Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Transmission du paludisme'
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Vidal, Sophie. "La transmission transplacentaire des protozoaires." Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05P145.
Full textBarthelemy, Mathieu. "Sexe, odeurs et transmission du paludisme chez le rongeur." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066357.
Full textBouh, Abdi Khaireh Bouh. "Etude du paludisme dans les zones de faible transmission : vers la pre-élimination du paludisme à Djibouti." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5057.
Full textNigeria, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Ethiopia and Tanzania represent 50% of malaria deaths and 47% of total malaria cases. However, the decrease in the number of cases and worldwide increased control activities were encouraging news which lead the WHO to declare that malaria can be controlled and eliminated later. The recommendations of experts in the worldwide fight against malaria recommend targeting areas where elimination is possible, areas of low transmission, and hence moving towards areas more affected by malaria. This requires a precise knowledge of the malaria situation in the region. Geographical regional assemblies where malaria transmission is experiencing a significant decrease, as the Horn of Africa, and having extremely porous frontiers to the movement of human populations, therefore pathogens, must be the priority target. Thus an assessment of the level of transmission and the risk of potential recurrence, posed by the importation of new strains, was indispensable in order to achieve sustainable elimination. In this context, the Republic of Djibouti, who showed extremely low prevalence in recent years, is embarked on an attempt to pre-eliminate malaria. The aim of our study was to observe changes, over a period of 11 years (1998-2009), in the level of malaria occurrence, malaria transmission, but also the level of its potential importation from neighboring countries and finally the vectors population dynamics. These results could serve as a basis of reflection, for the health authorities of the country or international partners, to a possible adjustment of the current policy of fight against malaria
Duez, Julien. "Criblage par microsphiltration : à la recherche de composés altérant la déformabilité des gamétocytes de plasmodium falciparum pour bloquer la transmission du paludisme." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066227/document.
Full textBackground: Human-to-human transmission of Plasmodium falciparum malaria requires the development, within red blood cells (RBC), of sexual parasites termed gametocytes and their ingestion by Anopheles mosquito vector during a blood meal. Using filtration of RBC through microsphere layers (microsphiltration), we had shown that mature gametocytes present in the circulation of infective individuals are deformable. This deformability is a prerequisite for gametocytes circulation as they have (as any other uninfected RBC) to repeatedly cross narrow interendothelial slits in the human spleen. Objectives : This project aims at discovering compounds stiffening RBC harboring mature gametocytes, inducing their mechanical retention into the spleen, thereby removing them from the human bloodstream and interrupting malaria transmission. Methods & Results: Microsphiltration has been miniaturized to the microplate format, then coupled to high content imaging to quantify gametocyte retention in microsphere filters. Using calyculin as positive control, the gametocyte-stiffening activity of a panel of reference antimalarials was evaluated with the microsphiltration assay. Calyculin-stiffened mature gametocytes were held into spleno-mimetic microfluidic chips and were cleared from the circulation of macrophage depleted mice as rapidly as heat-stiffened control RBC, validating the outcomes of the microsphiltration assay. Conclusions: We have developped a microsphiltration assay compatible with screening. The screening/post-screening cascade has the potential to yield potent pharmacological agents blocking malaria transmission based on gametocytes deformability
Duez, Julien. "Criblage par microsphiltration : à la recherche de composés altérant la déformabilité des gamétocytes de plasmodium falciparum pour bloquer la transmission du paludisme." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066227.
Full textBackground: Human-to-human transmission of Plasmodium falciparum malaria requires the development, within red blood cells (RBC), of sexual parasites termed gametocytes and their ingestion by Anopheles mosquito vector during a blood meal. Using filtration of RBC through microsphere layers (microsphiltration), we had shown that mature gametocytes present in the circulation of infective individuals are deformable. This deformability is a prerequisite for gametocytes circulation as they have (as any other uninfected RBC) to repeatedly cross narrow interendothelial slits in the human spleen. Objectives : This project aims at discovering compounds stiffening RBC harboring mature gametocytes, inducing their mechanical retention into the spleen, thereby removing them from the human bloodstream and interrupting malaria transmission. Methods & Results: Microsphiltration has been miniaturized to the microplate format, then coupled to high content imaging to quantify gametocyte retention in microsphere filters. Using calyculin as positive control, the gametocyte-stiffening activity of a panel of reference antimalarials was evaluated with the microsphiltration assay. Calyculin-stiffened mature gametocytes were held into spleno-mimetic microfluidic chips and were cleared from the circulation of macrophage depleted mice as rapidly as heat-stiffened control RBC, validating the outcomes of the microsphiltration assay. Conclusions: We have developped a microsphiltration assay compatible with screening. The screening/post-screening cascade has the potential to yield potent pharmacological agents blocking malaria transmission based on gametocytes deformability
Zhang, Shaosen. "Elimination du paludisme en chine, évolution et défis de la transmission transfrontalière." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT027/document.
Full textMalaria has occurred in 80% of the counties in China in the past. After several decades of effort, malaria prevalence decreased drastically and China is currently approaching elimination throughout the country. Information on malaria vectors is still found not well documented, which could hinder the development of appropriate surveillance strategies and WHO certification. The major risk to malaria elimination is the re-introduction of the disease from imported malaria cases. There are an increasing number of imported malaria cases caused by Chinese citizens returning from malaria-affected countries recently. The information about their characters, drivers and route of introduction in different areas will provide evidence-based data to policy makers where and when to carry out the interventions. This will in turn allow them to develop efficient guidelines for risk-assessment of malaria re-introduction and for allocating appropriate resources. As a country with over 1.3 billion population and a territory covering different climatic zones, lessons learnt from malaria elimination in China that could serve as references to other countries. According to the Belt and Road initiatives, China will participate more globally to governance related activities. Partners and stakeholders within Global malaria elimination campaign are interested to the future opportunity and potential fields that would involve Chinese expertise. 1.A summary analysis was conducted on the nationwide distribution of malaria vectors, their bionomic characteristics, control measures and related studies. The distribution in China of the principal malaria vectors was found reduced, in particular for Anopheles lesteri and Anopheles dirus s.l., including the two main malaria vector species, An. dirus and An. baimaii, which nearly disappeared after several years of malaria control effort. Anopheles sinensis, which was previously reported to be less efficient in malaria transmission, is becoming the predominant species in Southwestern China. The field sampling results indicated the existence of high efficient malaria vectors, e.g. An. minimus and An. harrisoni at the China-Myanmar border. In addition, elevated human-biting rates, high adult and larval densities, and parous rates were found in both An. sinensis and An. harrisoni, which reveal a very high receptivity and risk of malaria re-introduction along the China–Myanmar border. 2.The comparative analysis of imported malaria cases reported from former non-endemic areas and former endemic areas in China showed that all former non-endemic areas are now reporting imported malaria cases. 3. A summary analysis on malaria elimination progress since 2010, was carried out with specific focus on mapping the residual malaria foci and the distribution of malaria cases in China. The incidence of locally acquired malaria has declined sharply along with the concomitant decrease of malaria-endemic areas from 762 counties reporting malaria in 2010 to just two counties adjacent to border areas (Yunnan Province: China-Myanmar and Tibet, China-India) in 2016. In 2017, China achieved zero indigenous malaria case report for the first time. In conclusion, China is on the track to achieve malaria elimination by 2020. The risk of re-introduction caused by the emergence of imported malaria cases and the occurrence of highly efficient malaria vectors present in the country is still the target of malaria surveillance. To maintain malaria elimination, intensified international collaboration with specific focus on cross-border areas and mobile/migrant population is called to take actions. The pilot studies on how to introduce the lessons learned from malaria elimination in China and the Chinese expertise are on the list to take action in future, which would harmonize the China aid to malaria elimination in the target countries
Robert, Vincent. "La transmission du paludisme humain : la zone des savanes d'afrique de l'ouest." Paris 6, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA066426.
Full textFillol, Florie. "Relation entre l'état nutritionnel et le paludisme chez les jeunes enfants d'Afrique sub-saharienne vivant en zone de transmission saisonnière du paludisme." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20099.
Full textIn Africa, malnutrition and malaria remain major causes of childhood mortality. To better understand the interaction between these two affections, we have analysed data collected during an intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) of malaria trial conducted on preschool children. Our findings suggest that advertising on malaria and the basic medical services offered during the trial may have improved the height status of the children. We also investigated the impact of malnutrition on susceptibility to malaria. Our results show that, on one hand, wasting was associated with a decreased risk of having a subsequent clinical malaria attack and on the other hand, that specific antibodies (IgG) levels were significantly lower in stunted children compared to well-nourished ones. Altogether, these findings highlight the importance of integrating children nutritional status when defining malaria control interventions, particularly in the development of a malaria vaccine
Desenfant, Philippe. "Bioécologie de Anopheles albimanus en Haïti son rôle dans la transmission du paludisme /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376131148.
Full textGazin, de Raucourt Pierre. "Le paludisme au Burkina Faso : étude épidémiologique de la transmission des indices parasitologiques, de la morbidité, de la létalité." Montpellier 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON11302.
Full textMustfa, Kamla. "Effets des antipaludiques sur les stades hépatiques et les stades sexués (transmission) des plasmodies murines, Plasmodium yoelii." Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR3310/document.
Full textThe objective of this study is to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively the effect of "classic" (primaquine, Malarone®, amino-4-quinoline) and "future" (artesunate, ferroquine, alone or associated) antimalarials on the liver forms and sexual stages of the parasite responsible for malaria transmission. The experimental model was : swiss mouse female infected with Plasmodium yoelii and Anophelesstephensi as the vector. The action of Malarone® (proguanil-atovaquuone) on liver stages is almost complete and more than that, incomplete, primaquine, the ferroquine or artesunate. If the previous molecules (ferroquine, artesunate), prescribed at subcurative doses, often lead to an increase in gametocytogenesis, they alter certain stages of gametocytes and statistically inhibit the formation of oocysts in the mosquito; hence, their number involve negatively in the transmission of the parasite
Boudin, Christian. "Le paludisme de savane (Burkina Faso) : évolution des paramètres épidiométriques et de la prémunition avant et après une tentative d'interruption de la transmission par des moustiquaires imprégnées d'insecticides." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20246.
Full textGauthier, Céline. "Diversité et structure de populations naturelles de Plasmodium Falciparum, agent du paludisme, en zones de transmission instable, au Vénézuela et à Madagascar." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20139.
Full textMachault, Vanessa. "Utilisation de données d'observation de la terre par satellite pour l'évaluation des densités vectorielles et de la transmission du paludisme." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20722/document.
Full textDespite national an international efforts, malaria remains a major public health in manycountries and sanitary systems are hindered by the lack of information on the actual burden ofmalaria, on the plasmodium transmission risk and on their geographical distribution.Nevertheless, spatial heterogeneity can be important and in this context, malaria control couldbe improved if could be focused in place and time. On one hand, the environment is a majordeterminant of malaria biodiversity, because of the vectorial transmission and the vectorsbioecological preferences. On another hand, orbiting satellites can provide environmental,climatic and meteorological data that already have been used for the study of infectiousdiseases. “Tele-epidemiology” has been defined as an integrated approach aiming atassociating medical, epidemiological or entomological ground data, with remotely-sensedenvironmental data, based on the in depth comprehension and measurement of the involvedphysical and biological mechanisms. In cities, it has already been possible to highlightassociations between mapped urban settings and malariometric indices, using satellite data atappropriate scales. Among travellers, in the objective to evaluate malaria risk or efficacy ofprophylactic devices, it would be useful to evaluate and predict transmission levels in thevisited places. The objective of the present thesis was to identify environmental factors thatcould be remotely-sensed and that could be used in the evaluation of malaria risk amongtravellers on one hand and in urban settings on the other hand.First, remotely-sensed data have been used to evaluate levels of exposure to malaria risk ofmilitaries, in the scope of a study on their risk factors for clinical malaria. Results haveshowed that, even when taking into account age and compliance to chemoprophylaxis asconfusion factors, the environment was the factor the most strongly associated to clinicalmalaria risk.In parallel, an extensive entomological study has been conducted during five years in Dakarand allowed demonstrating a strong spatial and temporal heterogeneity of malariatransmission in the city. Collected information were centralized in a georeferenced database(GIS - Geographic Information System) containing all entomological, environmental,meteorological, biological and physical data collected on the field or by remote sensing.Finally, modelling of entomological risk in the capital city of Senegal was undertaken, basedon data collected on the ground and environmental data issued from satellites. A first stepshowed the evolution of malaria transmission risk areas and allowed declaring that thefraction of human population that was at high risk for transmission decreased between 1996and 2007. A second step led to the development of 1) a map of the breeding sites with aproductivity indicator in Dakar city, 2) a map of aggressive adult Anopheles densities, and 3)a dynamic aspect was added to those maps, taking into account the variations of theirmeteorological determinants.The results of the work undertaken in this thesis demonstrated that remotely-sensedinformation, associated with a large amount of ground data, allow to adjust predictive models and to draw entomological risk maps, in urban settings or for moving populations
Orlandi-Pradines, Eve. "Exposition de voyageurs à la transmission de plasmodium falciparum et aux moustiques vecteurs en afrique inter-tropicale." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20693.
Full textVerreman, Véronique. "Le paludisme accidentel : contribution à une mise au point sur la question à propos d'un cas clinique." Amiens, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AMIEM102.
Full textTchioffo, Tsapi Majoline. "Interactions génomes - environnement dans le système vectoriel Anopheles gambiae / P. falciparum : rôle de la flore microbienne du moustique dans la modulation du développement de P. falciparum." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20167/document.
Full textPlasmodium falciparum, the parasite responsible for the severe form of malaria, is transmitted by Anopheles gambiae, its major vector in sub-Saharan Africa. Novel strategies for malaria control envision interrupting the sporogonic development in An. gambiae, then it is important to better understand vector*environment*parasite interactions that underlie parasite transmission. The aim of this project was to characterize the microbial flora of An. gambiae in natural conditions, to study the role of the main bacterial strains on sporogonic development using natural isolates of parasites and to measure the influence of bacterial exposure on the mosquito immunity and its successive ability to transmit P. falciparum. To carry out this project, we used wild mosquito populations from Cameroon to characterize the mosquito microbial flora, next we challenged female mosquitoes of the Ngousso colony to bacterial strains and then infected the mosquitoes with natural isolates of P. falciparum. Our study showed that Serratia, Pseudomonas and Escherichia isolated from the mosquito midgut reduced infection prevalence and intensity and that the effect of the bacterial exposure on parasite infection levels varied between bacterial strains and gametocyte carriers. The analysis of the 454 sequencing of the different mosquito epithelia revealed intriguing similarities between bacterial communities in the midgut, ovaries and salivary glands of a single mosquito. Expression analyses suggested that immune gene regulation by midgut bacteria could help the mosquitoes to mount an effective antiplasmodial response. Mechanisms involved bacteria-Plasmodium-vector interactions are complex and rely on multiple factors. Deeper investigations on these interactions that allow P. falciparum to complete its cycle in the mosquito vector will be necessary for modeling parasite transmission in the field and for developing new methods for effective malaria control
Fane, Moussa. "Impact du climat sur l'écologie et la transmission du paludisme : analyse du risque palustre dans le septentrion malien." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENS042/document.
Full textNous pensons que ces résultats aideront les acteurs de santé publique à mieux comprendre l’épidémiologie du paludisme au Sahel, en vue d’orienter d’avantage la recherche sur des outils additionnels de lutte pour freiner la propagation du paludisme grâce à la gestion environnementale. Ils fournissent une piste prédictive du comment le changement climatique impactera la transmission du paludisme en Afrique
Manga, Lucien A. E. "Environnements, vecteurs et transmission du paludisme en milieux urbain et rural de la zône forestière du Sud Cameroun." Montpellier 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON13520.
Full textChaumeau, Victor. "Déterminants entomologiques de la transmission du paludisme dans la zone transfrontalière entre la Thaïlande et le Myanmar dans un contexte d'élimination de Plasmodium falciparum." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT047/document.
Full textThe Thai-Myanmar border is an area of low, seasonal and unstable malaria transmission. Consequently, the infection is symptomatic in all age groups and malaria morbidity and mortality is high especially in pregnant women and children.Antimalarial drug resistances in Plasmodium falciparum constitute the main obstacle to tackle malaria in this area. In the absence of alternative antimalarial drugs, the development of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum is a major threat to global public health as it could impair the important yet labile progress made to reduce malaria endemicity (on the TMB, malaria incidence drastically decrease from 2 cases / person / year in 1980 to 0.1 cases / person / year after 2010. The primary objective of this work is to evaluate the impact of antimalarial-based elimination strategy relying on universal coverage with early diagnosis and treatment and elimination of malaria transmission hotspots (villages were the prevalence of asymptomatic infection, usually submicroscopic)with mass drig administration. Secondary objectives aim at describing and understanding the modalities and dynamic of malaria transmission in the studied area
Nsango, Sandrine Eveline. "Interactions Plasmodium falciparum/Anopheles gambiae et mécanismes moléculaires de la transmission chez le vecteur." Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA6008.
Full textWith 250 million of clinical cases annually, of which 89% occur in sub-Saharan Africa, malaria remains one of the most devastating infectious disease in the world. During its life cycle within a mosquito, the parasite undergoes dramatic losses attributed to mosquito immunity, which in some cases can efficiently block parasite development leading to total mosquito refractoriness to Plasmodium. The genome sequencing of A. Gambiae and the development of reverse genetic tools such as in vivo gene silencing using dsRNA, benefited dramatically functional analysis of mosquito antiparasitic responses. During my PhD studies, I investigated the role of TEP1, the first mosquito factor identified that mediates killing of P. Berghei ookinetes, using experimental infections with fields isolates of P. Falciparum in Cameroon. I have demonstrated that TEP1 mediates killing of the human malaria P. Falciparum but, surprisingly, the antiparasitic effect of TEP1 was detected only in monoclonal infections or infections with low genetic complexity (MOI ≤ 2). These studies revealed a new parameter that regulates outcome of infections in natural conditions, which should be taken into consideration for accurate result analysis. Further, our comparative analysis revealed that rodent and human parasites were sensitive to distinct arms of the mosquito immune responses. I demonstrated that P. Falciparum parasites were particularly sensitive to mosquito wounding-induced responses and identified two new components of these responses, AP1/Kay and TGase9098. I have then tested a hypothesis that mosquito basal immunity induced at larval stages impacted vector competence of mosquitoes. Transcriptional analysis of expression of antimicrobial peptides defensin 1, gambicine and TEP1 in A. Gambiae larvae collected in a series of larval breeding sites in Cameroon, suggested that higher levels of expression of immune markers correlated with lower Plasmodium infection rates in adults. The identification of factors that limit P. Falciparum development should provide new approaches for innovative control measures to block parasite development within the mosquito
Fougère, Aurélie. "Caractérisation des carboxypeptidases B d'Anopheles gambiae et analyse de leurs rôles sur le développement de Plasmodium falciparum et sur la reproduction des moustiques." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00829524.
Full textDemarta-Gatsi, Claudia. "Role of the Histamine Releasing Factor (HRF) in Plasmodium parasite transmission and disease pathogenesis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2016PA066403.pdf.
Full textRecent findings have raised the hypothesis that clinical susceptibility to malaria may be related to allergy-type response. In human infection with P. falciparum, as well as in murine models of malaria, increased levels of histamine have been shown to be associated with disease severity. Histamine releasing factor (HRF), shown to be implicated in the release of pro-inflammatory histamine during late-phase allergy, was demonstrated to be produced by the parasite during mild and severe malaria infections suggesting that Plasmodium HRF may affect host immune responses and contributes to the pathogenesis. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the role of Plasmodium HRF in the development of the immune response and to determine whether its expression is associated with the severity of malaria disease by studying two HRF-deficient (hrfΔ) murine parasites (PbANKA and PbNK65). Infection with PbANKA-hrfΔ sporozoites showed a decrease in the frequency of ECM due to the impairment of the development of the mutant parasites in liver stages as a consequence of the up-regulation of IL-6. Infection with PbNK65-hrfΔ parasites confirmed the importance of HRF in enhancing the virulence of the parasite. Indeed, PbNK65-hrfΔ infection results in parasite clearance leading to a long-lasting protection and immune memory as reflected by an up-regulation of IL-6, a down-regulation of PD-1 expression on T cells and in the enhancement of Ab-mediated phagocytosis. HRF is the first parasite gene which directly modulates the host immune response
Goupeyou, Youmsi Jessy Marlène. "Contribution des anophèles à la transmission de Plasmodium falciparum et de Plasmodium vivax à Madagascar. Mise en place d'une plateforme expérimentale pour l'étude de leur compétence vectorielle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2018SORUS178.pdf.
Full textMalaria remains a major health concern in sub-Saharan Africa. The limited number of antimalarial drugs, the emergence of resistances and the lack of an effective vaccine, make vector control the main preventive strategy for this disease. Current methods of vector control aim at limiting or interrupting parasite development in the vector mosquito. It is therefore necessary to improve our understanding on interactions between the Anopheles vector, its environment and the parasite Plasmodium. In Madagascar, Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus are the major vectors of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Anopheles mascarensis, an endemic species, may also be an important vector. In this context, the main objective of my PhD was to deepen the knowledge on An. mascarensis through a review. The data collected indicate that An. mascarensis is a complex of sibling species. I could thus provide the foundation for targeted molecular analysis. In parallel, in order to evaluate their vector competence, I contributed in a major way to the establishment of the first experimental platform of Madagascar to infect anopheline mosquitoes by P. falciparum and P. vivax. Finally, combining entomology and immuno-parasitology, we analysed the contribution of vectors to malaria transmission in two neighbouring villages. All the work done during my PhD contributes to a better knowledge of the diversity of malaria transmission in Madagascar, especially on the effective contribution of the different vector species. In addition, the establishment of the experimental platform for infections will further allow the analysis of the competence of vector Anopheles populations
MARRAMA, LAURENCE. "La transmission du paludisme dans une region sub-aride du sud de madagascar, l'androy : influence du milieu et des modifications anthropique." Paris 6, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA066329.
Full textDiabaté, Abdoulaye. "Le paludisme au Burkina Faso : étude de la transmission et répartition géographique de la résistance d'"Anopheles gambiae" SL aux pyréthrinoi͏̈des." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20026.
Full textToussile, Wilson. "Sélection de variable : structure génétique d'une population et transmission de Plasmodium à travers le moustique." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00553674.
Full textTaconet, Paul. "Fouille de données spatio-temporelles pour l’étude du risque de transmission résiduelle du paludisme à échelle paysagère en milieu rural ouest-africain." Thesis, Université de Montpellier (2022-….), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UMONG020.
Full textThe fight against malaria transmission is currently stalling. To reinvigorate progress, we must shift from a universal approach of prevention to a targeted one, adapted to the local transmission risk profile. Such strategy requires to characterise, understand, and predict the risk of transmission of malaria at fine spatial and temporal scales, i.e. scales suitable for local decision-making. In this thesis, we have attempted to explain and evaluate the spatial and temporal predictability of several entomological indicators of transmission risk at a landscape scale in rural West Africa (in Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire) : presence, abundance of anopheles, physiological and behavioral resistance to insecticides. We used heterogeneous, spatio-temporal, multi-source and multi-scale entomological and environmental data, and data mining methods (among others, based on interpretable machine learning techniques), in a holistic-inductive approach to scientific knowledge generation. Our results showed strong spatio-temporal heterogeneities in vector abundances at the village scale, and relative homogeneities in the prevalence of vector resistances. Based on the associations captured by the statistical models, we made numerous hypotheses on the environmental determinants (climatic, landscape, socio-cultural, etc.) of the various entomological indicators studied ; in other words, on the impact of environmental conditions on the vectors' life traits. Our models were able to acurately forecast vector abundances at the village scale several weeks ahead, which was not the case for the prevalence of insecticide resistance. At the end of this work, we make proposals for the improvement of (i) current vector control methods, (ii) the use of (geo)data science and data engineering in general, and statistical modelling in particular, for malaria research and control, and (iii) tools for the surveillance and prevention of malaria transmission risk at the loca l scale in rural West Africa
Vaillant, Michel. "Déploiement d’une nouvelle stratégie de traitement d’une maladie à transmission vectorielle : application au paludisme, analyse des pratiques thérapeutiques, et conséquences sur l’épidémiologie de P. falciparum en Casamance, Sénégal, 1996 - 2009." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR21804/document.
Full textMalaria remains a major health burden for mankind despite trends towards a decrease in the number of cases in most endemic areas. The research summarized in this thesis concerns the deployment of an artemisinin-containing antimalarial drug combination (ACT) in a rural district of moderately intense transmission. The choice of an adapted treatment must be evidence based. Systematic reviews and meta-analysis are considered the most robust form of evidence. However, visual displays should be improved in order to improve decision making.Furthermore, to complement evidence from clinical trials, drugs should be studied when used in real-life conditions and followed-up over time for their efficacy, safety, parasite susceptibility, quality of case management, malaria epidemiology.A pilot programme to change case management modalities was started in 2000 in Mlomp, Senegal. The programme was embedded in the public health system and aimed at replacing the previous policy (single-agent treatment on clinical grounds) with the new policy (ACT for parasitologically confirmed malaria). The work conducted to support the scaling-up of the new policy allows improving case management and provides elements towards a better understanding of obstacles to the deployment of the new strategy and its effects on the health of populations
Villa, Manon. "Impact de l’utilisation des médicaments antipaludiques sur la transmission de Plasmodium sp." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG042.
Full textMalaria incidence still is high especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Antimalarial drugs reduce the disease mortality and morbidity but could also impact the parasite's transmission. Current knowledge about the impact of drugs on malaria transmission come mainly from studies quantifying the transmissible blood stages of the parasite (gametocytes) in the vertebrate host. Our knowledge of how these drugs may impact the vector stages of the parasite is still very limited. In this thesis, I investigated the effects of two main antimalarial drugs, artesunate (AS) and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP), on parasite transmission through a series of laboratory experiments and field studies.Our laboratory experiments (with the avian malaria parasite, Plasmodium relictum) showed that SP decreases drastically sporozoite prevalence and burden and in infected vectors fed on SP-treated birds. We are currently studying the mechanistic underpinnings of these results by exploring the effect of the drug on the mosquito gut microbiome and transcriptome. Our results suggest that SP could exert a selection pressure not only in treated humans (as has been widely reported) but also in the vector feeding on treated humans. Our experiments didn’t show such an effect in mosquitoes fed on an AS-treated bloodmeal. In a separate experiment, where we selected for AS resistance in P. relictum, we were able to establish the existence of fitness costs linked to AS-resistance in the vector (lower intensity of infection) but not in the untreated vertebrate host.We have also compared the prevalence of 3 key drug resistance alleles (in the pfcrt, dhfr and pfmdr loci) between humans and vectors infected with the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum across 4 different sites in West Africa. We show allele-dependent differences in prevalence both between humans and vectors, and between vector species. These differences may not only be indicative of the of costs of drug resistance being different for vectors and humans but also highlight the potential role of the vectors as sentinels for the detection of drug resistant mutations that are rare in humans. In sum, our results show the importance of investigating the effect of drugs on the vector stages of Plasmodium parasites for understanding the emergence and spread of drug resistance mutations on malaria transmission
Girod, Romain. "La lutte contre la réintroduction du paludisme à la Réunion : étude entomo-épidémiologique des facteurs de risque de reprise de la transmission autochtone : apport des systèmes d'information géographique." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00575039.
Full textGoetz, Alice-Anne. "Propriétés antiparasitaires des benzyl-ménadiones : étude de leur mécanisme d'action et de leur potentiel à bloquer la transmission des parasites du paludisme au moustique vecteur Anopheles gambiae." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ115.
Full textPlasmodione is a benzylmenadione, synthetized as a flavoenzyme inhibitor. These enzymes use FAD as a cofactor and are involved in numerous biologic processes, including the regulation of the redox equilibrium through thioredoxin and glutathione metabolisms. Plasmodione is very efficient in vitro against all stages of the human parasite P. falciparum, especially on ring stages, and is a fast killer. The aims of my PhD were to monitor the ability of Plasmodione to block parasite transmission to mosquitoes and to characterized its mode of action. For that, I had to implement new protocols. My results showed (i) that Plasmodione decrease both the parasite development in vivo and its transmission to mosquitoes while acting on every sexual stage infectious for the mosquito. (ii) A derivative from the same chemical family, more soluble, is more efficient than Plasmodione, especially on asexual stages and on transmission. (iii) When compounds are directly deliver into mosquitoes, neither methylene blue or Plasmodione have an effect on the survival. (iv) Finally, the use of knock out parasites for the GR, GS, γGCS or GluPho genes suggest that the proposed mode of action of the benzylmenadiones has to be corrected and other flavoenzymes could be targeted rather than GR
Goupeyou, Youmsi Jessy Marlène. "Contribution des anophèles à la transmission de Plasmodium falciparum et de Plasmodium vivax à Madagascar. Mise en place d'une plateforme expérimentale pour l'étude de leur compétence vectorielle." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS178/document.
Full textMalaria remains a major health concern in sub-Saharan Africa. The limited number of antimalarial drugs, the emergence of resistances and the lack of an effective vaccine, make vector control the main preventive strategy for this disease. Current methods of vector control aim at limiting or interrupting parasite development in the vector mosquito. It is therefore necessary to improve our understanding on interactions between the Anopheles vector, its environment and the parasite Plasmodium. In Madagascar, Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus are the major vectors of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Anopheles mascarensis, an endemic species, may also be an important vector. In this context, the main objective of my PhD was to deepen the knowledge on An. mascarensis through a review. The data collected indicate that An. mascarensis is a complex of sibling species. I could thus provide the foundation for targeted molecular analysis. In parallel, in order to evaluate their vector competence, I contributed in a major way to the establishment of the first experimental platform of Madagascar to infect anopheline mosquitoes by P. falciparum and P. vivax. Finally, combining entomology and immuno-parasitology, we analysed the contribution of vectors to malaria transmission in two neighbouring villages. All the work done during my PhD contributes to a better knowledge of the diversity of malaria transmission in Madagascar, especially on the effective contribution of the different vector species. In addition, the establishment of the experimental platform for infections will further allow the analysis of the competence of vector Anopheles populations
Argy, Nicolas. "Analyse des facteurs d’hôte et facteurs parasitaires dans le paludisme grave d’importation." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB093/document.
Full textMalaria is a worldwide parasitic infection especially in tropical area where Plasmodium falciparum infection is responsible for hundreds of thousands annually mainly among children under five years old. Malaria is also a problem in France by the importation of malaria cases in travelers coming from endemic area. The Plasmodium falciparum infection in this population, considered at risk of developping severe malaria, can present different clinical forms more or less associated with mortality.While some risk factors for severity like age and immunity have been identified, this complex host-parasite interactions have been widely studied in children in endemic areas and few data are available for imported malaria. The aim of the thesis work is based on analysis of host factors and parasite factors in imported malaria.Through the monitoring network of the French National reference center of malaria, all the demographic, epidemiological, clinical and laboratory of imported malaria cases, notified between 2011 and 2015, were collected and also samples of the parasitological diagnosis. After diagnostic expertise, the plasma obtained after centrifugation was used for determinations of antimalarial drugs, for quantification of plasmatic HRP2 and for serological tests. RNA extracted by the Trizol® from red cells pellets was used to study the expression of var genes and domain cassettes by qRT-PCR. The pellet of parasitized red blood cells were cultured for maturation of parasitic forms for the study of phenotype cytoadherence on soluble receptor CD36, ICAM-1 and EPCR and for the study of the rosetting phenomenon. All of these studies was conducted in an imported malaria context,in a population of patients composed by first-generation migrants, second-generation migrants and travelers / expatriates and whose clinical presentation of imported malaria was classified into very severe (VSM), mild severe (MSM) and uncomplicated malaria (UM).All the epidemiological, clinical and biological data collected during the study identified the high age, ethnicity, depth of thrombocytopenia and no history of malaria as factors risk associated with the occurrence of very severe malaria, clinical entity characterized by high sequestered parasite biomass. The effect of pre-exposure to the parasite, reflected by the serological status of patients, seems to be the cause of the clinical presentation of the disease in particular by limiting parasite biomass sequestered during malaria. The study of the expression of var genes and domain cassettes performed in this population, according to clinical presentation, ethnicity and the serological status of patients, revealed an overexpression of the group of var genes A and B and protein patterns of the domain cassette DC4, DC8 and DC13 in mild severe and very severe malaria within this heterogeneous patient population. The study of cytoadherence phenotype and rosetting, made in another group of patients in imported malaria context, identified the rosetting as adhesion phenotype causing very severe malaria. The expression profile of var genes and domain cassettes corresponding to this population confirmed earlier observations and correlates rosetting phenotype to the expression of DBLß3 and DBLa2 of DC4 and DC8 (...)
Pagès, Frédéric. "Approche entomologique des risques vectoriels pour les forces armées françaises outre mer." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20679.
Full textYa-Umphan, Phubeth. "Etude du risque de transmission du paludisme le long de la frontière birmano-thaïlandaise par l’utilisation de biomarqueurs spécifiques d’exposition humaine aux piqures d’Anopheles et au Plasmodium." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT138/document.
Full textMalaria along the Thailand-Myanmar border (TMB) displays geographical heterogeneity and is characterized by high prevalence of submicroscopic carriage and the emergence artemisinin resistance in P. falciparum. Timely identification and elimination of remaining P. falciparum transmission “hotspots” is essential to contain artemisinine resistance. The aim of this study was to address the relevance of using serological biomarkers of human exposure to anopheles bites (gSG6-P1) and Plasmodium antigens to identify remaining sources of transmission and to measure spatial and temporal changes in human vector contact along the TMB. Blood spots were collected in filter papers among a cohort of 2600 people followed every 3 months up to 18 months, and used for analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Our findings showed that the levels of IgG responses to gSG6-P1 antigen varied according to village, season, and age and were positively associated with the abundance of total Anopheles species and primary malaria vectors. A significant and positive association was noted between the Antibody response to gSG6-P1 and the entomological inoculation rate (EIR) hence demonstrating that heterogeneity in malaria transmission was directly associated with heterogeneous biting behavior. Further investigations showed that salivary biomarker was relevant to detect small scale variations in P. falciparum malaria. This was supported by scan statistics showing that P. falciparum clusters partially overlap the gSG6-P1 clusters. Altogether, these findings indicates Anopheles salivary biomarker as great potential for epidemiological studies and could be useful to guide the implementation of hotspot–targeted vector control interventions with the aim to achieve malaria elimination
Ngo, Chung Thuy. "Capacité vectorielle des populations d’Anopheles dans la co-transmission de Plasmodium et Wuchereria bancrofti et biodiversité bactérienne de l’estomac des moustiques du centre-sud Vietnam." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON13501/document.
Full textIn Vietnam, despite the success of the Government in controlling malaria, the disease persists in forest areas along the international borders, especially with Cambodia, and few data are available on the Bancroftian lymphatic filariasis (BLF). No vaccine is currently available to protect from these two diseases, then vector control of Anopheles mosquitoes, that may transmit both malarial and BLF agents, remains one of the key element to control these two diseases. As there is a real lack of information on the transmission of these two diseases in south-central region of Vietnam, it was necessary to apprehend the vectors occurring in endemic areas and to study their vectorial capacity. As bacterial flora in Anopheles midgut may have a strong influence on the vectorial capacity of the mosquito, its biodiversity was estimated in order to better understand bacterial families present in mosquitoes from the field, in particular the presence of Enterobacteriaceae that can have an influence on the development of Plasmodium, agent of malaria. This field of investigation of bacteria has never studied in malaria vectors of Vietnam.This thesis focuses on two main objectives: (1) to evaluate the vectorial capacity of Anopheles species in the co-transmission of Plasmodium spp. and Wuchereria bancrofti (BLF agent) in the Provinces of Dak Nong and Binh Phuoc in south-central Vietnam (near the border with Cambodia), and (2) to estimate the biodiversity of the bacterial flora in the midgut of Anopheles populations of south-central Vietnam and evaluate the influence of certain bacteria on the vectorial capacity of Anopheles species.Morphological and molecular identification of Anopheles specimens collected in the study sites allowed us to apprehend and better understand the Anopheles fauna in south-central Vietnam composed of 24 taxa, including primary and secondary vectors. The dominant species were Anopheles dirus (48.2%), An. maculatus (19.1%) and An. minimus (9.8%), three major vectors of malaria and the BLF. For the first time, An. scanloni, one of the 8 species of Dirus Complex and malaria vector in Thailand, was collected in Vietnam and confirmed by molecular and sequencing techniques. The relationship between An. crawfordi and An. dangi, a species informally named in Vietnam in 1987, was clarified through a phylogenetic study that allows us to establish that An. dangi is a morphological variation of An. crawfordi.The parasites infection rate of Anopheles was investigated using both real-time PCR and conventional PCR to determine the vectorial capacity of the collected species. Of the 765 Anopheles specimens, 2 individuals, such as 1 An. dirus and 1 An. pampanai, were found infected by P. vivax. Then, the infection rates were of 0.26% on the total sample, 0.41% in Binh Phuoc, 0.28% for An. dirus, and 20% for An. pampanai. No mosquito was found infected by either P. falciparum, P. knowlesi or Wuchereria bancrofti.The bacterial flora in Anopheles midguts was analyzed using 2 identification methods based on culture and on 16S PCR-TTGE processed on 200 abdomens of 11 different Anopheles species. The results obtained showed the presence of 116 bacterial genera, including 18 common genera, belonging to 7 phyla such as Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria, and Synergistetes. The dominant genus in Dak Nong was Acinetobacter and Staphyloccocus in Binh Phuoc. Acinetobacter was dominant in the bacterial community of all studied Anopheles. The genus Enterobacter, which can influence the development of the Plasmodium, represented a prevalence of 1.7% of the microbiome of our specimens compared to 39.2% for the predominant genus Acinetobacter. This latter genus was significantly associated to Anopheles infected with Plasmodium vivax
Zélé, Flore. "Interaction entre la bactérie endosymbiotique Wolbachia et le parasite responsable de la malaria aviaire, Plasmodium relictum, chez le moustique Culex pipiens." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20102.
Full textIn recent years, there has been a shift in the one host one parasite paradigm with the realization that, in the field, most hosts are co-infected with multiple parasites. Coinfections are particularly relevant when the host is a vector of diseases, because multiple infections can have drastic consequences for parasite transmission at both the ecological and evolutionary time scales. Wolbachia pipientis is the most common parasitic microorganism in insects and as such it is of special interest for understanding the role of coinfections in the outcome of parasite infections. This thesis investigates whether a natural Wolbachia infection can alter the quality of mosquitoes as vectors of malaria. To address this issue, we used a Wolbachia-mosquito-Plasmodium triad with a common evolutionary history. Our experimental system consists in the avian malaria parasite P. relictum SGS1 and its natural vector, the mosquito Cx. pipiens, which naturally harbours several wPip Wolbachia strains. First, we investigated the impact of different wPip groups on the prevalence and diversity on avian malaria in natural populations of Cx. pipiens mosquitoes in the Montpellier region. Second, using different isogenic laboratory mosquito strains harboring or not Wolbachia, we investigated the impact of the presence of Wolbachia on several mosquito and Plasmodium life history traits relevant for malaria transmission. We show that Wolbachia benefits both Cx. pipiens and Plasmodium: it enhances several mosquito life history traits, such as longevity and fecundity, increases their tolerance to P. relictum (i.e. compensates for a Plasmodium-induced mortality) and facilitates P. relictum infection both qualitatively (increases infection prevalence) and quantitatively (increases infection intensity). Although the mechanisms involved in the mosquito-Wolbachia-Plasmodium interaction remain elusive, these results suggest that Wolbachia may have important implications on the transmission of malaria in nature. This is consistent with the high prevalence and diversity of avian malaria parasites found in natural populations of Cx. pipiens. Further, these results suggest the need to reassess the use of Wolbachia as a way to fight pathogens and highlight the need to better understand parasite multipartite interactions
Demarta-Gatsi, Claudia. "Role of the Histamine Releasing Factor (HRF) in Plasmodium parasite transmission and disease pathogenesis." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066403/document.
Full textRecent findings have raised the hypothesis that clinical susceptibility to malaria may be related to allergy-type response. In human infection with P. falciparum, as well as in murine models of malaria, increased levels of histamine have been shown to be associated with disease severity. Histamine releasing factor (HRF), shown to be implicated in the release of pro-inflammatory histamine during late-phase allergy, was demonstrated to be produced by the parasite during mild and severe malaria infections suggesting that Plasmodium HRF may affect host immune responses and contributes to the pathogenesis. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the role of Plasmodium HRF in the development of the immune response and to determine whether its expression is associated with the severity of malaria disease by studying two HRF-deficient (hrfΔ) murine parasites (PbANKA and PbNK65). Infection with PbANKA-hrfΔ sporozoites showed a decrease in the frequency of ECM due to the impairment of the development of the mutant parasites in liver stages as a consequence of the up-regulation of IL-6. Infection with PbNK65-hrfΔ parasites confirmed the importance of HRF in enhancing the virulence of the parasite. Indeed, PbNK65-hrfΔ infection results in parasite clearance leading to a long-lasting protection and immune memory as reflected by an up-regulation of IL-6, a down-regulation of PD-1 expression on T cells and in the enhancement of Ab-mediated phagocytosis. HRF is the first parasite gene which directly modulates the host immune response
Kesteman, Thomas. "Evaluation de l'efficacité des actions de lutte antipaludique à Madagascar." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5043.
Full textIn order to guide policy making in public health, it seems useful to confirm the effectiveness of malaria control interventions (MCI). To achieve this, one may evaluate the impact of a given MCI on the incidence of the disease, for example, but this approach won’t easily disentangle the effects of the intervention from those of other MCIs deployed simultaneously, and from influences of environmental and social factors. Mathematical modelling won’t be helpful in this purpose since it infers the impact from the efficacy measured in controlled trials. The direct estimation of the effectiveness of the intervention under fields conditions, i.e. under the influence of biological, environmental and human factors, is nevertheless possible. In particular, appropriate epidemiological surveys can estimate the association between exposure to MCIs and malaria.The present thesis describes the results of several studies conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of MCIs in Madagascar. This country has the advantage to include constrasted malaria transmission patterns, with areas earmarked for pre-elimination and others with intense and perennial malaria transmission. (...)Overall this thesis proposes a methodology for the evaluation of the effectiveness of MCIs that can be transferred to other settings, and demonstrates the usefulness of this approach. In a global context of stagnating international funding, these results provide valuable information and tools to carry on the fight against malaria
Kfutwah, Anfumbom Kitu Womeyi. "Effet du VIH-1 et de la prophylaxie de la transmission mère-enfant (TME) associés ou non à une co-infection palustre sur la balance des cytokines/chimiokines au sein de l'environnement placentaire." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077115.
Full textMore than 90% of hiv-1 infected children acquire the virus through mother-to-child transmission (mtct). Antiretroviral (arv) prophylaxis have greatly reduced mtct of hiv-1 in the developed world. Before 2000, no effective program on the prevention of mtct existed in cameroun. The main objectives of this thesis were to contribute in the initiation of a program on the prevention of hiv-1 mtct in cameroun using nevirapine (nvp) and to study factors associated with the control or not of mtct such as the placental cytokine profiles and malaria confections. We observed a 13% mtct of hiv-1 with nvp prophylaxis in a context of a large hiv-1 diversity in yaounde. Less than 5% of the pregnant women naïve of arv treatment presented resistant mutations to arv. A high variability was observed in the mrna expression and secretion of cytokines in the placentas of both hiv-1 negative and positive women. Analyses considering clinical parameters revealed significant differences between hiv-1 negative and positive women, with tnf-a predominating in the hiv-1 positive group. Malaria parasitemia was significantly higher among hiv-1 positive women. Malaria parasite was observed to greatly alter the placenta cytokine environment. We then showed in parallel that tnf-a, which is associated with malaria, enhanced viral replication on hiv-1 infected placental histocultures. Together, these results show that nvp is efficient in the prevention of hiv-1 mtct and that malaria could alter this efficiency by modulating the placental cytokine environment
Boissière, Anne. "Impact de facteurs environnementaux et génétiques sur le développement de P. falciparum chez An. gambiae en conditions naturelles de transmission." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20087/document.
Full textAnopheles gambiae is the most tremendous vector of Plasmodium falciparum, the major agent of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. New malaria control approaches envision interrupting transmission cycle in the mosquito, however this will require a better knowledge of vector*parasite interactions. The main objective of this PhD work was to investigate the impact of the environmental and genetic factors on the development of P. falciparum into An. gambiae in natural settings. To carry out this project, we used experimental infection system; wild anopheline mosquito populations from different localities were infected with natural isolates of P. falciparum. Our study revealed that mosquitoes from urban area were more infected than those from sub-urban areas, demonstrating that vector competence depends on vector*parasite*environment interactions. We then measured the impact of the aquatic environment on the adult mosquito capacity to transmit parasites. Correlation analysis between the mosquito gut microbiota and P. falciparum infection status was performed. We showed that mosquito bacterial flora differed according to the aquatic breeding site and that Enterobacteriaceae community was involved in the mosquito susceptibility. Genetic polymorphisms of two immune genes involved in parasitic defense, TEP1 and APL1A, were then studied. We showed that the different alleles were differentially spread into wild vector populations and evolutive forces were acting. Genome*environment interactions and their involvement in vector competence will be discussed. Finally, this thesis highlights the complexity of vector*parasite interactions underlying vectorial competence and pinpoints the importance to take into account environmental factors to elaborate new malaria control strategies
Vézilier, Julien. "Résistance aux insecticides et transmission de la malaria chez le moustique Culex pipiens." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20038.
Full textThe evolution of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes threatens our ability to control many-vector-transmitted diseases, thereby raising serious public health issues. Insecticide resistance entails numerous physiological changes in mosquitoes. This thesis investigates whether these physiological changes alter the quality of mosquitoes as vectors of malaria. To address this issue, we developed a new experimental system consisting in the avian malaria parasite Plasmodium relictum SGS1 and its natural vector, the mosquito Culex pipiens. We investigated the impact of two insecticide resistance mechanisms (target site resistance and metabolic resistance) on several mosquito and parasite life history traits relevant for malaria transmission. The effect of different insecticide resistant genes was investigated using both isogenic laboratory mosquito strains (i.e. against a homogeneous genetic background) and sympatric field caught mosquitoes (i.e. under the more realistic, albeit noisier, conditions of a heterogeneous genetic background). We show that insecticide resistance has a pleiotropic effect on several mosquito traits (immunocompetence, longevity, fecundity), whereas it has only a limited effect on Plasmodium development. We discuss, on the one hand, the need to pursue such a multi-factorial approach (combining the mosquito physiology, immunity and behavior) to better understand the impact of insecticide resistance on malaria transmission and, on the other hand, the promising perspectives offered by this new experimental system for studying the evolutionary-ecology of infectious diseases
Sandeu, Maurice Marcel. "Complexité génétique de Plasmodium falciparum et évaluation de l'anticorps anti-APN1 dans le bloquage de la transmission de Plasmodium falciparum chez Anopheles coluzzii au Centre du Cameroun." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT087.
Full textMalaria control interventions over the last 15 years have lead to reduce malaria mortality by about 60% worldwide. This large reduction in malaria burden results mostly from effective mass distribution of insecticide-treated mosquito nets and artemisinin-based combination therapies. Some countries have already entered into elimination stage but others, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, have yet to control the disease. The development of a vaccine against malaria remains a major priority for the fight against the disease. Among the different candidate vaccines, transmission-blocking vaccines have gained interest in the recent years. These vaccines would interrupt transmission from humans to mosquitoes. The anopheline alanyl aminopeptidase N (AnAPN1) is a mosquito-based malaria transmission-blocking vaccine candidate. In this PhD work, we evaluated the efficacy of anti-AnAPN1 antibodies against field isolates of Plasmodium falciparum in Anopheles coluzzii. Anti-AnAPN1 antibodies delivered to mosquitoes through artificial feedings showed a dose-dependent blocking activity and the transmission inhibition varied according to gametocytes donors. We modeled the different parameters that could modulate the antibody efficiency and we showed that the multiplicity of infection in the blood donor has a significant effect. We further explored the transmission dynamics of the co-infecting P. falciparum genotypes at non-blocking doses of antibodies. The mAb treatment reduced the genetic diversity of the parasite population but we did not detect any trace of selection on parasite genotypes. Genetic analyses revealed a positive correlation between FIS and multiplicity of infection, thus P. falciparum gametes mate with close relatives in infections with high genetic complexity. The results of this work highlight the importance of the genetic diversity of gametocyte population for transmission in the mosquito vector
Portugaliza, Harvie P. "Targeting Malaria Transmission: A Transdisciplinary Approach." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670347.
Full textDupas, Pascaline. "Informations, incitations et comportements de santé : trois essais en économie du développement." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0014.
Full textThis thesis uses evidence from four programs implemented in Kenya to identify types of informations and incentives that can increase preventive health behaviors. We find that teenagers are responsive to information on relative risks, thus providing information on the distribution of HIV prevalence disaggregated by gender and age group can have a much larger impact that simply providing teenagers with information on the average prevalence. We also find that reducing the cost of education generates effective incentives for teenagers to avoid teen pregnancy or marriage, and thus can have the triple benefit of increasing educational attainments, reducing the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, and reducing the incidence of teenage pregnancy. Last, we find that conditional in-kind subesidies (in the form of mosquito nets given to pregnant women enrolling for prenatal care) can be used effectively to overcome private inertia in the take-up of public health services, including HIV testing
Kouegou, Kamen Boris. "Grandes déviations dans des modèles de biologie et des épidémies." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0619.
Full textWe are interested in large deviations principle for Markov jump processes and it applications in biology and Eepidemiology. We prove using a new approach the lower bound of the large deviations principle for such general processes and we also write the well known upper bound. We apply these result to a malaria transmission model in epidemiology and give estimate to the exit time from the domain of attraction of the endemic equilibrium. We also apply the approach to obtain large deviations estimates for a model of evolutionary biology which describes the effect of continuous environment changes on the fitness of a given population. Finally we treat a deterministic spatially explicit model of cholera epidemics, propose a stochastic modelling and establish a law of large number. We end by giving large deviations estimates for the stochastic process
Vu, Hai Vinh. "Salivary antigenic proteins from Ixodidae and Anopheles : a novel tool for vector-borne diseases monitoring." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5052/document.
Full textVector-borne diseases (VBD) are a major health problem worldwide. The emergence of VBD requires novel monitoring tools. The present project focused on two vector families: Ixodidae (R. sanguineus, D. reticulatus and I. ricinus) and Anopheles (An. gambiae s.l. and An. funestus). A review updates the repartition of TBD, their vectors in Europe, prior to present the different tools for monitoring of TBD transmission. The experimental part focused on establishing methods for selection of useful vector salivary proteins for host-vector contact assessment. Concerning Ixodidae, the studied antigenic strategy successfully identified the shared and discriminant tick salivary antigenic proteins. These identified proteins could be an useful tool to measure host exposition to Ixodidae bites. Concerning Anopheles, the studied candidate strategy revealed an salivary antigenic protein ( f-5’nuc) that could be a promising antigenic marker to distinguish malaria vector exposure at the species level. To comfort these results, the relationship between the kinetic host antibody response against anopheline salivary candidates and the Anopheles fauna population and density variations is under progress. The present work underlined that both two studied vector families following blood meal can elicit a host antibody response against injected vector salivary antigenic proteins. This project proposed for the first time some vector salivary proteins allowing discriminating host exposure to vector bites from genus to species level, opening new strategies for VBD monitoring at the individual and population levels
Sallah, Kankoe. "Diffusion spatio-temporelle des épidémies : approche comparée des modélisations mathématiques et biostatistiques, cibles d'intervention et mobilité humaine." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0607.
Full textIn the first part of this thesis, we have developed a malaria transmission metamodel based on the susceptible-infected-resistant compartmental modeling framework (SIR) and taking into consideration human mobility flows between different villages in the Center of Senegal. Geographically targeted intervention strategies had been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of malaria both within and outside of intervention areas. However, combined interventions targeting both vector and host, coordinated on a large scale are needed in regions and countries aiming to achieve malaria elimination in the short/medium term.In the second part we have evaluated different methods of estimating human mobility in the absence of real data. These methods included spatio-temporal traceability of mobile phones, mathematical models of gravity and radiation. The transport of the pathogen through the geographical space via the mobility of an infected subject is a major determinant of the spread of an epidemic. We introduced the impedance model that minimized the mean square error on mobility estimates, especially in contexts where population sets are characterized by their heterogeneous sizes.Finally, we have expanded the framework of assumptions underlying the calibration of the gravity models of human mobility. The hypothesis of a zero inflated distribution provided a better fit and a better predictability, compared to the classical approach not assuming an excess of zeros: Poisson, Quasipoisson
Zongo, Pascal. "Modélisation mathématique de la dynamique de la transmission du paludisme." Phd thesis, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00419519.
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