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1
Anderson, Daniel K., and W. Michael Reed. "The Effects of Internet Instruction, Prior Computer Experience, and Learning Style on Teachers' Internet Attitudes and Knowledge." Journal of Educational Computing Research 19, no. 3 (October 1998): 227–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/8wx1-5q3j-p3bw-jd61.
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What is now called the Internet started out as a small number of federally funded Department of Defense (Advanced Research Project Agency, or ARPA) supercomputers networked together to share information. In order to guarantee data transmission between these nodes, this network (ARPANET) shared a common set of protocols that was designed to allow for high speed and reliable transfer. This protocol suite is TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). Most microcomputers now have a TCP/IP implementation available (e.g., MacTCP) and can, therefore, join the millions of computers that have access to the plethora of resources on the Internet. The Internet is not a static set of nodes, not a limited number of library holdings, not a one-directional paradigm of data transmission. Rather, it is a vibrant and absorbing setting that can foster new learning environments, or enrage educators with its diverse commands, lack of direction, and tenuous consistency.
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Faridah, Faridah. "DESAIN VOIP SERVER MENGGUNAKAN 3CXPHONE SYSTEM DAN SOFTPHONE PADA KANTOR PDAM KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN SELAYAR." ILTEK : Jurnal Teknologi 12, no. 01 (April 11, 2017): 1702–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.47398/iltek.v12i01.398.
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TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) merupakan Protokol yang dapat dikoneksikan dalam jaringan data diberbagai komputer di dunia. Dalam penerapannya protocol ini dapat dipakai untuk keperluan perangkat lunak (software) pada system operasi, sehingga banyak yang memanfaatkan dan mengembangkan untuk dapat mengirim pesan suara. Teknologi VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) adalah salahsatu solusinya. Implementasi VoIP dapat dilakukan dengan merancang suatu jaringan nirkabel, menggunakan software 3CX Phone System dan IP PBX yang dibuat khusus untuk system operasi Windows dengan menggunakan protocol standar SIP. Dimana dalam pengeturan dan penggunaanya jauh lebih mudah. Teknologi ini mamp umengubah suara analog menjadi paket data kemudian melalui jaringan data public internet maupun private internet paket data tersebut dilewatkan, sehingga komunikasi dapat berjalan. Dengan adanya VoIP biaya komunikasi dapat dikurangi sehingga dapat mereduksi biaya percakapan bahkansecara gratis.
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Hu, Yao, Ting Peng, and Lianming Zhang. "Software-Defined Congestion Control Algorithm for IP Networks." Scientific Programming 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3579540.
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The rapid evolution of computer networks, increase in the number of Internet users, and popularity of multimedia applications have exacerbated the congestion control problem. Congestion control is a key factor in ensuring network stability and robustness. When the underlying network and flow information are unknown, the transmission control protocol (TCP) must increase or reduce the size of the congestion window to adjust to the changes of traffic in the Internet Protocol (IP) network. However, it is possible that a software-defined approach can relieve the network congestion problem more efficiently. This approach has the characteristic of centralized control and can obtain a global topology for unified network management. In this paper, we propose a software-defined congestion control (SDCC) algorithm for an IP network. We consider the difference between TCP and the user datagram protocol (UDP) and propose a new method to judge node congestion. We initially apply the congestion control mechanism in the congested nodes and then optimize the link utilization to control network congestion.
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Díaz-Cacho Medina, Miguel, Emma Delgado Romero, and Antonio Barreiro Blas. "Control/Network Codesign Basics for IP-Based Shared Networks." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2011 (2011): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/239512.
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Network and control relationship is an essential aspect in the design of networked control systems (NCSs). The design parameters are mainly centered in the transmission rate and in the packet structure, and some studies have been made to determine how transmission rate affects the network delay and consequently the stability of the control. In Internet, these analysis are mathematically complex due to the large number of different potential scenarios. Using empirical methods, this work deduces that the transmission scheduling problem of an NCS can be solved by designing an appropriate transport protocol, taken into account high and periodic sampling rates. The transport protocol features are determined by simulation, using a new test platform based on the NS2 network simulation suite, to develop control/network codesign solutions. Conclusions of this paper are that the transport features are packet-loss-based flow control, best effort, and fairness, supplemented by a packet priority scheme.
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Papp, Istvan, Roman Pavlovic, and Marija Antic. "WISE: MQTT-based Protocol for IP Device Provisioning and Abstraction in IoT Solutions." Elektronika ir Elektrotechnika 27, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j02.eie.28826.
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Although numerous consumer devices use Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) protocol stack to connect and communicate over the Internet, their integration into a single Internet of Things (IoT) solution represents a challenge, primarily due to the lack of the standardized interoperability framework on the application layer. Devices produced by different manufacturers cannot operate together out of the box, thus raising the cost of system setup and maintenance. In this paper, a novel protocol is proposed that aims to bridge this gap. It is based on Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol and allows the seamless integration of different kinds of IP devices into the connected system. The proposed protocol is complete as it covers the aspects of device discovery and association in the IoT network. It provides mechanisms for IoT network maintenance and defines the abstract device model and communication patterns to enable system-wide device interoperability. The other goal of the protocol is to be portable to resource-constrained platforms. To validate the proposed protocol, it was integrated into the existing smart home hub, and for testing and validation purposes, prototype devices were developed.
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KRISTIANA, LISA, and MUHAMMAD RAFLY. "Implementasi Single-Hop Wireless Sensor Network pada Lintasan Mobil Remote Control." MIND Journal 7, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 72–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/mindjournal.v7i1.72-86.
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ABSTRAKPenerapan teknologi dalam sistem pemantauan dapat mengatasi kelemahan pada pemantauan secara manual. Untuk meningkatkan kualitas pemantauan, diperlukan suatu sistem yang dapat memantau mobil remote control yang berada di lintasan. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) merupakan teknologi yang dapat meningkatkan efisiensi pemantauan secara otomatis pada area tertentu. WSN pada lintasan menerapkan sistem komunikasi Single-Hop. Sistem Single-Hop menggunakan sensor node (obstacle infrared) untuk mendeteksi mobil di area lintasan, lalu dikirim langsung oleh sink node ke server dengan menggunakan ESP8266-01. Arsitektur WSN menggunakan Topologi Point to Point terhubung langsung antara sensor node dengan Access Point. Metode pengiriman Single-Hop menggunakan Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). Hasil pengujian TCP/IP berdasarkan jarak baca sensor menggunakan parameter Quality of Service (QoS) meliputi parameter Delay, Jitter, Throughput, Packet loss, menghasilkan delay, jitter dan throughput yang sangat baik dan stabil, dan paket loss 0%. Kemudian TCP/IP menguji tingkat akurasi pengiriman data ke server sebanyak 400 kali menghasilkan tingkat akurasi 100%.Kata kunci: lintasan mobil remote control, single-hop wireless sensor network ABSTRACTApplication of technology in monitoring system can overcome weaknesses in manual monitoring. To improve quality of monitoring, need system that can monitor remote control cars on track. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is technology that can increase monitoring efficiency automatically in certain areas. WSN on track implements Single-Hop communication system. Single-Hop system uses sensor node (obstacle infrared) to detect cars in the track area, then sent directly by sink node to server using ESP8266-01. WSN architecture uses Point to Point topology connected directly between sensor nodes and Access Point. Single-Hop delivery method uses Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). TCP/IP test results based on sensor reading distance using Quality of Service (QoS) parameters including Delay, Jitter, Throughput, Packet loss parameters, resulting in excellent and stable delay, jitter and throughput, and 0% packet loss. Then TCP/IP tests the accuracy of sending data to server 400 times resulting in an accuracy rate of 100%.Keywords: remote control car track, single-hop wireless sensor network
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Romero Torres, Alberto de Jesús. "Challenges in security and privacy in wireless communications." Revista de Jóvenes Investigadores Ad Valorem 4, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32997/rjia-vol.4-num.2-2021-3701.
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This Research Review Paper highlights some of the main concepts of Wireless Communication including Network Security, Privacy, and Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). In equal manner, it illustrates the organizational importance to establish more effective policies to counterattack and prevent cyber-attacks and reduce cyber threats. Therefore, avoiding the financial cost occasioned by hackers and the physical harm that could be cause to an individual by the sensitive data shared via technological devices to the internet without permission.
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Abood, Amany Mohammad, Maysam Sameer Hussein, Zainab G. Faisal, and Zainab H. Tawfiq. "Design and simulation of video monitoring structure over TCP/IP system using MATLAB." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 24, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 1840. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v24.i3.pp1840-1845.
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Video monitoring systems are undergoing an evolution from conventional analog to digital clarification to provide better rate and security over internet protocols. In addition, analog surveillance becomes insufficient to face enormous demand of security of system contains more than hundreds of camera often deployed in hotels environments far away from room control. This paper presents the design and simulation of a video monitoring scheme in excess of a transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) system using MATLAB. Sophisticated cameras could record directly high-definition digital videos based on digital technology which simply communicate the control room relaying on ordinary internet protocol infrastructure networks. This technology provides a flexible network interface over a wide variety of heterogeneous technology networks. Though, the acceptance of IP designed for video monitoring pretense severe difficulties in terms of power processing, system dependability, required bandwidth, and security of networks. The advantage of IP based video monitoring system has been investigated over conventional analog systems and the challenges of the method are described. The open research issues are still requiring a final solution to permits complete abandon against conventional technology of analog methods. In conclusion, the method to tackle the purpose of video monitoring in actual operation is proposed and verified properly by means of model simulation.
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Suherman, S., Naemah Mubarakah, and Marwan Al-Akaidi. "Minimizing Energy Consumption on Mobile Phone by Rearranging Transport Protocol Load." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.2 (June 20, 2018): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.2.15350.
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There are two transport layer protocols that have been used in the internet protocol (IP) networks: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). Both protocols have been utilized for video streaming applications. This paper examines energy consumed by a mobile device when TCP or UDP employed by the application within it for streaming a video file. A transport protocol load management is proposed to reduce the mobile device energy consumptions. The experiments were conducted in the 802.11 environment. The results show that the proposed method is able to minimize mobile device energy consumptions up to 10.7% and 3.34% for both TCP and UDP protocols.
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Alhasnawi, Bilal Naji, Basil H. Jasim, Bishoy E. Sedhom, Eklas Hossain, and Josep M. Guerrero. "A New Decentralized Control Strategy of Microgrids in the Internet of Energy Paradigm." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 14, 2021): 2183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082183.
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The Energy Internet paradigm is the evolution of the Internet of Things concept in the power system. Microgrids (MGs), as the essential element in an Energy Internet, are expected to be controlled in a corporative and flexible manner. This paper proposes a novel decentralized robust control strategy for multi-agent systems (MASs) governed MGs in future Energy Internet. The proposed controller is based on a consensus algorithm applied with the connected distributed generators (DGs) in the MGs in the energy internet paradigm. The proposed controller’s objectives are the frequency/voltage regulation and proportional reactive/active power-sharing for the hybrid DGs connected MGs. A proposed two-level communication system is implemented to explain the data exchange between the MG system and the cloud server. The local communication level utilizes the transmission control protocol (TCP)/ internet protocol (IP) and the message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) is used as the protocol for the global communication level. The proposed control strategy has been verified using a hypothetical hybrid DGs connected MG such as photovoltaic or wind turbines in MATLAB Simulink environment. Several scenarios based on the system load types are implemented using residential buildings and small commercial outlets. The simulation results have verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the introduced strategy for the MGs’ various operating conditions.
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Sunanto, Sunanto. "KENDALI PERLATAN LISTRIK JARAK JAUH MENGGUNAKAN PROTOKOL TCP/IP." JURNAL FASILKOM 9, no. 2 (August 11, 2019): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37859/jf.v9i2.1409.
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Sistem kontrol saat ini telah berkembang sangat pesat dengan adanya teknologi microcontroller, peralatan listrik dan elektronik lainnya dapat dikontrol secara otomatis. Dengan perkembangan internet yang didukung oleh banyak perangkat kontrol, menjadikan kontrol jarak jauh dapat dilakukan dari mana saja dan kapan saja selama memiliki akses internet terhadap perangkat meskipun letak peralatan tersebut cukup jauh. Pemanfaatan protokol TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) sebagai media komunikasi jaringan dapat diterapkan pada sistem kontrol yang terhubung pada rangkaian listrik, baik pada rumah, pertokoan, industri dan fasilitas umum. Kebutuhan pengontrolan jarak jauh pada listrik rumah tangga dibuat untuk memberikan kemudahan dalam mengontrol peralatan listrik, selain itu untuk mengurangi resiko bahaya yang mungkin terjadi ketika meninggalkan peralatan dalam keadaan menyala. Kontrol jarak jauh ini menggunakan protokol TCP/IP yang terdapat pada perangkat Ethernet Shield. Sedangkan, untuk membuat program atau aplikasi dibutuhkan perangkat lunak bahasa pemrograman Sketch. Sistem kontrol jauh ini dilengkapi dengan layanan web server yang dapat diakses oleh pengguna, dimana server ini akan dihubungkan pada rangkaian peralatan listrik yang ada di rumah tangga.
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Pucher, Krzysztof, and Dariusz Polok. "Analysis of Timings in Networks that Use TCP/IP or UDP/IP Protocols for Communication with Industrial Controllers in Mechatronic Systems." Solid State Phenomena 144 (September 2008): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.144.94.
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In pace with the technical progress in controllability of mechatronic systems including machines and industrial equipment, the systems of industrial controllers (both PLC and microprocessor ones) more and more frequently use Ethernet-based networks for communication with supervising centres and surveillance systems. The Internet offers unsurpassed opportunities of remote programming as well as remote development, debugging and tuning the existing control software. Nowadays, supporting the remote tools and facilities is the essential requirement that is mandatory when decisions on purchase and implementation of industrial controllers are made. It is the underlying reason to launch more extensive research in that field. The presented paper describes dedicated software that has been developed to enable communication over the Internet within dispersed control systems. The system makes it possible to transmit and to receive short messages to and from the controlled actuators as well as to perform basic tasks related to management of data flow in networks that use TCD and UDP protocols. The special attention was paid to dynamic phenomena of the data exchange process. It is an issue of crucial importance within dispersed systems of industrial controllers and it assures efficient operation of the entire system owing to timely and quick respond to fast-changing control signals. Data exchange was carried out with the use of so-called primitives for Berkeley sockets that serve as primary structures within the network and are capable to perform basic operation such as creation and destruction, assigning network addresses to the sockets, establishing connections, transmission (broadcasting), receiving, etc. To measure time intervals of communication sessions the authors took advantage of functional features of contemporary motherboards of PC computers. In particular, the function of the API counter was used as it allows to readout the fast internal 64-bit counter which, in consequence, enabled measurement of time gaps with accuracy up to single microseconds. The described software performs tests of communication facilities in terms of their applicability to fast data exchange between field control modules of the control system and the CPU, whereas the entire communication is performed via Internet. Therefore the reaction time of a hypothetical field controller in respond to switchovers of the input signals or interrupt events can be measured. The communication and measurements were performed over local and national internet networks as well as for GPRS networks. Measurement results are presented in a compact form of tables that is suitable for further analysis. The presented system is able to transmit diagnostic information therefore it can be also used for integrated diagnostics of mechatronic systems as well as for location and analysis of possible failures within the in-field systems.
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Zhao, Xiaoyan, Jianwei Li, Ruiguang Chen, Chunlei Li, Yan Chen, Tianyao Zhang, and Zhaohui Zhang. "Design and Implementation of Environmental Monitoring System Based on Multi-Protocol Fusion Internet of Things." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 26, no. 5 (September 20, 2022): 715–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2022.p0715.
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Internet of Things (IoT) is a highly integrated and comprehensive information technology that is currently a research hotspot. However, it presents many challenges; e.g., the use of multiple products in one IoT can lead to incompatible communication. It is imperative to solve the problem of communication protocol heterogeneity. In this study, a multi-protocol fusion IoT called MPFIoT was designed, implemented, and applied to environmental monitoring in a community. A hierarchical design was adopted in MPFIoT. It was divided into four layers: a data perception layer, a wireless transmission layer, a gateway layer, and an application layer. First, in the data perception layer, various sensors were used in the community to collect diverse environmental information. Second, in the wireless transmission layer, four wireless communication protocols were applied: Wi-Fi, LoRa, ZigBee, and Bluetooth. Third, the gateway layer had two sub-layers: the protocol fusion sub-layer was designed to reduce the degree of heterogeneity between protocols, and the control command sub-layer was used to control nodes via the control command frame. Finally, the application layer communicated with the gateway layer through the TCP/IP protocol. Thus, MPFIoT with four layers was developed, and its functions and performance were tested. The test results indicated that multiple types of environmental data can be collected and transmitted by MPFIoT. The packet loss ratio was less than 2% and the transmission delay was approximately 500 ms, which satisfied the application requirements.
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Knieps, Günter. "Internet of Things, future networks, and the economics of virtual networks." Competition and Regulation in Network Industries 18, no. 3-4 (September 2017): 240–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1783591718784398.
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The Internet of Things (IoT) gains momentum. Developments regarding smart grids, intelligent transportation systems, and low-power networks for smart cities constitute significant drivers in the evolution of network industries. IoT creates an array of new requirements for information and communications technology (ICT) data transmission: In addition to real-time and data geopositioning, new service characteristics result from the change of the traditional sender–receiver perspective of Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) to content relevancy for many users (e.g. cloud computing) and dynamic changes of the state of devices. The future development and success of IoT hinges critically on the provision of heterogeneous quality of service (QoS) requirements which cannot be provided by best-effort TCP/IP Internet. It is thus not surprising that both in the US and the EU network neutrality regulations are currently being reconsidered. Alternative network logistics (virtual networks) dealing with heterogeneous QoS requirements of network traffic may require fundamental deviations from traditional Internet architectures. Corresponding logistics operating over joint physical infrastructures gain increasing attention under the heading of future networks (FNs). The goal of this article is to focus on the economic mechanisms of how the potentials of QoS differentiation in the context of FNs can be fully exploited and incentivized within innovative all-IP-based QoS traffic architectures.
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Kurniawansyah, Arius Satoni, Leni Natalia Zulita, Herlina Latipa Sari, Sapri Sapri, and Indra Utama. "Sosialisasi Internet Sehat Pada Pelajar Di Sman 05 Bengkulu Tengah." Jurnal INDONESIA RAYA (Pengabdian pada Masyarakat Bidang Sosial, Humaniora, Kesehatan, Ekonomi dan Umum) 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37638/indonesiaraya.v1i2.172.
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Masalah Internet merupakan salah satu hasil dari kecanggihan dan kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi buatan manusia. Internet adalah singkatan dari Interconnected Networking yang apabila diartikan dalam Bahasa Indonesia berarti rangkaian komputer yang terhubung di dalam beberapa rangkaian jaringan. Allan (2005) berpendapat bahwa “Internet merupakan sekumpulan jaringan computer yang saling terhubung satu sama lain secara fisik dan juga memiliki kemampuan untuk membaca dan menguraikan berbagai protocol komunikasi tertentu yang sering kita kenal dengan istilah Internet Protocol (IP) serta Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)..”Perilaku kita ber-Internet berkaitan langsung dengan sedikit-banyaknya materi negatif yang mengancam kita. Semakin kita waspada dan tidak ceroboh ketika menggunakan Internet, maka akan makin kecil kemungkinan kita, anak, remaja atau anak didik kita terpapar berbagai materi negatif dari Internet. Salah satu langkah antisipasi untuk menangkal materi negatif tersebut adalah dengan menginstal software pengaman di komputer kita. Yang harus diingat adalah, berbagai macam software yang tersedia tidaklah menggantikan peran orang-tua, guru ataupun komunitas dalam memberikan keamanan dan kenyamanan anak, remaja atau anak didik kita selama ber-Internet. Software hanyalah alat bantu, yang tidak bisa menjamin 100% menghalau materi negatif dari Internet.
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Jalil, Amirun Murtaza Abd, Roslina Mohamad, Nuzli Mohamad Anas, Murizah Kassim, and Saiful Izwan Suliman. "Implementation of vehicle ventilation system using NodeMCU ESP8266 for remote monitoring." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i1.2669.
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In this paper, an implementation of vehicle ventilation system using microcontroller NodeMCU is described, as an internet of things (IoT) platform. A low-cost wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) microchip ESP8266 integrated with NodeMCU provides full-stack transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) to communicate between mobile applications. This chip is capable to monitor and control sensor devices connected to the IoT platform. In this reserach, data was collected from a temperature sensor integrated to the platform, which then monitored using Blynk application. The vehicle ventilation system was activated/deactivated through mobile application and controlled using ON/OFF commands sent to the connected devices. From the results, the vehicle ventilation system built using NodeMCU microcontroller is capable to provide near real-time data monitoring for temperature in the car before and after the ventilation system was applied.
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Luo, Qian. "Exploration of Agricultural Economic Management Methods under Internet + Mode." Mobile Information Systems 2022 (September 22, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9014184.
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In order to solve the problems that the production management of agricultural greenhouses consumes large human resources, low management efficiency, and the limitations of environmental monitoring, a visualized smart agriculture based on ZigBee and WiFi dual-protocol fusion Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) technology is proposed. A management system is proposed. The system takes STM32 as the main control core and builds a visual cloud computing platform based on the ESP8266WiFi module. The environmental parameters of the greenhouse are sent to the ZigBee terminal device through the serial port, and the user can remotely monitor the environmental parameters of the greenhouse in real time through the computer and mobile client, and control the working status of each actuator. The test results show that: (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, TCP/IP) communication is not abnormal; under the control of the visual management system, when the system sends out control commands, the response time of each output terminal is basically between 1 and 2 s. The response of the output control unit has high sensitivity. Affected by the network delay, the fourth group of test data is larger, and in the case of network delay, the response sensitivity of each output terminal of the system decreases accordingly. Conclusion. The system has high accuracy of data collection, strong work reliability, can realize precise remote control, and has low cost, high stability, easy operation, and has certain promotion value.
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Zhen, Xiao Qiong, Zhen Dong Yao, and Wen Bin Wang. "Scheme Design for Communication between Network Port and Serial Port Based on ARM." Advanced Engineering Forum 6-7 (September 2012): 941–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.6-7.941.
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The data transmission scheme between a transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) network port and a serial port based on an ARM embedded system is introduced in the paper. The data transmission between a personal computer (PC) and remote equipment through an Internet is realized. The structure of a hardware platform is simply introduced, the cutting and transplant of operating system, the communication program design of the network port and the serial port and the cross compiling between the two ports are introduced in detail. The AT91SAM9261 chip of ATMEL Corporation is employed as the embedded board of a kernel processor. The Redhat9 Linux operating system is employed as a software development platform, an ARM-Linux operating system is employed as a program operation platform and the kernel version is Linux-2.6.2. The C program is used and an ARM-Linux-GNU tool chain is used for the cross compiling. The experimental result proves that the real-time, parallel full duplex data transmission between the network port and the serial port is realized by the scheme provided in the paper.
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Mudassir, Mumajjed Ul, and M. Iram Baig. "MFVL HCCA: A Modified Fast-Vegas-LIA Hybrid Congestion Control Algorithm for MPTCP Traffic Flows in Multihomed Smart Gas IoT Networks." Electronics 10, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10060711.
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Multihomed smart gas meters are Internet of Things (IoT) devices that transmit information wirelessly to a cloud or remote database via multiple network paths. The information is utilized by the smart gas grid for accurate load forecasting and several other important tasks. With the rapid growth in such smart IoT networks and data rates, reliable transport layer protocols with efficient congestion control algorithms are required. The small Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) stacks designed for IoT devices still lack efficient congestion control schemes. Multipath transmission control protocol (MPTCP) based congestion control algorithms are among the recent research topics. Many coupled and uncoupled congestion control algorithms have been proposed by researchers. The default congestion control algorithm for MPTCP is coupled congestion control by using the linked-increases algorithm (LIA). In battery powered smart meters, packet retransmissions consume extra power and low goodput results in poor system performance. In this study, we propose a modified Fast-Vegas-LIA hybrid congestion control algorithm (MFVL HCCA) for MPTCP by considering the requirements of a smart gas grid. Our novel algorithm operates in uncoupled congestion control mode as long as there is no shared bottleneck and switches to coupled congestion control mode otherwise. We have presented the details of our proposed model and compared the simulation results with the default coupled congestion control for MPTCP. Our proposed algorithm in uncoupled mode shows a decrease in packet loss up to 50% and increase in average goodput up to 30%.
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Chuang, Shang-Yi, Nilima Sahoo, Hung-Wei Lin, and Yeong-Hwa Chang. "Predictive Maintenance with Sensor Data Analytics on a Raspberry Pi-Based Experimental Platform." Sensors 19, no. 18 (September 9, 2019): 3884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19183884.
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Predictive maintenance techniques can determine the conditions of equipment in order to evaluate when maintenance should be performed. Thus, it minimizes the unexpected device downtime, lowers the maintenance costs, extends equipment lifecycle, etc. Therefore, this article developed a predictive maintenance mechanism with the construction of a test platform and data analysis along with machine learning. The information transmission of sensors was based on Raspberry Pi via the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) communication protocol. The sensors used for environmental sensing were implemented on the programmable interface controller and the data were stored in time sequence. A statistical analysis software platform was adopted for data preprocessing, modelling, and prediction to provide necessary maintenance decision. Using multivariate analysis users can obtain more information about the equipment’s status, and the administrator can also determine the operational situation before unexpected device anomalies. The developed modules are decisively helpful in preventing unpredictable losses, thus improving the quality of services.
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Alhasnawi, Bilal Naji, Basil H. Jasim, Zain-Aldeen S. A. Rahman, Josep M. Guerrero, and M. Dolores Esteban. "A Novel Internet of Energy Based Optimal Multi-Agent Control Scheme for Microgrid including Renewable Energy Resources." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15 (July 31, 2021): 8146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158146.
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The increasing integration of Renewable Energy Resources (RERs) in distribution networks forms the Networked Renewable Energy Resources (NRERs). The cooperative Peer-to-Peer (P2P) control architecture is able to fully exploit the resilience and flexibility of NRERs. This study proposes a multi-agent system to achieve P2P control of NRERs based Internet of Things (IoT). The control system is fully distributed and contains two control layers operated in the agent of each RER. For primary control, a droop control is adopted by each RER-agent for localized power sharing. For secondary control, a distributed diffusion algorithm is proposed for arbitrary power sharing among RERs. The proposed levels communication system is implemented to explain the data exchange between the distribution network system and the cloud server. The local communication level utilizes the Internet Protocol (IP)/Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), and Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is used as the protocol for the global communication level. The effectiveness of the proposed system is validated by numerical simulation with the modified IEEE 9 node test feeder. The controller proposed in this paper achieved savings of 20.65% for the system, 25.99% for photovoltaic, 35.52 for diesel generator, 24.59 for batteries, and 52.34% for power loss.
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Lim, Chansook. "Improving Congestion Control of TCP for Constrained IoT Networks." Sensors 20, no. 17 (August 24, 2020): 4774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174774.
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For smooth integration with middleboxes on the Internet, TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is favorably considered as a transport-layer protocol for IoT (Internet of Things) networks. In constrained networks, TCP tends to perform well with a small window size. For example, the uIP (micro IP) TCP/IP stack sets the TCP window size to one segment by default. In such a case, managing the retransmission timer is a primary approach to congestion control. In this paper, we examine the congestion control mechanism of TCP in the uIP stack using grid topology networks. In the preliminary test using the Cooja network simulator, the results show that the original uIP TCP causes lots of retransmissions when a radio duty cycling mechanism such as ContikiMAC is used. One main reason is that, once retransmission is deemed to be necessary, the original uIP TCP sets the retransmission timer based on the fixed RTO (retransmission timeout) before performing a retransmission. Since ContikiMAC may cause large RTT (round-trip time) variations due to the hidden terminal problem, the retransmission timer based on the fixed RTO value may cause lots of retransmissions. To address the problem, we propose a new scheme for managing the retransmission timer which adopts the notion of weak RTT estimation of CoCoA, exponential backoffs with variable limits, and dithering. Simulation results show that our proposed scheme reduces retransmissions while enhancing throughput and fairness when an RDC (radio duty cycling) mechanism is used.
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Batista, Edson A., Moacyr A. G. de Brito, João C. Siqueira, Jeandro C. Dias, Raphael C. Gomez, Maurilio F. R. Catharino, and Matheus B. Gomes. "A Multifunctional Smart Meter Using ANN-PSO Flux Estimation and Harmonic Active Compensation with Fuzzy Voltage Regulation." Sensors 21, no. 12 (June 17, 2021): 4154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21124154.
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This paper aims to present the analysis and development of a complete electronic smart meter that is able to perform four-quadrant measurements, act as a three-phase shunt active power filter (APF), and control three-phase induction motors by stator flux estimation. A transmission control protocol together with Internet protocol (TCP/IP) communication protocol for the remote access of measurement data is embedded into the application to securely transmit reliable information. An artificial neural network trained with particle swarm optimization is used for stator flux estimation, and a fuzzy logic controller is adopted to regulate the power converter DC bus voltage. The present work gathers knowledge from multidisciplinary fields, and all applied techniques have not been proposed altogether before. All control functions are embedded into a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) device, using VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL), to enhance efficiency taking advantage of parallelism and high speed. An FPGA-in-the-loop cosimulation technique was first applied to prove the control functions’ functionality, and, later, experimental evaluations are conducted to finally prove equipment operation and reliability.
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Aebersold, Stefan A., Mobayode O. Akinsolu, Shafiul Monir, and Martyn L. Jones. "Ubiquitous Control of a CNC Machine: Proof of Concept for Industrial IoT Applications." Information 12, no. 12 (December 20, 2021): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12120529.
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In this paper, an integrated system to control and manage a state-of-the-art industrial computer numerical control (CNC) machine (Studer S33) using a commercially available tablet (Samsung Galaxy Tablet S2) is presented as a proof of concept (PoC) for the ubiquitous control of industrial machines. As a PoC, the proposed system provides useful insights to support the further development of full-fledged systems for Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) applications. The proposed system allows for the quasi-decentralisation of the control architecture of conventional programmable logic controller (PLC)-based industrial control systems (ICSs) through data and information exchange over the transmission control protocol and the internet protocol (TCP/IP) suite using multiple agents. Based on the TCP/IP suite, a network device (Samsung Galaxy Tablet S2) and a process field net (PROFINET) device (Siemens Simatic S7-1200) are interfaced using a single-board computer (Raspberry Pi 4). An override system mainly comprising emergency stop and acknowledge buttons is also configured using the single-board computer. The input signals from the override system are transmitted to the PROFINET device (i.e., the industrial control unit (ICU)) over TCP/IP. A fully functional working prototype is realised as a PoC for an integrated system designated for the wireless and ubiquitous control of the CNC machine. The working prototype as an entity mainly comprises a mobile (handheld) touch-sensitive human-machine interface (HMI), a shielded single-board computer, and an override system, all fitted into a compact case with physical dimensions of 300 mm by 180 mm by 175 mm. To avert potential cyber attacks or threats to a reasonable extent and to guarantee the security of the PoC, a multi-factor authentication (MFA) including an administrative password and an IP address is implemented to control the access to the web-based ubiquitous HMI proffered by the PoC.
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Xu, Shi Jie, Wei He, Shu Ming Jiang, Zhi Qiang Wei, Jian Feng Zhang, Jiang Zhou Zhang, and Lian Peng Zhu. "Research and Development of Multi-Regional Monitoring Integration Technology Based on SIP Protocol." Applied Mechanics and Materials 433-435 (October 2013): 1403–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.433-435.1403.
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To solve the system overloading problem of sip protocol based on centralized monitoring and management system, we propose a new protocol system based on cross-regional stratification sip monitoring integrated management platform, it uses the automatic control technology, networking and communications technology, video / audio compression and transmission technology, sensors and integrated control technology and software engineering techniques. It is an integrated platform of biometrics, intelligent video analysis, anti-theft alarm techniques, 3G video management, valuables management, multifunction video and voice network, multimedia video services, and that it can be used with existing IP network, LAN, internet, 3G network, the telephone network. It is fully compatible and can be used with existing databases, monitoring systems, television networks for docking to achieve a variety of monitoring elements of centralized management, control and interaction. The innovative applications of CSS regional stratification mechanisms, ActiveX terminal buffering mechanism and VM resource allocation mechanism can provide users real-time information. And according to a variety of real-time information, it aggregated emergency solutions of the overall regional security or certain high-risk target key places of security.
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Moghimi, Mojtaba, Jiannan Liu, Pouya Jamborsalamati, Fida Rafi, Shihanur Rahman, Jahangir Hossain, Sascha Stegen, and Junwei Lu. "Internet of Things Platform for Energy Management in Multi-Microgrid System to Improve Neutral Current Compensation." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 9, 2018): 3102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113102.
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In this paper, an Internet of Things (IoT) platform is proposed for Multi-Microgrid (MMG) system to improve unbalance compensation functionality employing three-phase four-leg (3P-4L) voltage source inverters (VSIs). The two level communication system connects the MMG system, implemented in Power System Computer Aided Design (PSCAD), to the cloud server. The local communication level utilizes Modbus Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is used as the protocol for global communication level. A communication operation algorithm is developed to manage the communication operation under various communication failure scenarios. To test the communication system, it is implemented on an experimental testbed to investigate its functionality for MMG neutral current compensation (NCC). To compensate the neutral current in MMG, a dynamic NCC algorithm is proposed, which enables the MGs to further improve the NCC by sharing their data using the IoT platform. The performance of the control and communication system using dynamic NCC is compared with the fixed capacity NCC for unbalance compensation under different communication failure conditions. The impact of the communication system performance on the NCC sharing is the focus of this research. The results show that the proposed system provides better neutral current compensation and phase balancing in case of MMG operation by sharing the data effectively even if the communication system is failing partially.
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Zheng, Yani, Gaurav Dhiman, Ashutosh Sharma, Amit Sharma, and Mohd Asif Shah. "An IoT-Based Water Level Detection System Enabling Fuzzy Logic Control and Optical Fiber Sensor." Security and Communication Networks 2021 (August 27, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4229013.
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The usage of wireless sensors has become widespread for the collection of data for various Internet of Things (IoT) products. Specific wireless sensors use optical fiber technology as transmission media and lightwave signals as carriers, showing the advantages of antielectromagnetic interference, high sensitivity, and strong reliability. Hence, their application in IoT systems becomes a research hotspot. In this article, multiple optical fiber sensors are constructed as an IoT detection system, and a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/Internet Protocol (IP) communication stack is used for the sensor module. Furthermore, design of gateway module, data server, and monitoring module is established in order to run the data server in the Windows system and communicate across the network segments. Furthermore, the optical fiber sensor is connected to the development board with WiFi, meanwhile considering the optical fiber wireless network’s congestion problem. The fuzzy logic concept is introduced from the perspective of cache occupancy, and a fiber sensor’s network congestion control algorithm is proposed. In the experiment, the IoT detection system with multiple optical fiber sensors is used for water level detection, and the sensor’s real-time data detected by the User Interface (UI) are consistent with the feedback results. The proposed method is also compared with the SenTCP algorithm and the CODA algorithm, and it was observed that the proposed network congestion control algorithm based on the fuzzy logic can improve network throughput and reduce the network data packet loss.
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Martinez-Angulo, Jose Ramon, Eduardo Perez-Careta, Juan Carlos Hernandez-Garcia, Sandra Marquez-Figueroa, Jose Hugo Barron Zambrano, Daniel Jauregui-Vazquez, Jose David Filoteo-Razo, et al. "Automated Data Acquisition System Using a Neural Network for Prediction Response in a Mode-Locked Fiber Laser." Electronics 9, no. 8 (July 22, 2020): 1181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081181.
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In this paper, we proposed a system to integrate optical and electronic instrumentation devices to predict a mode-locking fiber laser response, using a remote data acquisition with processing through an artificial neural network (ANN). The system is made up of an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA), oscilloscope (OSC), polarimeter (PAX), and the data acquisition automation through transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP). A graphic user interface (GUI) was developed for automated data acquisition with the purpose to study the operational characteristics and stability at the passively mode-locked fiber laser (figure-eight laser, F8L) output. Moreover, the evolution of the polarization state and the behavior of the pulses are analyzed when polarization is changed by proper control plate adjustments. The data is processed using deep learning techniques, which provide the characteristics of the pulse at the output. Therefore, the parameter classification-identification is in accordance with the input polarization tilt used for the laser optimization.
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Giuliano, Romeo, Alessandro Vizzarri, Antonino Calderone, and Franco Mazzenga. "Communication Transport Protocol Strategies for Rail Applications." Applied Sciences 12, no. 6 (March 16, 2022): 3013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12063013.
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Current technologies for managing rail traffic such as the Global System for Mobile communications for Railway (GSM-R) will be no longer be available within the upcoming years. The European Shift2Rail Joint Undertaking (S2R-JU) proposed the Adaptable Communication System (ACS) to overcome this problem. In this work, we model the ACS by abstracting it at the Internet Protocol (IP) level, using tunnels for datagrams’ transmission as a communication bearer is available along the rail. Then, to evaluate its performance, an ACS emulator has been implemented. The core part of it is a Tunnel Manager which can establish pseudo-virtual circuits through multi-bearer tunnels, forcing datagrams on a service-basis to follow specific paths between gateways (i.e., from on-board to a train to the network-side rail control center and vice versa). The Tunnel Manager can properly select a given tunnel/bearer for sending messages (and duplicating them on redundant paths) of critical rail applications for train traffic management, relying on tunnels based on either connection-oriented protocol (i.e., the Transport Control Protocol, TCP), connectionless protocol (i.e., the User Datagram Protocol, UDP) or a mix of them. In this paper, we investigate the best solutions in terms of transport protocols for implementing tunnels through the bearers. Results are based on two main use cases: i. the position report/movement authority messages for the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERMTS) and ii. the critical file transmission, considering either TCP or UDP as tunnel transport protocol. For the first rail application, one UDP bearer can be selected only if the end-to-end channel delay is lower than 100 ms and the experienced packet loss is lower than 4% in the whole crossed network. Two UDP bearers, one TCP bearer or two mixed UDP/TCP bearers should be selected in case the channel delay is greater than 300 ms and the experienced packet loss is greater than 15%. Considering the critical file transfer in the rail scenario, TCP should be selected with two bearers to have a throughput greater than 50 Mbit/s even for a packet loss of 1%.
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Duan, Yingjie, Hong Ni, Xiaoyong Zhu, and Xu Wang. "A Single-Rate Multicast Congestion Control (SRMCC) Mechanism in Information-Centric Networking." Future Internet 14, no. 2 (January 25, 2022): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi14020038.
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Information-centric networking (ICN) is expected to be a candidate for future internet architecture, and it supports features such as multicast that improves bandwidth utilization and transmission efficiency. However, multicast itself does not provide congestion control. When multiple multicast groups coexist, multicast traffic may exhaust all network resources, and cause network congestion and packet loss. Additionally, traditional IP multicast congestion control mechanisms cannot be directly applied to ICN architecture. Therefore, it is necessary to consider an effective congestion control mechanism for ICN multicast. This paper proposes a single-rate multicast congestion control mechanism, called SRMCC. It supports router-assisted awareness of the network congestion state and congestion control message aggregation. Moreover, the fair shared rate estimation method is innovatively proposed to achieve protocol fairness. Most importantly, it adjusts the rate according to different congestion states indicated by the queue occupancy ratio. By introducing a rate selection factor, it can achieve a balance between packet loss rate and throughput. Experimental results show that our proposal outperforms other mechanisms in throughput, packet loss rate, total bandwidth utilization, and overhead, and achieves protocol fairness and better TCP friendliness.
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Hsu, Fu-Hau, Chia-Hao Lee, Chun-Yi Wang, Rui-Yi Hung, and YungYu Zhuang. "DDoS Flood and Destination Service Changing Sensor." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 1980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21061980.
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In this paper, we aim to detect distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, and receive a notification of destination service, changing immediately, without the additional efforts of other modules. We designed a kernel-based mechanism to build a new Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) connection smartly by the host while the users or clients not knowing the location of the next host. Moreover, we built a lightweight flooding attack detection mechanism in the user mode of an operating system. Given that reinstalling a modified operating system on each client is not realistic, we managed to replace the entry of the system call table with a customized sys_connect. An effective defense depends on fine detection and defensive procedures. In according with our experiments, this novel mechanism can detect flooding DDoS successfully, including SYN flood and ICMP flood. Furthermore, through cooperating with a specific low cost network architecture, the mechanism can help to defend DDoS attacks effectively.
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Chen, Tien-Chien, James V. Krogmeier, and Darcy M. Bullock. "Evaluation of AASHTO SiteManager Performance on High-Latency Satellite Communication Links." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1935, no. 1 (January 2005): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193500103.
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Most transportation agencies and departments have deployed transmission control protocol–Internet protocol (TCP-IP) applications in their offices and are beginning to deploy TCP-IP applications in remote or satellite field offices. Deployment of TCP-IP applications where broadband access is not available can be quite challenging. Satellite-based communication offers an opportunity to provide high-bandwidth connections quickly. However, satellite communications incur significant travel time delay that may result in poor performance of applications designed for a low-latency environment. This paper presents an evaluation of the AASHTO SiteManager software suite with two different satellite broadband providers. SiteManager clients performed poorly in the high-latency environment, in some cases up to 50 times slower than with SiteManager running on a low-latency terrestrial network with equivalent bandwidth. In general, the performance of SiteManager was relatively insensitive to the bandwidth provided by the satellite provider. In most tasks, SiteManager performed better over a 50-kbps dial-up connection than over a 384-kbps satellite connection. In an alternative architecture in which SiteManager was operated remotely via a terminal emulation service over a satellite connection, the performance was observed to be robust. This architecture requires considerably more equipment, software, and technical support. Furthermore, the delay in seeing some key-strokes and cursor movements appear can be somewhat awkward for the user. However, given the extensive bursts of short messages between SiteManager clients and the server, the high-latency constraints of a satellite network make a terminal emulation procedure the only viable method of deploying SiteManager via a commercial satellite IP service.
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Hsu, Fu-Hau, Min-Hao Wu, Yan-Ling Hwang, Chia-Hao Lee, Chuan-Sheng Wang, and Ting-Cheng Chang. "WPFD: Active User-Side Detection of Evil Twins." Applied Sciences 12, no. 16 (August 12, 2022): 8088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12168088.
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The bothersome evil twin problem has an active user-side remedy in the form of the Wireless Packet Forwarding Detector (WPFD). The evil twin issue can lead to further security problems, including man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks. Open public Wi-Fi connections have provided potential answers to this issue, although they often need more data that people either cannot get or are too pricey for regular users. The solution that we created does not require these standards. It allows users’ notebooks to be used to check for evil twins. We have succeeded in developing a user-side detection system that can successfully identify the presence of an evil twin. The packet forwarding behavior generated by the evil twin and the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) protocol are both used by the WPFD. It can identify evil twins without a hitch when we utilize accessible Wi-Fi settings in public spaces or IoT smart homes with unencrypted WLANs (Wireless Local Area Network). However, neither additional data nor a wireless network administrator’s assistance is needed. We compare our work to various publications on popular Rogue Access Points (APs) or IoT (Internet of Things) smart homes. The WPFD does not require any extra setup to install on the host of any end user. According to experimental findings, the WPFD true positive and true negative rates are 100% even when Received Signal Strength Index (RSSI) is 45%.
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Kwon, YooJin, SangYoum Lee, Ralph King, Jong Lim, and Huy Kim. "Behavior Analysis and Anomaly Detection for a Digital Substation on Cyber-Physical System." Electronics 8, no. 3 (March 15, 2019): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8030326.
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The electric power system infrastructure has begun to adopt digital information technologies such as transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) and Ethernet infrastructures. With this adoption, information technology-centric network and system management (NSM) tools are used to manage the intermediate communication systems and electric devices in digital substations. However, the technology to monitor the cyber–physical System (CPS) statistics for the intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) and serial communication for a digital substation does not exist yet. In this paper, we aim to propose cyber-physical analysis methodologies of a digital substation system, concerning issues of (1) International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 62351-7 based network and system management, (2) behavior analysis of the CPS, (3) cyber–physical anomaly detection systems, and (4) a testbed for a digital substation. By collaborating with Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), a cyber security testbed for the digital substation has been developed to implement the use cases and analyze potential security threats. Newly integrated methodologies for information handling are expected to lead to improved safety and reliability for the CPS of electric power grid systems.
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AlArnaout, Zakwan, Nour Mostafa, Samer Alabed, Wael Hosny Fouad Aly, and Ahmed Shdefat. "RAPT: A Robust Attack Path Tracing Algorithm to Mitigate SYN-Flood DDoS Cyberattacks." Sensors 23, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23010102.
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In the recent past, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks have become more abundant and present one of the most serious security threats. In a DDoS attack, the attacker controls a botnet of daemons residing in vulnerable hosts that send a significant amount of traffic to flood the victim or the network infrastructure. In this paper, a common type of DDoS attacks known as “TCP SYN-Flood” is studied. This type of attack uses spoofed Internet Protocol (IP) addresses for SYN packets by exploiting the weakness in Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 3-Way handshake used by the TCP/IP suite of protocols, which make the web servers unreachable for legitimate users or even worse, it might lead to server crash. In this paper, a resilient, efficient, lightweight, and robust IP traceback algorithm is proposed using an IP tracing packet for each attack path. The proposed algorithm suggests that edge routers—where the attack starts from—observe the traffic pattern passing through, and if the observed traffic carries the signature of TCP SYN-Flood DDoS attack and a high percentage of it is destined to a particular web server(s), it starts the tracing process by generating an IP trace packet, which accompanies the attack path recording the routers’ IP addresses on the path between the attacker/daemon and the victim, which can extract the path and react properly upon receiving it by discarding any SYN packets originating from that attacker/daemon. To our knowledge, this is the first research that efficiently traces these kinds of attacks while they are running. The proposed solution has low computation and message overhead, efficient detection and tracing time, and converges in near optimal time. The results are validated using extensive simulation runs.
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Low, Xian Wee, Yu-Beng Leau, Zhiwei Yan, Yong-Jin Park, and Mohammed Anbar. "Performance evaluation of route optimization management of producer mobility in information-centric networking." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 5 (October 1, 2022): 5260. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i5.pp5260-5271.
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<p class="MDPI17abstract"><span lang="EN-US">Named data networking (NDN) is a network service evolving the Internet's host-based packet delivery model. The idea of NDN is to use named data for routing, which specifies what they are looking for, instead of using location addresses that determine where they expect it to be provided. This architecture is expected to solve many issues that are currently faced by transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) architecture, such as scalability, robustness, mobility, security, and etcetera. One of the problems is about handling producer mobility. Considering the explosion growth rate of Internet connection in public transport vehicles, this is a challenge that needs to be overcome. Therefore, we have proposed a new scheme called route optimization management of producer mobility (ROM-P) with new features such as distributing anchor points and caching by using the same data name and com-paring our previous scheme, efficient producer mobility support (EPMS). This paper shows the analysis result between the ROM-P and EPMS by using simulation. All simulations were conducted using ndnSIM 2.4 NS-3 based. Throughout the simulation ROM-P shows a promising development in better performing compares to EPMS.</span></p>
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OKELLO, Moses Oyaro. "Transmission of Secret Information Based on Time Instances." Eurasia Proceedings of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics 16 (December 31, 2021): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.55549/epstem.1068612.
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This Paper presents improvement and extension of previous methodology about timing steganography based on network steganography. The previous article uses time interval between two successive time instances of transmissions mixed with cryptography prior to hiding. However, this improvement tends to extend and provide new methods based on single time instance unlike the previous methodology which depend on two-time instances such as hours, minutes, second, millisecond etc. It further examines how to handle effect of different time zone and high precision timing for ultrafast timing such as millisecond, and many more which human actions is too slow for perfect timing. In addition, the extension based on Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP-IP) status codes where each element of set of status code are index and the index represents certain numeric of combination for hiding. Finally, the cryptography method is improved and extended to series-based cryptography with any defined number of different cryptography methods combined altogether with multiple keys generated dynamically. The methods for both cryptography and steganography were integrated and each module carefully tested for their feasibility and appropriate analysis, comparisons presented too. A brief discussion of possible extension or application of Time Interval and Instance Steganography from network based to Video and Audio time Steganography are presented which depends on time such as rate of change of features in Video, or in Audio as well. However, these video and audio Time steganography are considered as out of scope for this article which is mainly about network Steganography.
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Pulido Morales, Leidy Lorena, Juan Sebastian Buitrago Romero, Ismael A. Ardila Sanchez, and Fernando Yepes-Calderon. "Turning any bed into an intensive care unit with the Internet of things and artificial intelligence technology. Presenting the enhanced mechanical ventilator." F1000Research 11 (December 23, 2022): 1570. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.127647.1.
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The recent Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic displayed weaknesses in the healthcare infrastructures worldwide and exposed a lack of specialized personnel to cover the demands of a massive calamity. We have developed a portable ventilator that uses real-time vitals read from the patient to estimate -- through artificial intelligence -- the optimal operation point. The ventilator has redundant telecommunication capabilities; therefore, the remote assistance model can protect specialists and relatives from highly contagious agents. Additionally, we have designed a system that automatically publishes information in a proprietary cloud centralizer to keep physicians and relatives informed. The system was tested in a residential last-mile connection, and transaction times below the second were registered. The timing scheme allows us to operate up to 200 devices concurrently on these lowest-specification transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) services, promptly transmitting data for online processing and reporting. The ventilator is a proof of concept of automation that has behavioral and cognitive inputs to cheaply, yet reliably, extend the installed capacity of the healthcare systems and multiply the response of the skilled medical personnel to cover high-demanding scenarios and improve service quality.
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Jiang, Congfeng, Tiantian Fan, Yeliang Qiu, Hongyuan Wu, Jilin Zhang, Neal Xiong, and Jian Wan. "Interdomain I/O Optimization in Virtualized Sensor Networks." Sensors 18, no. 12 (December 12, 2018): 4395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124395.
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In virtualized sensor networks, virtual machines (VMs) share the same hardware for sensing service consolidation and saving power. For those VMs that reside in the same hardware, frequent interdomain data transfers are invoked for data analytics, and sensor collaboration and actuation. Traditional ways of interdomain communications are based on virtual network interfaces of bilateral VMs for data sending and receiving. Since these network communications use TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) stacks, they result in lengthy communication paths and frequent kernel interactions, which deteriorate the I/O (Input/Output) performance of involved VMs. In this paper, we propose an optimized interdomain communication approach based on shared memory to improve the interdomain communication performance of multiple VMs residing in the same sensor hardware. In our approach, the sending data are shared in memory pages maintained by the hypervisor, and the data are not transferred through the virtual network interface via a TCP/IP stack. To avoid security trapping, the shared data are mapped in the user space of each VM involved in the communication, therefore reducing tedious system calls and frequent kernel context switches. In implementation, the shared memory is created by a customized shared-device kernel module that has bidirectional event channels between both communicating VMs. For performance optimization, we use state flags in a circular buffer to reduce wait-and-notify operations and system calls during communications. Experimental results show that our proposed approach can provide five times higher throughput and 2.5 times less latency than traditional TCP/IP communication via a virtual network interface.
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Jafary, Peyman, Antti Supponen, and Sami Repo. "Network Architecture for IEC61850-90-5 Communication: Case Study of Evaluating R-GOOSE over 5G for Communication-Based Protection." Energies 15, no. 11 (May 25, 2022): 3915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15113915.
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The smart grid includes wide-area applications in which inter-substation communication is required to realize innovative monitoring, protection, and control solutions. Internet-based data exchange, i.e., communication over Internet Protocol (IP), is regarded as the latest trend for inter-substation communication. Interoperability can be achieved via the use of standardized IEC 61850-90-5 messages communicating over IP. Wide-area applications can obtain benefits from IP-multicast technologies and use a one-to-many communication model among substations communicating across a communication network. Cellular Internet is being considered as a potential cost-efficient solution which can be used for the IP-multicast communication. However, it requires knowledge of communicating uncommon IP-multicast traffic over the Internet. Moreover, it presents challenges in terms of cybersecurity and real-time requirements. These challenges must be overcome to realize authentic and correct operation of the wide-area applications. There is thus a need to examine communication security and to evaluate if the communication network characteristics satisfy the application real-time requirement. This paper investigates the secure communication of IEC61850-90-5 multicast messages over the public communication network and proposes two network architectures using the Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) tunnel and multipoint GRE (mGRE) within Dynamic Multipoint VPN (DMVPN). Additionally, this paper evaluates the feasibility of cellular (5G and 4G) Internet for the communication of multicast Routable Generic Object Oriented Substation Events (R-GOOSE) messages in wide-area protection applications. For this purpose, we introduce a lab setup to experiment the transmission of R-GOOSE messages within the proposed network architectures. The lab setup contains both software and hardware components. A software application is developed to publish multicast R-GOOSE with a fresh timestamp acquired from time synchronization equipment. These messages are transmitted over the Internet by computer networking devices that support cellular communication. The communication latency of the transmitted messages is measured and analyzed statistically. The statistical analysis results are discussed to evaluate performance of R-GOOSE over cellular Internet for two communication-based protection applications: Logic Selectivity and Loss-of-Main protection schemes.
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Summa, Gori, Freda, Castelli, and Petrarca. "Development of a Dynamic Oriented Rehabilitative Integrated System (DORIS) and Preliminary Tests." Sensors 19, no. 15 (August 2, 2019): 3402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19153402.
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Moving platforms were introduced in the field of the study of posturography since the 1970s. Commercial platforms have some limits: a limited number of degrees of freedom, pre-configured protocols, and, usually, they are expensive. In order to overcome these limits, we developed a robotic platform: Dynamic Oriented Rehabilitative Integrated System (DORIS). We aimed at realizing a versatile solution that can be applied both for research purposes but also for personalizing the training of equilibrium and gait. We reached these goals by means of a Stewart platform that was realized with linear actuators and a supporting plate. Each actuator is provided by an ad hoc built monoaxial load cell. Position control allows a large range of movements and load cells measure the reactive force applied by the subject. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) guarantees the communication between the platform and other systems. We integrated DORIS with a motion analysis system, an electromyography (EMG) system, and a virtual reality environment (VR). This integration and the custom design of the platform offer the opportunity to manipulate the available information of the subject under analysis, which uses visual, vestibular, and plantar feet pressure inputs. The full access to the human movements and to the dynamic interaction is a further benefit for the identification of innovative solutions for research and physical rehabilitation purposes in a field that is widely investigated but still open.
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Yang, Hong’an, Xuefeng Bao, Shaohua Zhang, and Xu Wang. "A Multi-Robot Formation Platform based on an Indoor Global Positioning System." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (March 19, 2019): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061165.
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Aimed at the problem that experimental verifications are difficult to execute due to lacking effective experimental platforms in the research field of multi-robot formation, we design a simple multi-robot formation platform. This proposed general and low-cost multi-robot formation platform includes the indoor global-positioning system, the multi-robot communication system, and the wheeled mobile robot hardware. For each wheeled mobile robot in our platform, its real-time position information in the centimeter‑level precise is obtained by the Marvelmind Indoor Navigation System and orientation information is obtained by the six-degree-of-freedom gyroscope. The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) wireless communication infrastructure is selected to support the communication among robots and the data collection in the process of experiments. Finally, a set of leader–follower formation experiments are performed by our platform, which include three trajectory tracking experiments of different types and numbers under deterministic environment and a formation-maintaining experiment with external disturbances. The results illustrate that our multi-robot formation platform can be effectively used as a general testbed to evaluate and verify the feasibility and correctness of the theoretical methods in the multi-robot formation. What is more, the proposed simple and general formation platform is beneficial to the development of platforms in the fields of multi-robot coordination, formation control, and search and rescue missions.
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Rajamanickam, Vani, Ushabhanu Nageswaran, and Sangeetha Marikkannan. "Fast Motion Estimation Algorithm using Hybrid Search Patterns for Video Streaming Application." International Journal of Computers Communications & Control 12, no. 5 (September 10, 2017): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/ijccc.2017.5.2975.
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The objective of the paper is to develop new block matching Motion Estimation (ME) algorithm using hybrid search patterns along the direction of best match. The search efficiency for sequences with fast motions and high resolutions is improved by proposing New Cross Diagonal-Hexagon Search (NCDHS) algorithm which involves a novel multi half-hexagon grid global search pattern and a cross diagonal-hexagon local search pattern. The new search pattern enables the proposed algorithm to perform better search using 9.068 search points on an average, to obtain optimal motion vector with slight improvement in quality. This inturn reduces ME Time upto 50.11%, 47.12%, 32.99% and 43.28% on average when compared to the existing Diamond Search (DS), Hexagon Search (HS), New Cross Hexagon Search (NHEXS) and Enhanced Diamond Search (EDS) algorithms respectively. The novelty of the algorithm is further achieved by applying the algorithm proposed for live streaming application. The NCDHS algorithm is run on two MATLAB sessions on the same computer by establishing the connection using Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) /Internet Protocol (IP) network. The ME Time obtained is 14.5986 seconds for a block size 16x16, is less when compared to existing algorithms and that makes the NCDHS algorithm suitable for real time streaming application.
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Qian, Zhi Qin, Li Zong Lin, Zhuan Huang, Wei Guo Ju, and Qun Cao. "A Design of Comprehensive Remote Sensor Experiment System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 437 (October 2013): 643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.437.643.
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The remote network experiment is to remotely operate laboratory equipment to complete real experiment in different places through the Internet. This paper takes the comprehensive sensor experiment of the course Mechanical engineering testing technology as an example and designs a set of comprehensive remote sensor experiment system based on B/S model and configuration platform. The system is composed of a control system and a test system. The platform of kingview and the module of data acquisition using single-chip computer are used in the control system which communicates through the ModbusRTU protocol to realize data acquisition and the control function of output. The test system is based on Ethernet and composed of AD converter and DDE program. It realizes real-time data acquisition and high speed data transmission through the TCP/IP network. This system not only has the function of appointment course for students, but also greatly enhances students' learning ability by joining new design of experimental modules. The system has good reusability, scalability and maintainability.
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Rîșteiu, Mircea, Remus Dobra, Alexandru Avram, Florin Samoilă, Georgeta Buică, Renato Rizzo, and Dan Doru Micu. "Designing a Smart Gateway for Data Fusion Implementation in a Distributed Electronic System Used in Automotive Industry." Energies 14, no. 11 (June 4, 2021): 3300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113300.
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This paper focuses on the interdisciplinary research on the design of a smart gateway for managing the dynamic error code testing collected and generated by the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) from the automotive industry. The techniques used to exchange information between the ECU code errors and knowledge bases, based on data fusion methods, allowed us to consolidate and ensure data reliability, and then to optimize processed data in our distributed electronic systems, as the basic state for Industry 4.0 standards. At the same time, they offered optimized data packets when the gateway was tested as a service integrator for ECU maintenance. The embedded programming solutions offered us safe, reliable, and flexible data packet management results on both communication systems (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Provider (TCP/IP) and Controller Area Network (CAN) Bus) on the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) tested for diesel, high-pressure common rail engines. The main goal of this paper is to provide a solution for a smart, hardware–software, Industry-4.0-ready gateway applicable in the automotive industry.
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Lima, Alexandre Silva de, Sildenir Alves Ribeiro, Luciana Faletti Almeida, and Cristiano Fuschilo. "UM SISTEMA DE COMUNICAÇÃO VIA SOCKET EM UMA REDE WI-FI PARA CONTROLE DE UM ROBÔ DE INSPEÇÃO." HOLOS 2 (August 29, 2017): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.15628/holos.2017.5737.
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Este trabalho apresenta uma aplicação desenvolvida para controlar remotamente um robô de inspeção. Para construir o projeto eletromecânico foi utilizado um kit Lego NXT Mindstorm. A aplicação foi desenvolvida em JAVA e conta com uma interface gráfica que permite operar e controlar o robô remotamente através de rotinas que rodam em um ambiente cliente / servidor. A comunicação entre estação controladora (servidor) e estação robótica é feita utilizando uma rede wi-fi, que funciona sobre o protocolo TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) e UDP (User Datagram Protocol), juntamente com o protocolo IP (Internet Protocol) configurados em uma porta de comunicação. Uma segunda camada de aplicação foi desenvolvida com um conjunto de instruções (sockets) responsáveis pela comunicação e pelos movimentos controlados do robô, os quais são transmitidos da estação servidora para estação cliente. Para modelar o sistema, os eventos, os controles e os estados do componentes robótico foram utilizados alguns diagramas da UML 2.4. O componente robótico, por sua vez, foi construído utilizando um chassi de madeira, um núcleo controlador NXT e três servo motores Lego NXT Mindstorm, além de uma estação computacional para enviar e receber os sinais Wi-Fi. Para permitir à operação e o controle a distância, fez-se necessário a instalação de uma Webcam em um dos servo motores com rotações para direita e esquerda. A finalidade da Webcam é capturar as imagens do ambiente através da estação cliente e enviá-las ao servidor em tempo real, por meio do protocolo RTP (Real-time Transfer Protocol). Um conjunto de sockets foi utilizado para enviar os comandos de operação da estação servidora ao componente robótico. Desta forma, é possível a manipulação do robô pelo controlador e o monitoramento do ambiente a ser inspecionado.
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Kaknjo, Admir, Muzaffar Rao, Edin Omerdic, Luke Robinson, Daniel Toal, and Thomas Newe. "Real-Time Video Latency Measurement between a Robot and Its Remote Control Station: Causes and Mitigation." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (December 2, 2018): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8638019.
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This work presents a detailed study, characterization, and measurement of video latency in a real-time video streaming application. The target application consists of an automatic control system in the form of a control station and the mini Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) equipped with a camera, which is controllable over local area network (LAN) and the Internet. Control signal transmission and feedback measurements to the operator usually impose real-time constraints on the network channel. Similarly, the video stream, which is required for the normal system control and maneuvering, imposes further strict requirements on the network in terms of bandwidth and latency. Based on these requirements, controlling the system in real time through a standard Internet connection is a challenging task. The measurement of important network parameters like availability, bandwidth, and latency has become mandatory for remotely controlling the system in real time. It is necessary to establish a methodology for the measurement of video and network latency to improve the real-time controllability and safety of the system as such measurement is not possible using existing solutions due to the following reasons: insufficient accuracy, relying on the Internet resources such as generic Network Time Protocol (NTP) servers, inability to obtain one-way delay measurement, and many solutions only having support for web cameras. Here, an efficient, reliable, and cost-effective methodology for the measurement of latency of a video stream over a LAN and the Internet is proposed. A dedicated stratum-1 NTP server is used and the necessary software needed for acquiring and measuring the latency of a video stream from a generic IP camera as well as integration into the existing ROV control software was developed. Here, by using the software and dedicated clock synchronization equipment (NTP server), it was found that normal video latencies in a LAN were in the range of 488ms – 850ms, while latencies over the Internet were measured to be in the range of 558ms – 1211ms. It is important to note that the values were obtained by using a generic (off-the-shelf) IP camera and they represent the actual latencies which might be experienced during control over long range and across international territory borders.
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Singh, D. Joseph Sunder, and Mrs L. Padmalatha. "Development of HTTP Server for Remote Data Monitoring and Recording System." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 11, no. 4 (October 10, 2013): 2440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v11i4.3127.
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This paper focuses on development of remote data monitoring and recording system in industries. Now a days we are using many Networked embedded systems for monitoring and control the home or industrial devices.These low cost devices are capable of reporting and receiving information in just the same way that computers on a network. The advent of Internet communication standard, TCP/IP, offers significant potential in terms of remote monitoring and management of construction sites using embedded systems. In this paper the design method of low cost system of remote data monitoring, and recording is designed based on ARM. For this a small HTTP SERVER is built in LPC2148 and it is connected with the remote monitoring terminal through Ethernet. The data can be stored in the SD Card via SPI interface. At the same time, for the sake of the versatility, the FAT file system is built in the SD Card. So, an Ethernet-enabled remote data monitoring system with the ability of data recording is built. This design is having advantage of cost-effective, easily realized, stable and reliable transmission. It can be connected to the INTERNET or LAN through TCP/IP protocol. FreeRTOS is used as an operating system running on ARM processor, an industrial grade RTOS for hard time applications. By this design the data is sent without a PC and system favour’s large scale data acquisition system.
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Szreder, Tomasz. "Recent upgrading of the nanosecond pulse radiolysis setup and construction of laser flash photolysis setup at the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology in Warsaw, Poland." Nukleonika 67, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2022-0005.
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Abstract Modification of pulse radiolysis (PR) setup and construction of a new laser flash photolysis (LFP) setup at the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology (INCT) is described. Both techniques are dedicated to studying fast reactions in real time by direct observation of transients. Time resolution of the PR setup at INCT was ~11 ns, limited by the duration of the electron pulse. Implementation of a new spectrophotometric detection system resulted in a significant broadening of experimental spectral range with respect to the previous setup. Noticeable reduction of the noise-to-signal ratio was also achieved. The LFP system was built from scratch. Its time resolution was ~6 ns, limited by the duration of a laser pulse. LFP and PR were purposely designed to share the same hardware and software solutions. Therefore, components of the detection systems can be transferred between both setups, significantly lowering the costs and shortening the construction/upgrading time. Opened architecture and improved experimental flexibility of both techniques were accomplished by implementation of Ethernet transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP) communication core and newly designed software. This is one of the most important enhancements. As a result, new experimental modes are available for both techniques, improving the quality and reducing the time of data collections. In addition, both systems are characterized by relatively high redundancy. Currently, implementation of new equipment into the systems hardly ever requires programming. In contrast to the previous setup, daily adaptations of hardware to experimental requirements are possible and relatively easy to perform.
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Valdez-Martínez, Jorge Salvador, Pedro Guevara-López, Gustavo Delgado-Reyes, Diana Lizet González-Baldovinos, Jose Luis Cano-Rosas, Manuela Calixto-Rodriguez, Jonathan Villanueva-Tavira, and Hector Miguel Buenabad-Arias. "Communication Times Reconstruction in a Telecontrolled Client–Server Scheme: An Approach by Kalman Filter Applied to a Proprietary Real-Time Operating System and TCP/IP Protocol." Mathematics 10, no. 20 (October 19, 2022): 3885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10203885.
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Nowadays, various systems were developed in the telecommunications field which make use of technologies for the transmission and reception of information. One of these technologies is the Internet, which was developed in tandem with scientific growth. Therefore, its application in the control of various industrial processes has a notable influence. In this context, there are industrial processes that, due to the potential danger they represent to human beings, must be controlled by means of a remote control system. Such systems can be implemented through client–server communication schemes, which form a network of computers to exchange information. In the exchange of information, delay times are generated. These inactivity times have a close relationship with the latency in the communication network and have a negative impact on the performance of closed-loop control systems. In this sense, for physical implementation, it is essential to measure and mathematically characterize their magnitudes in order to know their variability and thus be able to design control strategies that compensate for their effects. Hence, this research paper presents the reconstruction of the communication times measured from a telecontrol system, where it is assumed that only one subsystem acts as the controller and the other one acts as the controlled. In other words, this paper addresses a control scheme type of single-input-single-output system (SISO). This reconstruction is based on the Kalman filter, which estimates the communication times that are measured on an experimental test bench with a client–server communication scheme. Communication times are characterized as stochastic processes. So, in order to validate the reconstruction presented, the level of dependence between the random processes is evaluated by analyzing their moments of probability as well as their covariance moments. Finally, an analysis based on the mean square error is presented, through which it can be concluded that the reconstruction technique used allows one to know the dynamics of the communication times generated by the remote control process presented in this research.