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Journal articles on the topic 'Translation studies, skopos theory, purpose of the translation, functional translation'
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1
Nedainova, Iryna V. "SKOPOS THEORY IN THE LIGHT OF FUNCTIONAL TRANSLATION." Alfred Nobel University Journal of Philology 2, no. 22 (2021): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2523-4463-2021-2-22-24.
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Today, the transfer of as much information as possible as quickly as possible is becoming the norm, with the accelerating development of the modern world, the social function of translation as an activity is also changing. At this time, the degree of the translation unit adequacy is under challenge. The postulate of the adequacy of translation known to all professionals in the field of translation, according to which every author's message should be translated as close to its meaning as possible and must accentuate its content, is taking a back seat. Skopos theory in 1978 authored by the German linguist and translator H. Vermeer pushed a reconceptualization of translation activity where the goal (skopos) conforming to which a translation piece is made and the function determined by the addressee are focused. The revolutionary idea of this theory lies in the fact that it decrowns the dominance of the source text and emphasizes the role of the translator as the creator of the translation text, giving priority to the skopos that was set to create this translation, and bringing the customer out of the shadow of the translation. The main ideas of this theory as well as the interest that is actively shown in foreign translation studies determine the urgency of this research. This article presents arguments for the foundations of this theory that may be used to reproduce modern functional translation, in particular in the scientific and technical field. The purpose of our investigation is to form specific procedures for translation activities in order to reproduce high-quality narrowly specialized translation from the perspective of the target direction of translation activities according to Skopos theory. A scientific and technical text, in terms of its functional characteristics, is best suited for the Skopos theory adaptation. Based on the study of this theory’s foundations, we tried to create some recommendations for translators that may be of interest for the development of specific procedures for the translation of scientific and technical texts. The methodology of comparing the generally accepted theory of adequacy and Skopos-theory makes it possible to identify those attractive features of the latter that add to the creation of high-quality translation text, which indicates the current direction of this work in the field of the Ukrainian scientific and technical translation studies. The given research includes general logical and general scientific methods such as analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, descriptive and comparative methods to render our own conclusions regarding the analyzed theory. In the course of our research, it became possible to determine the paradigm of the main provisions of Skopos theory, which can guide scientific and technical translators in their activity, and on the basis of these provisions’ study to reproduce certain recommendations for professional translators regarding the translation of scientific and technical texts The overall intention of the paper was not to dictate mandatory rules to be followed by a translator, but rather to explain a new methodological approach and to form some appropriate techniques that can teach specialists in scientific and technical translation to evaluate their work as well as to take responsibility for a final translation product in face of both, the customer of the translation and the audience for which this translation is intended.
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Zheng, Dr Jing. "Translation of Corporate Promotional Materials in View of Skopos Theory." Journal of Arts and Humanities 6, no. 4 (April 14, 2017): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/journal.v6i4.1156.
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<p>Chinese businesses have realized the importance of publicity in foreign markets. However, the translation of Chinese corporate promotional materials is not of high quality so far. Problems in the translation may be caused by multi-facet factors, but the influence of formal equivalence theory on translators can be a big cause. Skopos theory shift translators’ attention from loyalty to the source text to the purpose of the target text, shedding a new light to translation studies. This paper discusses the application of Skopos theory in the translation of Chinese corporate promotional materials and explores the strategies and methods of translating corporate promotional materials from Chinese to English.</p>
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Akasheva, Tatyana V., Nuria M. Rakhimova, and Roman S. Smolnikov. "Development of professional competences of students – future translators in the Skopos Theory framework." Perspectives of Science and Education 55, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.32744/pse.2022.1.6.
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Introduction. The development of the translation services market in modern conditions, presents new challenges in improving the quality of education in the training courses of "Translation and Translation Studies" and "Linguistics" in accordance with the Federal Educational Standard of Higher Education (FSE) and the Professional Standard. This fully correlates with the international requirements for translation, formulated by the UN Department of General Assembly Affairs. The development of professional translation competences becomes urgent, which requires new approaches to the professional training of future translators. It is impossible to effectively teach translation based only on linguistic translation algorithms, since the translation competence is not formed automatically in the course of language competence development. Materials and methods. The research methodology is based on competence and professionally oriented approaches to translation teaching. The main research methods are the analysis of Russian and foreign scientists’ research on the problem of translation teaching, theoretical analysis of works on translation theory and Skopos Theory, observation, text analysis and generalization of teaching experience. Research results. In the course of the research, based on our own translation experience and on Ch. Nord's didactic principles, the selected texts for translation, including pragmatic, conventional, linguistic, regulatory problems, were analyzed and a scheme for pre-translation text analysis and approaches to assessing the quality of translations were also developed. Conclusion. The linguistic approach to the implementation of translation does not allow us to successfully fulfill the requirements for the quality of translation, since translation requires taking into account the aspects arising from the purpose of the translation and the specific translation situation. The inclusion in the process of teaching translation of texts with carefully selected translation problems, and purposeful work on these problems enable future translators to solve translation tasks more effectively. The scheme of pre-translation text analysis and the approaches to assessing the quality of translation developed and presented in this article can be used to evaluate any other kind of translation.
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Seel, Olaf Immanuel. "How Much “Translation” Is in Localization and Global Adaptation?" International Journal of Translation, Interpretation, and Applied Linguistics 3, no. 2 (July 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijtial.20210701.oa1.
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The aim of this article is to contribute to the discourse by clarifying the extent to which complex intersemiotic action can still be regarded as translation. This will be shown by two of its major representatives (i.e., localization and [global] adaptation), both of which constitute contested issues in translation studies research with regard to their conceptual belonging. Functional translation theory will be employed to achieve this aim. Employing functional translation theory will show that the decisive criterion for the conceptual affiliation of any intersemiotic action to translation is whether or not it constitutes a predominantly language-based text-to-text transfer. Finally, given its successful implementation, this paper proposes functionalist skopos theory as one possible interdisciplinary methodological tool for intersemiotic action that is not only useful for translation studies but could also be useful, if accordingly adapted, for other neighboring disciplines, such as, for example, adaptation studies.
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Vermeer, Hans J. "Starting to Unask What Translatology Is About1." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 41–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.10.1.03ver.
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Abstract The author presents his strictly functional theory ("Skopos Theory") of translation. Acting is primarily conditioned by a "purpose" and the nature of the intended addressees. The source text wording is of secondary importance. The functional skopos model allows the translator freedom to act as an expert and gives him responsibility for his approach. Modern research in reception aesthetics, neurobiology, philosophy and other disciplines confirms the contingency and relativity of all human behaviour. The author briefly discusses several new brain theories and Dawkins' "meme" concept and some of their implications for translating.
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Zhu, Chunshen. "Repetition and signification." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 16, no. 2 (December 31, 2004): 227–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.16.2.03zhu.
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The paper begins with an overview of the relevance of functional/text linguistics, skopos theory, and the cultural-studies approach to the study of (literary) translation. It then examines the textual significance of leitmotifs as ‘vertical translation units’, since both are found to be related to repetitions of a rank-free text element in formulating a network of signification. In leitmotif-conscious translating, it argues, the accountability between the source and target texts can be observed at this level of textual network, while the translation, as a literary text, may induce different perlocutionary effects when functioning in a different cultural milieu.
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Eke, Joseph N. "Skopos translation theory, text-types, and the African postcolonial text in intercultural postcolonial communication." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 62, no. 3 (November 21, 2016): 349–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.62.3.01eke.
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The Postcolonial text is a political and ideological text that is differentiable in translation. This is because of its location in the dialogic and discursive communicative exchange between former coloniser and former colonised cultures and societies. This communicative exchange takes place in the situation and condition of asymmetrical relations and relations of inequality and involves the contestation of histories, cultures, meanings, identities and representations. The functionality of the postcolonial text with its message is fixated on this dialogue and discourse; and each postcolonial text is a single statement directly and specifically responding to this dialogue and discourse in some way. This paper examines the African postcolonial text* and its communicative location in the light of postcolonial theory and the possibility offered by the skopos functional theory in translation to set aside the purpose and function of the source text intended by the author. Using Chinua Achebe’s texts, It would conclude that the mediatory role of the translator in the dialogic and discursive exchange between former coloniser and former colonised cultures and societies need not become interference in the application of the skopos theory.
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KUSHNINA, Lyudmila V., and Lyubov K. Geykhman. "FUNCTIONAL VARIATION OF TRANSLATION AS A FACTOR IN SUCCESSFUL INTERCULTURAL INTERACTION." Tyumen State University Herald. Humanities Research. Humanitates 7, no. 4 (2021): 26–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-197x-2021-7-4-26-41.
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The authors discuss functional variability as an urgent problem of modern cognitive translation studies and consider it both as a natural property of translation activity and as an imperative for successful intercultural interaction of communicants. Kushnina’s synergetic model is the basis for theoretical analysis of translation space alongside with skopos-theory of translation by K. Nord and functional typology of translation by J. Delilah. The leading methods of analysing translation space are the field, Gestalt, interpretative, conceptual and functional methods. The aim of the work is to substantiate the idea of the translation functional variation, which determines its harmony. Hamlet’s monologue from Shakespeare’s immortal work and its translations into Russian and French are used as material for the analysis. The authors prove that functional variability of translation most clearly can be traced in the two functions of translation: identifying and culture-forming. The identifying function while translating the same meanings into different linguistic cultures manifests itself in the synergetic accretion of new meanings. The meanings are expressed by certain cultural markers, identified by the recipients with perceptions, judgments, associations that are peculiar to their native culture. At the same time, the cultural variability of semantic increments and transfers in the phatic field of translation space acquires the properties of cultural determination. The properties meet the requirements of foreign-language and foreign-cultural recipients. And that is the novelty of the research undertaken. As a result of the study, it has been established that the culture-forming function of translation is the leading one: each culture imposes its own imprint on the formation of images, ideas and concepts that are close and understandable to the reader. The authors conclude that the success of intercultural interaction is due to the addition of new meanings as a prerequisite for translation harmony, whereby the text of the translation naturally integrates into and enriches the host culture.
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Al, Dangin, Dian Natalia Sutanto, Lucia Tri Natalia Sudarmo, and Novita Dewi. "A Communicative - Functional Philosophy of Translation." Indonesian Journal of English Language Studies (IJELS) 2, no. 1 (January 30, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/ijels.v2i1.347.
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The Philosophy of translation is excluded from the framework of translation studies. Nevertheless, it is actually essential for developing the theory and practice of translation aswell as solving both internal and external challenges toward the theory and practice oftranslation. Hence, this article proposes the inclusion of philosophy in the framework andoffers a communicative-functional paradigm as the philosophy of translating from Indonesianinto English and vice versa. This paradigm construes translation as interculturalcommunicative act directed by the target-side purpose. It is rooted ontologically as therecodification of matrix code into target code which results in what Ricoeur calls as theequivalence without identity, epistemologically with the employment of cluster concept andaxiologically by directing intercultural mediation with three ethical principles i.e. the primacyof purpose, the loyalty to people and the respecting difference. In Indonesia especially inYogyakarta, based on the interview conducted to professional translators in PMadInternational Translation, this paradigm has been internalized by Indonesian translatorswithout conscious reflection of the paradigm as the philosophical foundation of theirtranslation practices.Keywords: translation, philosophy, communicative-functional paradigm
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Li, Li. "Translating children’s stories from Chinese to English." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 63, no. 4 (November 20, 2017): 506–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.63.4.03li.
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Translation, according to the German functional approach to Translation Studies, is a purpose-driven interaction that involves many players. Translating children’s stories is no exception. Using her personal experience of translating Mr. Wolf’s Hotline, a book comprising 47 Chinese children’s stories by Wang Yizhen, a contemporary Chinese writer , in light of the Skopos and text-type theories of functional approach in particular, the author has outlined the strategies and methods adopted in her translations in terms of language, structure and culture. With child readers in mind during the translation process, the translator has used rhetorical devices, onomatopoeic words, modal particles, and also changed some of the sentence structures of the stories, such as from indirect sentences into direct quotations, and from declarative sentences into questions. In terms of culture, three aspects, namely, the culture-loaded images, the names of the characters and nursery rhymes are singled out for detailed analyses. Though marginalized, ‘children’s literature is more complex than it seems, even more complex’ (Hunt 2010: 1), and translation of children’s literature is definitely challenging. This paper outlines the strategies and methods the author has adopted in translating some children's stories from Chinese to English.
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Kocbek, Alenka. "Unlocking the potential of translation for FLT." Linguistica 54, no. 1 (December 31, 2014): 425–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.54.1.425-438.
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The paper proposes unlocking the potential of translation for foreign language teaching (FLT) by seeking to create synergies with the related discipline of translation science (TS). This aim is in keeping with the guidelines for language teaching provided in the Common European Framework of Languages, which introduced a model of communicative competences including communicative language competences as those which enable a person to act by drawing on specific linguistic means. First, an overview of the changing status of translation in FLT is presented – from its being considered a fundamental teaching method and basic skill in the Grammar-Translation Method, to its being all but outlawed in more recent communicative and task-based approaches, to its final rehabilitation in recent decades. It is then shown that, in the development of FLT, the parallel evolution of TS somehow failed to be acknowledged and, consequently, the opportunity to create valuable synergies between the two disciplines was missed. Following the stance of authors who have advocated the use of translation in FLT, it is argued that translation can effectively supplement the development of the four traditional language skills and, moreover, that some of the insights developed by TS can effectively be integrated into FLT as strategies aimed at enhancing leaners’ cross-cultural communicative competences. To this purpose, selected insights from TS (e.g. the functional approach and the skopos theory, the cultureme model, the theory of memes) are discussed and their potential for creating synergies with FLT are explored. Finally, the paper discusses the omnipresence of different forms of translation and interpreting in contemporary societies and shows that this naturally and logically calls for a systematic inclusion of translation in FLT.
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Matulewska, Aleksandra, Joanna Kic-Drgas, and Paula Trzaskawka. "TEACHING LEGAL TRANSLATION – A CASE STUDY OF MAKING STUDENTS AWARE OF TRANSLATION RISKS RESULTING FROM PLURICENTRISM." Fachsprache 43, no. 1-2 (April 30, 2021): 52–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24989/fs.v43i1-2.1927.
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This article examines the phenomenon of pluricentrism in language for legal purposes. The purpose of the research is to discuss the coexistence of different language varieties resulting from the existence of pluricentric languages in a legal context, and how this can affect translation decisions. The research focuses on English and German. The authors apply the comparative method to identify differences and similarities in legal terminology, in order to develop the resulting didactic implications for legal translation courses. The methods used in the article encompass: the analysis of comparable texts, the terminological analysis of research material (comparative law methodology), the theory of skopos, and an analysis of the relevant literature. The research material mostly consisted of civil law documents of countries where the languages under discussion are spoken. The research hypothesis is that if a given language is an official language in more than one country, the legal languages are not uniform and vary in respect to national legal language variants (similar to general language), and consequently there is a risk of making an error. Thus the students of translation studies must be made aware of the resultant differences in order to solve translation problems more efficiently and to reduce the number of errors in specialised translation. The analysis of the source text through the prism of terminology should be related to the legal system of the country concerned. Students of translation courses should be aware of the semantic differences between legal terms in order to find proper equivalents.
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Sang, Jian, and Grace Zhang. "Communication across languages and cultures." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 18, no. 2 (July 31, 2008): 225–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.18.2.07san.
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Communication across languages and cultures is a markedly complex issue, and translation is more than just a careful linguistic transfer: it is a purposeful action designed to achieve the most effective result in a target group. Few studies have discussed the role of communicative intent in translation, and this paper is a small step towards filling the gap. The conceptual framework adopted in this study is Skopostheorie (Vermeer, 1989), a functionalist approach with an emphasis on communicative Skopos (purpose or aim), target texts and audiences. Using a method of contrastive comparison among effective, ineffective and controversial brand name translations from English to Mandarin Chinese, a systematic analysis is conducted regarding four translation strategies: phonetic appeal, suitable meaning, socio-cultural adaptation and consumer acceptance. The findings demonstrate that any effective communication strategy needs to be in accordance with the communicative purpose of achieving an optimal impact upon the target group, and a successfully translated brand name should function in a target culture as effectively as the original name in a source culture. They suggest that a function oriented approach, rather than a source-text oriented approach, holds the key for a successful outcome. The most important thing is that translated brand names suit the needs of Chinese consumers. This study is significant in that it challenges the traditional sound/meaning-based approach, and provides enriched understanding of the importance of achieving communicative purposes and optimal functional impact in a target group. The insights gained from this study add a vital conceptual dimension to the study of translation, and cross-cultural communication in general. In addition, the findings of this study may also provide practical assistance for an effective outcome in translation, and have pedagogical value in the teaching of translation. While the discussion in this study is based on Chinese data, the findings have implications for the translation of other languages.
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Lekomtseva, I. A., A. Kh Abdulmanova, and M. N. Kulikova. "Possibilities of Searching for Linguistic Means of Expressing Semantic Categories in Translation by Using Corpus-Based Methods." Discourse 8, no. 1 (February 25, 2022): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/2412-8562-2022-8-1-158-167.
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Introduction. The article focuses on linguistic means of expressing the invariant in receiving language in translation. The purpose of the article is to construct a semantic field of linguistic means that represent language to use in speech production, to express the invariant in the receiving language based on the data of corpus-based methods from the point of view of prescriptive translation studies.Methodology and sources. The purpose of the article determines the methodology of the work, which consists in using corpus methods, namely: compiling a corpus of texts of a certain subject and functional style to determine possible translation matches by searching for keywords and searching for a key word in context. The research material was a news article with elements of popular science style.Results and discussion. As a result of the research, a semantic field of possible variant correspondences in translation was constructed. These correspondences are idiomatic, frequent, typical means of expressing a given semantic category in the receiving language. The results obtained can be used both in translation theory (for example, in the development of fundamental concepts of prescriptive translation studies) and in translation practice as practical recommendations for translators. The novelty of the research is that this work for the first time presents the results of the study that uses the methods of corpus linguistics, namely Sketch Engine, to identify variant correspondences for expressing a certain semantic category in the receiving language.Conclusion. As a result, idiomatic, typical linguistic means of expressing a semantic category in the receiving language can be identified, which ensures a higher quality of translated texts.
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Mousa Obeidat, Adham, and Tengku Sepora Biniti Tengku Mahadi. "AN INVESTIGATION OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES TO TRANSLATE CULTURAL - COLLOCATIONS IN LITERARY TEXTS." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, no. 4 (September 13, 2020): 1123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.84107.
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Purpose of the study: The purpose of this study was to investigate the procedures that translators employ to translate cultural collocations from Arabic into English,.It is considered a challenge for translators since the components of such collocations must be translated as one meaningful unit.
Methodology: The methodology of this study is a descriptive-interpretive analysis of the source text (ST) and target texts (TTs). The authors applied Newmark's culture categorizations and translation theory to categorize the collocations in this study and investigate their Translation, which was collected from the Arabic novel "Awlad Hartna" by Naguib Mahfouz, and its two translations in English, "Children of Gebelawi" by Philip Stewart (1981) and "Children of the Alley" by Peter Theroux (1988).
Main Findings: The results of the study revealed that the source text is a rich source of cultural signs. Analysis of the data indicated that translators apply only 10 procedures, which include cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, through-translation, shifts, modulation, paraphrasing, couplet, reduction and omission, and literal Translation. Procedures of transference, naturalization, and synonymy have been avoided since they are usually used to translate single cultural words. The findings further revealed that literal Translation is the most frequently used procedure and shifts are the least frequently used.
Application of the study: Findings of the study have pedagogical implications for translators in general, translators of literature, student translators, and teacher translators. Findings of the cultural analysis of collocations are an essential resource for researchers of cultural studies to translate between Arabic and English.
The novelty of this study: The scientific novelty of the present study lies in discussing the functional procedures that are used to translate cultural signs in the form of collocations. The cultural aspects of collocations and the meaning of cultural collocations are also presented in a detailed and comprehensive manner.
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Terekhova, S. "MULTY-PARADIGMALITY AS A BASIS OF MODERN LINGUISTIC STUDIES OF COMMUNICATION COORDINATES REPRESENTATIONS." PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, no. 33 (2018): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2018.33.02.
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The article deals with the investigation of fundamentals and present state of multyparadigmal analyses of language units representing the system of coordinates of communication in the Ukrainian, Russian and English languagess. Coordinates of communication are presented in the work as a deictic start-point of communication “I – here – now”, defined by K. Buhler in his “Language Theory” as well as the related language units of the same semantics and functions in the languages. The specifics of these words and word combinations is in their possibility to express different types of reference changing them in frames of a certain context of communication act. Multy-paradigmality is described in the present article as a basis of complex methodology of modern researches on linguistics, in particular, contrastive linguistics and linguistics of translation. Many works of modern linguists have been done based on semantic or / and structural aspects of linguistic and pragmatic analyses of the system of communication coordinates at all or its particular representations (see works by Yu. Apresyan, N. Arytyunova, K. Buhler, K. Brugman, J. Lions, N. Kirvalidze, Ch. Fillmore, etc.). But there has not been done any complex multy-paradigmal researches of communication coordinate system before. Works of such a kind (see the ones by M. Avdonina, N. Zhabo, S. Terekhova, etc.) mainly characterize allomorphic and isomorphic features of the analyzed language units in Russian, English, French, and Ukrainian. This article represents roots, origin and patterns of multy-paradigmality of the characterized language units which are important for the future development of both contrastive linguistics and translation theory. It describes the procedure of multyparadigmal analyses of language units that is appropriate for the above mentioned fields of science. Lexical centric approach and textual centric one, being involved in the investigation, contain complex methodology of functional and semantic categories study that is appropriate for such language categories as deixis, reference, anaphor, etc. It contains complex, multy-paradigmal analyses of units of different language levels denoting “place or direction in space”, “time” and “person” indication. Multy-paradigmal approach provided in the research includes the following stages: 1) conceptual / logical and semantic analyses; 2) language units analyses (including structural, lexical and grammatical, functional and semantic ways of analyses); 3) psycholinguistic analyses (in particular, free associative experiment and its verifying). The results of the above mentioned procedure are supplied additionally with some extra-lingual facts complementing it. They essentially help to simplify the correct comprehension, understanding and learning of communication coordinates representations in speech for foreigners. The tendency to complex analyses of language units of different types has become regular for modern researches on contrastive linguistics as well as linguistics of translation for the last decades, although multyparadigmal investigations are yet less regular than other ones nowadays. The methodology and procedure of multy-paradigmal analyses can be varied partially in accordance with the material and purpose of the research however the principles of multy-paradigmality of both the above mentioned fields of science are out of changes, they are universal for Indo-European languages. The further investigations of multy-paradigmality in languages and translation appear in functional semantics, cognitive linguistics, language and culture studies, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, especially if they are developed based on the contrastive analyses.
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Ali, Ahmad. "To Be Torn Between Approximation and Critique: A Case Study of Christiane Nord’s Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained." British Journal of Translation, Linguistics and Literature 1, no. 1 (November 22, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.54848/bjtll.v1i1.10.
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This paper aims at introducing the experiment of rendering one of the most remarkable books of Christiane Nord, who is regarded as one of the most prominent translation scholars and a salient professor of applied linguistics in Germany, into Arabic, under the title of «الترجمة بوصفها نشاطا هادفا: مداخل نظرية مشروحة». In her book, she dealt with the functional approaches to translation, including new concepts, in theory, which require re-adaptation matching the other culture, i.e., the target Arabic, trying to find a full equivalent or a near-equivalent thereof. The novelty in this field lies in the theorization of translation studies and its theories and concepts as well, except for some cases. It is commonly acknowledged that translation, as a branch of knowledge, is early practiced; it bridged the gap between civilizations and some branches of knowledge among the peoples of the world over ages. However, it was basically based on the axiomatic practice, devoid of any theoretical and interpretative restrictions and criteria indicating the various approaches to translation, not to mention its multiple forms adopted more or less by the translator. Thus, this paper attempts particularly to 1) investigate the obstacles faced by the translator on the onset process of translation, such as the theoretical terms and concepts, including assignment, translational act, translation proper, etc.; 2) analyze Nord’s style, which is characterized sometimes with flexibility and sometimes with contrast, representing an arduous task for the translator, especially when decomposing the codes of the original. Additionally, she uses too long sentences, embedded with other parenthetical clauses, which are challenging for either the reader or the translator, whose task is to put things back together and to re-connect the scattered elements of the image; 3) demonstrate some solutions and strategies adopted in translation, such as glosses, especially in cases of ambiguity or inconsistency, consulting other references for the purpose of documentation and authenticity. Last but not least, it attempts to answer a set of questions represented in the challenges of rendering such a book, including the following:
Why did Nord create sometimes inappropriate compound technical terms in German?
Why did not she adopt an appropriate equivalent to German words?
What is the purpose behind both the excessive use of details and the concise statements or explanations?
What is the purpose behind the ambiguous explanations and unnecessary lengthy phrases adopted by Nord in her book?
What are the possible strategies and solutions the translator adopted to render the meaning adequately and honestly with no excess or negligence?
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"TRANSLATOR’S ROLE AND CONTRIBUTION TO THE CULTURAL HERITAGE TOURISM." JOURNAL OF TOURSIM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT, 2015, 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35666/25662880.2015.1.107.
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In a globalizing competitive world, the communicative role of the translator in the tourism sector as a mediator between cultures and languages is essential with respect to the presentation of country‟s remarkable attractions and heritage. This study aims to explore in what ways the production or rewriting of the original text, based on the purpose and the function of the translational activity, enables the full appreciation of the inestimable reminiscences from the past. Turkish texts on two of the historical masterpieces in Istanbul are chosen to compare with their English versions. This analysis is carried out within the frame of Skopos theory which views translation as a cultural act to reveal behavioral patterns specific to the culture under consideration. The validity of the translator‟s decisions depend on not only whether the source content is transferred or not but also the strategy applied, i.e. the skopos of the action in relation to the expectations and needs of the assumed audience precedes the mode of the action and a redefinition of the relevance of certain source textual elements becomes necessary so as to attain a functional transfer (Vermeer 2004; Reiss & Vermeer 2014). In the analysis, it is observed that the translator remains faithful to the source text which means to place the tourist audience on the periphery; for instance, he/she would find it interesting to be informed about the architectural design of the building mentioned in the Turkish text, but he/she would be even more eager to discover the real stories and secrets hidden behind the stone walls, which may be included in the translator‟s narration. One of the aims of translating tourism texts is to represent a country‟s distinctive cultural identity that offers new traditions and opportunities, so there is a leeway for the translator to move away independently from the source text and use his craft to reconstruct a target text more appealing to the tourist.