Journal articles: 'Transmitter'

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Schwertman, Neil C. "Discovering an Optimal Property of the Mean." Mathematics Teacher 93, no. 4 (April 2000): 304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.93.4.0304.

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This activity introduces a mathematical idea that has several applications, which include determining the optimal location for a radio station's transmitter and determining the best locations for a fire station. Radio stations must determine the location of their transmitters so that they can broadcast the strongest possible signal and offer the broadest coverage to their listeners. The circular area covered by a transmitter at the center increases in proportion to the square of the radius. As it covers a larger area, the strength of a transmitted signal decreases proportionally to the area, or equivalently, as the square of the distance from the transmitter. To furnish the strongest overall signal to its listeners, a radio station should locate the transmitter at a site that minimizes the total of the squared distances to the communities that it serves.

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Raghavendran, CH V., G. Naga Satish, M. V. Rama Sundari, and P. Suresh Varma. "Tandem Communication Network Model with DBA having Non Homogeneous Poisson arrivals and Feedback for First Node." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 13, no. 9 (September 30, 2014): 4922–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v13i9.2372.

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In this paper, we develop a two node tandem communication network model with dynamic bandwidth allocation and feedback for the first node. In most of the communication systems, the arrivals of packets follow Non-Homogeneous and arrival rate is time dependent. In this model, the transmission rate of each transmitter depends on the number of packets in the buffer connected it. The transmission rates at each transmitter are adjusted depending upon the content of the buffer connected to it. The packets transmitted through the first transmitter may be forwarded to the buffer connected to the second transmitter or returned back to the first buffer with certain probabilities. Using the difference-differential equations the performance measures including average number of packets in each buffer, the probability of emptiness of the network, the average waiting time in the buffer and in the network, the throughput of the transmitters, and the variance of the number of packets in the buffer are calculated. It is observed that the load dependent transmission can reduce the delays in the transmission and enhance the channel capacity.Â

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Mappatao, Gerino, Isaiah Mari Zebedia Bautista, Marc Kevin Orsos, Mark Aldrine Ribo, and Joseph Castillo. "Remote tending of modern broadcast transmitters." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 15, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 1491. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v15.i3.pp1491-1500.

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Once broadcast transmitters are put into operation, regulatory bodies in different countries require the equipment to be monitored, data logged and controlled. Normally, transmitter personnel turn ON the transmitter at the start of the broadcasting activities, and turn it OFF at the end of the activities. They also regularly record the transmitter meter readings on output power, voltage and current as long as the transmitter is on-air. These data must be logged and saved for future references. These procedures are done by transmitter personnel manually. With the advent of internet technology, this paper presents a system to remotely monitor, gather and record meter readings, and a provision to control the turning ON/OFF as well as to adjust the output power of a number of digital transmitters. All these procedures are done in one central location. The system was implemented and then tested using a digital television transmitter. Results of the tests show that the developed system capable of performing the functions of a transmitter technician in monitoring, logging and control of broadcast transmitters remotely. With the use of the system, broadcast networks can reduce operating costs in tending their transmitters but still able to comply with the requirements.

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Mappatao, Gerino, Isaiah Mari Zebedia Bautista, Marc Kevin Orsos, Mark Aldrine Ribo, and Joseph Castillo. "Development of a remote tending system for analog broadcast transmitters." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 15, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 1474. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v15.i3.pp1474-1484.

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Whenever a broadcast transmitter is on-air, it is required to be tended by licensed broadcast technicians. Technicians periodically monitor the transmitter performance, record the supply voltage and current at the last stage of the power amplifier and keeps a copy for at least two years. Also recorded are the times the transmitter is turned ON and OFF as well as the times the transmitter shuts down and returns back to air. This paper proposes a system to remotely tend analog transmitters in one central monitoring station. The remote tending of several transmitters in one location is made possible through internet connection. However, the challenge in the proposed system is in the gathering of transmitter data. A prototype of the system was constructed and tested in an FM broadcast transmitter. Test results on the prototype performance show that the proposed system can effectively be used to remotely monitor, record data and control the status of analog broadcast transmitters. The primary feature of the proposed system of monitoring several transmitters in one location will bring cost effective advantages to the broadcast operators.

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Nadia, Zunly. "Women Political Participation in the Era of Prophet Muhammad: Study on the Hadith Transmitters of the Women Companions." Al-Albab 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24260/alalbab.v6i1.608.

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Most of Moslem societies define the role of woman in the purely domestic sector. Some people consider that Islam stands against women’s role in public sectors believing that it has roots in the context of the prophet’s time. This work shows that there is no prohibitation for woman to take parts in the public and social affairs including in the area of political role. It was the case that some women companions of the prophet participated in the political role including Aisyah the wife of Nabi Saw, Asma binti Abu Bakar, Ummu Athiyah, Ummu Hani’ and Rubayyi’ bint Mu’awidz. In this paper, the writer focuses on woman companion hadith transmitters who are directly wrapped up in the missionary work with the prophet. In addition, this paper also shows the relation between woman companion transmitter activities and their hadith transmission, under assumption that the role of woman would influence the texts of the transmitted hadiths. It is because, as a text, hadith was transmitted in the certain context and condition. Accordingly, every transmitter had different hadith transmission based on her context, status, profession, and even gender construction. Therefore, this paper discusses the woman companion transmitters who play their role in the field of politics and also their influence in their transmitted hadiths

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Nazari, Saeed, Raphael Rochlitz, and Thomas Günther. "Optimizing Semi-Airborne Electromagnetic Survey Design for Mineral Exploration." Minerals 13, no. 6 (June 10, 2023): 796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13060796.

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As semi-airborne mineral exploration has a limited budget, it is critical to design experimental procedures that generate data to maximize desired information. We investigated the effects of transmitter–receiver geometries for a variety of anomalies and semi-airborne layouts. Our simulations indicated that flight line spacing of 200 m and a point distance of 100 m provides the optimal trade-off between coverage and survey progress for various targets. Based on the target size and distance between the transmitter and the target, the transmitter length should be at least equal to the length of the target. However, where the distance between the transmitter and the target is more than 1 km, the transmitter length should be at least two or three times the target size. Of similar importance are the location and direction of the transmitter cables, which can have a significant impact on the result of inversion and should be parallel to the target strike. By using more than one transmitter, better results can be obtained. If the strike of the target is known, transmitters should be parallel to each other, and if not, it is better to use perpendicular transmitters. The results of this study showed that the optimal distance between transmitters is 3 km. Our simulations showed that it is even possible to recover targets just below the transmitter in corresponding areas of masked data.

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Kovalgin, Y. "On the Application of the Radio Mobile Software for Calculating the Coverage Zones of Transmitters Broadcasting in the VHF Range." Proceedings of Telecommunication Universities 7, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31854/1813-324x-2021-7-2-24-36.

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This work considers the application of the Radio Mobile software for calculating the coverage zones of analogue FM- and digital DRM-transmitters. The requirements for the initial input data, enabling the reliable results, are demonstrated. It is shown that equality of the coverage zones of both transmitter types is determined by the proper ratio of the transmitter’s signal levels.

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Guo, Bochao, Yubo Zhao, Wei Chen, Ni Guo, and Zijian Tian. "A Novel Curved-Coil Transmitter for Quasi-omnidirectional Wireless Power Transfer." Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 23, no. 2 (March 31, 2023): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26866/jees.2023.2.r.154.

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Achieving stable power transfer by merely relying on quasi-omnidirectional couplers is challenging. In this paper, we propose a quasi-omnidirectional wireless power transfer (QWPT) system with a novel curved-coil transmitter to achieve steady transmission performance. A single power source is used to drive the transmitter's current without using a phase and current control methodology. Power is transmitted to the receiver through magnetic resonant coupling at a distance of 50 mm. Moreover, an equivalent circuit model of the curved-coil system is derived and mathematically analyzed. The mutual inductance of the proposed QWPT system is evaluated through analysis and experiments. The experimental results for the resonant coupling system confirm the theoretical analysis of the performance of the curved-coil transmitter and quasi-omnidirectional power transfer.

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Hu, Feng Zhong, and Guang Lei Chen. "Design and Implementation of HART Physical Layer for Smart Transmitters." Applied Mechanics and Materials 530-531 (February 2014): 1130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.530-531.1130.

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In smart transmitters with HART protocol, the HART physical layer implementation is critical for reliable communication. For the existing smart pressure transmitter circuit is complex and unstable, this paper designed a simple and reliable circuit in accordance with HART physical layer specifications. The design uses AD421 and AD5700-1 constitute a 4-to-20mA loop-powered smart transmitter circuit, is fully compatible with standard HART or other similar FSK protocols. The smart transmitter using this circuit has passed the HART certification by HART communication foundation. This implementation can be applied to other smart transmitters.

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Yousefi, M., D. Koozehkanani, H. Jangi, N. Nasirzadeh, and J. Sobhi. "A –5 dBm 400MHz OOK Transmitter for Wireless Medical Application." International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eletel-2014-0024.

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Abstract A 400 MHz high efficiency transmitter for wireless medical application is presented in this paper. Transmitter architecture with high-energy efficiencies is proposed to achieve high data rate with low power consumption. In the on-off keying transmitters, the oscillator and power amplifier are turned off when the transmitter sends 0 data. The proposed class-e power amplifier has high efficiency for low level output power. The proposed on-off keying transmitter consumes 1.52 mw at -5 dBm output by 40 Mbps data rate and energy consumption 38 pJ/bit. The proposed transmitter has been designed in 0.18μm CMOS technology.

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Daniel, Adam J., Brendan J. Hicks, Nicholas Ling, and Bruno O. David. "Acoustic and radio-transmitter retention in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in New Zealand." Marine and Freshwater Research 60, no. 4 (2009): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08139.

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Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) are notoriously difficult to monitor in water temperatures above 20°C using telemetry owing to transmitter expulsion. To reduce transmitter loss, radio transmitters were anchored to the pelvic girdle and a polymer coating was applied to acoustic transmitters to reduce tissue irritation in two tank trials. Ten dummy transmitters were surgically implanted in each of four groups of adult koi carp, a highly coloured strain of C. carpio. Water temperatures ranged between 7 and 24°C. After 365 days, the control and test groups of each trial had similar expulsion rates (P ≥ 0.30; two-tailed Fisher’s exact probability test). Expulsion rates for uncoated acoustic transmitters were 60% (n = 6), coated acoustic transmitters 50% (n = 5), unanchored radio transmitters 60% (n = 6) and anchored radio transmitters 90% (n = 9). Expulsions occurred 15–362 days after implantation as a result of ulcers at or near the surgical wound. Bacterial infection of the wound appears to be the primary mechanism for transmitter expulsion.

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Ulmschneider, Markus, Christian Gentner, Thomas Jost, and Armin Dammann. "Rao-Blackwellized Gaussian Sum Particle Filtering for Multipath Assisted Positioning." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4761601.

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In multipath assisted positioning, multipath components arriving at a receiver are regarded as being transmitted by a virtual transmitter in a line-of-sight condition. As the locations and clock offsets of the virtual and physical transmitters are in general unknown, simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) schemes can be applied to simultaneously localize a user and estimate the states of physical and virtual transmitters as landmarks. Hence, multipath assisted positioning enables localizing a user with only one physical transmitter depending on the scenario. In this paper, we present and derive a novel filtering approach for our multipath assisted positioning algorithm called Channel-SLAM. Making use of Rao-Blackwellization, the location of a user is tracked by a particle filter, and each landmark is represented by a sum of Gaussian probability density functions, whose parameters are estimated by unscented Kalman filters. Since data association, that is, finding correspondences among landmarks, is essential for robust long-term SLAM, we also derive a data association scheme. We evaluate our filtering approach for multipath assisted positioning by simulations in an urban scenario and by outdoor measurements.

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Bellissimo-Rodrigues, Fernando, Daniela Pires, Hervé Soule, Angèle Gayet-Ageron, and Didier Pittet. "Assessing the Likelihood of Hand-to-Hand Cross-Transmission of Bacteria: An Experimental Study." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 38, no. 5 (February 22, 2017): 553–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2017.9.

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BACKGROUNDAlthough the hands of healthcare workers (HCWs) are implicated in most episodes of healthcare-associated infections, the correlation between hand contamination and the likelihood of cross-transmission remains unknown.METHODSWe conducted a laboratory-based study involving pairs of HCWs. The hands of a HCW (transmitter) were contaminated with Escherichia coli ATCC 10536 before holding hands with another HCW (host) for 1 minute. Meanwhile, the unheld hand of the transmitter was sampled. Afterward, the host’s held hand was also sampled. Each experiment consisted of 4 trials with increasing concentrations of E. coli (103–106 colony-forming units [cfu]/mL). The primary outcome was the likelihood of transmission of at least 1 cfu from transmitter to host. We used a mixed logistic regression model with a random effect on the subject to assess the association between transmission and bacterial count on the transmitter’s hands.RESULTSIn total, 6 HCWs performed 30 experiments and 120 trials. The bacterial counts recovered from host hands were directly associated with the bacterial counts on transmitter hands (P<.001). The probability of cross-transmission was 8.22 higher (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98–68.8) when transmitter hand bacterial count was >1 and ≤3 log10 cfu compared to ≤1 log10. When transmitter contamination was <1 log10 cfu, no cross-transmission was detected.CONCLUSIONThere is a direct relationship between the bacterial burden on HCWs hands and the likelihood of cross-transmission. Under the described conditions, at least 1 log10 cfu must be present on HCW hands to be potentially transmitted. Further studies are needed at the low contamination range.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:553–558

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Baek, Jieun, and Yosoon Choi. "A New GIS-Based Algorithm to Support Initial Transmitter Layout Design in Open-Pit Mines." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 7, 2018): 3063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113063.

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In this paper, a new geographic information systems (GIS)-based algorithm is proposed for supporting the initial design of a wireless communications system in open-pit mines. In this algorithm, multiple candidate transmitter (wireless access point) locations are selected considering the probability of further development and environmental factors in the mine. Then, a three-dimensional (3D) partial Fresnel zone between the transmitter and the receiver is defined and its 3D Fresnel index calculated by communication viewshed analysis of topographic data. The initial design for a transmitter layout is then determined based on the 3D Fresnel indices, which are calculated for all candidate transmitter locations. The proposed algorithm was applied to an open-pit mine located in Samcheok-si, Gangwon-do, South Korea. The 3D Fresnel indices were calculated for 15 candidate transmitter locations, and an initial transmitter layout then designed considering favorable combinations of two, three, and four transmitters. The proposed algorithm provided more precise Fresnel index overlay maps for the favorable transmitter candidate combinations than other algorithms based on line-of-sight and two-dimensional partial Fresnel zone analyses. Application of the algorithm to an open-pit mine where a wireless communications system is already installed revealed that the initial transmitter layout design is acceptable in terms of providing reasonable information on the coverage area of transmitters. Because the proposed algorithm provides an initial transmitter layout that can be modified after field investigations, it can support efficient design of wireless communications systems for use in open-pit mines.

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Xie, Feng, Xiao Hui Ye, and Feng Liu. "The Study on Waveform Sets Transmission for Multistatic Radar." Applied Mechanics and Materials 273 (January 2013): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.273.105.

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This study is concerned with finding waveforms which are easily separated, thereby facilitating multistatic radar. However this study considers the use of multiple waveforms at each transmitter. Each waveform is transmitted in a separate independent channel; however each transmitter uses the same set of channels. These channels might be orthogonal frequencies, time delays, or polarisation. In this study we exploit the fact that complementary codes occur in mutually–orthogonal sets. These codes are used to create several waveform sets, each of which is assigned to a different transmitter, and the component waveforms then transmitted in different channels.

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Pohl, Nils, Herbert Knapp, Christian Bredendiek, and Rudolf Lachner. "Next generation integrated SiGe mm-wave circuits for automotive radar sensors." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 5, no. 1 (January 4, 2013): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078712000736.

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In this paper, radar transmitter circuits for next generation automotive radar sensors are presented. A 79 GHz radar transmitter with an output power of 14.5 dBm consuming only 165 mA (including frequency dividers) from a 3.3 V supply voltage clearly shows the advantage of using an improved SiGe technology with an fmax of 380 GHz. In addition, two radar transmitters for higher frequencies (around 150 GHz) based on frequency doubler circuits are showing the potential of SiGe technologies. The first transmitter achieves an output power of 3 dBm (single ended) at 144 GHz, whereas the second transmitters delivers a differential output power of 0 dBm at 150 GHz. Both transmitters achieve an ultra-wide tuning range of about 45 GHz.

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Nadia, Zunly. "Peran dan Aktivitas Perempuan Era Muhammad SAW (Studi Atas Hadis-Hadis Riwayat Sahabat Perempuan)." HUMANISMA : Journal of Gender Studies 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.30983/humanisme.v4i1.3189.

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This paper shows how the role of women both in the public and domestic area in the era of phrophet Mohamamd. In this case, the paper focus on woman companion transmitter who are directly wrapped up in the missionary work with the prophet. In addition, the paper will show the relation between woman companion transmitter activity and their hadis transmission, under assumtion that the role of woman will influence to the hadis texts which are transmitted. This because, as a text, hadis was transmitted in the certain context and condition. Accordingly, every transmitter had different hadis transmission based on his/her context, status, profession, and even gender construction. This is why, the paper will write the woman companion transmitter who play their role and their activity influence their hadis transmission.

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Nasution, Muhammad Rangga Aziz, Herfandi Herfandi, Ones Sanjerico Sitanggang, Huy Nguyen, and Yeong Min Jang. "Proximity-Based Optical Camera Communication with Multiple Transmitters Using Deep Learning." Sensors 24, no. 2 (January 22, 2024): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24020702.

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In recent years, optical camera communication (OCC) has garnered attention as a research focus. OCC uses optical light to transmit data by scattering the light in various directions. Although this can be advantageous with multiple transmitter scenarios, there are situations in which only a single transmitter is permitted to communicate. Therefore, this method is proposed to fulfill the latter requirement using 2D object size to calculate the proximity of the objects through an AI object detection model. This approach enables prioritization among transmitters based on the transmitter proximity to the receiver for communication, facilitating alternating communication with multiple transmitters. The image processing employed when receiving the signals from transmitters enables communication to be performed without the need to modify the camera parameters. During the implementation, the distance between the transmitter and receiver varied between 1.0 and 5.0 m, and the system demonstrated a maximum data rate of 3.945 kbps with a minimum BER of 4.2×10−3. Additionally, the system achieved high accuracy from the refined YOLOv8 detection algorithm, reaching 0.98 mAP at a 0.50 IoU.

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Sinaga, Emil Siska. "Analysis And Design Of Wireless Power Transfer System (Wireless Power Transfer)." Jurnal Mekintek : Jurnal Mekanikal, Energi, Industri, Dan Teknologi 11, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.35335/mekintek.v11i1.6.

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Wireless Power Transfer is a way of sending electrical energy through air media, so that electrical energy can be transmitted from a power source to an electrical load without using a conductor or cable. The maximum distance that can be sent by the transmitter to the receiver is 5cm with a voltage of 1.3 volts. This proves that the farther the distance between the transmitter and the receiver, the smaller the voltage and the smaller the power that can be transmitted. Likewise, if the distance between the receiver and transmitter is getting closer, the voltage and power that can be emitted will be even greater.

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Nguyen, Dang Canh, Victor N. Gromorushkin, and Oleg Varlamov. "Theoretical Comparison of Different Envelope Elimination and Restoration Transmitter PWM Modulator Configurations to Expand the Possible Antenna Mismatch." Sensors 23, no. 23 (November 28, 2023): 9466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23239466.

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The main characteristics of high-efficiency switching-mode solid-state power amplifiers with envelope elimination and restoration (EER) methods depend on all their elements. In this article, we study the influence of the types and parameters of the envelope path low-pass filters (LPFs) on the EER transmitter out-of-band emissions. This article presents for the first time an analysis of EER transmitter operation where the output impedance of the PWM modulator is not equal to zero, as usual (with a one-sided loaded LPF), but is matched with the low-pass filter and the load (with a double-sided loaded LPF). Theoretical comparisons of EER transmitters’ out-of-band emissions were carried out with four envelope path LPF configurations (one-sided and double-sided loaded LPFs with a smooth and sharp transition, respectively), for both the nominal load (broadband antenna) and resonant antennas with a limited bandwidth. The analysis showed that for the case of transmitter operation on a resonant antenna with a limited bandwidth, the preferable option was the use of a sixth-order double-sided loaded LPF with a smooth transition. The use of the proposed modulator configuration allowed the transmitter to operate on an antenna with VSWR = 1.07 at the edges of the transmitted signal band with a minimum LPF bandwidth equal to 5.8 bands of the amplified signal. This could significantly expand its application capabilities and allow one to reduce the PWM clock frequency and increase efficiency.

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Sutanto, Harry, and Bosker Sinaga. "Analisa Certainty Factor Dalam Mendiagnosa Kerusakan Alat Pemancar Radio 87.6 Dass FM Lubuk Pakam." Jurnal Nasional Komputasi dan Teknologi Informasi (JNKTI) 3, no. 2 (October 26, 2020): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.32672/jnkti.v3i2.2298.

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An FM transmitter or FM transmitter is a source of radio vibrations emitted by a device called an oscillator or oscillator. While the oscillator is a device that can produce high frequencies. The scope of this research is an expert system that is built only to discuss the symptoms and damage to radio transmitters and solutions to fix them. The resulting output is radio transmitter malfunction information and solutions to repair it. The programming language used in solving this problem is PHP by using the mysql database. The method used in solving the damage to the radio transmitter is the certainty factor method.

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Nguyen, Dinh Hoa. "Optical Wireless Power Transfer for Implanted and Wearable Devices." Sustainability 15, no. 10 (May 17, 2023): 8146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15108146.

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Optical wireless power transfer (OWPT) has been employed in the literature as a wireless powering approach for implanted and wearable devices. However, most of the existing studies on this topic have not studied the performances of OWPT systems when light is transmitted through clothing. This research therefore contributes to investigate the effects of clothing on OWPT performances from both theoretical and experimental perspectives. An obtained experimental result indicates that a single light-emitting diode (LED) transmitter is able to perform the OWPT through white cotton clothing, but failed with another dark cotton clothing, even at a small transmitting distance. Hence, this research proposes to employ LED arrays as optical transmitters to improve the OWPT system capability in terms of the wirelessly transmitted power, transmitting distance and system tolerance to misalignments, whilst keeping the system safety, low cost and simplicity. Consequently, a theoretical formula for the power transmission efficiency made by an LED array through clothing is proposed and then is verified with experimental results. Furthermore, the important role of multiple light reflections at the surfaces of clothing and the LED array transmitter is pointed out.

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Thorstad, Eva B., Sven E. Kerwath, Colin G. Attwood, Finn Økland, Christopher G. Wilke, Paul D. Cowley, and Tor F. Næsje. "Long-term effects of two sizes of surgically implanted acoustic transmitters on a predatory marine fish (Pomatomus saltatrix)." Marine and Freshwater Research 60, no. 2 (2009): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08191.

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Fish telemetry is increasingly used to study fish behaviour in marine systems and it is crucial that the tagging does not affect fish behaviour and welfare negatively. Hence, the long-term effects of surgically implanted acoustic telemetry transmitters on survival, tag retention, healing and growth on Pomatomus saltatrix (known as tailor in Australia, elf in South Africa and bluefish in North America) were studied over 144 days. P. saltatrix are well suited for transmitter implants because no tagging-related short- or long-term mortality or transmitter expulsion was recorded. Small transmitters (9 × 28 mm, 3.3 g in water) did not affect the specific growth rate of tagged fish compared with an untagged control group. In contrast, the fish tagged with large transmitters (13 × 50 mm, 6.9 g in water) had a reduced specific growth rate. The small, but not the large transmitter, seemed suitable for tagging P. saltatrix of the body sizes represented in this study (215–621 g). The specific growth rate was negatively affected by increasing the transmitter-mass-in-water to body-mass ratio. It is recommended that this ratio should not exceed 1.4%.

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Varlamov, O. V. "DRM DIGITAL BROADCASTING SYSTEM AUDIO PATH QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS." SYNCHROINFO JOURNAL 8, no. 4 (2022): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2664-066x-2022-8-4-2-8.

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The Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) digital broadcasting system is the only ITU-approved digital broadcasting system for the LF, MF and HF bands. Numerous theoretical and field studies, as well as operating experience over the past 20 years, have allowed a good study of digital broadcasting networks organization according to this standard. However, some of the issues related to the audio path formal characteristics were not considered. The article discusses the audio coders used in the DRM system and the available data rates in various immunity modes. A set of test signals for instrumental measurements and listening has been developed. The results of experimental measurements for various data rates are presented. It is shown that the range of modulating frequencies in 7 modes of immunity is not narrower than for FM transmitters. In another 5 modes of noise immunity, the range of modulating frequencies is narrower than for FM transmitters, but wider than for AM transmitters. It is confirmed that at data rates of more than 16.5 kbps, the DRM transmitter signal quality becomes no worse than AM signal transmitter quality. Above 24 kbps, the DRM transmitter signal quality becomes comparable to that of an FM transmitter.

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Sui, Ping, Ying Guo, Kun-feng Zhang, and Honguang Li. "Frequency-Hopping Transmitter Fingerprint Feature Classification Based on Kernel Collaborative Representation Classifier." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9403590.

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Noncooperation frequency-hopping (FH) transmitter fingerprint feature classification is a significant but challenging issue for FH transmitter recognition, since not only is it sensitive to noise but also it has the nonlinear, non-Gaussian and nonstability characteristics, which make it difficult to guarantee the classification in the original signal space. To address these problems, a method of frequency-hopping transmitter fingerprint feature classification based on kernel collaborative representation classifier is proposed in this paper. First, the noise suppression pretreatment of the FH transmitter signal is carried out by using the wave atoms frame method. Then, the nuances of the FH transmitters in the feature space are characterized by the surrounding-line integral bispectra features. And finally, incorporating the kernel function, a classifier which can generalize a linear algorithm to nonlinear counterpart is constructed for the final transmitter fingerprint feature classification. Extensive experiments on real-world FH transmitter “turn-on” transient signals demonstrate the robust classification of our method.

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Muralidhara, Srinivasa, and Dilip Kothari. "Design, development, and qualification tests of prototype two-channel cryogenic temperature transmitter." AIP Advances 12, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 035213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0055915.

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A two-channel prototype cryogenic temperature transmitter is developed using an ARM Cortex-M3 series precision analog microcontroller using a rapid prototyping method for use in indigenous developments. The developed prototype utilizes an Arduino compatible baseboard equipped with interfaces for programming/debugging. Additional circuits are fabricated, and embedded application software is developed and tested. The input circuit consists of a low-value high accuracy precision current source to excite the cryogenic temperature sensors of Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) type and employs a standard four-wire ratiometric measurement technique for accurate resistance measurement. The ratiometric measurement eliminates measurement errors due to current uncertainty. The precision microcontroller is equipped with internal programmable gain amplifiers to accurately scale low-level analog signals from cryogenic temperature sensors. The developed transmitter can interface with two cryogenic RTDs (Cernox® and PT-100 types) and can accurately measure resistance over its calibrated range (300–4 K). The cubic spline interpolation method is employed in application software for converting the measured resistance to temperature. The measured temperature is transmitted to a programmable logic device (via 4–20 mA signals) using the pulse width modulation technique. The developed transmitter is tested for its performance against commercially available transmitters at the liquid nitrogen temperature, liquid helium temperature, and over the entire measurement range using Gifford–McMahon type cryocoolers. The developed transmitter was utilized to assess the impact of the thermal resistance of the cryogenic sensors at the lowest temperature of the cryocooler (∼2.6 K). This paper outlines design details, application software development, experimental setup, measurement uncertainties, and test results.

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Sharma, Naresh, and P. G. Poonacha. "Obtaining Synchronization for a Class of Chaotic Systems." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 07, no. 11 (November 1997): 2587–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127497001746.

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An iterative algorithm is proposed for constructing synchronizing receivers for a chosen class of chaotic transmitter systems. A complete knowledge of the transmitter system is not required. Identical synchronization is ensured with the transmitted signal in the constructed receivers. Potential applications of the method are discussed for communications.

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Cheng, Xu, Yong-zhen Li, and Xue-song Wang. "Antenna Polarization Optimization for Target Detection in Non-Gaussian Clutter." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/640730.

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Adaptive polarization design of radar antenna has recently become the focus of attention in radar polarization community. A polarimetric detector against non-Gaussian clutter with transmitter polarization optimization has been proposed in this paper. First, the radar data model including the realistic dependence of the clutter on the transmitted polarization is introduced. Then the polarimetric detector with transmitter polarization optimization is developed. By employing the simulation, we demonstrate that the polarization waveform optimization can bring the significant performance gain on target detection as compared to the conventional full-polarization approach. Besides, jointly optimizing transmitter and receiver polarization to form a scalar measurement is confirmed not to achieve a better detection performance than vector measurement with only transmitter polarization optimization.

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Cheng, Hesheng, and Huakun Zhang. "Investigation of Improved Methods in Power Transfer Efficiency for Radiating Near-Field Wireless Power Transfer." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2136923.

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A metamaterial-inspired efficient electrically small antenna is proposed, firstly. And then several improving power transfer efficiency (PTE) methods for wireless power transfer (WPT) systems composed of the proposed antenna in the radiating near-field region are investigated. Method one is using a proposed antenna as a power retriever. This WPT system consisted of three proposed antennas: a transmitter, a receiver, and a retriever. The system is fed by only one power source. At a fixed distance from receiver to transmitter, the distance between the transmitter and the retriever is turned to maximize power transfer from the transmitter to the receiver. Method two is using two proposed antennas as transmitters and one antenna as receiver. The receiver is placed between the two transmitters. In this system, two power sources are used to feed the two transmitters, respectively. By adjusting the phase difference between the two feeding sources, the maximum PTE can be obtained at the optimal phase difference. Using the same configuration as method two, method three, where the maximum PTE can be increased by regulating the voltage (or power) ratio of the two feeding sources, is proposed. In addition, we combine the proposed methods to construct another two schemes, which improve the PTE at different extent than classical WPT system.

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Lu, Jun, Huidong Li, Chuan Tian, Mitchell J. Myjak, Jie Xiao, Brian J. Bellgraph, Samuel S. Cartmell, and Zhiqun Daniel Deng. "A Frequency-Programmable Miniaturized Radio Frequency Transmitter for Animal Tracking." Sensors 21, no. 19 (October 8, 2021): 6683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196683.

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In animal tracking applications, smaller transmitters can reduce the impact of the transmitter on the tagged animal and thus provide more accurate data about animal behavior. By combining a novel circuit design and a newly developed micro-battery, we developed frequency-programmable and more powerful radio frequency transmitters that are about 40% smaller and lighter in weight than the smallest commercial counterpart for animal monitoring at the time of development. The new radio frequency transmitter has a miniaturized form factor for studying small animals. Designs of two coding schemes were developed: one transmits unmodulated signals (weight: 152 mg; dimensions: Ø 2.95 mm × 11.22 mm), and the other transmits modulated signals (weight: 160 mg; dimensions: Ø 2.95 mm × 11.85 mm). To accommodate different transmitter life requirements, each design can be configured to transmit in high or low signal strength. Prototypes of these transmitters were evaluated in the laboratory and exhibited comparable or longer service life and higher signal strength compared to their smallest commercial counterparts.

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YOSHIMURA, K. "SECURE COMMUNICATIONS USING CASCADED CHAOTIC OPTICAL RINGS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 14, no. 03 (March 2004): 1105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127404009661.

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We show that transmitter and receiver systems consisting of cascaded chaotic optical rings can synchronize when they are coupled by using direct light injection from the transmitter into the receiver. Binary messages can be transmitted by the chaotic switching scheme. The proposed chaos secure communication system can satisfy some requirements to enhance security.

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Budiman, Arif. "The Transmitter's 'Adalah (Uprightness); The Ethical Conception in the Hadith Transmission." Ishlah: Jurnal Ilmu Ushuluddin, Adab dan Dakwah 4, no. 2 (December 26, 2022): 247–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32939/ishlah.v4i2.125.

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A transmitter as the main element in the hadith transmission has special conditions. It relates to considerations in determining the hadith qualifications. One of the conditions playing a central role is the transmitter's uprightness ('adalah). The article aims to reveal that the transmitter's uprightness intersects with ethical philosophy. As a prescriptive science, ethics is a branch of philosophy that considers an action critically with certain moral parameters. Through a qualitative study using the moral philosophy approach from the perspective of Agus Dewantara, the transmitter's uprightness conception correlates with ethical values. As A result, the transmitter's uprightness has two ethical dimensions. First, the ethical-theological dimension correlates with subjective moral order including: a transmitter must have a Muslim identity and implement religious provisions. Second, the ethical-sociological dimension correlates with an objective moral order meaning that a transmitter must be mukallaf and always maintain self-image (muru'ah).

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Wang, Wen Xing, and Xing Lin Cao. "Research on Multiform Circuit Multi-Carrier Transmitter in Smart Grid." Advanced Materials Research 204-210 (February 2011): 2214–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.204-210.2214.

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Transmitter is one of the communications-equipment in modern industrial. The basic principles of the transmitter is described in this article at fist, and then the multi-carrier multiple smart grid electricity transmitter is proposed. The transmitter takes advantage of multi-carrier communication technology and more effective solution to solve measurement data transmission problems in smart grid. In the carrier module, the source information with high-rate is changed into low-rate parallel data streams, and then is modulated, the modulation signal is added and changed into transmitted signal, and each carrier can use different modulation. Low-speed data is demodulated by appropriate demodulation mode at the receiving end, and then original data stream is synthesized by parallel -to-serial conversion.

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Reid, James E., and Julian Vrbancich. "A comparison of the inductive‐limit footprints of airborne electromagnetic configurations." GEOPHYSICS 69, no. 5 (September 2004): 1229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1801939.

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An inductive‐limit model has been used to determine footprint sizes for a variety of common airborne electromagnetic‐survey geometries. The model accounts both for variations in the height and orientation of the electromagnetic transmitter, and for electromagnetic coupling between the induced current system and the receiver. Horizontal magnetic‐dipole transmitters are shown to have a smaller footprint than vertical magnetic‐dipole sources. We show that footprint sizes for the vertical coaxial and vertical coplanar geometries are essentially identical, provided the transmitter‐receiver separation is much less than the transmitter height. The inductive‐limit horizontal‐component footprint for a fixed‐wing horizontal‐loop transmitter with a towed‐bird receiver is shown to be two‐thirds of that for the vertical component.

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Hartansky, Rene, Jozef Hallon, Jakub Krchnak, and Michal Dzuris. "Renewal of Middle Wave Transmitters in Slovak Republic." Vestnik IzhGTU imeni M.T. Kalashnikova 24, no. 4 (2021): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22213/2413-1172-2021-4-65-72.

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This paper deals with the replacement of middle wave transmitters in Slovak Republic. The original transmitters were based on class C vacuum tube fundamentals and were produced by the Czechoslovakian group company Tesla. Class C transmitters were transmitting reliably to this day, however, the lifespan of these transmitters was nearing its end, moreover the need for a better quality analog modulated signal has pushed for its replacement and therefore they were replaced by modern, highly efficient class D transmitters, while utilizing the original infrastructure consisting of antennas and power inputs. Due to differences in characteristic parameters, however minor, this caused some significant problems, with impedance matching. To resolve these problems, it was necessary to implement a newly designed IMU (Impedance Matching Unit), while also securing a lightning strike protection. This paper has proposed a possibility of lightning surge protection of middle wave transmitters. The original protection implemented with the installations of class C transmitters was consisted only of multiple spark gaps. This kind of protection may prove inefficient using new class D transmitters. The device described in this paper has been designed and successfully implemented on a middle wave transmitter in Čižatice. This transmitter is transmitting with 5 kW power on the antenna with the carrier frequency of 702 kHz. Since the implementation of our device, the transmitter reports no failures and continues to transmit safely.

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Tanabe, Masayuki, Kan Okubo, and Norio Tagawa. "Inline Transmitter/Receiver System without Direct Receiving of Transmitted Signals." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 48, no. 7 (July 21, 2009): 07GK13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.48.07gk13.

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Le Souef, Anna T., Dejan Stojanovic, Allan H. Burbidge, Simone D. Vitali, Robert Heinsohn, Rick Dawson, and Kristin S. Warren. "Retention of transmitter attachments on black cockatoos (Calyptorhynchus spp.)." Pacific Conservation Biology 19, no. 1 (2013): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc130055.

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Despite the widespread use of telemetry to track the movements of many different avian species, there are few published studies describing tracking methods for large psittacine birds. Due to their powerful bills and inquisitive demeanours, large parrots may damage valuable transmitters and confound telemetry studies. We undertook a captive trial of three attachment methods (collar, harness and tail-mount) and a novel weak-link harness design for black cockatoos (Calyptorhynchus latirostris, C. baudinii and C. banksii naso). Mean retention times for the transmitter packages ranged from 44 to 384 days. There was no skin or feather damage to the birds associated with transmitter attachments. The results showed sufficient transmitter retention times to allow for the collection of valuable movement and survival data, with no obvious ill effects on animal welfare, and are a first step towards using transmitters on wild cockatoos.

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Rahman, Fahim, Prodyut Das, Md Forhad Hossain, Sazzaduzzaman Khan, and Rajib Chowdhury. "Design and Performance Evaluation of a 10GHz 32nm-CNTFET IR-UWB Transmitter for Inter-Chip Wireless Communication." Advanced Materials Research 646 (January 2013): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.646.228.

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In this paper, we have presented the design and performance evaluation of a 10GHz 32nm-CNTFET IR-UWB transmitter for inter-chip wireless transmission. We have designed the transmitter using a VCO-based high speed clock generator and a positive and a negative monocycle Gaussian pulse generator. RF compatible Carbon Nano-Tube Field Effect Transistors (CNTFETs) have been used as the building blocks of the oscillator and the logic gates. The final design has resulted to a 7-channel-SWNT CNTFET-based transmitter for optimum 10GHz data rate with a promising 650mV pulse amplitude and only 1.069mW power consumption with a -32.27dB output. This transmitter can also operate satisfactorily upto 15GHz. The results show promising superiority over existing transmitters regarding high data rate, low power loss and high pulse amplitude.

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39

Lyu, Jun. "Signal transmitter." Nature Plants 3, no. 9 (August 28, 2017): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41477-017-0015-7.

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40

Molund, G. "Acoustic transmitter." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 98, no. 3 (September 1995): 1257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.413538.

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41

Hetzel, S. A., A. Bateman, and J. P. McGeehan. "LINC transmitter." Electronics Letters 27, no. 10 (May 9, 1991): 844–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19910528.

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42

ACTIONINSTRUMENTSEUROPE. "Thermocouple transmitter." International Journal of Refrigeration 10, no. 1 (January 1987): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-7007(87)90112-5.

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43

Kazem, Ali, Adnan Malki, and Anas Mahmoud Almanofi. "Target Coordinates Estimation by Passive Radar with a Single non-Cooperative Transmitter and a Single Receiver." Journal of communications software and systems 16, no. 2 (May 4, 2020): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24138/jcomss.v16i2.984.

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Passive radar is a bistatic radar that detects and tracks targets by processing reflections from non-cooperative transmitters. Due to the bistatic geometry for this radar, a target can be localized in Cartesian coordinates by using one of the following bistatic geometries: multiple non-cooperative transmitters and a single receiver, or a single non-cooperative transmitter and multiple receivers, whereas the diversity of receivers or non-cooperative transmitters leads to extra signal processing and a ghost target phenomenon. To mitigate these two disadvantages, we present a new method to estimate Cartesian coordinates of a target by a passive radar system with a single non-cooperative transmitter and a single receiver. This method depends on the ability of the radar receiver to analyze a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and estimate two arrival angles for the target’s echo signal. The proposed passive radar system is simulated with a Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB-T) transmitter, and the simulation results show the efficiency of this system compared with results of other researches.

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Gürel, Levent, and Uğur Oğuz. "Transmitter-receiver-transmitter configurations of ground-penetrating radar." Radio Science 37, no. 3 (May 11, 2002): 5–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001rs002500.

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45

Sang, Pil Gyu, Deblina Biswas, Seung Jin Lee, Sang Min Won, Donghee Son, Jong G. Ok, Hui Joon Park, and Hyoung Won Baac. "Experimental Demonstration of a Stacked Hybrid Optoacoustic-Piezoelectric Transducer for Localized Heating and Enhanced Cavitation." Micromachines 12, no. 10 (October 18, 2021): 1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12101268.

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Laser-generated focused ultrasound (LGFU) is an emerging modality for cavitation-based therapy. However, focal pressure amplitudes by LGFU alone to achieve pulsed cavitation are often lacking as a treatment depth increases. This requires a higher pressure from a transmitter surface and more laser energies that even approach to a damage threshold of transmitter. To mitigate the requirement for LGFU-induced cavitation, we propose LGFU configurations with a locally heated focal zone using an additional high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) transmitter. After confirming heat-induced cavitation enhancement using two separate transmitters, we then developed a stacked hybrid optoacoustic-piezoelectric transmitter, which is a unique configuration made by coating an optoacoustic layer directly onto a piezoelectric substrate. This shared curvature design has great practical advantage without requiring the complex alignment of two focal zones. Moreover, this enabled the amplification of cavitation bubble density by 18.5-fold compared to the LGFU operation alone. Finally, the feasibility of tissue fragmentation was confirmed through a tissue-mimicking gel, using the combination of LGFU and HIFU (not via a stacked structure). We expect that the stacked transmitter can be effectively used for stronger and faster tissue fragmentation than the LGFU transmitter alone.

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SRIVASTAVA, S. K., S. K. BINDRA, and M. P. BHARDWAJ. "401 MHz transistorised radiosonde transmitter." MAUSAM 43, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v43i1.3322.

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This paper describes a transistorised radiosonde transmitter which was designed to replace valve version earlier used in national upper air l1etwork for upper air data acquisition. The transmitter operates in 400.6-406 MHz frequency band (tunable) with 500 mill watt power output utilising a 22.5V water activated battery, Stripling technique has been deployed to obtain the optimum. design and transmitted meets all the stringent requirements laid down for accurate data conversion and transmission. The system IS In routine use In the national upper air network and the performance is satisfactory.

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Aizul bin Yaakob, Mohd, and Roshimah Shamsudin. "Manhaj al-Daraqutni dalam Menilai Periwayatan al-Tafarrud daripada Perawi Thiqa dalam Karya “Al-ʿIlal al-Warida fi al-Ahadith al-Nabawiyya”." Al-Bayan: Journal of Qur’an and Hadith Studies 19, no. 1 (April 23, 2021): 113–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22321969-12340096.

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Abstract The scholarship of al-Daraqutni in the discipline of hadith gains prominence through his work “al-ʿIlal al-Warida fi al-Ahadith al-Nabawiyya”. His evaluation of the al-tafarrud, narrated by a reliable transmitter, was alleged to be inconsistent, whereby some of the narrations were accepted by him, and some were not. As for the narration of al-tafarrud, which contained additional elements from a trustworthy transmitter, al-Daraqutni commented using the term “ziyada thiqa maqbula”. This lexicon implied that al-Daraqutni accepted the narrations in totality. However, Ibn Hajar objected by citing that al-Daraqutni did not accept ziyada thiqa unconditionally. There seemed to be a contradiction between al-Daraqutni’s usage of terminology in contrast to other scholars such as Ibn Hajar. Therefore, this article intends to analyze the methods employed by al-Daraqutni in evaluating al-tafarrud, transmitted by trustworthy transmitters as mentioned in his book “al-ʿIlal al-Warida”. This qualitative study was analyzed using content analysis by means of inductive and deductive methods. The research found that the method used by al-Daraqutni to evaluate the al-tafarrud transmission was consistent throughout and showed no contradiction. Not only did he emphasized the trustworthiness of the transmitters, he further scrutinized the reference to qarina, which accompanied the narration, before concluding his evaluation.

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RUSTAMAJI, RUSTAMAJI, KANIA SAWITRI, and RUDI GUNAWAN. "Perancangan Prototipe Transmitter Beacon Black Box Locator Acoustic 37.5 kHz Pingers." ELKOMIKA: Jurnal Teknik Energi Elektrik, Teknik Telekomunikasi, & Teknik Elektronika 4, no. 2 (March 14, 2018): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/elkomika.v4i2.170.

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ABSTRAKPingers transmitter berfungsi untuk memancarkan sinyal atau getaran pulsa akustik pada black box. Frekuensi sinyal yang dipancarkan sebesar 37,5 kHz yang dimodulasikan oleh pulsa dengan durasi 10 ms setiap interval 1 second. Modulasi yang digunakan adalah modulasi on off keying. Dalam penelitian ini dibuat perancangan pingers transmitter yang tersusun atas rangkaian osilator, timer, inverter, switch dan rangkaian amplifier. Frekuensi 37,5 kHz tersebut dibangkitkan oleh rangkaian osilator colpitts, sedangkan lebar pulsa dengan durasi 10 ms dan pengulangan pulsa setiap interval 1 second dibangkitkan oleh rangkaian timer. Berdasarkan perancangan yang telah dibuat, output sinyal yang dihasilkan oleh prototipe pingers transmitter tersebut sebesar 37,69 kHz dengan lebar pulsa 9,8 ms setiap interval 1 second.Kata kunci: Black box, pingers transmitter, on off keying. ABSTRACTPingers transmitter is used to emits a signal or pulse of acoustic vibrations in black box. The frequency of the transmitted signal is 37.5 kHz which is modulated by pulses with a duration of 10 ms every interval 1 second. The modulation that used this research is on off keying modulation. In this research, made the design of pingers transmitter which arrange of the oscillator circuit,timer, inverter, switch, and amplifier circuit. The 37.5 kHz frequency is generated by the colpitts oscillator circuit, while the pulse width with a duration of 10 ms,and each pulse repetition interval of 1 second generated by timer circuit. Based on the design that have made, signal output from the pingers transmitter prototype is 37.69 kHz, with the pulse width 9.8 ms every 1 second interval.Keywords: Black box, pingers transmitter, on off keying.

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Mittet, Rune, and Tor Schaug-Pettersen. "Shaping optimal transmitter waveforms for marine CSEM surveys." GEOPHYSICS 73, no. 3 (May 2008): F97—F104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2898410.

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The square wave is frequently used as the transmitter waveform in marine controlled-source electromagnetics (CSEM) surveys. This waveform has the advantage of transferring maximum energy to the subsurface because the transmitter current is running at its peak amplitude at all times. However, a limitation of the square wave is that most of the transmitted energy is in the first harmonic. Processing methods such as depth migration and inversion have shown improved results if a transmitter waveform with substantial amounts of energy at multiple frequencies is used. We propose a method for designing transmitter waveforms where current amplitudes as a function of frequency can have an approximate predefined or desired distribution. At the same time, we require that the transmitter operate at its peak current at all times to maximize the energy transferred to the subsurface. To obtain the desired current spectra, the number of switching times in a period is allowed to be larger than two, which is the number of switching times per period for a standard square wave. The method is based on matching the desired frequency spectra with the spectra obtained from these generalized square waves. This optimization problem is solved by a Monte Carlo method. The resultant waveforms can be used for an electric-dipole transmitter.

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Hariharan, A., P. Hariharan, V. Dinesh, R. Deleep Kumar, and J. E. Jeyanthi. "Wireless Animatronic Hand." International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology 10, no. 2 (October 29, 2023): 2608–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15379/ijmst.v10i2.2931.

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As a result of employees utilizing their bare hands, there are more accidents in industries every year. Animatronic hands resemble human hands and are capable of carrying out a variety of tasks that humans are unable to do. Human hands cannot readily finish difficult tasks, but animatronic hands can mimic human movements and complete them. A number of actuators and sensors make up the robotic hand, which are managed by a person's hand. The pushers control how far the fingers can move. We employ flex sensors to detect the positions. The positions and motion of the hand are reported by sensors to Arduino. The microcontroller uses a 433MHz transmitter and receiver in both transmitter and receiver side to used for transmitting the data, so it will be access in remote area. We employ servo motors as actuators by getting the position and motion from another microcontroller also attached. Two microcontrollers are interconnected with 433MHz transmitter and receiver, Transmitter and receiver for 433 MHz When sending and receiving radio signals between any two devices, RF refers to a set of electronic RF transmitters and receiver modules. The transmitter module at the transmitter end transmits the data, which the receiver module at the receiver end receives.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Transmitter'

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