Journal articles: 'Transmission speeds'

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Mir-Nasiri, Nazim, and Sulaiman Hussaini. "New Intelligent Transmission Concept for Hybrid Mobile Robot Speed Control." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 2, no. 3 (September 1, 2005): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/5784.

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This paper presents a new concept of a mobile robot speed control by using two degree of freedom gear transmission. The developed intelligent speed controller utilizes a gear box which comprises of epicyclic gear train with two inputs, one coupled with the engine shaft and another with the shaft of a variable speed dc motor. The net output speed is a combination of the two input speeds and is governed by the transmission ratio of the planetary gear train. This new approach eliminates the use of a torque converter which is otherwise an indispensable part of all available automatic transmissions, thereby reducing the power loss that occurs in the box during the fluid coupling. By gradually varying the speed of the dc motor a stepless transmission has been achieved. The other advantages of the developed controller are pulling over and reversing the vehicle, implemented by intelligent mixing of the dc motor and engine speeds. This approach eliminates traditional braking system in entire vehicle design. The use of two power sources, IC engine and battery driven DC motor, utilizes the modern idea of hybrid vehicles. The new mobile robot speed controller is capable of driving the vehicle even in extreme case of IC engine failure, for example, due to gas depletion.

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Kahraman, A., H. Ligata, K. Kienzle, and D. M. Zini. "A Kinematics and Power Flow Analysis Methodology for Automatic Transmission Planetary Gear Trains." Journal of Mechanical Design 126, no. 6 (November 1, 2004): 1071–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1814388.

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A generalized formulation for analyzing speeds and forces of the gear components of planetary automatic transmissions is proposed. The formulation is capable of analyzing any typical one-degree-of-freedom automatic transmission gear train containing any number of simple, compound or complex-compound planetary gear sets. The formulation consists of three components: a kinematic analysis formulation to compute rotational speeds of gears and carriers, a gear ratio and kinematic configuration search algorithm, and a power flow analysis formulation. The kinematics component computes rotational speeds of gears and carriers. Given the type and number of planetary gear sets, the search algorithm determines all possible kinematic configurations and gear tooth count combinations that result in a required set of gear ratios while eliminating all kinematic redundancies and unfavorable clutching sequences. The third component, the power-flow analysis formulation, performs a complete static force (power-flow) analysis to determine all gear and bearing forces and moments, and clutch and connection torque values. A five-speed transmission example is considered to highlight the capabilities of the proposed formulation.

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Prudnikov, Aleksandr Petrovich, and Anastasiya Dmitrievna Bodunova. "SLIDING SPEEDS IN PLANETARY TORUS HELICAL TRANSMISSION." Вестник Белорусско-Российского университета, no. 2 (2021): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.53078/20778481_2021_2_12.

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Dong, Changbin, Wangpeng Pei, Yongping Liu, Yongqiao Wei, Dawei Li, Rui Guo, and Zhongtao Ren. "Experimental Research on Transmission Characteristics of Elliptic Gear Transmission Systems." Strojniški vestnik - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 68, no. 11 (November 29, 2022): 702–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2022.332.

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The special variable ratio transmission characteristics and complex tooth profile curve of elliptic gears make it difficult to analyse their transmission characteristics, which restrict the application and development of elliptical gears. Given that, a transmission characteristic analysis method based on transmission testing is proposed in this paper. By building a high-precision elliptic gear test rig, the distribution laws of dynamic lost motion, static lost motion, back clearance, stiffness, friction torque and vibration with speeds and loads are analysed and obtained. The results show that the dynamic lost motion and friction torque will increase with the increase of rotating speed. The dynamic lost motion, static lost motion and back clearance will gradually decrease with the increase of load, and the stiffness will gradually increase. Enlarging the load and reducing the speed can restrain the vibration amplitude, which can ensure the transition of the gear system from a bilateral collision state to a unilateral collision state and thus improve the stability of the system.

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Malcoci, Iulian. "Sound Reasearch in Precessional Transmission." Applied Mechanics and Materials 657 (October 2014): 584–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.657.584.

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Sound may be defined as any pressure variation (in air, water or other medium) that the human ear can detect. Just like dominoes, a wave motion is set off when an element sets the nearest particle of air into motion. This motion gradually spreads to adjacent air particles further away from the source. Depending on the medium, sound propagates at different speeds. In air, sound propagates at a speed of approximately 340 m/s. In liquids and solids, the propagation velocity is greater 1500 m/s in water and 5000 m/s in steel [2].

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Morley, Neil J. "Cercarial swimming performance and its potential role as a key variable of trematode transmission." Parasitology 147, no. 12 (July 14, 2020): 1369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182020001171.

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AbstractTrematode transmission in aquatic habitats from molluscan intermediate host to vertebrate or invertebrate target host is typically undertaken by a free-living stage known as cercariae. Active locomotion by cercariae is a key aspect of the transmission process with the swimming speed potentially contributing to infection success. Individual cercarial species swim at different speeds but the significance of this to infection potential has not been determined. This study, using data from the scientific literature, investigates the role of swimming speed in relation to cercarial morphology, host-searching strategies and target host species. Larger cercariae swim faster than smaller ones with tail length being the principal factor controlling locomotion rates. Different cercarial morphotypes swim at different speeds, in particular, furcocercariae, with the exception of the schistosomes, being faster swimmers than mono-tailed cercariae. Host-searching behaviour has a significant influence on swimming speeds with ‘active-searching’ strategies swimming slower than those adopting ‘active-waiting’ or ‘prey mimcry’ strategies. Vertebrate-infecting cercariae swim faster than those infecting invertebrates with species targeting fish demonstrating the highest locomotion rates and those targeting arthropods the slowest speeds. The adaptions of individual cercarial swimming speeds to biological variables and their interactions with the physical processes of aquatic habitats are discussed.

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Liu, Xiaogang, Zhaoyu Wu, Jie Lu, and Jinli Xu. "Investigation of the Effect of Rotation Speed on Vibration Responses of Transmission System." MATEC Web of Conferences 256 (2019): 02019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925602019.

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In the operating process, it is found the vibration of main reducer reaches a maximum value when certain types of vehicles are running at a speed around 4000 RPM. However, how the rotation speed of engine affects the vibration responses to automobile transmission system has not been investigated theoretically in details. To investigate this problem, the transmission system of automobile is simplified to a drive-final shaft system in this research, and a coupled vibration model of drive-final shaft system is developed. This model is used to simulate the vibration response to transmission system at different rotation speeds. Simulation results show that the torsional vibration responses reach the maximum when the rotation speeds are 3800 RPM and 4200 RPM and the vibration responses of pinion reach the maximum value when the rotation speeds are 4000 RPM and 4200 RPM. Moreover, finite element analysis is conducted to investigate the reason for this phenomenon. It is found that the torsional vibration responses reach the maximum value when the excitation frequency of engine is close to the resonance frequency of drive shafts. This research provides an effective method to analyse the vibration characteristics of automobile transmission system.

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Butunoi, Paul Alin, Gheorghe Stan, and Lacramioara Ungureanu. "Optimization Strategies of Peripheral Speeds for Planetary Speed Reducers Used in the Actuation of Industrial Robots." Applied Mechanics and Materials 809-810 (November 2015): 712–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.809-810.712.

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Planetary speed reducers are used as the actuating module of the revolute joints for the industrial robots as a result of their specific advantages given by high transmission ratios, efficiencies and reliability. However, planetary speed reducers are currently used with variable high speed electric motors, which leads to increased peripheral speeds for the gears and planet carrier, leading in turn to increased noise during operation. Therefore it becomes necessary to manufacture the gears and planet carrier in an upper precision class, leading to significantly increased costs for the entire planetary transmission. Throughout this paper, novel solutions for planetary speed reducers are proposed, characterized by reduced peripheral speeds of the moving elements. For all the structural variants proposed, the summation method (Svamp’s rule) was applied in order to establish mathematical expressions for the transmission ratios. Subsequently, expressions for the peripheral speeds, corresponding to each moving element were derived, and expressed as a function of the number of revolutions of the input shaft. The method described in this paper was applied for each structural variant proposed, the results obtained being compared and analysed, leading to the optimal variant, characterized by a reduced level of noise and vibrations. Based on the mathematical expressions previously derived, a series of graphical representations of peripheral speeds as a function of the number of revolutions for the input shafts were elaborated for each structural variant proposed. At the same time, some recommendations useful for both designers and manufacturers of planetary speed reducers were made, based on the obtained results.

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Wu, Yi Chang, Pei Wun Ren, and Li An Chen. "Kinematic Analysis of an 8-Speed Bicycle Transmission Hub." Applied Mechanics and Materials 479-480 (December 2013): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.479-480.234.

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A transmission hub is a speed changing mechanism which is an important device in the transmission system of bicycles. This paper presents the kinematic analysis of an 8-speed bicycle transmission hub by using the fundamental circuit method. First, a distributed-flow type planetary gear mechanism, which consists of two parallel-connected transmission units and one differential unit, and the corresponding clutch sequence table of an 8-speed transmission hub are introduced. Based on the fundamental circuits, four kinematic equations of the transmission hub are derived. Then, the speed ratio of each speed is formulated, which is a function of gear ratios of external and internal gear pairs. By submitting the numbers of gear teeth into these formulas, the value of speed ratio at each speed can be calculated. Finally, the power-flow diagrams at related speeds are presented to illustrate the power-flow paths of the transmission hub.

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Stefanović-Marinović, Jelena, Željko Vrcan, Sanjin Troha, and Miloš Milovančević. "Optimization of two-speed planetary gearbox with brakes on single shafts." Reports in Mechanical Engineering 3, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 94–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31181/rme2001280122m.

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This paper deals with configurations of complex planetary gear trains consisting of two planetary gear trains of basic type. These gear trains are formed by linking shafts from different component gearsets and contain two carriers, and therefore designated as two-carrier planetary gear trains with four external and two coupled shafts. The structural configurations are pointed out, and additional research has been made into gear trains using coupled external shafts for torque input and output, with the controlling brakes acting on single external shafts. The kinematic schemes have been created for all analyzed PGT variants, and the available transmission ratio ranges calculated for both speeds. The transmission ratio is changed by alternating the activation of each brake, enabling their use as transmissions with two transmission ratios in transportation technology and other engineering applications. Extreme transmission ratio changes have been determined for each analyzed PGT design solution. Also, relations of ideal torque ratios to the required transmission ratios of component planetary gear trains for both speeds have been calculated. These relations enable the selection of compound gear train designs which will achieve the required pair of transmission ratios. The optimal design parameters for the adopted configuration were determined, and the optimal transmission solution for the given input data selected.

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11

Hedman, A. "Transmission Analysis—Automatic Derivation of Relationships." Journal of Mechanical Design 115, no. 4 (December 1, 1993): 1031–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919252.

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A method for derivation of relationships for general mechanical transmission systems is given. It is adapted for computer-aided analysis and synthesis of the kinematics, loads, and power flows. Losses are included. All relationships are handled by a computer program. No manual dealing with equations is necessary. The user only describes the transmission systems: (1) The transmission units, e.g., gear transmissions, planetary gear trains, clutches and input shafts. (2) How the shafts of those units are connected. Then, the computer program formulates the relationships, and a computer algebra program performs algebraic eliminations. Symbolic, non-numerical, relationships between speeds and torques of two arbitrary shafts can be derived, e.g., the overall efficiency. Special algorithms handle the power flows in split-power transmissions. The method saves time and eliminates the risk for human errors.

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Han, S. G., D. H. Park, J. K. Jeong, and C. K. Song. "Energy Sensitivity Analysis by Lightning for a Transmission of Commercial Vehicles." EQUATIONS 1 (October 20, 2021): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232021.2021.1.10.

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Dynamic performance of transmission has a substantial effect on dynamic performance and fuel efficiency of vehicles, and is directly related to mass inertia moment of the transmission rotor. Rotors of light mass require a small amount of kinetic energy from vehicles that repeat acceleration and deceleration, which increases fuel efficiency as a result. In this study, equivalent inertia moments at different speeds were calculated by simplifying the transmission system, and, by using the kinetic energy equation related to rotational motion and translational motion of vehicles, required kinetic energy of each speed was calculated. Also, the probability of using different speeds to achieve a target distance was applied as weight in order to calculate the amount of kinetic energy required to achieve the target distance. Assuming that the rotor inside the transmission maintains its function while the mass was minimized, in this study, the relative effect of lightning the rotor was compared to the effect of lightning the sprung mass with regards to kinetic energy.

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Baggeroer, Arthur B. "Double duct propagation in the Arctic." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015717.

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Recent experiments in the Beaufort Sea encountered the “Beaufort Lens,” a hydrographic feature named by Russian acousticians, where warmer Pacific water enters the Bering Straits and rests above Atlantic water. This creates a “double duct” subsurface duct with this “lens” being near ubiquitous in space and time throughout the Beaufort. As part of the ONR Task Force Ocean program we found subsurface ducts in the Irminger Sea over the Reykjanes Ridge not reliably predicted by HYCOM. Propagation in these “double ducts” has some remarkable features and is well understood using normal modes and analogies to potential wells in quantum mechanics. These include the (i) filling of individual wells preferentially according to the modal phase speeds; (ii) tunneling phenomena when the phase speeds approaches the height of the potential barrier or maximum speed separating the ducts; (iii) issues of degeneracy when the modal phase speeds appear to cross; (iv) appearance of “mini convergence zones” for the transmission losses in each duct; (v) differences in modal group speeds with very small differences in phase speeds; and (vi) very low transmission loss when both source and receiver are in the subsurface duct separated from the water and/or ice surfaces.

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Gorodetskiy, K. I., V. M. Sharipov, V. V. Serebrykov, A. S. Shevelev, and E. M. Alendeev. "Way of representing transmission speeds of agricultural tractors in the matrix form." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 7, no. 2-1 (January 20, 2013): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-68125.

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The authors propose a method of presentation of transmission speeds of agricultural tractors in a matrix form which reveals a kinematic diagram of a transmission and ways to construct and modify their designs depending on requirements. The matrix form of presentation of transmission speeds helps the development of new, more efficient kinematic schemes of compound gearboxes of tractors.

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Shan, Wen Shan, Bo Li, Jing Bo Yang, and Yang Liu. "Wind Tunnel Test on Wind-Induced Aerodynamic Force of Transmission Tower." Applied Mechanics and Materials 578-579 (July 2014): 427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.578-579.427.

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Wind-induced aerodynamic force is the important parameter for transmission tower design. Based on force balance test, the tower and cross arm of typical 500kV power transmission tower have been investigated in wind tunnel using three wind speeds considering Reynolds effect. The test results show that the shape coefficient keeps the same at different wind speed, which means that Reynolds effect on transmission tower can be ignored. Then, the shape coefficients of tower and cross arm are provided.

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Zhang, Chen Xia, Hui Bin Li, and De Quan Jin. "Simulation on Dynamics of Transmission Shaft-Rear Driving Axle of Minibus with ADAMS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 862–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.862.

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Simulations on the dynamics for the transmission shaft-rear driving axle of minibus were conducted with ADAMS. By using ADAMS software, the multi-dynamic model of the transmission shaft-rear driving axle was set up and then effects of the equivalent transmission shaft angle’s variation and transmission shaft rotating speeds on the rear driving axle’s vibration were analyzed. With the increase of the equivalent transmission shaft angle’s variation and transmission shaft rotating speeds, the vibration of the rear driving axle will also increase. These simulation results will give help to further study of the NVH characteristic of the rear driving axle.

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Chang, Qiu Ying, Qing Liu, and He Yang. "Study on Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Transmission Gear in Fuel Cell Bus." Applied Mechanics and Materials 52-54 (March 2011): 1723–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.52-54.1723.

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The model of thermoelastohydrodynamic (TEHL) analysis of a transmission gear in a fuel cell bus was developed. The influence of rotating speed on the frictional pair was investigated numerically on the base of the mathematical model. The pressure field, the temperature field, the oil film thickness were calculated under different rotating speeds. It is shown that the worst lubrication in the tooth root occurs and the minimum film thickness increases with growth of the rotating speed. The temperature of lubricant is up to 140oC at 4000rpm.

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Xu, Hang, Zhaoyao Shi, Bo Yu, and Hui Wang. "Optimal Measurement Speed and Its Determination Method in the Transmission Precision Evaluation of Precision Reducers." Applied Sciences 9, no. 10 (May 26, 2019): 2146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9102146.

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Transmission error is the key index for characterizing the transmission precision of precision reducers, and its accurate measurement is significant for the precision evaluation of precision reducers. Transmission error is generally measured under the conditions of zero-load and low speed. However, low speed is a general concept and there is no general standard of measurement speed or solid scientific basis. Therefore, it is difficult to obtain consistent transmission precision evaluation results for the same precision reducer. The concept of optimal measurement speed in the transmission precision evaluation of precision reducers was put forward in order to reduce the influence of measurement speed. The determination method of optimal measurement speed was proposed and the calculation model of the optimal measurement speed was established, according to the Stribeck friction model of precision reducers. Taking a certain type of RV reducer as an example, the transmission error measurement experiments were carried out under different speeds. The friction torque of the RV reducer and the peak-to-peak value of the measured transmission error were the least under the optimal measurement speed. The influence of speed on the measurement results can be effectively reduced. The determination of optimal measurement speed of transmission errors could improve the measurement precision of the transmission errors for the objective evaluation of transmission precision of precision reducers.

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Messiry, Magdi El, Affaf K. Al-Oufy, Yasmin Ayman, and Samar Abdel Latif. "Statistical analysis of the effect of processing machine parameters on acoustical absorptive properties of needle-punched nonwovens." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 18 (January 2023): 155892502311556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15589250231155623.

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The object of this paper is to investigate the acoustic insulation properties of needle-punched nonwovens produced from recycled polyester waste blended with virgin polyester serving as supportive material. The research work also studies the effect of different processing parameters of needle punching nonwoven machines through the investigation of different needle speeds, lattice speeds, and penetration depths. Throughout the research work, several needles punched nonwoven fabrics were produced under different conditions as follows: Three needle speeds were applied: 280, 245, and 227 rpm. Three lattice speeds were applied: 0.72, 1.47, and 2.35 m/min. Three depths of penetration for the needles were applied: 26, 10, and 5 mm. Finally, different blends of waste/virgin polyester fibers were produced and tested: 40/60%, 20/80%, and 100% virgin polyester. The four parameters investigated had a statistically significant effect on the sound transmission losses obtained. It was proved that as the frequency increases, the needle speed gains importance while the needle penetration depth loses importance. The results of testing the different samples indicated that the highest sound transmission loss is attained using non-woven fabrics produced from virgin polyester fibers and prepared at high stitch density.

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Ishibashi, A., and H. Yoshino. "Power Transmission Efficiencies and Friction Coefficients at Teeth of Novikov-Wildhaber and Involute Gears." Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 107, no. 1 (March 1, 1985): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3258698.

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New equations have been derived to calculate the power transmission efficiencies, at the meshing teeth, of two kinds of representative cylindrical gears, Novikov-Wildhaber and involute gears. The efficiencies could be calculated from the equations and the friction coefficients obtained by simple experiments with test rollers. In order to show clearly the difference in the power transmission efficiencies of the two kinds of gears, the authors designed and made two interesting gear pairs with a small number of pinion teeth (Z1 = 3) and with a high gear ratio (Z2/Z1 = 9) by applying new techniques developed by them. The effects of gear speed, tooth load, type of lubricant, etc. upon the power transmission efficiencies were clarified using two interesting techniques to measure the efficiency. The experimental results indicated that the efficiency of the Novikov-Wildhaber gears was appreciably higher at high speeds, while it was lower than the involute gears at the start of rotation and also at low speeds.

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OLALEKAN, APENA WALIU, OLASUNKANMI OMOWUMI GRACE, and SALAKO ANUOLUWAPO. "PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ETHERNET TRANSMISSION USING M-ARY PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION TECHNIQUES." Journal of Engineering Studies and Research 26, no. 4 (January 8, 2021): 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.29081/jesr.v26i4.239.

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Low installation costs and high data rates reaching up to 10 Gbps, characterized Ethernet as the local area network (LAN) technology of choice to satisfy the increasing need for high-speed data transmission in packet-based networks. As demand for high speeds in data has increased, copper Ethernet has been integrated to handle these higher speeds. The IEEE 802.3ae* 2002 (10 Gigabit Ethernet) standard is based on data transmission over optical fibre only and in full-duplex mode. This study considered performance evaluation of Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) and multilevel (PAM-16) technology in comparison with other PAM versions was carried out to investigate copper Ethernet with respect to higher speed characteristic and error performance. The evaluation was carried out in MATLAB R2017b simulation environment; this provides calculated bit error rates (BER) of the considered modulation schemes under different channel conditions. The results show that PAM-16 has a BER of .which is significantly lower than that of PAM-2 and PAM-4. Additionally, Hamming code were used to detect and correct errors that are inherent in the design and the efficiency of each level of PAM used was analyzed.

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Han, Jae-Oh, Won-Hyeong Jeong, Jong-Seok Lee, and Se-Hoon Oh. "The Structure and Optimal Gear Tooth Profile Design of Two-Speed Transmission for Electric Vehicles." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 3736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133736.

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As environmental regulations have been strengthened worldwide since the Paris Climate Agreement, the automobile industry is shifting its production paradigm to focus on eco-friendly vehicles such as electric vehicles and hydrogen-battery vehicles. Governments are banning fossil fuel vehicles by law and expanding the introduction of green vehicles. The energy efficiency of electric vehicles that use a limited power source called batteries depends on the driving environment. Applying a two-speed transmission to an electric vehicle can optimize average speed and performance efficiency at low speeds, and achieve maximum speed with minimal torque at high speeds. In this study, a two-speed transmission for an electric vehicle has been developed, to be used in a compact electric vehicle. This utilizes a planetary gear of a total of three pairs, made of a single module which was intended to enable two-speed. The ring gear was removed, and the carrier was used in common. When shifting, the energy used for the speed change is small, due to the use of the simple method of fixing the sun gear of each stage. Each gear was designed by calculating bending strength and surface durability, using JGMA standards, to secure stability. The safety factor of the gears used in the transmission is as follows: all gears have been verified for safety with a bending strength of 1.2 or higher and a surface pressure strength of 1.1 or higher. The design validity of the transmission was verified by calculating the gear meshing ratio and the reference efficiency of the gear. The transmission to be developed through the research results of this paper has a simple and compact structure optimized for electric vehicles, and has reduced shift shock. In addition, energy can be used more efficiently, which will help improve fuel economy and increase drive range.

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Cuzzani, Oscar, Matthew Bromwich, Ellen Penno, and Howard Gimbel. "The effect of transmission bandwidth on the quality of ophthalmological still and video images." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 6, no. 2_suppl (August 2000): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/1357633001935789.

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We have examined the minimum realtime transmission speed for video-angiography with the Rodenstock scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) with respect to spatial and contrast resolution. An SLO fluorescein video-angiography sequence was recorded using high-quality media and relayed to a remote site at transmission speeds ranging from T3 (4.5 Mbit/s) to 0.125 T (197 kbit/s). Images were compared with each other subjectively by an ophthalmologist and objectively with image processing software. When compared qualitatively there was little difference between the T3 andT1 images. The T1 images scored well on clarity and contrast, while 0.5 T was satisfactory but inferior to T1. Transmission speeds below 0.5 T were inadequate. The digital analysis showed a slight difference between T3 and T1. We calculated that there was up to a 92% loss of resolution at 0.25T and up to a 98% loss at 0.125 T. Based on our quantitative and qualitative analysis, a T3 line provided the highest bandwidth and best resolution, as expected. However, 0.5T gave satisfactory results for realtime consultations and appears to be the minimum speed required for ophthalmic purposes, producing few motion artefacts and good resolution.

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Jiang, Wen, Ye Xia Cheng, and Ye Jian Cheng. "Research on Reliability Assessment of Power System with Wind Farms." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 588–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.588.

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Due to randomness and fluctuation of wind speed, reliability of power system will be affected severely with increasing wind energy injected into power grid. In order to evaluate the effect on reliability of power system with wind farms, the author considers feature of time-sequential and self-correlation of wind speeds and builds an auto-regressive and moving average (ARMA) model to forecast wind speeds. Combining with state models of conventional generating units, transmission lines and transformers, a time-sequential Monte Carlo simulation reliability model is proposed to do reliability assessment of composite generation and transmission system with wind farm. IEEE-RTS test system is introduced to prove the proposed model. Analysis and comparison of results show that reliability can be improved clearly after integration of wind farm.

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Safonov, B. A., G. O. Kotiev, and A. A. Smirnov. "Automation of the control of the differential lock in the transmission of a multi-axle wheeled vehicle." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 12, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-66877.

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Due to intensive development of multi-axle wheeled vehicles in the Russian Federation, there is a need to improve its performance characteristics such as flotation, which in turn increases the average speed of traffic in difficult conditions. Increasing the flotation and retain mobility in difficult road conditions is facilitated by intensive management of differential locking clutches. However, for a multi-axle wheeled vehicle, the number of differentials in the transmission makes the task of controlling the locking clutches difficult for the driver. The modern development of microprocessor technology allows the creation of automatic transmission control systems that implement the specified law of switching on and off the differential locking clutches. The method of definition of the law of control of differential locking clutches for a multi-axle wheeled vehicle is shown in the article. The research is carried out with the help of the mathematical simulation model of the curvilinear motion of the vehicle in the Matlab Simulink software package. The law of inclusion of clutches blocking is based on definition of a difference of speeds of rotation of output shafts of a differential and considers various radii of wheels rolling and also an opportunity of reliable switching of differential locking clutch. The sequence of switching on of clutches for locking different differentials in the transmission is determined. The law of deactivation of the differential lock is based on the criterion of maintaining the steering and maneuverability of wheeled vehicle, which contains of admissible increase in the turning radius by 10% in the case of a locked transmission with respect to the turning radius for the differential transmission at the same speeds and steering angles. Numerical simulation is carried out for curvilinear motion along different support surfaces of a wheeled vehicle 8 × 8, in the transmission of which there are 7 differentials. It is established that the creation of a control system based on the proposed law of wheeled vehicles differentials control can be realized without significantly complicating the construction of existing mechanical transmissions by installing additional speed sensors on output shafts of differentials.

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Beccari, A., and M. Cammalleri. "Implicit regulation for automotive variators." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 215, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 697–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407011528275.

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A well-known practice uses mechanical variators to realize the so-called continuously variable transmissions (CVTs) for automotive application. A remarkable problem for one of the most used CVTs is given by the hydraulic control of the axial thrust on the half-pulleys that is necessary for torque transmission. It involves a heavy decrease in transmission efficiency. In the present paper, the possible production of the required axial thrust by a simple spring to eliminate hydraulic losses is analysed. It is shown that the power capacity of such a regulated variator is near to the maximum possible, and the belt torque loss is always considerably lower than the sum of the belt and pump losses of a standard controlled CVT. Moreover, it is not much greater than a slip limit controlled CVT for medium-low vehicle speeds, and slightly lower for higher speeds. Finally, the power capacity by the spring thrust is evaluated when the variator is used in split power transmissions, considering several configurations and steady ideal operation.

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Noh, J. M., K. A. M. Rezali, A. As'arry, and N. A. A. Jalil. "Transmission of Vibration from Motorcycle Handlebar to the Hand." Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia 1, no. 3 (April 28, 2021): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v1i3.64.

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Vibration transmitted to the hand from motorcycle handlebar can cause discomfort and health issues to the motorcycle rider. The objective of this paper was to investigate the severity of vibration transmitted to the hand from motorcycle handlebar. The engine capacity of the motorcycle was 100cc. Vibration was recorded at the motorcycle handlebar at two engine speeds representing the speed of 10km/h and 20km/h. The total magnitudes of vibrations (weighted Wh) transmitted to the hand from motorcycle handlebar were between 2 and 6.42m/s2. Increasing the speed of the motorcycle engine decreased the vibration magnitude transmitted to the hand. The level of vibration exposure can be greater than the Daily Action Limit Value set by the European Directive 2002/44/EC if the motorcycle is used for more than 4.15 hours per day at the speed of 10km/h.

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Grigoriu, Mircea, S. Krishnasamy, and Vito J. Longo. "Estimation of Transmission Line Design Wind Speeds from Limited Data." IEEE Power Engineering Review PER-6, no. 4 (April 1986): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1986.5527731.

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Grigoriu, Mircea, S. Krishnasamy, and Vito J. Longo. "Estimation of Transmission Line Design Wind Speeds from Limited Data." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 1, no. 2 (1986): 216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.1986.4307953.

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MOLLENAUER, LINN F. "SOLITON TRANSMISSION SPEEDS GREATLY MULTIPLIED BY SLIDING-FREQUENCY GUIDING FILTERS." Optics and Photonics News 5, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opn.5.4.000015.

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31

Wu, Yi Chang, and Shi Liang Lin. "Conceptual Design of a 16-Speed Bicycle Drive Hub." Applied Mechanics and Materials 52-54 (March 2011): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.52-54.279.

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This paper presents a design approach for the conceptual design of a novel 16-speed bicycle drive hub. First, a distributed-flow type planetary gear train, which consists of two parallel- connected transmission units and one differential unit, for the power transmission mechanism of a bicycle drive hub is proposed. Based on the kinematic analysis of the presented gear mechanism, a feasible clutching sequence is synthesized to provide 16 forward speeds. Then, the numbers of teeth of all gears are determined according to the desired velocity ratio of each speed. As a result, a schematic diagram of the embodiment of the proposed 16-speed drive hub is presented.

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Nekhoroshev, D. D., D. A. Nekhoroshev, A. Y. Popov, P. V. Konovalov, and N. D. Nekhoroshev. "Machine-Tractor Unit with Pneumatic Hydraulic Elastic Element in Transmission Reciprocating Mass Theoretical Studies." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1069, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1069/1/012019.

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Abstract Increasing the stable operation and productivity of the machine-tractor unit is to create conditions for a smooth change in forward speed and the formation of traction resistance created by agricultural machines, depending on the agrotechnical requirements and the background of the processed field surface. The efficiency of wheel propellers interaction with the rolling surface is mainly determined by the coefficient of adhesion, rolling resistance and skidding of the driving wheels. The study of these phenomena that appear with the increase in the operating speeds of wheeled machine-tractor units showed that the vibrations arising in this case appear from the interaction of the tractor running system with the surface of the field on which the tractor is operating. One of the ways to improve the tractor speed is the use of devices with elastic damping elements in the tractor transmission. The operation of machine-tractor unit with elastic constraints in the transmission under the condition of random loading, confirmed the possibility of reducing the dynamic components of the hook force and negative phenomena of the wheeled tractors running system interaction caused by the increase in operating speeds.

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Podrigalo, Mikhail, Volodymyr Krasnokutskyi, Vitaliy Kashkanov, Olexander Tkachenko, and Аlexander Yanchik. "Іmprovement of driving-speed properties improvement of the method for selecting the parameters of the motor-transmission unit car." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Transport 13, no. 1 (2021): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/2413-4503-2021-13-1-111-117.

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Aerodynamic characteristics have a major impact on the energy efficiency and traction and speed properties of the vehicle. In this article, based on previous studies of the aerodynamic characteristics of various car models, we propose an improved method for selecting engine and transmission parameters at the design stage. The aim of the study is to improve the dynamic properties of the car by improving the method of selecting the main parameters of the engine-transmission unit by refining the calculation of aerodynamic drag. To achieve it, the following tasks must be solved: to specify the method of selecting the maximum effective engine power; to specify a technique of definition of the maximum constructive speed of the car; to develop a technique for selecting gear ratios. The aerodynamic resistance to the movement of the vehicle is determined by the frontal coefficient of the specified resistance, the density of the air, the area of the frontal resistance and the speed of the vehicle. It is known from classical works on the aerodynamics of a car that in the range of vehicle speeds from 20 m / s to 80 m / s, taking the law of squares when assessing the force of air resistance, it is necessary to change the coefficient of frontal aerodynamic drag depending on the speed of the car. However, when carrying out calculations, this coefficient is taken constant, which leads to obtaining large values of the air resistance force at high speeds and lower at low speeds. There are two possible ways to improve the dynamic properties and energy efficiency of the car during its modernization (increasing the maximum design speed of the car by reducing the gear ratio in higher gear; reducing the maximum efficiency of the engine while maintaining the previous gear ratio in higher gear). As a result of the study, the method of selection (maximum effective engine power; maximum design speed of the car; gear ratios) at the design stage of the parameters of the motor-transmission unit of the car has been improved.

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Garcia-Bravo, Jose M., Ivo N. Ayala-Garcia, and Juan L. Cepeda-Aguilar. "Variable Ratio Hydrostatic Transmission Simulator for Optimal Wind Power Drivetrains." International Journal of Rotating Machinery 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5651736.

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This work presents a hydromechanical transmission coupled to an electric AC motor and DC generator to simulate a wind power turbine drive train. The goal of this project was to demonstrate and simulate the ability of a hydrostatic variable ratio system to produce constant electric power at varying wind speeds. The experimental results show that the system can maintain a constant voltage when a 40% variation in input speed is produced. An accompanying computer simulation of the system was built and experimentally validated showing a discrete error no larger than 12%. Both the simulation and the experimental results show that the electrical power output can be regulated further if an energy storage device is used to absorb voltage spikes produced by abrupt changes in wind speed or wind direction.

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Popa, Gheorghe, Augustin Constantinescu, and Stefanita Ciunel. "Running Speeds Determination for Tractor U-650 Equipped with Additional Transmission." Applied Mechanics and Materials 822 (January 2016): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.822.285.

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This paper shows how to calculate the speed of travel for a tractor equipped with an additional transmission (hydrostatic transmission). Determination is theoretically and experimentally, comparing the results. Theoretical calculation is done using MathCAD program. An experimental measurement is determined by the device called “fifth wheel", equipped with speed measuring transducer.

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Mou, Shuai, Zhi Ping Chen, En Dao Xu, Jia Lei Jin, and Jing Tong. "Development of Detection System in 3m Steel-Belt Friction Transmission." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 943–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.943.

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In order to testify the driving characteristics of 3m homemade steel-belt friction drive test bench, a data detection system under AT89C52 is developed.The system uses two photoelectric encoders as the speed testing unit and one weighing sensor as the strength testing unit.therefore.It is critical to both of them to be used on real time to detect properties,such as rotation speeds, direction, pre-tightening force and dynamic load and so on. It is tested that this system is stable which can record the date of pre-tightening force accurately with the error in the range of 1% and keep transmission accuracy with the error in the range of 0.5%.

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Wang, Tao, Chen Xie, Feng Wang, Xiao Rui Hu, and Li Ming Hu. "Modal Analysis of Gear Transmission System Based on ANSYS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 635-637 (September 2014): 519–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.635-637.519.

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With the study of a certain servo gear transmission system, a three-dimensional parametric design of servo drive system is made based on SolidWorks and its plug-in GearTrax. The model is introduced into ANSYS through a special interface, and the finite element modal solutionsare obtained. Aiming at solving the practical problem that the static linear modal analysis methods fail to meet the working conditions of high speed rotation and frequent variable speeds, this paper proposes an effective way of determining the range of the system natural frequency through figuring out the natural frequencies in two critical states. Thus, it provides an important basis for the credible design of the servo drive system and a reliable theoretical guidance and reference data for its design, use and maintenance.

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Zhao, Xin, Xiangdong Ni, Qi Wang, Mingxi Bao, Sheng Li, and Shuangman Han. "Research on adaptive control strategy of hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission of a cotton picker." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 234, no. 17 (April 2, 2020): 3335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406220916536.

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Hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission has the advantages of good hydraulic stepless speed regulation performance and high efficiency of mechanical transmission, which can achieve the optimal matching of transmission system load and power source. In this article, an adaptive control strategy based on radial basis function neural network and proportional–integral–derivative control was proposed. The speed compound control method was used to solve the problems that the output speed of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system was poor at the variable speed input and was difficult to control. The throttle opening and the engine speed were used as controller inputs. The pump–motor's displacement ratio and the output speed were used as controller outputs. Finally, the output speed of the cotton picker was stably controlled. Simulation and experimental results show that the transmission can quickly respond to the target speed and had little fluctuation based on different initial input speeds. The control strategy had good control precision and robustness. Compared with the traditional proportional–integral–derivative algorithm, the average steady-state error of the system output speed was controlled between ±0.0125%. The proposed algorithm based on radial basis function neural network proportional–integral–derivative adaptive control strategy had obvious control effect, and the stability of the speed output of the system was improved under the nonlinear input complex conditions. It provided research for the speed ratio adjustment and control of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission of the cotton picker.

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Bao, Mingxi, Xiangdong Ni, and Shiwei Kang. "Efficiency Analysis of Pump-controlled Motor System of Hydraulic Machinery Continuously Variable Transmission for Agricultural Machinery." MATEC Web of Conferences 319 (2020): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031903002.

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In order to improve the efficiency of Hydraulic Machinery Continuously Variable Transmission (HMCVT), studying the efficiency of its pump-controlled motor system is of great significance to promote the practical application of HMCVT in agricultural machinery. By analyzing the HMCVT transmission principle and the driving parameters of medium and large vehicles, determine the HMCVT transmission scheme that meets the actual requirements. The simulation model of the whole HMCVT system was established by SimulationX software, and the relationship curves between different engine speeds and HMCVT output speeds were given. And determine the effect of the pump-controlled motor system on the response parameters of HMCVT under different volumetric efficiency.

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Ullah, Najeeb, C. Xi, T. Cong, and H. Yucheng. "Rotordynamics analysis of a single helical gear transmission system for high speed applications." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 14, no. 3 (September 28, 2020): 7040–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.14.3.2020.06.0551.

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Since the non-linear dynamic response under various high-speed conditions can directly affect the life of gear transmission systems. In addition, the transmission error and dynamic mesh force play a key role in noise and harshness analysis of gear bearing coupled systems. So, in this piece of work, a 12 degree of freedom dynamic model is developed to probe the vibration response by using finite element method and taking into account the bearing and flexible shafts in the first part. Subsequently, some meshing gear characteristics such as dynamic and vibration acceleration response under different rotational speeds (1000-9000 rev/minute) were analyzed whereas critical speed appeared at 6500 rev/minute. Then, the stability analysis is performed to investigate the dynamics behind the critical speed by using MASTA. It was observed that natural frequency of 0.45 kHz for a fourth harmonic order is analogous to critical speed which further causes sudden elevation in both dynamic mesh force and transmission error.

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Chen, Yu Lun, Wei Qiu, Wei Min Ding, Yi Nian Li, and Yu Tao Liu. "Improvement and Test on Ditcher Chain Transmission System of the Machine for Rice-Wheat Cyclic Planting." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 853–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.853.

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To solve the problem of irrational assignment on the transmission ratio, redesigned the transmission scheme and optimized the parameters of the rice-wheat cyclic planting machine’s ditcher chain transmission device. Results showed that transmission ratio of the improved system was assigned rationally, all the sprockets not only met the strength requirement, but also had moderate sizes and were easy to be assembled or disassembled, at least 41.57% of the material was saved, not less than 50% of the production cost was reduced; noise level of the optimized chain transmission system was lowered obviously than the original’s at the same rotary speeds all the time, the maximum difference reached 16.8 dB when the driving sprockets rotary speeds of the first-stage chain are 1200 rpm; safety of loading, accessibility to field and flexibility of transfer in field of the machine were improved significantly, such an optimized chain transmission system for ditching was reliable.

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42

Nadel, Bernard A., and Jiang Lin. "Automobile transmission design as a constraint satisfaction problem: modelling the kinematic level." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 5, no. 3 (August 1991): 137–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060400002651.

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This paper describes our preliminary results in applying constraint satisfaction techniques in a system we call TRANS-FORM for designing automatic automobile power transmissions. The work is being conducted in collaboration with the Ford Motor Company Advanced Transmission Design Department in Livonia, Michigan. Our current focus is on the design of the mechanical subsystem, but we anticipate extending this later to the electrical and hydraulic subsystems also. For simplicity, in the initial work reported here we restrict ourselves to the relatively well-explored class of transmissions having four forward speeds and one reverse speed, built from two planetary gearsets, cross-connected by two permanent links. Moreover, we pursue design of such transmissions only at the ‘kinematic level’. These two restrictions correspond to limiting respectively the breadth (generality) and the depth (detail or granularity) of the search space employed. We find that, at least for the restricted version of the problem pursued here, transmission design is an application very naturally formulated as a constraint satisfaction problem. Our present problem requires only 10 variables, with an average of about seven values each, and 43 constraints—making it similar in difficulty to about the 10-queens problem. So far, two of the classic transmissions, known as Axod and HydraMatic, have been rediscovered (at the kinematic level) by our program. Preliminary results also indicate that the constraint satisfaction framework will continue to remain adequate and natural even when the search space is allowed to be much broader and deeper. We expect that searches of such expanded spaces will soon lead to the discovery of totally new transmissions.

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Ilie, C. O., L. Barothi, M. Marinescu, and I. T. Giurgiu. "Aspects of electric transmission implementation on a battle tank." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1220, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1220/1/012017.

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Abstract In the paper, a high performance electric transmission designed for heavy military vehicles is presented. The power source is a 1300 hp gas turbine and a 200 hp supercharged diesel engine. Both engines drive a synchronous generator. The electric current supplied by the generator is rectified. Each sprocket is mounted on the output shaft of a gearbox driven by an asynchronous electric motor. An Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) inverter control AC motors in a separate way to achieve dynamic performance. Diesel engine alone is used for driving on paved roads with speeds of up to 15 km/h with low fuel consumption. Gas turbine and diesel engine are automatically coupled to the generator to reach the maximum torque and dynamic performances. The tank can thus reach a maximum speed of 70 km/h.

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Xie, Fangwei, Xudong Zheng, Yaowen Tong, Bing Zhang, Xinjian Guo, Dengshuai Wang, and Yun Wang. "Effect of two-phase flow on transmission torque of oil film at high rotational speeds." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 70, no. 8 (November 12, 2018): 1367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-10-2017-0311.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the working characteristics of hydro-viscous clutch at high rotational speeds and obtain the trend of flow field variation of oil film. Design/methodology/approach The FLUENT simulation model of the oil film between the friction disks is built. The effect of variation of working parameters such as input rotational speed, oil flow rate and film thickness on two-phase flow regime and transmission torque is studied by using the volume of fluid model. Findings The results show that the higher the rotational speed, the severer the cavitation is. In addition, the two-phase flow region makes the coverage of oil film over the friction pairs’ surface reduce, which results in a decrease in transmission torque for the hydro-viscous clutch. Originality/value These simulation results are of interest for the study of hydro-viscous drive and its applications. This study can also provide a theoretical basis for power transmission mechanism of oil film by considering the existence of a two-phase flow regime consisting of oil and air.

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Atay, Fatihcan M., and Axel Hutt. "Neural Fields with Distributed Transmission Speeds and Long‐Range Feedback Delays." SIAM Journal on Applied Dynamical Systems 5, no. 4 (January 2006): 670–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/050629367.

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Kharchenko, Volodymyr, Andrii Grekhov, and Vasyl Kondratiuk. "Data Transmission in SAGIN with FANET/MANET of Drones." Electronics and Control Systems 3, no. 69 (December 21, 2021): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18372/1990-5548.69.16429.

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The purpose of this article is to simulate data transmission and calculate traffic parameters in SAGIN air segment for which Ad Hoc network of flying drones is considered as a model. Traffic modeling is based on the manet-routing-compare example from the ns3 simulator library, which has been supplemented with code to calculate packet loss, throughput, and message transmission delays. The program allowed considering drones movement at both low and high speeds from 3.6 km/h to 72 km/h. The dependences of traffic losses on data transmission power, transaction sizes and data transmission speed are obtained and analyzed. The distribution of the average effective arrival rate λ and the throughput/goodput for drones has been studied. Comparing traffic characteristics in models with different numbers of drones allows to judge how the required quality of service can be achieved by choosing the right transmission parameters.

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O’Brien, Kevin W., Patricia A. Xu, David J. Levine, Cameron A. Aubin, Ho-Jung Yang, Michael F. Xiao, Lennard W. Wiesner, and Robert F. Shepherd. "Elastomeric passive transmission for autonomous force-velocity adaptation applied to 3D-printed prosthetics." Science Robotics 3, no. 23 (October 17, 2018): eaau5543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aau5543.

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The force, speed, dexterity, and compact size required of prosthetic hands present extreme design challenges for engineers. Current prosthetics rely on high-quality motors to achieve adequate precision, force, and speed in a small enough form factor with the trade-off of high cost. We present a simple, compact, and cost-effective continuously variable transmission produced via projection stereolithography. Our transmission, which we call an elastomeric passive transmission (EPT), is a polyurethane composite cylinder that autonomously adjusts its radius based on the tension in a wire spooled around it. We integrated six of these EPTs into a three-dimensionally printed soft prosthetic hand with six active degrees of freedom. Our EPTs provided the prosthetic hand with about three times increase in grip force without compromising flexion speed. This increased performance leads to finger closing speeds of ~0.5 seconds (average radial velocity, ~180 degrees second−1) and maximum fingertip forces of ~32 newtons per finger.

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Spiesberger, John L., and Dmitry Yu Mikhin. "Computational Speeds of Three Parabolic Approximations." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Acoustics 28, no. 03 (February 14, 2020): 1950018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s259172851950018x.

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Computational speeds are compared for modern implementations of three parabolic equation approximations. The split-step c0-insensitive model is 3.7 and 5.5 times faster than the finite-difference model OWWE and finite-element model RAM, respectively. Calculations are made between a source and receiver separated horizontally by 1000[Formula: see text]km at 600[Formula: see text]m depth near the minimum of sound speed in the deep ocean. Sound speed varies with depth but not range. The impulse response is computed by applying an inverse Fourier transform to equispaced discrete frequencies between 50[Formula: see text]Hz and 100[Formula: see text]Hz. At convergence, all implementations yield multipath travel times and transmission losses within 7[Formula: see text]ms and 2.4[Formula: see text]dB of an exact solution computed with normal modes via KRAKEN.

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Goran, Nermin, Mujo Hodzic, Anis Maslo, and Aljo Mujčić. "Modeling and simulation of fiber optic transmission links." Science, Engineering and Technology 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54327/set2022/v2.i1.22.

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The main aim of the paper is modeling and simulation of fiber optic transmission. It also deals with ways to increase the capacity of fiber optic transmission links by using WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) system. The parameters of the fiber optic transmission link were measured on a real optical transmission links and a model for simulation was set up. A simulation of increasing the capacity of a fiber optic transmission link was made in two ways. The first one is to increase the transmission speeds of the individual channels of the WDM system, and the second one is to increase the number of WDM system channels with lower individual speeds. The simulation results showed that the second method provides better quality of WDM service. The additional experiment was done on an existing ITU T G.655 optical fiber intended for WDM systems whose parameters were measured. Bit error rate and Q parameter for WDM system of 4 and 16 channel was used to check quality of proposed solution.

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Chen, Xingbin, Qingchun Hu, Zhongyang Xu, and Chune Zhu. "Numerical modeling and dynamic characteristics study of coupling vibration of multistage face gearsplanetary transmission." Mechanical Sciences 10, no. 2 (September 24, 2019): 475–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ms-10-475-2019.

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Abstract. A novel transmission with multistage face gears as the core component achieves variable speeds via differential gear shifting. Single/multistage coupled vibration models have been established in this study to derive the coupled vibration equation in order to accurately solve the load distribution between the meshing teeth and the vibration shock between the shifting stages in the transmission process, improve the transmission smoothness of the face gears during the shifting processing, suppress the resonance of face gears meshing, reduce the noise, and optimize the power transmission performance. The characterization relationships of the key parameters such as equivalent mass, rotational inertia, equivalent mesh stiffness, support stiffness, and meshing damping coefficient to dynamic characteristics were investigated. The linear and nonlinear dynamic characteristics of coupled vibration differential equations were solved. The influence rules of factors such as integrated transmission error, dynamic load, tooth surface friction, loading speed, and load on the transmission system were analyzed. The results of the study provide a theoretical basis for the expansion of field of application of transmission devices.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Transmission speeds'

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