Relevant bibliographies by topics / Translations into Tangut

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Translations into Tangut'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 1 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Translations into Tangut"

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Xiaofang, Ma. "Quotations in Tangut texts." Journal of Chinese Writing Systems 2, no. 3 (September 2018): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2513850218778823.

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The aim of the present paper is to discuss the differentiation between direct and indirect quotations in Tangut texts. Based on the analysis of Buddhist texts and translations from Chinese classics in the Khara-khoto collection preserved in the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, RUS, the quotations in Tangut may be divided into two categories. Direct speeches are not marked or attached by a quotative marker jɨ2妒. Indirect speeches are composed by using jɨ2妒 or a compound marker jɨ2 djij2妒纓 at the end of the quote. Tangut quotation structure is closely related to the verb jɨ2妒. It is illustrated in the study of cross-linguistic typology that the semantic verb ‘say’ may usually evolve to quotative markers. The semantic and grammatical functions of the verb he semantic and grammatical functions of the verb jɨ2妒 which the quotation structure used reflected the grammaticalization from an independent verb to a grammatical marker. This phenomenon can provide a new perspective for the grammatical study of Tibetan-Burman languages.
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Hongyin, Nie. "A Unique Tangut Primary Reader Brief Collection by Taizong kept in the IOM RAS." Written Monuments of the Orient 6, no. 1 (August 25, 2020): 3–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/wmo34968.

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The previously undesiphered manuscript inv. № 5875 preserved in the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, Russian Academy of Sciences, proves to be the Tangut version of a primary reader. Its Chinese original is an inconsistently miscellaneous compilation of ancient literary allusions and contemporary folk maxims. The text is composed by different literary style of antithetical couplet and ordinary prose without a consistent subject. Although its Chinese original has not been found yet and the whole text has not been thoroughly deciphered so far, narrations and translations may be provided as many as possible in the present paper in order to lay a foundation for further studies.
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Wang (王頌), Song. "The Prevalence of Huayan-Chan 華嚴禪 Buddhism in the Regions of Northern China during the 11th Century." Journal of Chan Buddhism 1, no. 1-2 (December 22, 2020): 146–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25897179-12340005.

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Abstract In the 11th century, the dissemination of Buddhism in the territories of Northern Song 北宋 dynasty (960–1127) China, Khitan 契丹 Liao 遼 (907/916–1125), and Xixia 西夏 (Tangut 党項, 1038–1227) kingdoms each reached a peak. What united the learned peoples of these three kingdoms in terms of religious and intellectual development was the comparatively widespread study and adoption of the teachings of Huayan Buddhism, or studies of and commentaries to the translations of the Avataṃsaka-sūtra into Chinese in 60-, 80-, and 40-rolls (Huayan jing 華嚴經, esp. T nos. 278, 279, 293). In this article I address some of my earlier research concerning two treatises composed by Bensong 本嵩 (active ca. 1083–1085), the Huayan guan tongxuan ji 華嚴觀通玄記 (Record of the Profundities of Total Meditative Insight [or Contemplation] of the Gaṇḍavyūha chapter of the Avataṃsaka-sūtra Flower Garland Sūtra) and Fajie guan sanshimen song 法界觀三十門頌 (Verses Praising the Thirty Contemplative Approaches or Gates presented in the Gaṇḍavyūha Chapter on Entry into the Realm of Reality), among other examples from the period, to illustrate how these Huayan teachings were actually the product of Huayan and Chan Buddhist ideological frameworks, which fruitfully can be called Huayan-Chan. In order to demonstrate why the rubric ‘Huayan-Chan’ can be productive, I examine a range of commentarial Buddhist texts in Chinese to show who the patriarchs of Huayan-Chan were considered to be during the 11th century across the ethnically and linguistically diverse region of Northern China, and bring to the fore what some of these key teachings were. My main goal is to present the specific circumstances within which Huayan-Chan developed within the three kingdoms of Northern Song China, the Khitan Liao, and the Tangut Xixia.
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Yue, Ming, and Boyang Sun. "Translationese and interlanguage in inverse translation: A case study." Across Languages and Cultures 22, no. 1 (May 27, 2021): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/084.2021.00003.

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AbstractCurrent translation studies do not present a clear distinction between ‘translationese’ and ‘interlanguage’, giving rise to conceptual and terminology confusion. To disentangle these two concepts, we start with a relatively conservative working definition of translationese, then find it necessary to first differentiate between direct and inverse translations, according to whether the translator's L1 equals to TL or not. Taking Zhuangzi (a Daoist classic) as a case, we made both inter- and intra-speaker comparisons among Lin Yu-tang's inverse translation, James Legge's direct translation, and the two translators' creative works in English, with well-established language complexity metrics and quantitative methods. Results show that: (1) Inverse and direct translations are remarkably different in terms of complexity; (2) Inverse translation demonstrates both features of interlanguage and translationese, with the former mostly at lexical level and the latter at syntactic level; (3) Similar patterns are also discovered in Lin's other inverse translated works, suggesting our quantitative comparative method proposed may be reliable to some extent. Such results support our proposal that translationese and interlanguage should and can be differentiated for both theoretical and practical purposes.
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Ma, Zhouyang. "The Nyāyabindu in Tangut Translation." Journal of Indian Philosophy 49, no. 5 (September 30, 2021): 779–825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10781-021-09479-w.

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Bogdanov, Kirill M. "The Tangut Manuscript <i>The First [Shamanistic] Ritual</i> from IOM, RAS Collection. Textual Research and Translation." Письменные памятники Востока 19, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.55512/wmo100085.

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The Tangut manuscript Танг 1621 is recorded evidence of the Tangut shamanistic tradition that existed in the Xixia state, but had originated from the religious beliefs of the Tanguts ancestors. This text was discovered among unidentified Tangut texts in the process of cataloguing work. Prior to this this discovery, we came across some indirect references to Tangut shamanism in various sources such as historical documents (The Tangut Codex), ritual or religious text fragments. Most likely, the text in question is an original Tangut text that had originally existed in verbal tradition and was later recorded. Structurally, it consists of 14-syllable verses, including archaisms, unclear metaphors and symbolism. It is a complete manuscript with a title, a short preface, and a logical ending. The titles translation can be only interpreted tentatively, as it literally means The Origin of [Religious] Ecstasy (Russian kamlaniye). However, I guess that to translate the Tangut word 影 as [religious] ecstasy would not be entirely correct in this case, because we find in this text a description of a shamanistic ritual that includes kamlaniye only as its part. The main goal of the rite described here is to defend the world of living beings from the disasters that astral spirits visit on some tribes or ethnic groups for being neglectful of the rules of sacrificial rites or for damaging sacred items. Therefore, this ritual, when it was performed for the first time, was aimed at procuring Heavens support for people. On can assume that, once performed, this rite had laid the foundation for a ritual tradition that preserved the wealth and stability of the community that observed it, and later it became the most basic, principal ritual of the state. I can also assume that it was this archetypal rite that emperor Yuanhao performed as he proclaimed himself emperor of the Xixia State. I should add that the above-mentioned linguistic traits pose a serious challenge to the textual research into this sourcefirst of all, to its proper translation. That is why this study is only a preliminary one. The main goal of interpreting this text is to determine the place of the Tangut shamanistic tradition within the context of the long-time scholarly definition of such religious beliefs.
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Imre Galambos. "A Chinese Tract in Tangut Translation (Or.12380/2579)." Central Asiatic Journal 57 (2014): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.13173/centasiaj.57.2014.0071.

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GALAMBOS, Imre, and Imre GALAMBOS. "Notes et Documents." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 40, no. 1 (2011): 73–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1960602811x00088.

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From the 11th century onwards, the Xixia state grew into a major power along the northwestern frontier of Song China. This article examines the Tangut perspective of their geo-political environment as it is reflected in a translation of a Chinese military treatise called Jiangyuan, a work attributed to Zhuge Liang. The concluding part of the original text presents the traditional Sino-centric worldview with the four barbarian tribes (Yi, Man, Rong and Di) around the empire. The Tangut translation, however, omits three of the four tribes and discusses only the Northern Di, thus adapting the Chinese viewpoint to fit their own situation.
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Guo, Yaoyao. "A preliminary study on the Tangut version of the Mañjuśirī-dhaāraṇī-sūtra." Journal of Chinese Writing Systems 2, no. 3 (September 2018): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2513850218783095.

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There is a Tangut version of the Mañjuśirī-dhāraṇī-sūtra entitled Sūtra of Counting the Merits and Virtues of Rosaries in the Mañjuśirī-dhāraṇī preserved in the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, Russian Academy of Sciences. The paper proves by collating the nomenclatures that the Tangut text was a translation from the Chinese version of the text by Yijing rather than that of Baosiwei.
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Chung-pui, Tai. "Tibetan Buddhism practice of inner fire meditation as recorded in Tangut fragments with Tibetan phonetic glosses." Journal of Chinese Writing Systems 2, no. 3 (September 2018): 163–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2513850218781514.

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This paper examines the content of the Tangut text in one of the largest joinable pieces of Tangut fragments with Tibetan phonetic glosses, Fr. 3(8), Fr. 9(14), and Fr. 1(6) from инв. 8363 of the Archives of Orientalists of the Institute of Oriental Manuscript, Russian Academy of Sciences. A detailed sentence-based translation of the Tangut text is provided. The interpretation of these fragments suggests that the Tangut text is an instruction for vase breathing and inner fire meditation, which is also known as “tummo.” This text should relate to the Six Yogas of Nāropa, which was mainly practiced by the Kagyu School of Tibetan Buddhism during the Tangut era. The content of the text should help further study on the identification of the origin of the text, and on the examination of the date of the fragments, which would be critical in the study of the Tibetan phonetic glosses of the Tangut characters.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Translations into Tangut"

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Turco, Lucia. "Tanja : processi mediterranei e pratiche di resistenza : un’etnografia situata e in traduzione delle lotte delle donne dei quartieri popolari." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0145/document.

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La recherche proposée mène une analyse des processus de mondialisation qui intéressent la ville de Tanger et des conséquentes luttes de femmes des quartiers populaires contre les effets du développement néo-libéral sur le territoire. À partir d'une dimension internationale, liée spécifiquement aux discours sur la constitution de la macro-région méditerranéenne, j’insiste sur la manière dont les politiques de privatisation et d'accaparement des IDE Investissements Directs Étrangers ont produit des conséquences importantes surtout dans la région du Nord. Au nom de la politique de régionalisation et à la lumière du rôle central reconnu désormais à la géographie méditerranéenne, la région nord est le territoire où les plans méditerranéens se mettent en place: des nombreuses zones franches et industrielles ont vu le jour et par conséquent une forte migration des campagnes vers les villes a créé une urbanisation toujours croissante. La recherche ethnographique a été développée à Tanja, le principal centre urbain de la région nord, où une série de luttes populaires à grande participation féminine a eu lieu. Je les analyse en les contextualisant avec les projets de développement qui intéressent la zone. A l’aide d’une observation participante et d’une série d’interviews individuelles et de groupes, j’indique des parcours de réflexion autour de certains axes thématiques, tels que l'autorité, la protestation, la façon de traverser l’espace. La dernière partie consiste dans l’application de la méthode déconstructionniste sur un signifiant spécifique qui ressort, même si situé différemment, des récits des femmes interviewées: la maison
Here proposed un analysis of the development projects concerning the city of Tangier and the struggles of the women living in the popular zones.Starting from an international dimension, which is particularly related to the construction of the Mediterranean region, I underline how the privatization processes and the FDI Foreign Direct Investments grabbing, produced deep consequences especially in the Northern region of Morocco. Connecting to the regionalization process and the central role of the Mediterranean geography, the region is the territory for the implementation of Mediterranean projects: installation of industrial and free zones that produces the increase of the internal migration (from countryside to city) with the consequent progressive urbanization of the region.The ethnographic research took place in Tanja, the main urban centre of the North where different popular fights, with a predominant women’s participation, occur. The narration of these struggles is in a constant dialogue with insights on some specific development projects Some lines of thought around thematic aces like authority, protest and space crossing are identified through a methodology of participant observation and several semi-structured interviews with the women implicated in the struggles.The last part of the work consist in applying the deconstructionist method to a specific signifier: the home
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Funk, Kristen E. "Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology as a Clue to Pathogenesis." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1343231184.

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YANG, CHIEN-I., and 楊千宜. "Translating CSIs: A Review of Two English Translations of Huang Yi’s Legend of Great Tang’s Two Dragons." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/yb7x76.

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碩士
國立金門大學
語言與跨文化碩士班
107
Translation is key to cross-cultural communication. Translation not only promotes information exchange in daily life but is also a medium for people to understand and respect different cultures. Undoubtedly, translation is closely related to culture. For translators, it is a great challenge to produce a good translation work. One of the problems that translators often encounter is how to translate Culture-Specific Items (CSI), especially those Wuxia-related terms in Chinese Wuxia novels. It is a topic worth exploring. Indeed, translators must employ different translation strategies, for example, addition (including note/glossary), omission, adaptation, literal translation or free translation, etc., to deal with these cultural words. This is an issue worth exploring. The study is mainly based on textual analysis and comparisons of two online English versions of Legend of Great Tang’s Two Dragons. It aims to examine how CSIs are translated from Chinese into English in this novel. What strategies do the translators adopt? Do both versions employ the same strategies to translate CSIs? Have any cultural connotations of the original text been lost after translation? Also, what might be the reason for the translator to adopt a particular translation strategy? Basically, this thesis is a comparative analysis of different translators' translation works to explore their differences/ similarities. Keywords: textual analysis, wuxia, translation strategies, Culture-Specific Items (CSIs)
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"The hermeneutic turn of translation: illustrated with Tang poetry." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5887834.

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by Chan Kit Sze Amy.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-116).
Chapter Chapter I --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter Chapter II --- Translation As Understanding --- p.14
Chapter Chapter III --- Hermeneutics And Translation --- p.29
Chapter Chapter IV --- Language And Translation --- p.43
Chapter Chapter V --- Translation Of Tang Poetry --- p.53
Appendix Works Cited --- p.109
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Du, Mei. "READING AND TRANSLATING “NOW-NESS” AND “CONTINUITY” IN THE IMAGISTIC LANGUAGE OF TANG POEMS." 2019. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2/828.

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The imagistic language of Tang poetry can be defined as the language of Tang poetry that presents directly the immediate sensory/emotive experience, which is the early, unprocessed inner response of an external experience that involves what is previously unknown. The primary purpose of my thesis is to explore a theoretical definition of two characteristics: “now-ness” and “continuity” in the immediate sensory/emotive experience as well as to explore how the two characteristics are generally demonstrated in the imagistic language of Tang poems. Through the demonstration of seven individual analyses of Tang poems and their translations from the perspective of now-ness and continuity, this thesis also intends to foster now-ness and continuity as a particular perspective that assists us with the reading, understanding and translation of the imagistic language of Tang poetry.
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Books on the topic "Translations into Tangut"

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Xi Xia xin yi fo jing tuo luo ni de dui yin yan jiu: Researches on the newly transcribed dharanis in Xixia. Beijing: Zhongguo she hui ke xue chu ban she, 2010.

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"Hua jian ji" quan ben Ying yi: English translation of Among flowers. Wuhan: Wuhan da xue chu ban she, 2019.

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Aviva, Catz, ed. Tangos y milongas letras =: Tangos and milongas lyrics. Buenos Aires: Editora AC, 2004.

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Sunzi. The art of war: Translation, essays and commentary by the Denma Translation Group. Boston: Shambhala, 2009.

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H, Huang J., ed. Sun tzu: The new translation. New York: Quill, 1993.

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Wang, Feng. Tang shi jing dian Ying yi yan jiu: A comprehensive study on the English translation of classical tang poetry. Beijing: Zhongguo she hui ke xue chu ban she, 2015.

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Sukhoĭ trostnik: Poėzii͡a ėpokhi Tan (VII-X vv.). Sankt-Peterburg: "Peterburgskoe Vostokovedenie", 1999.

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Collected poetry: Li Bai quan ji. New York: Mantis Press, 2021.

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Chinese poetry of Tang and Song dynasties: A new translation. Xianggang: Shang wu yin shu guan, 2012.

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Group, Denma Translation, ed. The art of war: The Denma translation. Boston: Shambhala, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Translations into Tangut"

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Galambos, Imre. "Changing Perceptions of Tangut Translations of Chinese Texts in Modern Scholarship." In Narratives on Translation across Eurasia and Africa, 119–34. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.cat-eb.5.127937.

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Jiang, Lan. "American Adaptation of Tang Poetry Translations from Europe." In A History of Western Appreciation of English-translated Tang Poetry, 139–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56352-6_9.

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"Translation and Punctuation." In Tangut Language and Manuscripts: An Introduction, 502–30. BRILL, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004414549_017.

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"7. Translation consistency." In Translating Chinese Tradition and Teaching Tangut Culture, 257–78. De Gruyter, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110453959-008.

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"6. Translation vs. adaptation." In Translating Chinese Tradition and Teaching Tangut Culture, 209–56. De Gruyter, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110453959-007.

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"4. Primers in Tangut and Chinese." In Translating Chinese Tradition and Teaching Tangut Culture, 135–76. De Gruyter, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110453959-005.

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"Bodies in Translation. Tango als kulturelle Übersetzung." In Tango in Translation, 15–38. transcript-Verlag, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839412046-001.

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"Soñando todos el mismo sueño. Zur rituellen Überschreitung kultureller Grenzen im Tango." In Tango in Translation, 39–56. transcript-Verlag, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839412046-002.

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"Experiencing Tango as it goes global: Passion, Ritual and Play." In Tango in Translation, 57–74. transcript-Verlag, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839412046-003.

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"Der Tango – ein Moment der Interität." In Tango in Translation, 77–88. transcript-Verlag, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839412046-004.

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Conference papers on the topic "Translations into Tangut"

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García, Sonia C., and Juan A. Gallego-Sanchez. "Design of a New Fully Compliant Translational Joint via Straight-Line Motion Mechanism Based Method." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97091.

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Abstract A Compliant Translational Joint (CTJ) is designed via Straight-Line Motion Mechanism Method. The designed CTJ is based on the Pseudo-Rigid-Body-Model (PRBM) of a modified Scott-Russell Mechanism. The precision of the straight-line motion of the rigid-body mechanism adjusts to a straight-line to a 99.6% while the compliant version adjusts to a 99.9%. The novelty of the design is given by the way the CTJ is designed, the performance of the CTJ is achieved by mirroring the mechanism about an axis tangent to the path of the mechanism and that passes through the initial position of the coupler point at the symmetry axis of the path. The CTJ motion is predicted by the PRBM. The force-displacement relations and the frequency modes of the CTJ are analyzed using finite element analysis (FEA).
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Xie, Jin, Hui Yan, and Yong Chen. "On the Mathematical Morphology Based Coupler-Curve Feature Extraction for the Purpose of Synthesis of Path Generating Mechanism." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49627.

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To extract the features from a coupler curve is one of key issues in the synthesis of path generating mechanism. Fourier transformation is widely used at present. A new method of feature extraction, named mathematical morphology based method, emerges in resent years. Based on the essential operations of mathematical morphology, the shape spectrum (SS) of the coupler curve is computed. SS is rotation-scale-translation invariant. Therefore, as a means of describing coupler curve, it has possesses advantage over that based on Fourier transformation. In this paper, what kind information involved in SS of a curve is revealed. It is shown that the largest radius of internally tangent circle and the area inside of the curve can be inferred from its SS. This paper also shows that SS is without the information of the structure feature which is necessary to describe a nonsimple closed coupler curve. Eight-figure-shaped coupler curve is the simplest nonsimple closed curve. To describe such curve, three structure parameters of the curve should be involved besides that provided by SS of curve. A method using five numbers to describe and differentiate an eight-figure-shaped coupler curve is proposed in this paper. The five numbers can be obtained from its SS and the structure of the curve. A new formula to compute the similarity between two eight-figure-shaped couplers using the five numbers is presented.
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Srinivas, D., and Steven N. Kramer. "Computer Aided Design and Analysis of the Rack and Pinion Mechanism." In ASME 1992 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1992-0307.

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Abstract The general procedure for synthesizing the rack and pinion mechanism for six precision conditions is developed. To illustrate the method, the mechanism has been synthesized in closed form for generating both four prescribed path points with input coordination and two positions of function generation. This is the extension of the work reported earlier on this mechanism where only three path precision points were satisfied. The rack and pinion mechanism has a number of advantages over the conventional four bar linkage mechanism. First, since the rack is always tangent to the pinion, the transmission angle has a constant optimum value of 90 degrees minus the pressure angle of the pinion. Second, because both translation and rotation of the rack are possible, multiple outputs are available. Generation of monotonic functions for a wide variety of motion, and nonmonotonic functions for the full range of motion as well as nonlinear motions, are other advantages of this mechanism. The rack and pinion mechanism has applications in the packaging industry, in toys, and automotive steering mechanisms. In this work, the mechanism is made to satisfy a number of practical design constraints such as a completely rotatable input crank and others. Also, structural errors for function generation are calculated to give an estimate of the accuracy of the mechanism. The method of solution developed in this work uses the complex number method of mechanism synthesis and a FORTRAN program is written to find the solutions for any input.
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O’Rourke, Brian J., Mark K. Fuglem, and Tony King. "3-D Simulation of Iceberg Towing Operations: Cable Modeling and Frictional Contact Formulation Using Finite Element Analysis." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-18788.

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Abstract Ice management in regions of offshore development with icebergs present includes re-direction of icebergs by means of towing. The prevention of tow-rope slippage and iceberg rolling due to hydrostatic instability are essential for an effective and safe operation. The ability to simulate any particular towing operation in the field, prior to attempting it, would provide some measure of assurance of its feasibility. In addition, such a model will allow optimization of towing configuration and application by showing optimal tow direction, maximum force and rate of force application; selection of single tow line or net; and optimum net configuration. The objective of the described work is to develop a simulation tool that can be used for such application. A previous project funded by Hibernia Management and Development Company Ltd. (HMDC) gathered 3-dimensional profile data on 29 icebergs off the East coast of Canada; and further data collection has been ongoing. The present project utilizes these profiles as valuable input in the development of the model for simulating single-line and net tows. This paper presents the first phase of development of a 3-D dynamic iceberg towing model that evolved from an earlier 2-D static version. The current iteration applies the ‘Total Lagrangian’ Finite-Element Method (FEM) to model the cable-and-rope structure between the towing vessel and iceberg, and a contact model that includes sticking and sliding friction between the rope/net and iceberg. The iceberg is modeled as a rigid surface mesh and is fully constrained against motion during the current phase of development, while the cables and ropes are modeled as elastic bar elements with translational inertia and velocity-squared fluid drag. The contact elements consist of penalty springs with proportional damping, and appropriate values of these are found to be critical for numerical stability of the solution. As well, due to the large difference in stiffness values between the heavy tow cable and buoyant ropes, special attention is given to obtaining the initial tangent stiffness matrix of the cable-and-rope structure. The FE dynamic equations of motion are solved implicitly in the time domain using a combination of full and modified Newton-Raphson iteration. Simulations of contact initiation between the rope and iceberg for single-loop and net configurations are presented, as well as slipping during particular single-loop tows. Current challenges and opportunities for further development are discussed, including improving computational speed, implementing iceberg motion, adding wind and wave forces, and validating rope-ice friction characteristics through small-scale iceberg towing response in a laboratory.
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