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Journal articles on the topic 'Translating into Malayalam'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Premjith, B., M. Anand Kumar, and K. P. Soman. "Neural Machine Translation System for English to Indian Language Translation Using MTIL Parallel Corpus." Journal of Intelligent Systems 28, no. 3 (July 26, 2019): 387–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2019-2510.

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Abstract Introduction of deep neural networks to the machine translation research ameliorated conventional machine translation systems in multiple ways, specifically in terms of translation quality. The ability of deep neural networks to learn a sensible representation of words is one of the major reasons for this improvement. Despite machine translation using deep neural architecture is showing state-of-the-art results in translating European languages, we cannot directly apply these algorithms in Indian languages mainly because of two reasons: unavailability of the good corpus and Indian languages are morphologically rich. In this paper, we propose a neural machine translation (NMT) system for four language pairs: English–Malayalam, English–Hindi, English–Tamil, and English–Punjabi. We also collected sentences from different sources and cleaned them to make four parallel corpora for each of the language pairs, and then used them to model the translation system. The encoder network in the NMT architecture was designed with long short-term memory (LSTM) networks and bi-directional recurrent neural networks (Bi-RNN). Evaluation of the obtained models was performed both automatically and manually. For automatic evaluation, the bilingual evaluation understudy (BLEU) score was used, and for manual evaluation, three metrics such as adequacy, fluency, and overall ranking were used. Analysis of the results showed the presence of lengthy sentences in English–Malayalam, and the English–Hindi corpus affected the translation. Attention mechanism was employed with a view to addressing the problem of translating lengthy sentences (sentences contain more than 50 words), and the system was able to perceive long-term contexts in the sentences.

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2

Kumar, M. Anand, B. Premjith, Shivkaran Singh, S. Rajendran, and K. P. Soman. "An Overview of the Shared Task on Machine Translation in Indian Languages (MTIL) – 2017." Journal of Intelligent Systems 28, no. 3 (July 26, 2019): 455–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2018-0024.

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Abstract In recent years, the multilingual content over the internet has grown exponentially together with the evolution of the internet. The usage of multilingual content is excluded from the regional language users because of the language barrier. So, machine translation between languages is the only possible solution to make these contents available for regional language users. Machine translation is the process of translating a text from one language to another. The machine translation system has been investigated well already in English and other European languages. However, it is still a nascent stage for Indian languages. This paper presents an overview of the Machine Translation in Indian Languages shared task conducted on September 7–8, 2017, at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, India. This machine translation shared task in Indian languages is mainly focused on the development of English-Tamil, English-Hindi, English-Malayalam and English-Punjabi language pairs. This shared task aims at the following objectives: (a) to examine the state-of-the-art machine translation systems when translating from English to Indian languages; (b) to investigate the challenges faced in translating between English to Indian languages; (c) to create an open-source parallel corpus for Indian languages, which is lacking. Evaluating machine translation output is another challenging task especially for Indian languages. In this shared task, we have evaluated the participant’s outputs with the help of human annotators. As far as we know, this is the first shared task which depends completely on the human evaluation.

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K. Bijimol, T., and John T. Abraham. "A Rule Based Approach for Translation of Causative Construction of English and Malayalam for the Development of Prototype for Malayalam to English and English To Malayalam Bilingual Machine Translation System." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.36 (December 9, 2018): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.36.24134.

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Malayalam is one of the Indian languages and it is a highly agglutinative and morphologically rich. These linguistic specialties of Malayalam determine the quality of all kinds of Malayalam machine translation systems. Causative sentences translations in Malayalam to English and English to Malayalam were analysed using Google Translation System and identified that causative sentence translation in these languages is not up to the mark. This paper discusses the concept and method of causative sentence handling in Malayalam to English and English to Malayalam Machine Translation Systems. A Rule-based system is proposed here to handle the causative sentence in both languages.

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4

Sebastian, Mary Priya, and G. Santhosh Kumar. "Verb Phrases Alignment Technique for English-Malayalam Parallel Corpus in Statistical Machine Translation Special issue on MTIL 2017." Journal of Intelligent Systems 28, no. 3 (July 26, 2019): 479–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2018-0066.

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Abstract Machine translation (MT) from English to foreign languages is a fast developing area of research, and various techniques of translation are discussed in the literature. However, translation from English to Malayalam, a Dravidian language, is still in the rising stage, and works in this field have not flourished to a great extent, so far. The main reason of this shortcoming is the non-availability of linguistic resources and translation tools in the Malayalam language. A parallel corpus with alignment is one of such resources that are essential for a machine translator system. This paper focuses on a technique that enables automatic setting up of a verb-aligned parallel corpus by exploring the internal structure of the English and Malayalam language, which in turn facilitates the task of machine translation from English to Malayalam.

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Kooria, Mahmood. "Does the Pagan King Reply? Malayalam Documents on the Portuguese Arrival in India." Itinerario 43, no. 3 (December 2019): 423–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115319000536.

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AbstractThis article is a response to Sebastian Prange's essay in Itinerario 41, no. 1 (2017): 151–173 wherein he presented a ‘virtually unknown manuscript’ on the Portuguese arrival in India as an Indian voice, unheard in the existing historiography. Prange had consulted the English translation of a Malayalam text by John Wye, that the former had assumed to be lost. However its original palm-leaf manuscript (ōla) is kept at the British Library. This ōla, entitled Kēraḷa Varttamānam, brings to light some remarkable omissions and a few discrepancies in Wye's translation. Closely reading different manuscripts in Malayalam, Arabic, and English I argue that this ōla is in fact a translation of a sixteenth-century Arabic text, Tuḥfat al-mujāhidīn, well known among scholars of its place and period. Taking it a step ahead, I argue that the very existence of this text points towards the cross-cultural and cross-linguistic interactions between the Arabic and Malayalam spheres of premodern Malabar. The ōla demonstrates one of the first instances of Malayalam literature's engagement with a secular and historical theme as the arrival of the Portuguese. In addition, Malayalam works such as Kēraḷōlpatti and Kēraḷa-paḻama are clear voices from Malabar on the Portuguese arrival and consequent episodes.

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Sebastian, Mary Priya, and G. Santhosh Kumar. "Machine Learning Approach to Suffix Separation on a Sandhi Rule Annotated Malayalam Data Set." South Asia Research 40, no. 2 (May 29, 2020): 231–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0262728020915567.

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This article explores in depth various sandhi (joining) rules in Kerala’s Malayalam language, which play a vital role in framing of the inflected and agglutinated forms of words and their compounds. It discusses significant progress in a scientific method to generate a specific annotated data set of Malayalam words that would be useful in many Natural Language Processing tasks which involve Malayalam preprocessing. The article discusses the results and issues encountered in developing this word-splitting tool for Malayalam, mainly in the context of improving the alignments between parallel texts that form a core resource in the Machine Translation task.

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7

Fernandes, Gonçalo. "The first list of Malayalam words at the end of 15th century by a Portuguese seaman." Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas 11, no. 3 (December 2016): 793–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981.81222016000300014.

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Abstract MS-804 from the Municipal Library of Porto, Portugal, is a unique copy of the journal of the first voyage to India under Vasco da Gama’s (ca. 1460–1524) command. It describes the voyage subsequent to the departure from the Tagus River, Portugal, on 8 July 1497 until the return up the shallows of the Grande River de Buba, Guinea, on 25 April 1499. The author of the original of this account is probably Álvaro Velho (fl. 1497/1507), born in Barreiro, but the arguments are still weak, being only achieved by deduction. The copyist is also probably John Theotonius, CRSA. The great merit of this document is the fact that the author was a direct eyewitness of all events. In the last appendix, at folio 45, it has a list of 122 useful daily words and expressions in Portuguese and their translation into Malayalam, a provincial Dravidian language spoken in Kerala State, India. It is a relevant testimony of a variety of Malayalam at the end of the 15th century, despite certain transcription mistakes and the scribe’s censorship of some vulgarisms. In this new semi-diplomatic edition, I applied rigorous transcription criteria and corrected earlier editions, adding English translations and Malayalam equivalences.

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Muraleedharan, Divya. "Politics of Translation of Kalidasa’s Sakuntalam into Malayalam: A Paratextual Study of the “First” Translation into Malayalam." South Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 02, no. 01 (2021): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/sajssh.2021.2104.

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9

Kollareth, Dolichan, Jose-Miguel Fernandez-Dols, and James A. Russell. "Shame as a Culture-Specific Emotion Concept." Journal of Cognition and Culture 18, no. 3-4 (August 13, 2018): 274–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12340031.

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AbstractOn the assumption that shame is a universal emotion, cross-cultural research on shame relies on translations assumed to be equivalent in meaning. Our studies here questioned that assumption. In three studies (Ns, 108, 120, 117),shamewas compared to its translations in Spanish (vergüenza) and in Malayalam (nanakedu). American English speakers usedshamefor the emotional reaction to moral failures and its use correlated positively withguilt, whereasvergüenzaandnanakeduwere used less for moral stories and their use correlated less with the guilt words. In comparison with Spanish and Malayalam speakers’ ratings of their translations, American English speakers ratedshameandguiltto be more similar to each other.

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B, Nithya, and Shibily Joseph. "A Hybrid Approach to English to Malayalam Machine Translation." International Journal of Computer Applications 81, no. 8 (November 15, 2013): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/14031-1816.

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V, Jayan, and Bhadran V K. "Difficulties in Processing Malayalam Verbs for Statistical Machine Translation." International Journal of Artificial Intelligence & Applications 6, no. 3 (May 31, 2015): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijaia.2015.6302.

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Lakshmi, S., and Sobha Lalitha Devi. "Rule Based Case Transfer in Tamil-Malayalam Machine Translation." Research in Computing Science 84, no. 1 (December 31, 2014): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.13053/rcs-84-1-4.

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13

Thomas, B. C., M. Pandey, K. Ramdas, P. Sebastian, and M. K. Nair. "FACT-G: Reliability and validity of the Malayalam translation." Quality of Life Research 13, no. 1 (February 2004): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:qure.0000015303.68562.3f.

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14

Premjith, B., and K. P. Soman. "Deep Learning Approach for the Morphological Synthesis in Malayalam and Tamil at the Character Level." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 20, no. 6 (November 30, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3457976.

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Morphological synthesis is one of the main components of Machine Translation (MT) frameworks, especially when any one or both of the source and target languages are morphologically rich. Morphological synthesis is the process of combining two words or two morphemes according to the Sandhi rules of the morphologically rich language. Malayalam and Tamil are two languages in India which are morphologically abundant as well as agglutinative. Morphological synthesis of a word in these two languages is challenging basically because of the following reasons: (1) Abundance in morphology; (2) Complex Sandhi rules; (3) The possibilty in Malayalam to form words by combining words that belong to different syntactic categories (for example, noun and verb); and (4) The construction of a sentence by combining multiple words. We formulated the task of the morphological generation of nouns and verbs of Malayalam and Tamil as a character-to-character sequence tagging problem. In this article, we used deep learning architectures like Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) , Long Short-Term Memory Networks (LSTM) , Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) , and their stacked and bidirectional versions for the implementation of morphological synthesis at the character level. In addition to that, we investigated the performance of the combination of the aforementioned deep learning architectures and the Conditional Random Field (CRF) in the morphological synthesis of nouns and verbs in Malayalam and Tamil. We observed that the addition of CRF to the Bidirectional LSTM/GRU architecture achieved more than 99% accuracy in the morphological synthesis of Malayalam and Tamil nouns and verbs.

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Hussair, Narghese. "A Comparitive Study of Magical Realism in One Hundred Years of Solitude and the Legends of Khasak." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 8, no. 7 (July 27, 2020): 212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v8i7.10676.

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Macondo like Malgudi, a fictional town created by the Latin American novelist Gabriel Garcia Marquez in his magnum opus One Hundred Years of Solitude with its cosmic spirituality and surreal characters lies deep-hearted in the minds of literary lovers all over the world. But far away from Colombian hills and miles apart from its vast seas lies Vijayan’s Khasak. A fine work of magical realism which changed the trajectory of Malayalam novel that got lost in translation like many other great works of Malayalam literature. This paper attempts to critically analyze both these novels in their socio-cultural and post-colonial perspectives and how they contribute to the genre of magical realism.

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P.Jayan, Jisha, Rajeev R. R, and Dr S. Rajendran. "Morphological Analyser and Morphological Generator for Malayalam Tamil Machine Translation." International Journal of Computer Applications 13, no. 8 (January 12, 2011): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/1802-2440.

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17

K., Akshay, Aravind Das, Carral Vincent, Betty Babu, and Rasmi P. "Real Time Translation of Malayalam Notice Boards to English Directions." International Journal of Computer Applications 178, no. 26 (June 18, 2019): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2019919079.

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Kollareth, Dolichan, and James A. Russell. "The English word disgust has no exact translation in Hindi or Malayalam." Cognition and Emotion 31, no. 6 (July 5, 2016): 1169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2016.1202200.

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Chandramohan, K., L. Mayadevi, BS Geetha Kumary, MiraWagh Sudam, Faheem Abdulla, Bharat Veerabhadran, Madhu Muralee, SajeedAbdul Rahuman, PreethiSarah George, and Marcia Grant. "The city of hope quality of life stoma questionnaire: Malayalam translation and validation." Indian Journal of Palliative Care 25, no. 4 (2019): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijpc.ijpc_81_19.

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20

Prange, Sebastian R. "The Pagan King Replies: An Indian Perspective on the Portuguese Arrival in India." Itinerario 41, no. 1 (April 2017): 151–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115317000146.

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This article recommends a virtually unknown manuscript on the early Portuguese presence in India to wider scholarly attention. Dubbed here the Wye manuscript, this text purports to be an English translation of a sixteenth-century Malayalam history that was produced at the court of the ruler of Calicut. The South Indian kingdom of Calicut was central to Portugal’s project of monopolizing the region’s all-important pepper trade; the Wye manuscript therefore holds the promise of adding an Indian perspective to a history that has been written largely on the basis of European sources. This article examines the external and internal evidence for the author’s claim of having translated the text from an original palm-leaf manuscript held by members of Calicut’s royal family. An analysis of its content shows significant overlap with an Arabic history of the sixteenth century; a comparison of their similarities and differences suggests a number of insights into the processes of composition and revision of both the Malayalam and Arabic texts. Last, and most important, the Wye manuscript is transcribed in full in the hope of stimulating further discussion and study.

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S, Aswini, and Amrita Deb. "Connor Davidson Resilience Scale and Flourishing Scale: Translation and Cultural Adaptation in Malayalam language." JOURNAL OF PSYCHOSOCIAL RESEARCH 14, no. 2 (January 11, 2020): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32381/jpr.2019.14.02.4.

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22

Arnold, B. J., H. Du, S. Eremenco, and D. Cella. "Using the FACT-Neurotoxicity Subscale to evaluate quality of life in patients from across the globe." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2007): 17032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.17032.

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17032 Background: Translation of Patient Reported Outcomes measures is an essential component of research methodology in preparation for multinational clinical trials. One such measure is the FACT-Neurotoxicity Subscale (FACT-Ntx) which is aimed at the evaluation of quality of life of cancer patients suffering from neurotoxicity, a side effect of certain treatments. Methods: This study set out to linguistically validate the FACT-Ntx for use in Denmark, India, Lithuania and S. Africa. The sample consisted of 176 patients (96 males & 80 females), with varying cancer diagnoses and a mean age of 51 years, speaking 11 languages: Afrikaans (15), Danish (25), Gujarati (15), Hindi (15), Kannada (15), Lithuanian (15), Malayalam (15), Marathi (15), Punjabi (15), Tamil (15) and Telugu (16). The FACT-Ntx was translated using standard FACIT methodology. Patients diagnosed with cancer, at any stage, receiving any treatment experiencing neurotoxicity completed the respective translated version and participated in cognitive debriefing interviews to give their opinion on any problems with the translations or the content of the FACT-Ntx. Statistical analyses (descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA and reliability analyses) were performed on the quantitative data. Participant comments were analyzed qualitatively. Results: The FACT-Ntx translations showed good reliability and linguistic validity. The internal consistency of all languages combined was .86. All items correlated at an acceptable level. The Ntx score differed across self-reported Performance Status Rating (PSR) groups (nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test p<.0001). A nonparametric Generalized Linear Model (GLM) approach (with multiple comparison adjusted significance level 0.017) showed a difference between ‘PSR=0’ and ‘PSR=1’ (p=0.0002) and a difference between ‘PSR=0’ and ‘PSR=2’ (p<.0001), both with ‘PSR=0’ patients reporting less neurotoxicity. Conclusions: The FACT-Ntx has shown acceptable reliability and linguistic validity in 11 languages. The instrument has also shown adequate sensitivity in differentiating patients with no symptoms and normal activity from patients reporting some symptoms. We consider these translations acceptable for use in international research and clinical trials. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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23

Tiwari, Bhavya. "Ultraminor Literature in a Major Language." Journal of World Literature 2, no. 2 (2017): 255–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056480-00202008.

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Deleuze and Guattari list out three characteristics of a minor literature—it is written in a major language from a marginalized position; its nature is thoroughly political; and it has a collective value. Yet, as this article shows by taking the case of T.S. Pillai’s Malayalam novel Chemmeen (1956) and its various afterlives, world literatures illuminate greater varieties of scale and of characteristics than can readily be covered by a single binary opposition between minor versus major, local versus global, original versus translation, singular versus plural. The concept of ultraminor literature, especially in the South Asian context, thus gives us a chance to engage with an undefined space that archives historical, translational, political, linguistic, idiosyncratic, and aesthetic tales of a text within and outside its tradition.

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24

Susruth, Priyanka, and Rohini Purohit. "A BOOK REVIEW ON VEERASIMHA AVALOKAM- CLASSICAL TEXT ON MEDICAL ASTROLOGY." International Ayurvedic Medical Journal 8, no. 9 (September 23, 2020): 4541–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.46607/iamj3908092020.

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Medical astrology is an ancient medical system that associates various parts of the body, diseases, drugs as under the influence of the sun, moon and planets along with twelve astrological signs. Each of the astrological sign is associated with different parts of the human body. Since there are not much text available regarding Medical Astrology, Veerasimha Avalokanam is treatise meant for the Vaidyas for the astrological diagnosis and treat-ment. This text is not much popular across India. Actual text is in sanskrit language. Translations are available in Malayalam, Hindi and English. It is because of this that the translation of the work done by Sri. K Narayan is noteworthy. Though Veerasimhans treatise is titled as astrological diag-nosis and treatment, its mainly meant for daily use by Vaidyas and useful for all students of Indian traditional medicine as a reference book for both diagnosis and treatment .yet at the same time it can also be used very effectively used by all the astrol-ogers who are keen on diagnosing the diseases with planetary positions and then prescribe the Prayaschitha Karmas and directing to appropriate Siddha or Ayurveda doctor, for timely medications and treatment. Thus, Veerasimha Avalokanam is a treatise on medical astrology that collects, corre-lates and present quotes related to various diseases and their astrology, karma Vipaka, Prayaschittas and Ayurveda presents them in one place, truly a courageous lions’ efforts.

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Thomas, Merin, Dr Latha C A, and Antony Puthussery. "Identification of language in a cross linguistic environment." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 18, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v18.i1.pp544-548.

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<p class="normal">World has become very small due to software internationationalism. Applications of machine translations are increasing day by day. Using multiple languages in the social media text is an developing trend. .Availability of fonts in the native language enhanced the usage of native text in internet communications. Usage of transliterations of language has become quite common. In Indian scenario current generations are familiar to talk in native language but not to read and write in the native language, hence they started using English representation of native language in textual messages. This paper describes the identification of the transliterated text in cross lingual environment .In this paper a Neural network model identifies the prominent language in the text and hence the same can be used to identify the meaning of the text in the concerned language. The model is based upon Recurrent Neural Networks that found to be the most efficient in machine translations. Language identification can serve as a base for many applications in multi linguistic environment. Currently the South Indian Languages Malayalam, Tamil are identified from given text. An algorithmic approach of Stop words based model is depicted in this paper. Model can be also enhanced to address all the Indian Languages that are in use.</p>

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Srinivasaiah, Madhu, Vinuprasad Venugopalan, and Ramadas Konnanath Thekkethil. "TRANSLATION AND VALIDATION OF THE AMSTERDAM PREOPERATIVE ANXIETY AND INFORMATION SCALE (APAIS) FOR USE IN MALAYALAM SPEAKING POPULATION IN INDIA." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 5, no. 15 (April 9, 2018): 1311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2018/271.

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de Jager, CelesteA, Madhav Thambisetty, KV Praveen, PD Sheeba, KN Ajini, A. Sajeev, KK Smitha, LP Rahmathulla, T. Ramakrishna, and ADavid Smith. "Utility of the Malayalam translation of the 7- minute screen for Alzheimer's disease risk in an Indian community." Neurology India 56, no. 2 (2008): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.41994.

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Menon, Bindu, Sandhya Cherkil, Aswathy S., Unnikrishnan A. G., and Rajani G. "The Process and Challenges in the Translation of World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL- BREF) to a Regional Language; Malayalam." Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 34, no. 2 (April 2012): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.101783.

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Keller, Agathe. "Book Review: Astronomy of the Kerala School: Rationales in Mathematical Astronomy of Jyeṣthadeva: A Critical Translation of the Original Malayalam Text." Journal for the History of Astronomy 41, no. 2 (May 2010): 273–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002182861004100210.

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Chandramohan, K., MiraSudam Wagh, ArunPeter Mathew, Bharat Veerabhadran, Madhu Muralee, SajeedAbdul Rahuman, and PreethiSarah George. "Validation of Malayalam translation of the European organization for the research and treatment of cancer quality of life instrument OG25 for esophagogastric junction cancers." Indian Journal of Palliative Care 26, no. 3 (2020): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijpc.ijpc_135_19.

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Singh, Pawan Kumar, Ram Sarkar, and Mita Nasipuri. "Word-Level Script Identification Using Texture Based Features." International Journal of System Dynamics Applications 4, no. 2 (April 2015): 74–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsda.2015040105.

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Script identification is an appealing research interest in the field of document image analysis during the last few decades. The accurate recognition of the script is paramount to many post-processing steps such as automated document sorting, machine translation and searching of text written in a particular script in multilingual environment. For automatic processing of such documents through Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software, it is necessary to identify different script words of the documents before feeding them to the OCR of individual scripts. In this paper, a robust word-level handwritten script identification technique has been proposed using texture based features to identify the words written in any of the seven popular scripts namely, Bangla, Devanagari, Gurumukhi, Malayalam, Oriya, Telugu, and Roman. The texture based features comprise of a combination of Histograms of Oriented Gradients (HOG) and Moment invariants. The technique has been tested on 7000 handwritten text words in which each script contributes 1000 words. Based on the identification accuracies and statistical significance testing of seven well-known classifiers, Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) has been chosen as the final classifier which is then tested comprehensively using different folds and with different epoch sizes. The overall accuracy of the system is found to be 94.7% using 5-fold cross validation scheme, which is quite impressive considering the complexities and shape variations of the said scripts. This is an extended version of the paper described in (Singh et al., 2014).

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Venkateswaran, Chitra, and Durgapoorna Menon. "The process of translation and linguistic validation of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Brain quality of life instrument from English to Malayalam: The challenges faced." Indian Journal of Palliative Care 23, no. 3 (2017): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijpc.ijpc_36_17.

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Thomas, AnnMary, Vinu Cherian, and Ashok Antony. "Translation, validation and cross-cultural adaptation of the geriatric depression scale (GDS-30) for utilization amongst speakers of Malayalam; the regional language of the South Indian State of Kerala." Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 10, no. 5 (2021): 1863. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1813_20.

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Μπαστέα, Αγγελική. "Eκμάθηση ορθογραφημένης γραφής λέξεων, για δυσλεκτικούς μαθητές, με τη χρήση της Πολυαισθητηριακής Μεθόδου Διδασκαλίας στην ελληνική γλώσσα." Πανελλήνιο Συνέδριο Επιστημών Εκπαίδευσης 2015, no. 2 (May 6, 2016): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/edusc.212.

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<p>Οι περισσότεροι ερευνητές, συμφωνούν, πλέον, πως η βασική αιτία των ελλειμμάτων, που εμφανίζουν οι δυσλεκτικοί μαθητές στην κατάκτηση του γραπτού λόγου, οφείλονται στο «φωνολογικό έλλειμμα», δηλαδή στις δυσκολίες αποθήκευσης, όσο και ανάκλησης, των φωνημάτων των λέξεων. Οι δυσλεκτικοί μαθητές εμφανίζουν, επίσης, ένα γενικότερο έλλειμμα αυτοματισμού, που εκδηλώνεται ως αδυναμία γρήγορης και αυτοματοποιημένης ονομασίας των φωνημάτων, καθώς και γρήγορης και αυτοματοποιημένης γραφής τους, με τα αντίστοιχα γραπτά σύμβολα. Η σημασία της παροχής πολυαισθητηριακής διδασκαλίας σε επίπεδο γραφοφωνημικής, ορθογραφικής και μορφολογικής συνειδητοποίησης είναι αποδεδειγμένη από πολλές έρευνες στον τομέα των παρεμβάσεων για δυσλεκτικούς μαθητές.</p><p> Στην παρούσα μελέτη διερευνήθηκε η αποτελεσματικότητα της Πολυαισθητηριακής Μεθόδου Διδασκαλίας, που δημιουργήσαμε στην ελληνική γλώσσα, στην ανάπτυξη των δεξιοτήτων<strong> </strong>ορθογραφημένης γραφής στους δυσλεκτικούς μαθητές<strong>. </strong>Η πολυαισθητηριακή μέθοδος<strong> </strong>εφαρμόστηκε, εξατομικευμένα, 6 ημέρες την εβδομάδα για διάστημα τριών μηνών, σε 24 δυσλεκτικούς μαθητές δημοτικού σχολείου. Ως ομάδα έλεγχου επιλέχθηκαν 24 δυσλεκτικά παιδιά, με αντίστοιχα χαρακτηριστικά με την πειραματική ομάδα, τα όποια παρακολούθησαν αποκλειστικά το πρόγραμμα του σχολείου τους. Τα αποτελέσματα της χρήσης της Πολυαισθητηριακής Μεθόδου έδειξαν στατιστικά σημαντική βελτίωση στην ορθογραφημένη γραφή λέξεων της πειραματικής ομάδας, σε σχέση με την ομάδα έλεγχου, καθώς και στατιστικά σημαντική βελτίωση στην επίδοση της πειραματικής ομάδας, σε σχέση με την επίδοση της πριν από την εφαρμογή της μεθόδου.</p><div id="SL_balloon_obj" style="display: block;"><div id="SL_button" style="background: transparent url('chrome://imtranslator/content/img/util/imtranslator-s.png') repeat scroll 0% 0%; display: none; width: 24px; height: 24px; position: absolute; cursor: pointer; visibility: visible; opacity: 1; transition: visibility 0.1s ease 0s, opacity 0.1s linear 0s;"> </div><div id="SL_shadow_translation_result2" style="display: none; margin-top: 30px; margin-left: 1px; direction: ltr; text-align: left; min-height: 40px;"> </div><div id="SL_shadow_translator" style="display: none;"><div id="SL_providers"><div id="SL_P0" class="SL_BL_LABLE_ON" title="Google">G</div><div 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35

Varma, Vrinda. "Aithihyamala: Translating Text in Context." Translation Today 15, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.46623/tt/2021.15.1.ar3.

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Aithihyamala (1909) is a compilation of oral legends and folktales in Malayalam by Kottarathil Shankunni. A hundred years since its first publication, and many translations hence, re-translating it into English to suit the contemporary reader comes with its own share of challenges. Overcoming the barrier of archaic language was one thing as was the translation of cultural contexts and culture itself.Butmore demanding was the employment of a contemporary politically correct lens to the stories themselves, and exercising it in translation in such a manner that while the translation and the translatordo remain invisible, the text is suitably modified in places so that blatant prejudices and partisanship inherent in the text do not overshadow the stories themselves. The paper discusses how the translator employed either domestication or foreignization and sometimes a combination of both in order to make sense of the canonical Malayalam text in English, and the rationale for employing each approach so as to make the text relevant and meaningful to the contemporary reader.

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36

"Rendering the Commonplace: The Task of Translating Dostoevsky into Malayalam." Translation Today 11, no. 2 (July 1, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.46623/tt/2017.11.2.ar10.

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37

"TRANSLATING THE SUBALTERN’ : A STUDY OF SARA JOSEPH'S RAMAYANA STORIES AUTHOR." GAP BODHI TARU - A GLOBAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES 1, no. 1 (August 13, 2018): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.47968/gapbodhi1.1.

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Gayatri Spivak, in her essay Can the Subaltern Speak? raises doubts about the recovery of the subaltern voice which can, in her words, 'know and speak itself. ''The Ramayana is a living, evolving tradition which has given rise to a multiplicity of innovative retellings. One of such retellings is Sara Joseph's ' Ramayana Stories', originally written in Malayalam and translated into English. The focus in this paper is on three stories written by Sara Joseph based on three different characters from the Ramayana, namely Sita, Sambooka and Soorpanakha. They are characters who are generally seen as marginalized. Undoubtedly, the subaltern becomes the subject in these stories, providing, in its own delicate manner, an answer to the question ' Can the subaltern speak'? The paper is also an attempt to look at translation as a political act which is able to make sense of the counter narrative to the " historical silencing of the subaltern."

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"Constructing Modern World Malayali : English to Malayalam Translations in the Early 20th Century Periodicals." Translation Today 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.46623/tt/2014.8.1.ar14.

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39

S, Rajesh K., Veena A. Kumar, and CH Dayakar Reddy. "Building a Bilingual Corpus based on Hybrid Approach for Malayalam-English Machine Translation." International Journal of Computer Science and Informatics, January 2013, 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47893/ijcsi.2013.1095.

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Word alignment in bilingual corpora has been a very active research topic in the Machine Translation research groups. In this research paper, we describe an alignment system that aligns English-Malayalam texts at word level in parallel sentences. The alignment of translated segments with source segments is very essential for building parallel corpora. Since word alignment research on Malayalam and English languages is still in its immaturity, it is not a trivial task for Malayalam-English text. A parallel corpus is a collection of texts in two languages, one of which is the translation equivalent of the other. Thus, the main purpose of this system is to construct word-aligned parallel corpus to be used in Malayalam-English machine translation. The proposed approach is a hybrid approach, a combination of corpus based and dictionary lookup approaches. The corpus based approach is based on the first three IBM models and Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm. For the dictionary lookup approach, the proposed system uses the bilingual Malayalam-English Dictionary.

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Shabina Bhaskar and Sandeep Chandran. "Semantic Parsing Approach in Malayalam for Machine Translation." International Journal of Engineering Research and V4, no. 07 (July 24, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.17577/ijertv4is070698.

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41

Ramath, Amritha Koiloth, and Shashikantha Koudur. "Of Dictionaries and Dialectics: Locating the Vernacular and the Making of Modern Malayalam." Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 13, no. 2 (May 12, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v13n2.18.

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This paper looks at Hermann Gundert’s Malayalam-English dictionary at the juncture of the modernisation of the Malayalam language in the 19th century. Gundert, the then inspector of schools in the Malabar district, saw the dictionary as the first step towards the cause of a universal education through the standardisation of Malayalam language. But what did a dictionary for all and by implication a language for all mean to the Kerala society? For centuries, much of the literary output in Kerala was in Sanskrit language, even as Malayalam continued its sway. The diversity of the language system in Kerala navigated its way through the hierarchies of caste and class tensions, springing up new genres from time to time within these dichotomies. Like many other vernacular languages in India, the Malayalam language system remained as the society it was in, decentralised and plural. This fell into sharp relief against the language systems of modern post-renaissance Europe with its standardised languages and uniform education. The colonial project in India aimed at reconstructing the existing language hierarchies by standardising the vernaculars and replacing Sanskrit as the language of cosmopolitan reach and cultural hegemony with English. Bilingualism and translation was key to this process as it seemed to provide a point of direct cultural linkage between the vernacular Indian cultures and Europe. This paper argues that Gundert’s bilingual dictionary features itself in this attempt at the modernisation of Malayalam by reconstructing the existing hierarchies of Kerala culture through the standardisation of Malayalam and the replacement of Sanskrit with a new cosmopolitan language and cultural values.

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"The Making of Modern Malayalam Prose and Fiction: Translations from European Languages into Malayalam in the First Half of the Twentieth Century." Translation Today 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.46623/tt/2014.8.1.ar7.

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43

"Translation, Culture and the Loss of Meaning in K R Meera’s Aarachar." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 4070–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.c5295.098319.

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Translation, as a practice, has existed ever since the birth of civilization even though, its inclusion in the domain of scientific research did not take placeuntil the second half of 20th century. The ability of translation to transcend the linguistic barriers has always been used to its advantage to promote traditions, practices and even ideologies. However, it is widely accepted that translation is incapable of the complete transference of meaning when the source culture and target culture are significantly divergent. The aim of the paper, therefore, is to analyze this loss of meaning through the comparative reading of K R Meera’s Aarachar and its translation Hangwoman by J Devika. The source text was chosen for its significant contributions to the modern Malayalam literary tradition and the strong presence of cultural elements. Through this article, the researcher intends to trace the difficulties translator had to face during the process of translation and the extent to which the translator has succeeded in achieving an equivalence of meaning bound in a cultural setting. The concept of equivalence in translation defined by Nida andNewmark’s and Vermeer’s understanding of culture in translation is employed for this comparative reading

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Patel, Tejal, Krishna Kollamparambil Ajithkumar, Deepak Balasubramanian, Uma Sangameswaran, Jimmy Mathew, Simon Rogers, Subramania Iyer, and Krishnakumar Thankappan. "Translation and Validation of University of Washington Quality of Life Questionnaire in Malayalam, an Indian Language." Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, April 19, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12663-021-01573-6.

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45

"Transcending Her-Self: On Re-Reading Selected Translations Of Malayali Feminist Autobiographies." Translation Today 9, no. 2 (July 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.46623/tt/2015.9.2.ar8.

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46

Daniel, Sunitha, Chitra Venkateswaran, Charu Singh, Ann Hutchinson, and Miriam J. Johnson. "“So, when a woman becomes ill, the total structure of the family is affected, they can’t do anything…” Voices from the community on women with breast cancer in India: a qualitative focus group study." Supportive Care in Cancer, August 22, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-021-06475-4.

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Abstract Background Psychological symptoms are common in women with breast cancer and profoundly affect their role in the family and wider community, varying across cultural backgrounds. Breast cancer is becoming the most common cancer among women in India. We aimed to understand the cultural context within which Indian women with breast cancer living in India, experience psychological concerns from the perspectives of healthcare professionals, volunteers and church members. Methods Five focus groups were conducted in South India (clinicians (2 groups)) lay public (3 groups). A topic guide was explored: understanding of breast cancer, experiences of patients with regard to diagnosis and treatment and psychological impact. Groups were audio-recorded and verbatim transcribed. Lay groups were conducted in Malayalam with translation and back-translation. Transcripts were subjected to thematic analysis using “cultural task analysis” as a lens for analysis. Results Forty-five (oncologists (5), nurses (10), church members (16) and community volunteers working in a palliative care unit (14) participated. Three major themes psychosocial issues related to diagnosis, psychosocial impact of cancer treatment and coping with diagnosis and treatment and nine subthemes emerged from the two groups. All described psychological impact on women with breast cancer including body image, change of family role and their need for support. Family and faith were recognised as the major framework providing key support but also significant stress. Clinicians were also concerned about financial implications and issues around early cancer detection. Laypeople and nurses also commented that poor communication and lack of empathy from doctors aggravated distress. Conclusion Clinical and lay communities were aware of the widespread psychological impact affecting women with breast cancer which are amplified by the patriarchal context within which they live, which extends into clinical practice. Family and faith provide a strong support structure and are a cause of distress, as core roles and expectations are challenged by this disease of womanhood.

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47

Angalakuditi, Mallik, Wild, and Furtado. "The translation and cultural adaptation of the Child Behavior Checklist for use in Israel (Hebrew), Korea, the US (Spanish), India (Malayalam and Kannada), and Spain." Psychology Research and Behavior Management, May 2012, 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s28009.

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