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Journal articles on the topic 'Transmission mechanism of the systemic risk'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Zheng, Liping, Ziwei Liang, Jiaoting Yi, and Yuhan Zhu. "Analyzing Systemic Risk Spillover Networks Through a Time-Frequency Approach." Mathematics 13, no. 13 (2025): 2070. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13132070.

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This paper investigates the spillover effects and transmission networks of systemic risk within China’s national economic sectors under extreme conditions from both time and frequency domain perspectives, building upon the spillover index methodology and calculating the ∆CoVaR index for Chinese industries. The findings indicate the following: (1) Extreme-risk spillovers synchronize across industries but exhibit pronounced time-varying peaks during the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, the 2015 crash, and the COVID-19 pandemic. (2) Long-term spillovers dominate overall connectedness, highlighting t

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2

Song, Rongrong. "Comprehensively Strengthen Financial Supervision and Effectively Forestall and Defuse Financial Risks: Book Review on Research on the Formation and Prevention of Systemic Risks in the Banking Industry from the Perspective of Platform Finance." Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting 24, no. 6 (2024): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajeba/2024/v24i61338.

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The book Research on the Formation and Prevention of Systemic Risks in the Banking Industry from the Perspective of Platform Finance is an in-depth discussion of the formation mechanism, characteristics, transmission paths and prevention of systemic risks in the banking industry from the perspective of platform finance. By combining theory and practice, this book not only provides readers with a comprehensive understanding of systemic risks in the banking industry, but also provides practical strategies and suggestions for banking industry risk management and supervision.

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Wang, Xing, Jiahui Zhang, Xiaolong Chen, Hongfeng Zhang, Cora Un In Wong, and Thomas Chan. "Heterogeneous Spillover Networks and Spatial–Temporal Dynamics of Systemic Risk Transmission: Evidence from G20 Financial Risk Stress Index." Mathematics 13, no. 8 (2025): 1353. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13081353.

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With the continuous integration of globalization and financial markets, the linkage of global financial risks has increased significantly. This study examines the risk spillover effects and transmission dynamics among the financial markets in G20 countries, which together represent over 80% of global GDP. With increasing globalization and the interconnectedness of financial markets, understanding risk transmission mechanisms has become critical for effective risk management. Previous research has primarily focused on price volatility to measure financial risks, often overlooking other critical

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Wang, Jianyu. "Research on Risk Transmission Mechanism and Dynamic Management of Supply Chain Financial Market of Listed Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in China." Scientific Journal of Economics and Management Research 7, no. 6 (2025): 179–84. https://doi.org/10.54691/1fzhz628.

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This study investigates the risk transmission mechanisms and dynamic management strategies in the supply chain finance (SCF) market for China’s listed small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). With the rapid expansion of SCF under China’s "dual circulation" strategy, emerging digital technologies such as blockchain and IoT have reshaped risk propagation patterns, amplifying systemic vulnerabilities. The research highlights three critical risk dynamics: exponential diffusion of credit risks via supply chain networks, resonance effects between core enterprise credit dependencies and SME fragili

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MOMOT, Oleksandr. "THE ROLE OF TRANSNATIONAL BANKS IN THE TRANSMISSION OF GLOBAL SYSTEMIC RISK." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 2(51) (2017): 170–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2017.02.170.

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Introduction. One of the manifestations of financial globalization is the formation and development of cross-border links of transnational banks. This expands opportunities for investment and contributes to the economic development of many countries. At the same time, the increasing complexity of financial ties strengthens the cross-border interdependence of transnational banks, leading to the transfer of financial shocks that arise in some countries to others. The purpose. The article aims to explore the role of multinational banks in the transmission of global systemic risk, identify existin

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Hakim, Arief, and Khreshna Syuhada. "Formulating MCoVaR to Quantify Joint Transmissions of Systemic Risk across Crypto and Non-Crypto Markets: A Multivariate Copula Approach." Risks 11, no. 2 (2023): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks11020035.

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Evidence that cryptocurrencies exhibit speculative bubble behavior is well documented. This evidence could trigger global financial instability leading to systemic risk. It is therefore crucial to quantify systemic risk and investigate its transmission mechanism across crypto markets and other global financial markets. We can accomplish this using the so-called multivariate conditional value-at-risk (MCoVaR), which measures the tail risk of a targeted asset from each market conditional on a set of multiple assets being jointly in distress and on a set of the remaining assets being jointly in t

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Bo, Wang. "Capital Adequacy Ratio and Systemic Risk: an Econometric Analysis of the Financial Risk Management of Chinese Commercial Banks." Journal of Business and Marketing 1, no. 5 (2024): 20–33. https://doi.org/10.62517/jbm.202409504.

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The capital adequacy ratio and systemic risk are two interlinked core concepts within the financial system, playing a crucial role in the risk management and stability of the banking sector. This study rigorously analyzes the impact of capital adequacy ratios on systemic risk among Chinese commercial banks employing advanced econometric methods. Considering the complexities of the global financial system, traditional capital adequacy frameworks have struggled to comprehensively address the multifaceted risks present in contemporary financial markets. By constructing multiple econometric models

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8

Challinor, Andy J., W. Neil Adger, Tim G. Benton, Declan Conway, Manoj Joshi, and Dave Frame. "Transmission of climate risks across sectors and borders." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no. 2121 (2018): 20170301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0301.

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Systemic climate risks, which result from the potential for cascading impacts through inter-related systems, pose particular challenges to risk assessment, especially when risks are transmitted across sectors and international boundaries. Most impacts of climate variability and change affect regions and jurisdictions in complex ways, and techniques for assessing this transmission of risk are still somewhat limited. Here, we begin to define new approaches to risk assessment that can account for transboundary and trans-sector risk transmission, by presenting: (i) a typology of risk transmission

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9

Qian, Hanyu. "The Impact of Capital Account Opening on RMB Internationalization." Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 10, no. 1 (2023): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fbem.v10i1.9853.

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At this stage, the internationalization of RMB is inseparable from the opening of capital account, and in this process, it is bound to face the challenge of systemic financial risks. Based on SV-TVP-VAR model, this paper makes a time variant analysis on the systemic financial transmission mechanism of capital account opening Affecting RMB internationalization. It is found that the opening of capital account promotes the development of RMB internationalization, and the international use of RMB will force the expansion of capital account opening. Further research shows that the current capital a

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10

Xiao, Wenwen, Xuemei Pei, Wenhao Song, and Lili Wang. "A Network Analysis of the Real Estate Fluctuation Propagation Effect in the United States." Buildings 15, no. 12 (2025): 2013. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15122013.

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Under the background of intensified global economic fluctuations, to prevent the systemic risk of real estate (e.g., the U.S. subprime crisis), this study constructs a linkage network of the real estate industry in the U.S. based on the complex network method, reveals the fluctuation diffusion mechanism, identifies the key pivotal industries through the network characteristic indicators, and analyses the characteristics of the fluctuation conduction paths by applying the industrial fundamental association trees. The study found that (1) the U.S. real estate industry is a ‘supply hub’ industry,

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11

Manzo, Gerardo, and Antonio Picca. "The Impact of Sovereign Shocks." Management Science 66, no. 7 (2020): 3113–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.3326.

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This paper studies the dynamic propagation mechanisms of systemic risk shocks within and across macrosystems of governments and financial institutions. We propose a novel approach to identify relevant systemic shocks and to classify them into sovereign or banking categories. We find that sovereign shocks have a significant and persistent impact on the probability of a collective banking default. We also explore channels through which these shocks propagate and identify how sovereign fiscal fragility and banking exposure are relevant mechanisms of shock transmission. This paper was accepted by

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12

Wang, Zhengyang. "A Review Study of Models that Address how Economic Policy Uncertainty Affects Financial Markets." SHS Web of Conferences 218 (2025): 03005. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202521803005.

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In today’s complex and changing economic environment, economic policy uncertainty has become one of the key factors affecting the stability and development of financial markets. The purpose of this paper is to sort out the impact of economic policy uncertainty on the financial market, study the time-varying characteristics and persistent repercussions of economic policy uncertainty on systemic financial risk by other scholars, expose its intrinsic mechanism of action and potential law, and highlight the research models therein, such as the use of TVP-FAVAR model to construct the financial stre

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13

Liu, Xiaojing, Jie Gao, and Mingfeng He. "Risk Contagion Mechanism and Control Strategies in Supply Chain Finance Using SEIR Epidemic Model from the Perspective of Commercial Banks." Mathematics 13, no. 13 (2025): 2051. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13132051.

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Over the past decade, the rapid growth of supply chain finance (SCF) in developing countries has made it a key profit driver for commercial banks and financial firms. In parallel, financial risk control in SCF has attracted more and more attention from financial service providers and has gained research momentum in recent years. This study analyzes the contagion mechanism of SCF-related risks faced by commercial banks through examining SCF network topology. First, this study uses complex network theory to integrate an SEIR epidemic model (Susceptible–Exposed–Infectious–Recovered) into financia

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14

Shen, Hong, Qi Pan, Lili Zhao, and Pin Ng. "Risk Contagion between Global Commodities from the Perspective of Volatility Spillover." Energies 15, no. 7 (2022): 2492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072492.

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Prices of oil and other commodities have fluctuated wildly since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is crucial to explore the causes of price fluctuations and understand the source and path of risk contagion to better mitigate systemic risk and maintain economic stability. The paper adopts the method of network topology to examine the path of risk contagion between China’s and foreign commodities, focusing on the dynamic evolution and transmission mechanism of risk contagion during the pandemic. This research found that among China’s commodities, energy, grain, and textiles are net reci

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15

Foglia, Matteo, Alessandra Ortolano, Elisa Di Febo, and Eliana Angelini. "Bad or good neighbours: a spatial financial contagion study." Studies in Economics and Finance 37, no. 4 (2020): 753–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sef-03-2020-0082.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the evolution of financial contagion between Eurozone banks, observing the credit default swaps (CDSs) market during the period 2009–2017. Design/methodology/approach The authors use a dynamic spatial Durbin model that enables to explore the direct and indirect effects over the short and long run and the transmission channels of the contagion. Findings The results show how contagion emerges through physical and financial market links between banks. This finding implies that a bank can fail because people expect other related financial institutions

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16

Naifar, Nader. "Mapping Systemic Tail Risk in Crypto Markets: DeFi, Stablecoins, and Infrastructure Tokens." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 18, no. 6 (2025): 329. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18060329.

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This paper investigates systemic tail dependence within the crypto-asset ecosystem by examining interconnectedness across eight major tokens spanning Layer 1 cryptocurrencies, DeFi tokens, stablecoins, and infrastructure/governance assets. We employ a novel partial correlation-based network framework and quantile-specific connectedness measures to examine how co-movement patterns evolve under normal and extreme market conditions from September 2021 to March 2025. Unlike conventional correlation or variance decomposition approaches, our methodology isolates direct, tail-specific transmission ch

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17

Yan, Qiao. "Analysis of Potential Ethical Risks and Countermeasures of AI+ Technology in Smart Finance Applications." Journal of Economics and Management Sciences 8, no. 3 (2025): p7. https://doi.org/10.30560/jems.v8n3p7.

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The deep integration of AI technology with the finance field has given rise to a new paradigm of smart finance applications, which have also given rise to complex ethical risks while enhancing the efficiency of financial decision-making. Data bias may lead to credit discrimination, black-box decision-making mechanisms weaken regulatory transparency, and risk transmission effects may trigger systemic financial vulnerability. Existing research focuses on technology optimization, but pays little attention to the quantitative assessment and dynamic governance of ethical risks. In this paper, we bu

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18

Lazarov, Ivan. "Deposit insurance in the EU: Repetitive failures and lessons from across the Atlantic." Common Market Law Review 54, Issue 6 (2017): 1749–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2017148.

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This article outlines weaknesses in the EU deposit insurance legal framework and proposes necessary amendments in its substantive rules to enhance the system’s ability to ensure financial stability by preventing bank runs. It first examines the overall relationship between systemic liquidity risk and bank runs, the relevant systemic events and transmission channels, stressing the information asymmetry phenomenon, and claiming that it is valid for all depositors. The article presents the main elements of the safety net against systemic liquidity risk and highlights the crucial role of deposit i

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19

Hu, Shili, and Jie Du. "Research on Risk Assessment and Prediction of RMB Internationalization Based on the PCA-SA-BPNN Model." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (September 29, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5132718.

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This paper combines principal component analysis, a BP neural network, and a simulated annealing algorithm, to construct a PCA-SA-BPNN risk forecast model to evaluate and predict the RMB internationalization risk status of China. First, we analyze the risk of RMB internationalization and its transmission mechanism from the perspective of the economic characteristics of neighboring countries and trading partner countries. Second, we use the FASP index system construction method for reference to construct a forecast index system for macro- and microrisks brought about by RMB internationalization

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20

Tao, Guanghong, and Lijin Fang. "A multi-unit serial inspection robot for power transmission lines." Industrial Robot: the international journal of robotics research and application 46, no. 2 (2019): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-09-2018-0195.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to introduce a robot mechanism designed for power transmission line inspection. The focus for this design is on obstacle-crossing ability with a goal to create a robot moving and crossing obstacle on not only the straight line but also the steering line. Design/methodology/approach A novel four-unit tri-arm serial robot mechanism is proposed. Every novel unit designed for pitching motion is based on parallelogram structure, which is driven by cables and only one motor. There is gripper-wheel compounding mechanism mounted on the arm. The prototype and obstac

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21

Nowińska, Martyna, Justyna Dziekońska, Paulina Grabowy, Martyna Drożak, and Joanna Milanowska. "The impact of COVID-19 on burnout among healthcare workers - literature review." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 11, no. 9 (2021): 170–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2021.11.09.022.

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Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic broke out in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Coronavirus disease is commonly transmitted through contact transmission and direct contact. Considering the transmission mechanism of the virus, healthcare workers are at high risk of becoming infected. SARS-CoV-2 has became a major stressor for medical staff, that can lead to burnout.The aim of the study: Paying attention to the correlation between COVID-19 pandemic and burnout among healthcare workers.Material and method: The research was done by the usage of the PubMed and Google Scholar articles about the top

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Song, Bo, Lei Shi, and Zhanxin Ma. "An Assessment of Shipping Network Resilience Under the Epidemic Transmission Using a SEIR Model." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 13, no. 6 (2025): 1166. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061166.

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Epidemics spread through shipping networks and have dual characteristics as both biological sources of infection and triggers of cascading failures. However, existing resilience models fail to capture this dual and coupled dynamics. To minimize the cascading impacts of epidemics on global shipping networks, this paper proposes an innovative resilience assessment framework that considers the interaction between epidemic transmission and the shipping network cascading failure. First, a weighted shipping network topology is constructed based on route flow characteristics to quantify route frequen

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23

Urtaeva, K. K., and V. N. Suchkov. "A case of a new CoVID-19 coronavirus infection in a patient being treated with programmatic hemodialysis." Journal Infectology 12, no. 3 (2020): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22625/2072-6732-2020-12-3-94-98.

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Coronavirus infection (COVID-19) is an acute infectious disease caused by a new strain of the virus of the genus coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 with the aerosol-droplet and contact-household transmission mechanism; patogenetically local and systemic inflammatory process, hyperactive impulsive cascade, endotheliopathy, hypoxia, leading to the development of micro – and microthrombosis; it occurs from asymptomatic to clinically significant forms of intoxication, vascular lesions, lungs, heart, kidneys, and GI tract with risk of complications (ARF, ARDS, sepsis, shock, multiple organ dysfunction SYNDROME

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24

Chen, Jianyu, and Jianshun Zhang. "Crude oil price shocks, volatility spillovers, and global systemic financial risk transmission mechanisms: Evidence from the stock and foreign exchange markets." Resources Policy 85 (August 2023): 103875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103875.

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Wu, Yifan, and Jun’an Dong. "Construction of the China financial pressure index measurement model based under the AHP-EWM-TOPSIS model." SHS Web of Conferences 169 (2023): 01018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202316901018.

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With the complexity of the internal structure of the financial market, systemic financial risks occur frequently. The cross cycle of the real economy and the financial system makes the bad problems in the economic development enter into the financial system with the transmission mechanism, thus leading to the reduction of the macroeconomic stability. Therefore, the foundation for preventing systemic financial risks and economic crises in the financial market is the accurate detection of pertinent potential threats. Based on relevant literature, combined with the characteristics of China’s fina

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Dobrojević, Goran, and Davor Jagodić. "Banke – specifikum financijske intermedijacije." Zbornik Veleučilišta u Rijeci 6, no. 1 (2018): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31784/zvr.6.1.12.

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The global financial crisis has given some troubled banks at that time a frequently used epithet “too-big-tofail”, which tells how those banks became of systemic importance and their failure meant a real danger of the entire financial system collapsing so governments were saving them from bankruptcy with public money. This paper seeks the answer to the question whether there is something that banks can do which is not possible on the capital market? Is such attention paid to banks justified by their really special nature and do they actually perform some unique functions for which they cannot

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Qiu, Shi, Ying Cui, and XianJia Meng. "A Data Encryption and Fast Transmission Algorithm Based on Surveillance Video." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (August 5, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8842412.

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Video surveillance is an effective way to record current events. In view of the difficulty of efficient transmission of massive surveillance video and the risk of leakage in the transmission process, a new data encryption and fast transmission algorithm is proposed in this paper. From the perspective of events, the constraints of time and space dimension is broken. First, a background and moving object extraction model is built based on video composition. Then, a strong correlation data encryption and fast transmission model is constructed to achieve efficient data compression. Finally, a data

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Diaz, James H. "Environmental and Wilderness-Related Risk Factors for Histoplasmosis: More Than Bats in Caves." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 29, no. 4 (2018): 531–40. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13491950.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Introduction—Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus that causes histoplasmosis, a sporadic endemic mycosis with environmental, occupational, and wilderness exposure-related risk factors. The objectives of this review are to describe these risk factors, to alert clinicians to the different presenting manifestations of histoplasmosis, and to recommend effective management and prevention strategies. Methods—Internet search engines were queried with keywords to select articles for review over the study period, 1950 to 2018. Articles selected

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Diaz, James H. "Environmental and Wilderness-Related Risk Factors for Histoplasmosis: More Than Bats in Caves." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 29, no. 4 (2018): 531–40. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13491950.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Introduction—Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus that causes histoplasmosis, a sporadic endemic mycosis with environmental, occupational, and wilderness exposure-related risk factors. The objectives of this review are to describe these risk factors, to alert clinicians to the different presenting manifestations of histoplasmosis, and to recommend effective management and prevention strategies. Methods—Internet search engines were queried with keywords to select articles for review over the study period, 1950 to 2018. Articles selected

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Diaz, James H. "Environmental and Wilderness-Related Risk Factors for Histoplasmosis: More Than Bats in Caves." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 29, no. 4 (2018): 531–40. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13491950.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Introduction—Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus that causes histoplasmosis, a sporadic endemic mycosis with environmental, occupational, and wilderness exposure-related risk factors. The objectives of this review are to describe these risk factors, to alert clinicians to the different presenting manifestations of histoplasmosis, and to recommend effective management and prevention strategies. Methods—Internet search engines were queried with keywords to select articles for review over the study period, 1950 to 2018. Articles selected

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Diaz, James H. "Environmental and Wilderness-Related Risk Factors for Histoplasmosis: More Than Bats in Caves." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 29, no. 4 (2018): 531–40. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13491950.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Introduction—Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus that causes histoplasmosis, a sporadic endemic mycosis with environmental, occupational, and wilderness exposure-related risk factors. The objectives of this review are to describe these risk factors, to alert clinicians to the different presenting manifestations of histoplasmosis, and to recommend effective management and prevention strategies. Methods—Internet search engines were queried with keywords to select articles for review over the study period, 1950 to 2018. Articles selected

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Andrianova, Izabella A., Alina I. Khabirova, Anastasia A. Ponomareva, et al. "Chronic Immune Platelet Activation Is Followed by Platelet Refractoriness and Impaired Contractility." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 13 (2022): 7336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137336.

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Autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), have a high risk of thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications associated with altered platelet functionality. We studied platelets from the blood of SLE patients and their reactivity. The surface expression of phosphatidylserine, P-selectin, and active integrin αIIbβ3 were measured using flow cytometry before and after platelet stimulation. Soluble P-selectin was measured in plasma. The kinetics of platelet-driven clot contraction was studied, as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy of unstimulated platelets. El

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Lesame, Keagile, Elie Bouri, David Gabauer, and Rangan Gupta. "On the Dynamics of International Real-Estate-Investment Trust-Propagation Mechanisms: Evidence from Time-Varying Return and Volatility Connectedness Measures." Entropy 23, no. 8 (2021): 1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23081048.

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In this paper, we investigate the time-varying interconnectedness of international Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) markets using daily REIT prices in twelve major REIT countries since the Global Financial Crisis. We construct dynamic total, net total and net pairwise return and volatility connectedness measures to better understand systemic risk and the transmission of shocks across REIT markets. Our findings show that that REIT market interdependence is dynamic and increases significantly during times of heightened uncertainty, including the COVID-19 pandemic. We also find that the US R

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Shen, Hong, and Qi Pan. "Risk Contagion between Commodity Markets and the Macro Economy during COVID-19: Evidence from China." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (2022): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010066.

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As the basic raw materials of economic activities, major commodities prices have a significant impact on the real economy. Due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, major commodities prices have been fluctuating sharply in a “deep V” pattern since 2020. Therefore, accurately grasping the risk linkage between commodity markets and the macroeconomy is the key to preventing systemic risk and maintaining the smooth operation of the economy. Based on the MF-VAR model, this paper analyzed the risk contagion between China’s commodity markets and macroeconomic sectors from the perspective of volatil

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Chin, Kim-Ling, and Nurhafiza Zainal. "Antiviral immune responses in human reproductive tract: Pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic implications." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 18, no. 2 (2025): 67–76. https://doi.org/10.4103/apjtm.apjtm_491_24.

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Viral reproductive tract infections (VRTIs) are a significant global health concern with severe consequences, including infertility, chronic pelvic pain, and increased risk of HIV transmission. Complex interplay between pathogens and the host immune system plays a critical role in the pathogenesis and treatment of VRTIs. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted roles of the immune system in both contributing to and combating VRTIs. The review will also address the consequent perturbations in immune homeostasis and the implications for disease manifestation and p

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Basu, S., M. M. H. Akash, N. S. Hochberg, B. A. Senior, D. Joseph-McCarthy, and A. Chakravarty. "From SARS-CoV-2 infection to COVID-19 morbidity: an in silico projection of virion flow rates to the lower airway via nasopharyngeal fluid boluses." Rhinology Online 5, no. 5 (2022): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhinol/21.053.

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Background: While the nasopharynx is initially the dominant upper airway infection site for SARS-CoV-2, the physiologic mechanism launching the infection at the lower airway is still not well-understood. Based on the rapidity of infection progression to the lungs, it has been hypothesized that the nasopharynx may be acting as the primary seeding zone for subsequent contamination of the lower airway via aspiration of virus-laden boluses of nasopharyngeal fluids. Methodology: To examine the plausibility of the aspiration-driven mechanism, we have computationally tracked the inhalation process in

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Liu, Zeying, Pengshuai Cui, Yongji Dong, Lei Xue, and Yuxiang Hu. "MultiSec: A Multi-Protocol Security Forwarding Mechanism Based on Programmable Data Plane." Electronics 11, no. 15 (2022): 2389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11152389.

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With the development of network technology, various network protocols different from TCP/IP have emerged. The heterogeneous integrated network has been proposed to realize the interconnection between heterogeneous networks running different protocols. However, current protocol conversion mechanisms often can only handle a few pre-defined protocols and do not support the flexible expansion of new protocols, which cannot meet the needs of the efficient convergence of different heterogeneous networks. Addirionally, due to the lack of security mechanisms, data in the core network is confronted wit

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Chemych, M., and I. Lutai. "LYME DISEASE. MODERN ISSUE CONDITION." Eastern Ukrainian Medical Journal 8, no. 2 (2020): 230–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/eumj.2020;8(2):230-241.

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Nowadays Lyme disease (systemic tick-borne borreliosis, Lyme borreliosis) remains one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases with inoculable transmission mechanism, with ixodid ticks as carriers and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato as the causative agent. The disease is characterized by a staged course and severe damage to various organs and systems. In Ukraine, the natural foci of this disease are almost throughout the country. Sumy region occupies a leading place in terms of morbidity. In Ukraine, the most affected regions are Kyiv (29.00 cases per 100 thousand population), Cherkasy (25.4),

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Sun, Hongbo, Xinting Zhang, and Cuicui Luo. "A Review of Carbon Pricing Mechanisms and Risk Management for Raw Materials in Low-Carbon Energy Systems." Energies 18, no. 13 (2025): 3401. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18133401.

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The global shift to low-carbon energy systems has significantly increased demand for critical raw materials like lithium, cobalt, nickel, rare earth elements, and copper. These materials are essential for renewable technologies and energy storage. However, their extraction and processing produce significant carbon emissions and face challenges from supply chain vulnerabilities and price volatility. This review examines the complex relationship between carbon pricing mechanisms—such as carbon markets and taxes—and raw material markets. It explores the strategic importance of these materials, re

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Xu, Yunsong, Hanying Qi, Jiaqi Li, and Ning Ding. "The Risk Spillover Effects of the Real Estate Industry on the Financial Industry: A GARCH-Time-Varying-Copula-CoVaR Approach on China." SAGE Open 11, no. 4 (2021): 215824402110672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211067226.

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This paper analyzes the multiple transmission mechanisms of the real estate industry’s risk spillovers to the financial industry. A GARCH-time-varying-copula-CoVaR model is used to measure the spillover effects and dynamic evolution trends of risk in the Chinese real estate industry. The results show that (1) in recent years, the risk spillovers from the real estate industry to the whole financial industry in China has been relatively high, and the possibility of systemic risks has increased. (2) The channel of the risk spillovers of the real estate industry into the financial industry has shi

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Branković, Marija, Igor Jovanović, Tijana Radonjić, et al. "The COVID-19 infection from the perspective of the gastroenterologist." Srpski medicinski casopis Lekarske komore 2, no. 4 (2021): 392–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/smclk2-34920.

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The gastrointestinal tract and liver are not spared, when it comes to the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), as it doesn't only affect the respiratory tract, but it is also a systemic disease that causes multiple organ damage. In this review, we have united all information that is clinically significant for physicians dealing with this infection, especially for gastroenterologists. One must bear in mind that gastrointestinal symptoms can be the first and/or only indicators of COVID-19, so this infection needs to be suspected when a patient at risk presents with diarrhea, loss of appetite,

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Velásquez, Jimmy Steven, Fabiola Beatriz Herrera-Echeverría, Héctor Salvador Porres-Paredes, and Carmen Rodríguez-Cerdeira. "Understanding the Epidemiology of Monkeypox Virus to Prevent Future Outbreaks." Microorganisms 12, no. 12 (2024): 2576. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122576.

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Monkeypox (Mpox) is an infectious disease caused by the Mpox virus belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus in the Poxviridae family and has been declared by the WHO as a global health emergency owing to its rapid spread during 2022 and 2023. All patients diagnosed with Mpox who were confirmed by PCR between July 2022 and April 2023 were included in this study. In total, 405 patients in whom clade 2 was identified were included. Notably, 99% of included patients were men, with 82% of them aged 20–39 years. Furthermore, 71% were men who had sex with men, and 34% were HIV carriers. Regarding the mor

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Marzouki, Mohamed Miras. "Unconventional Monetary Policy, Disruptions in the Banking Sector and Banking Sector Efficacy: An ARDL and Bound Testing Applied to the Tunisian Banking Sector." Journal of Reviews on Global Economics 14 (February 12, 2025): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-7092.2025.14.01.

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A longstanding debate is raised about whether banking sector is efficacious in the meaning it helps respond to investors financing requirements and whether it serves the conduct of monetary policy in its conventional formulation. There are much concerns also about the alternatives of monetary policy conduct when the interest rate channel transmission mechanism does no longer work in terms of effectiveness of monetary policy and how to step aside credit supply insufficiencies and disruptions in order to respond to excess credit demand. This article provides an assessment of the relevance of unc

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Sun, Yelin, Tian Liu, Tao Ye, and Peijun Shi. "Coordination and Cooperation are Essential: A Call for a Global Network to Enhance Integrated Human Health Risk Resilience Based on China’s COVID-19 Pandemic Coping Practice." International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 12, no. 4 (2021): 593–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13753-021-00364-4.

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AbstractMore than a year after its appearance and still rampant around the world, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted tragically how poorly the world is prepared to handle systemic risks in an increasingly hyper-connected global social-ecological system. The absence or clear inadequacy of global governance arrangements and mechanisms is painfully distinct and obvious. In this short article, we summarize a set of COVID-19 pandemic-related analyses and lessons that are inspired by Chinese practice. First, strong government response is one of the most important methods to control a pandemic. Se

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Girkin, Jason L. N., Steven Maltby, and Nathan W. Bartlett. "Toll-like receptor-agonist-based therapies for respiratory viral diseases: thinking outside the cell." European Respiratory Review 31, no. 164 (2022): 210274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0274-2021.

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Respiratory virus infections initiate in the upper respiratory tract (URT). Innate immunity is critical for initial control of infection at this site, particularly in the absence of mucosal virus-neutralising antibodies. If the innate immune response is inadequate, infection can spread to the lower respiratory tract (LRT) causing community-acquired pneumonia (as exemplified by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)/coronavirus disease 2019). Vaccines for respiratory viruses (influenza and SARS-CoV-2) leverage systemic adaptive immunity to protect from severe lung disease.

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Khiaonarong, Tanai, Kasperi Korpinen, and Emran Islam. "Using Simulations for Cyber Stress Testing Exercises." IMF Working Papers 2025, no. 085 (2025): 1. https://doi.org/10.5089/9798229008952.001.

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We demonstrate how computer-based simulations could support cyber stress testing exercises through a three-step framework. First, cyber-attack scenarios are designed to target the systemic nodes of a payment network at different times, disrupting a major bank, critical service provider, large-value payment system, and a foreign exchange settlement system. Second, the stress resulting from the scenarios is simulated using transaction-level data, and its impact is measured through a range of risk metrics. And third, cyber preparedness is discussed to identify effective practices that could stren

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Xu, Yunsong, Jiaqi Li, and Hanying Qi. "The Spatial Correlation Effect of Real-Estate Financial Risk in China: A Social Network Analysis." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (2022): 7085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127085.

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In this paper, we draw on real-estate finance data from 31 provinces in China over the period between 2006 and 2018 in order to develop a comprehensive index of real-estate finance risk. Our principal innovation lies in our use of the social network analysis method to portray the spatial correlation characteristics of real-estate financial risk dynamically. We find that (1) the spatial correlation effect of real-estate financial risks in China is increasing and exhibits multiple superposition characteristics and spatial spillover effects; (2) current trends in real-estate financial risk sugges

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Wu, Yong, Bei Gong, and Yu Zhang. "An Improved Efficient Certificateless Hybrid Signcryption Scheme for Internet of Things." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (April 19, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6945004.

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The Internet of Things (IoT) is a vast perceptual network formed by a variety of IoT devices connected to each other. In IoT, various devices cooperate with each other to collect and transmit private data of IoT and sustain the efficient and orderly operation of IoT. However, in the complex security situation of IoT, due to the resources of IoT devices being limited, it is difficult for IoT devices to afford the heavy resource consumption of sophisticated data encryption and decryption mechanism, which brings certain security risk to data transmission of IoT. To ensure safe and efficient data

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Candelli, Marcello, Marta Sacco Fernandez, Cristina Triunfo, et al. "Vibrio vulnificus—A Review with a Special Focus on Sepsis." Microorganisms 13, no. 1 (2025): 128. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13010128.

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Vibrio vulnificus (V. vulnificus) is a Gram-negative, halophilic bacillus known for causing severe infections such as gastroenteritis, necrotizing fasciitis, and septic shock, with mortality rates exceeding 50% in high-risk individuals. Transmission occurs primarily through the consumption of contaminated seafood, exposure of open wounds to infected water, or, in rare cases, insect bites. The bacterium thrives in warm, brackish waters with high salinity levels, and its prevalence is rising due to the effects of climate change, including warming ocean temperatures and expanding coastal habitats

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Qin, Tao, Yinyan Yin, Qinghua Yu, et al. "CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Facilitate Delivery of Whole Inactivated H9N2 Influenza Virus via Transepithelial Dendrites of Dendritic Cells in Nasal Mucosa." Journal of Virology 89, no. 11 (2015): 5904–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00296-15.

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ABSTRACTThe spread of the low-pathogenicity avian H9N2 influenza virus has seriously increased the risk of a new influenza pandemic. Although whole inactivated virus (WIV) vaccine via intranasal pathway is the effective method of blocking virus transmission, the mucosal barrier seems to be a major factor hampering its development. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides, a known adjuvant, can target downstream dendritic cells (DCs) and effectively enhance the mucosal and systemic immune responses. However, the ability of CpGs to assist H9N2 WIV in transepithelial transport remains unknown. Here,in vitroandi

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