchers to analyze large quantities of text. Yet, comparative researchers are presented with a big challenge: across countries people speak different languages. To address this issue, some analysts have suggested using Google Translate to convert all texts into English before starting the analysis (Lucas et al. 2015). But in doing so, do we get lost in translation? This paper evaluates the usefulness of machine translation for bag-of-words models—such as topic models. We use the europarl dataset and compare term-document matrices (TDMs) as well as topic model results from gold standard translated text and machine-translated text. We evaluate results at both the document and the corpus level. We first find TDMs for both text corpora to be highly similar, with minor differences across languages. What is more, we find considerable overlap in the set of features generated from human-translated and machine-translated texts. With regard to LDA topic models, we find topical prevalence and topical content to be highly similar with again only small differences across languages. We conclude that Google Translate is a useful tool for comparative researchers when using bag-of-words text models.
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Lembersky, Gennadi, Noam Ordan, and Shuly Wintner. "Language Models for Machine Translation: Original vs. Translated Texts." Computational Linguistics 38, no. 4 (2012): 799–825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00111.
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We investigate the differences between language models compiled from original target-language texts and those compiled from texts manually translated to the target language. Corroborating established observations of Translation Studies, we demonstrate that the latter are significantly better predictors of translated sentences than the former, and hence fit the reference set better. Furthermore, translated texts yield better language models for statistical machine translation than original texts.
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Olkhovska, Alla, and Maryna Lavrenova. "Experimental study of the impact of using machine translation systems on the quality of translation of texts in the field of law." Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University Series: Foreign Philology. Methods of Foreign Language Teaching, no. 94 (November 30, 2021): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2227-8877-2021-94-11.
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The article is devoted to the study of the impact of using machine translation systems (Microsoft Translator and Google Translate) on the quality of translation of texts in the field of law in terms of the number of errors and quality of transferring law terminology. The number of machine translation systems is constantly growing on the translation market, so translators often face a problematic choice, and our research is designed exactly to solve this problem. In the process of conducting our research we formulated the hypotheses, selected the text in the field of law with a big number of law terminology, compiled a glossary of basic legal terminology on the basis of the selected text, selected machine translation systems, developed the procedure of evaluating errors and quality of the law terminology transferring in the translated texts, processed the experimental data and represented the numbers in the form of tables and figures, interpreted the empirical data, formulated conclusions and prospects for further research. The results confirmed hypothesis 2, formulated before the start of the experimental study: the quality of translation of the text in the field of law in terms of content transfer and basic legal terminology transfer turned out to be higher when Google Translate was used. Thus, this machine translation system could be recommended for translators, working in the legal field. However, translators who use this system should be prepared to correct many errors related to the formatting of the translated text, as the free version of the system poorly managed to preserve the formatting of the translated text, which had to be the same as the formatting of the original text.
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Dassanayake, Noel. "Exploring Coherence among Sri Lankan CFL Learners in Chinese-English Translation: Decoding and Interpreting of Culture-loaded Content." International Journal of Language and Literary Studies 4, no. 1 (2022): 350–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v4i1.868.
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Modern translation has shifted from its traditional approach of merely translating linguistic features towards a more culturally sensitive approach, which further considers the sociolinguistic spaces of the source text in producing the target text. This significant theoretical transformation has demanded the translator to play a more comprehensive role, which involves intercultural and sociolinguistic competencies apart from language competence. Subsequently, maintaining cohesion and coherence within and among texts also demands a heavier effort from the translator with neologisms being created frequently. The present study has been an attempt to identify the core issues pertaining to lexical coherence in translating from Chinese sources in Sri Lankan context using sample texts translated by Sri Lankan CFL (Chinese as a Foreign Language) learners. 20 culture-loaded lexical items were examined for coherence using a plagiarism checker and compared with Google and Baidu translation outputs of the source text. The results manifest that there is significant coherence among the target texts but coherence is a result of excessive use of machine translation, especially Google translate(?=94.67). 5-10 clusters were the most frequent clusters with an average of 21.73 clusters. < 10 word clusters have recorded an average of 19.07 whereas> 5 word clusters have recorded an average of 12.60.The highest number of clusters is recorded in text 5 with 44 clusters of <10 words. The highest number of translated variants of the same cultural term of the selected word list (n=20) is 4 while 70% (n=14) of the selected terms were only translated into either 1 or 2 variants. While machine translation is perceived as a constructive instrument under proper management, vigilant use of footnotes and end notes is perceived as a viable solution for reducing misinterpretation, vagueness and confusion in translating culture-loaded lexical items.
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Irawan, Reynald Satria Dwiky, and Ressi Maulidina Delijar. "Akurasi hasil terjemahan manual book bahasa Mandarin ke dalam bahasa Indonesia melalui mesin terjemahan otomatis." Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 7, no. 4 (2024): 735–48. https://doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v7i4.1107.
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There are so many conveniences that can be accessed in this sophisticated era, such as the convenience of automatically translating Chinese text into Indonesian. However, the accuracy and precision of the translation results obtained from the automatic translation machine still need to be reviewed further. This research aims to identify language errors in the translation of Chinese documents into Indonesian through Youdao Fanyi and DeepL Translator. This research is descriptive qualitative research based on language error analysis. The source used is taken from the manual book of an e-cigarette company, as much as one document consisting of several Excel cells. The Chinese document was translated into Indonesian using two automatic translation machines. The translation results were analyzed for language errors at the morphological, syntactic and semantic levels. The results of this research show that there are still language errors at the morphological, syntactic and semantic levels in the translated texts produced by Youdao Fanyi and DeepL Translator. Both automatic translation engines tend to translate texts word by word and don’t recognize terminology related to machinery and engineering terms. The translation results are an initial form of translation that needs to be edited to obtain more accurate document translation results.
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Ramírez Giraldo, Juan Guillermo. "A Rationale for a Translator-Centered, Process-Oriented Methodology for Translation Quality Assessment." Íkala, Revista de Lenguaje y Cultura 10, no. 1 (2005): 129–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.ikala.3053.
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Normally the translation scholars concerned with the lack of objective parameters with which to carry out effective translation quality assessment processes have conducted their studies based on what is most easily observable: translated texts. In this article, we propose a methodology for the assessment of translated texts within an undergraduate translation program that takes into account not only the final product of the translation, but also the processes that led to the translated text and the subject who produced it.
 Received: 31-05-05/Accepted: 27-06-05
 How to reference this article:
 Ramirez Giraldo, J. G. (2005). A Rationale for a Translator-Centered, Process-Oriented Methodology for Translation Quality Assessment. Íkala. 10 (1), pp. 129 – 147
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Lou, Baocui, and Xinyi Xu. "A Study on Chinese-English Translation of Henan Tourism Texts from the Perspective of Reception Aesthetics Theory." English Language Teaching and Linguistics Studies 7, no. 1 (2025): p9. https://doi.org/10.22158/eltls.v7n1p9.
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With the vigorous development of tourism industry in China, studies on tourism translation have received much attention. Henan is the province with abundant tourism resources in the Central Plains and attracts many tourists every year. As a direct means of international promotion of tourism resources, tourism texts translation is of the great importance. Based on the data of Henan tourism texts, this study analyzes the existing problems in translation of Henan tourism texts with the intention to improve translation quality from the perspective of reception aesthetics theory. It is found that spelling errors and translation errors can be found in the translated texts and that there is a lack of attention to the reader-oriented principle in the translated texts. Various translation techniques should be adopted by the translator to meet the reader’s expectations. This study can provide valuable insights to Chinese-English translation practice of tourism texts and is of importance to the study of tourism texts.
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Elharraki, Badia. "A Critical Discourse Analysis of Translated Texts." Arabic Journal for Translation Studies 3, no. 8 (2025): 61–79. https://doi.org/10.63939/ajts.v00nxe46.
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This study advocates for a holistic approach to analyzing translated texts, emphasizing three key components: the source text, the translated text, and the discursive practices encompassing both the translator's production and the audience's interpretation, all within the broader socio-cultural context of translation. The concepts of "shift" and procedures are central to our investigation and crucial for understanding the process of translation and evaluating its fidelity to the source. Through a case study examining the translation of three media articles from English to Arabic by Elharraki (2012), we illuminate the multifaceted mechanisms contributing to a faithful translation that preserves meaning across languages. This analysis not only addresses the complexities of linguistic transfer but also delves into the ideological dimensions inherent in the translation process. Grounded in Critical Discourse Analysis, our analytical framework dissects the communicative event by scrutinizing the text (the translated text), discursive practices (the production and reception of the translated text), and socio-cultural practices (the social and cultural environment influencing the translated text), offering a novel perspective on the intricate layers underlying the translation process.
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Ghadessy, Mohsen, and Yanjie Gao. "Simplification as a Universal Feature of the Language of Translation." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 11, no. 1 (2001): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.11.1.07gha.
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A common belief among a number of applied linguists working with parallel texts (texts from a source language, L1, and their translations into a target language, L2) is that “translated language is different from the original language” (Mauranen 1998: 160). A related research question is “Are translated texts different from comparable texts in the target language as well?” One way to answer the above question is to establish “translation universals” which make translated texts different from comparable texts in the target language. The process of simplification of translated language has been mentioned as one such universal feature (Baker 1993, 1995; Laviosa-Braithwaite 1996). The purpose of the present study is (a) to investigate one of the consequences of the process of simplification, i.e. reduction in lexical density, in a number of texts and their translations from English into Chinese. It will also be hypothesized that (b) translated texts into English and (c) translated texts into Chinese, in comparison with similar monolingual texts in the two languages, will be less lexically dense. A Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) model will be used for defining and calculating lexical density. Some implications of the findings for teaching translation will also be discussed.
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Götz, Andrea. "Vajon in Translated Hungarian." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 8, no. 3 (2016): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ausp-2016-0029.
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Abstract This paper presents an analysis of the structures the discourse marker vajon forms in translated Hungarian fiction. Although translation data has been deployed in the study of discourse markers (Aijmer & Simon- Vandenbergen, 2004), such studies do not account for translation-specific phenomena which can influence the data of their analysis. In addition, translated discourse markers could offer insights into the idiosyncratic properties of translated texts as well as the culturally defined norms of translation that guide the creation of target texts. The analysis presented in this paper extends the cross-linguistic approach beyond contrastive analysis with a detailed investigation of two corpora of translated texts in order to identify patterns which could be a sign of translation or genre norms impacting the target texts. As a result, a distinct, diverging pattern emerges between the two corpora: patterns of explicit polarity show a marked difference. However, further research is needed to clarify whether these are due to language, genre, or translation norms.
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Pascua, Isabel. "Translation and Intercultural Education." Meta 48, no. 1-2 (2003): 276–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/006974ar.
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Abstract This paper deals with translated Canadian multicultural literature written for children and its reception in an intercultural education context in Spanish schools. In the first part of the paper I will introduce intercultural education. In the second part, I will examine the role of the translator working in a multicultural environment where texts are written in one language (English) in one country (Canada), then translated into another language (Spanish) and published in Spain. I will also look at the reception of these translations as well as the strategies translators should use to maintain the otherness of the original texts.
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Amos Chaula, Neem. "Problems of Translation in the English-Kiswahili Religious Translated Texts." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND TRANSLATION RESEARCH 4 (2024) 1 4, no. 1 (2024): 5–17. https://doi.org/10.12906/9783899664850_002.
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Translation is an art that demands translators to be proficient in both languages they are working with, encompassing linguistic components as well as cultural norms and practices. The current study investigated the translation difficulties and their underlying reasons in religious texts. The examples were derived from an English religious source that was translated into Kiswahili. The study utilized a qualitative approach to explain and provide specific examples and reasons for the existing translation issues in religious texts. The case study design was improved to thoroughly investigate the findings. The documentary was utilized for data collection, and thematic analysis was employed to analyze the qualitative data. Linguistic variations, including language use, tenses, semantics, and morphology, led to overtranslation, undertranslation, and mistranslation in the translated text. The translator did not follow translation methods, such as revising and test-retesting the translation text, to determine the equivalent effects between the source and target texts. The translated text deviated significantly from the source material, resulting in the omission of crucial information. The results cause translation effects for leaders, including misleading readers, distorting religious content, and creating conflicts of interest. Translators should follow strict translation procedures and guidelines to avoid translation issues and their consequences.
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Ramón, Noelia. "Comparing original and translated Spanish." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 61, no. 4 (2015): 527–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.61.4.05ram.
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It is a well-known fact that translated texts present a number of peculiarities which distinguish its language from the one found in texts produced originally. Many studies have tried to name some of these phenomena, which are usually grouped together under the umbrella term of ‘translation universals’. It has been demonstrated that translations do share a number of features irrespective of the source or target languages involved. Other divergences between original and translated texts are due to source language interference and are, therefore, language-dependent. This paper is a corpus-based study of several highly frequent Spanish adjectives in original texts and in texts translated from English. The unmarked position of attributive adjectives is the pre-modifying one in English and the post-modifying one in Spanish, though. Spanish also allows for the pre‑modifying position with certain connotations. The aim of this study is to identify differences in behavioral patterns with respect to adjective position in original and translated Spanish and explain these differences in terms of translation universals and/or source language interference. The results have revealed cases of simplification, unique item under-representation and untypical collocations in Spanish translations of English source texts.
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Filatov, Oleg. "SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL TEXTS TRANSLATION PROBLEM: FEATURES AND TRANSLATION STRATEGIES." Bulletin of Chelyabinsk State University 476, no. 6 (2023): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47475/1994-2796-2023-476-6-144-153.
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This article dwells upon the scientific & technical texts translation problem based on the oil & gas industry related texts. The article is focused on the basics of scientific & technical translation, as well as the importance to reach the translation adequacy and equivalence. Lexical and semantic translation features pertaining to scientific & technical texts highlighted, causing difficulties when translated from English into Russian. These include terms, general scientific and commonly used lexis. In addition, the attempts are made to identify the main strategies to translate these types of lexis in scientific & technical oil and gas-related texts from English into Russian.
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Аблин and Maxim Ablin. "Translated texts as an object of forensic linguistic expertise." Modern Communication Studies 2, no. 5 (2013): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1245.
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The article considers the characteristic features of translated texts as objects of forensic linguistic expertise and points out the problems in carrying out expert examination of corresponding texts. The authors estimates the possibility of using psycho- and pragmolinguistics in analysing translated texts.
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Petrova, Ekaterina I., and Oksana N. Naletova. "Translation of scientific and technical discourse terminology (on the example of instructions for operating agricultural machinery)." Verhnevolzhski Philological Bulletin 1, no. 28 (2022): 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2499-9679-2022-1-28-176-185.
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This article is devoted to the analysis of techniques and methods of terminological units translation on the material of scientific and technical discourse texts. The rapid development of scientific and technological progress determines the practical need for the translation of scientific and technical documentation. Translation of texts and documents in scientific and technical discourse is an integral part of international economic relations and processes and is one of the factors of successful intercultural communication. In this case an important condition is compliance of the translated texts with the requirements of equivalence and adequacy. Scientific and technical texts, such as instruction manuals for agricultural machinery, are characterized by their rigor, logic, precision, conciseness, brevity, unambiguity and completeness, which all have an in-fluence on the translation of these texts. The increased density of information, as the most important feature of the texts of scientific and technical discourse, is achieved at the expense of a considerable number of terminological lexical units. The research shows that the lexical specificities of German and Russian and in particular the specificity of the terminological units are not identical and require special translation methods to be employed by the translator. This article examines the two main situations that arise when terminology is translated into a target language when an equivalent or equivalents are found in the respective dictionaries, and when no such equivalent is found. The analysis of translation techniques in the situation when there is no appropriate equivalent in the language to translate the term operating instructions has shown that the terminological units formed by hybrid type or using descriptive translation have been used most often.
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Morozkina, E. A., and E. V. Iskhakova. "COMMENTARY IN ORIGINAL AND TRANSLATED PRECEDENT TEXTS." Vestnik Bashkirskogo universiteta 8, no. 2 (2019): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/bulletin-bsu-2019.2.43.
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Tavárez, David. "Translated Christianities: Nahuatl and Maya Religious Texts." Hispanic American Historical Review 95, no. 4 (2015): 675–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-3161553.
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Ndlovu, Manqoba Victor. "Referential cohesion in isiZulu translated health texts." Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 31, no. 3 (2013): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16073614.2013.837609.
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Lee, Chang-soo. "How Different in Theme Choice are English Travel Guide Texts Translated from Korean from Non-translated English Texts?*." FORUM / Revue internationale d’interprétation et de traduction / International Journal of Interpretation and Translation 9, no. 2 (2011): 187–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/forum.9.2.09lee.
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