Academic literature on the topic 'Transnational legal process'

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Journal articles on the topic "Transnational legal process"

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Shaffer, Gregory. "Transnational Legal Process and State Change." Law & Social Inquiry 37, no. 02 (2012): 229–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2011.01265.x.

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This article applies a sociolegal approach to the study of transnational legal processes and their effects within countries. First, we clarify the concepts of transnational law, transnational legal process, and transnational legal order. Second, we provide a typology of five dimensions of state change that we can assess empirically. Third, we explain the factors that determine the variable effects of transnational legal processes and organize these factors into three clusters. Fourth, we introduce four empirical studies of transnational legal processes' differential effects in five regulatory
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Jodoin, Sébastien. "Transnational Legal Process and Discourse in Environmental Governance: The Case of REDD+ in Tanzania." Law & Social Inquiry 44, no. 04 (2019): 1019–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lsi.2019.7.

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Governments in developing countries have adopted policies, laws, and programs to reduce carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+), with the funding and rules provided by global institutions and transnational actors. The transnational legal process for REDD+, entailing the construction and diffusion of legal norms that govern the pursuit of REDD+, has been driven by discursive struggles over the purposes and requirements of REDD+. At the global level, the development of legal norms for REDD+ has been primarily influenced by coalitions committed to the discourses of ecol
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Hu, Weifeng. "On Legal English Translation from the Perspective of Legal Linguistics." Review of Educational Theory 2, no. 3 (2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/ret.v2i3.870.

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With the deepening trend of globalization and the development of economy and society, the demand for international exchange talents is increasing. Especially with the increasing number of transnational corporations, almost every company should have professional legal translation employees to guarantee their legitimacy of transnational trade and effectively prevent the infringement of related rights and interests. Therefore, to improve the quality in transnational translation business and optimize legal English translation skills from the perspective of legal language can not only offer a refer
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Fisher, Elizabeth. "The Rise of Transnational Environmental Law and the Expertise of Environmental Lawyers." Transnational Environmental Law 1, no. 1 (2011): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102511000021.

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AbstractThe concept of transnational environmental law is used descriptively and prescriptively to refer to a multitude of legal processes which are distinct from transnational law in other legal areas. Hence, the rise of transnational environmental law requires environmental lawyers to reflect on their skills and knowledge and to foster both their contributory and interactional expertise in this area. That process of fostering expertise needs to be seen in light of a number of intellectual challenges, including the necessity to engage with comparative environmental law methodology, the need t
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Shaffer, Gregory, and Daniel Bodansky. "Transnationalism, Unilateralism and International Law." Transnational Environmental Law 1, no. 1 (2011): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102511000033.

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AbstractWhen we speak of transnational environmental law and legal process, we are concerned with the migration and impact of legal norms, rules and models across borders. Such migration can occur through the mediation of international law and institutions, or through the impact of unilateral legal developments in one jurisdiction that affect behaviour in others. The paper discusses the importance of assessing transnational environmental law in light of the constraints facing consent-based international environmental law, examines the trade-offs between transnational and international environm
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Duve, Thomas. "Transnationalization of Law and Legal Scholarship: Intellectual and Institutional Challenges." International Journal of Legal Information 44, no. 1 (2016): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jli.2016.4.

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AbstractLaw is changing, and with it, so too the systems of higher education and research. Over the past two decades, both have been undergoing a progressive process of transnationalisation. In the field of law, we are currently experiencing a proliferation of transnational law. In the systems of higher education and research, national structures of knowledge production are giving way to transnational institutional frameworks. Disciplinary boundaries are becoming more permeable. Today, legal scholars have to engage in an increasingly interdisciplinary and transnational dialogue on law. The aim
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Apriatno, Ary. "World Heritage Convention and Transnational Legal Process to Protect Indonesian Nature." PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 06, no. 03 (2019): 489–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v6n3.a4.

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The World Heritage Convention demands its states parties to strengthen mechanisms to conserve and preserve natural and cultural heritage consistently. A party to the Convention, Indonesia faces challenges to maintain the balance of economic, social, and environment considerations, pertaining to policies that affect natural heritage. Nevertheless, Indonesia remains committed to observe the Convention’s rules, including ones on sustainability and conservation. As analyzed through transnational legal process theory, the performance of this commitment helps to internalize the Convention’s rules in
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Aprianto, Ary. "World Heritage Convention and Transnational Legal Process to Protect Indonesian Nature." PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 06, no. 03 (2019): 489–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v6n3.a4.

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The World Heritage Convention demands its states parties to strengthen mechanisms to conserve and preserve natural and cultural heritage consistently. A party to the Convention, Indonesia faces challenges to maintain the balance of economic, social, and environment considerations, pertaining to policies that affect natural heritage. Nevertheless, Indonesia remains committed to observe the Convention’s rules, including ones on sustainability and conservation. As analyzed through transnational legal process theory, the performance of this commitment helps to internalize the Convention’s rules in
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Jodoin, Sébastien, and Sarah Mason-Case. "What Difference Does CBDR Make? A Socio-Legal Analysis of the Role of Differentiation in the Transnational Legal Process for REDD+." Transnational Environmental Law 5, no. 2 (2016): 255–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102516000182.

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AbstractThis article offers a socio-legal analysis of the role played by the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR) in the development, diffusion, and implementation of jurisdictional REDD+ activities throughout the developing world. It employs a qualitative research method known as process tracing to uncover whether and, if so, to what extent and how actors have used CBDR to support the emergence and effectiveness of the transnational legal process for REDD+. The article argues that the transnational legal process for REDD+ reflects a conception of CBDR in which develo
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Kuo, Ming-Sung. "FROM ADMINISTRATIVE LAW TO ADMINISTRATIVE LEGITIMATION? TRANSNATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND THE PROCESS OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 61, no. 4 (2012): 855–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589312000437.

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AbstractGlobalization redefines the relationship between law and space, resulting in the emergence of transnational administrative law in a globalizing legal space. I aim to shed light on transnational administrative law by examining how administrative law relates to the process of European integration. I argue that the idea of administrative legitimation is at the core of this relationship. In the European Union, transnational administration grounds its legitimacy on the fulfilment of administrative law requirements. However, given that in the European Union, administrative legitimation is ro
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Transnational legal process"

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Harfield, Clive Geoffrey. "Process and practicalities : mutual legal assistance and the investigation of transnational crime within the EU from a UK perspective, 1990-2004." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2004. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/194559/.

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Domestic criminal law helps define State sovereign identity. Over the past fifty years some criminality has become increasingly transnational in character. In the absence of a universal criminal code (as opposed to specified international crimes), States apply municipal law to prosecute offences of a transnational nature relying on mutual legal assistanceto secure evidence located outside the prosecuting State. A comparatively late contributor to the development of mutual legal assistance the UK now seeks to influence the work of the EU in developing a legal framework upon which to base mutual
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Lorenzini, Lucie. "Arbitrage interne et international, monisme ou dualisme : réflexion de droit comparé à partir d’une étude franco-italienne." Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100119.

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Depuis ces dernières décennies, le droit de l’arbitrage international connaît une autonomie, en marge de la justice étatique, que les législateurs nationaux ne semblaient guère prévoir. Cette autonomie suscite l’intérêt mais aussi une inquiétude renouvelée par un double constat. Le premier réside dans l’absence d’une définition légale de l’arbitrage international, si ce n’est l’existence d’une définition implicite au travers de critères de distinction à l’égard de l’arbitrage interne. Ces critères, relevant d’une technique législative propre à chaque État, traduisent la conception très particu
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Chen, Wen-Wei, and 陳文葳. "The Making, Becoming and Functioning of IPCC: A Transnational Legal Process Perspective." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40331195861493390084.

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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>科際整合法律學研究所<br>103<br>The governance of climate change is a transnational legal process as proposed by international legal scholars such as Harold Koh and Jiuun-rong Yeh. In 1998, international society established Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to improve the understanding and consensus of climate change governance in a global scale. IPCC, established by United Nations Environment Programme and World Meteorological Organization under the auspice of United Nations General Assembly, incorporates both individual scientists and government representatives into the i
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Lim, Eugene C. "Transnational legal process and the TRIPS Agreement: Intellectual property rights, international law and the compliance conundrum /." 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=1659917221&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=12520&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Hsieh, Yu-hsiu, and 謝雨修. "Forming the Authority of the International Criminal Court: A Transnational Legal Process and Studies of Courts Perspective." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/u3mwk5.

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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>法律學研究所<br>106<br>The International Criminal Court (‘ICC’ or ‘the Court’), which occupies the central place in the literature of international criminal law studies, was established in 2002, based on the 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (‘Rome Statute’). The international community then brought the ICC into life, in hopes of “put[ting] an end to the impunity for the perpetrators” of “the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole”, as indicated in the Preamble of the Rome Statute. Sixteen years has passed since the Court was esta
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Chen, Tzu-Ging, and 陳子珺. "The Norm-Based Mechanism of Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons : An Approach from Transnational Legal Process Theory." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8d2w69.

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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>科際整合法律學研究所<br>104<br>It has been over four decades since the enactment of the Treaty on Non-proliferation of the Nuclear Weapons (NPT). During these years, various bilateral, multilateral agreements, regional treaties have been drafted and enacted, for the purpose of strengthening the regulative scope of the NPT. Other than the treaties and agreements mentioned above, international organizations, inter-governmental organizations, and related non-governmental organizations have also played crucial roles in monitoring or promoting the execution of the NPT. International law theor
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Keady, Joseph. "A Translation of Dominik Nagl’s Grenzfälle with an Introductory Analysis of the Translation Process." 2020. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2/881.

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My thesis is an analysis of my own translation of a chapter from Dominik Nagl's legal history 'Grenzfälle,' which addresses questions of citizenship and nationality in the context of the German colonies in Africa and the South Pacific. My analysis focuses primarily on strategies that I used in an effort to preserve the strangeness of a linguistic context that is, in many ways, "foreign" to twenty first-century North Americans while also striving to avoid reproducing the violence embedded in language that is historically laden with extreme power disparities.
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Webber, Craig William Alec. "The decline of dualism: the relationship between international human rights treaties and the United Kingdom's domestic counter-terror laws." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/10348.

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In the first half of the 20th Century, the United Kingdom’s counter-terror laws were couched extremely broadly. Consequently, they bestowed upon the executive extraordinarily wide powers with which it could address perceived threats of terrorism. In that period of time, the internal affairs of any state were considered sacrosanct and beyond the reach of international law. Consequentially, international human rights law was not a feature of the first half of the 20th Century. Following the war, however, international human rights law grew steadily, largely through the propagation of inte
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Books on the topic "Transnational legal process"

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Steinitz, Maya. Transnational Legal Process Theories. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199660681.003.0016.

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Koh, Harold Hongju. The Counterstrategy Illustrated: Transnational Legal Process in Action. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190912185.003.0003.

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This chapter illustrates how the counterstrategies of rope-a-dope and transnational legal process have played out since the start of the Trump Administration. The outside strategy of domestic litigation has been combined with other forms of external and internal pressure from many stakeholders in a wideranging effort to resist President Donald Trump’s draconian immigration policies, particularly the Travel Ban, or Muslim Ban. The chapter also describes the core strategy of internalized bureaucratic resistance to efforts to reimpose torture as an “enhanced interrogation tactic.” This counterstr
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Sweet, Alec Stone, and Clare Ryan. Constitutional Pluralism and Transnational Justice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825340.003.0004.

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In Europe, a cosmopolitan legal order was instantiated through the combined impact of Protocol no. 11 of the ECHR (1998), and the incorporation of the Convention into national legal systems. As a result, two processes—(i) the evolution of constitutional pluralism at the national level; and (ii) the development of rights protection at the transnational level—became causally connected to one another. The first undermined traditional models of domestic orders wherein the notions of constitutional unity and centralized sovereignty reinforced one another. The second process created a multi-level le
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Parau, Cristina E. Transnational Networking and Elite Self-Empowerment. British Academy, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266403.001.0001.

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Studies of the fate of Judiciaries in post-Communist Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) have been rare and attempts at causal explanation rarer. This study found that interlocked transnational networking empowered a minority of elite Judiciary revisionists to entrench their institutional template in Eastern European constitutions, setting these transitional democracies on a trajectory toward a global trend of the judicialization of politics. The first, crucial step in that process is traced: the formal disempowerment of democracy through Judiciary revisions that ordinary people and politicians i
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Charles T, Kotuby, and Sobota Luke A. Epilogue: General Principles of Law and International Due Process as a Function of Private International Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190642709.003.0004.

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Private international law usually does its part to resolve transnational disputes by pointing parties to the proper forum and the proper law. Its rules are adjectival and rarely provide the ultimate solution to a dispute. But in order to play a more meaningful role in aiding the resolution of modern transnational disputes, the authorities that encompass the rules of private international law might also play a role in determining the substance of the applicable municipal law. In this vein, the “general principles of law recognized by civilized nations” may provide a rich reserve of normative pr
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Koh, Harold Hongju. Countries of Concern. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190912185.003.0005.

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This chapter explains how the counterstrategy of transnational legal process has driven Trump back to preexisting policies vis-à-vis three countries of concern. In the continuing struggle to secure peace and denuclearization with North Korea, Trump has been forced back from bellicose rhetoric to a diplomatic strategy that closely resembles both the Iran Nuclear Deal and the policy of strategic patience that he had loudly mocked. Despite Trump’s evident desire to avoid punishing Russian hacking, he has been driven over time to a series of stronger sanctions. Meanwhile, despite Trump’s passivity
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Choudhury, Cyra Akila. Transnational Commercial Surrogacy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935352.013.38.

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With the emergence of assisted reproductive technologies, particularly in vitro fertilization, gestational surrogacy in which an woman can be hired to gestate the child of commissioning parents has grown into a multimillion dollar industry. While many countries prohibit surrogacy, others permit and some even allow women to charge for the service of gestation on a commercial basis. This article addresses the regulation of transnational surrogacy and the related legal conflicts that arise in cross-border agreements particularly in commercial contracts It starts with a brief exploration of the su
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Koh, Harold Hongju. The Trump Administration and International Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190912185.001.0001.

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Will Donald trump international law? Since Trump’s administration took office in January 2017, this question has haunted almost every issue area of international law. This book, by one of our leading international lawyers—a former Legal Adviser of the U.S. State Department, former Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights, and former Yale Law Dean—argues that President Trump has thus far enjoyed less success than many believe, because he does not own the pervasive “transnational legal process” that governs these issue areas. This book shows how those opposing Trump’s policies in his admini
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Koh, Harold Hongju. What’s at Stake. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190912185.003.0007.

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This closing chapter argues that what is ultimately at stake is a struggle between the post–World War II system of Kantian global governance versus an Orwellian vision of spheres of influence supported by President Donald Trump and other global authoritarians. Thus far, history shows that various techniques of resistance can be marshaled to good effect. The foreign policy tally thus far shows that Trump has not been winning and that the rope-a-dope is working. The book closes by arguing that Trump does not own transnational legal process; we all do. But our understanding of transnational legal
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Davis, Kevin E. Between Impunity and Imperialism. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190070809.001.0001.

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Between Impunity and Imperialism: The Regulation of Transnational Bribery describes the legal regime that regulates transnational bribery, identifies and explains the rationales that have guided its evolution, and suggests directions for reform. The broad argument is that the current regime embodies a set of values, theories, and practices labeled the “OECD paradigm.” A key premise is that transnational bribery is a serious problem which merits a vigorous legal response, particularly given the difficulty of detecting instances of bribery. The shape of the appropriate response can be summed up
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Book chapters on the topic "Transnational legal process"

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Torelly, Marcelo. "Transnational Legal Process and Fundamental Rights in Latin America: How Does the Inter-American Human Rights System Reshape Domestic Constitutional Rights?" In Law and Policy in Latin America. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56694-2_2.

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Lei, Cheng. "China’s legal framework and challenges of the freezing, seizure and confiscation of financial crime proceeds." In Transnational Crime. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351026826-12.

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Zimmer, Reingard. "Trade Union Approaches to Global Value Chains: The Indonesian Experience." In Interdisciplinary Studies in Human Rights. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73835-8_10.

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AbstractThe evident failure of voluntary corporate codes of conduct and their monitoring has further intensified debates over the purchasing practices and legal accountability of transnational corporations. This article analyses the development of International Framework Agreements as an alternative approach advanced by trade unions and describes the characteristics of these instruments, pointing out their strengths and weaknesses concerning implementation and monitoring. It specifically focuses on the Indonesian Protocol on Freedom of Association, a special framework agreement concluded between Indonesian trade unions and international sportswear firms to protect freedom of association and trade union rights in the Indonesian textile, garment and footwear industries. After presenting the protocol’s content, the article discusses findings concerning the implementation and monitoring of the agreement, based on interviews conducted by the author in Indonesia between November 2018 and January 2019. It identifies several key factors that led to the successful promotion of strong trade union rights in the formation phase of the agreement, namely public awareness due to intensive campaigning around a mega sporting event, strong support from different civil society actors and the presence of a neutral facilitator. Overall, the Indonesian Protocol on Freedom of Association is an example of a bottom-up process that strengthens the signatory trade unions and thus serves as a potential model for actors in other countries.
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Amelung, Nina, Rafaela Granja, and Helena Machado. "Introduction." In Modes of Bio-Bordering. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8183-0_1.

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Abstract This introductory chapter sets out the key themes and arguments of the book and provides a road map for the remaining chapters. It outlines the book’s ambition to contribute to the sociological and criminological literature on technological infrastructures, borders and specific visions of Europe by portraying what we call the biobordering processes at work in the EU. Relying on what Misa and Schot, reflecting on technological infrastructures, have called the ‘hidden integration’ and ‘hidden fragmentation’ of Europe, the transnational exchange of forensic DNA data organized through the Prüm system serves as an exemplary case through which to explore the different logics of biobordering dynamics at work across the European Union. We complement an EU-level analysis with country case analysis of modes of biobordering that emphasize the legal, scientific, technical, political and ethical dimensions related to the governance and uses of biometric technologies both at a national level and in a transnational collaboration.
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Koh, Harold Hongju. "Transnational Legal Process." In The Nature of International Law. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315202006-11.

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Meyer, Frank. "The Emergence of Criminal Law Norms in International Organizations." In Histories of Transnational Criminal Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845702.003.0007.

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Frank Meyer’s historical focus is on the post-World War II period and the activities of the UN, Council of Europe, OECD and the EU in transnational crime control. Advocating an expansion of the scope of transnational criminal law to include a broad range of law-making processes, he provides a detailed multi-dimensional map of these processes, based on a linear model of inputs into the legal process, conversion of these inputs into legal content, and outputs.
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Deomampo, Daisy. "The Making of Citizens and Parents." In Transnational Reproduction. NYU Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479804214.003.0005.

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Chapter 4 examines the ways in which notions of citizenship and nationality intersect with ideas of race and kinship in the context of transnational surrogacy. With increasing numbers of people traveling from other countries to India in order to commission surrogate pregnancies, there have been reports of parents unable to obtain citizenship for their children born in India. This chapter explores what happens when incompatible national legal frameworks, policies about surrogacy, and practices of assigning citizenship intersect in the context of transnational surrogacy in India. The chapter focuses on the process of gaining citizenship in two countries that illustrate the range of approaches to transmission of citizenship: the United States and Norway. In particular, the chapter analyzes how ideas about citizenship and motherhood intersect with racial ideologies (related to blood and genes) to take on new meanings through transnational surrogacy processes. The chapter argues that while assisted reproduction may expand conventional understandings of kinship and family, it also renaturalizes state definitions of citizenship and motherhood.
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"Transnational Legal Process: Theory and the Effectiveness of International Human Rights Treaties." In Irrational Human Rights? An Examination of International Human Rights Treaties. Brill | Nijhoff, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004439764_012.

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Benhabib, Seyla. "Democratic Sovereignty and Transnational Law." In Critical Theory in Critical Times. Columbia University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231181518.003.0002.

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Critics of legal cosmopolitanism and global constitutionalism have often pointed to an alleged zero-sum conflict between democratic sovereignty and a particular class of international legal norms: those pertaining to human rights. It is undeniable that there exist tensions between the application of, and compliance with, human rights norms in domestic contexts, on the one hand, and international treaties and covenants, on the other. Benhabib develops a conceptual and empirical model for understanding these tensions not as a zero-sum game, but rather as a process of dialectical norm-enhancement and interpretation. Her thesis is that compliance with international human rights norms does not come at the cost of, but rather reinforces, democratic sovereignty.
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Boutros, Andrew. "The Key Tools of the Trade in Transnational Bribery Investigations and Prosecutions: Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs) and Letters Rogatory." In From Baksheesh to Bribery. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190232399.003.0020.

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The investigation of corruption, bribery, and similar transnational criminal conduct, like the discovery process for transnational civil proceedings, often involves gathering evidence located in foreign countries. However, national sovereignty, international treaties, and international law preclude U.S. law enforcement officials from simply flying to a foreign country to conduct searches, question suspects, obtain documents, and proceed with arresting individuals for trial in the United States. In the absence of a foreign country’s agreement to cooperate in a criminal investigation, U.S. prosecutors or civil litigation counsel have limited options. There are two primary means of obtaining evidence for use in transnational criminal proceedings: a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT) and a letter rogatory.
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Conference papers on the topic "Transnational legal process"

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González, Manuel Joaquín Fernández, Svetlana Surikova, and Tamara Pigozne. "Adaptation of a Teacher Training Programme for Character Education to the Latvian Context." In 78th International Scientific Conference of University of Latvia. University of Latvia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/htqe.2020.01.

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This paper presents an analysis of the quality of the adaptation of the transnational teacher training programme for character education “Arete catalyst” to the socio-cultural context of Latvia. Based on the theory of cultural adaptation of educational programmes, and on a qualitative analysis of documentary sources, the quality of the adaptation was discussed by comparing the features of the adapted programme with Latvian societal needs and policy makers’ guidelines for character education (research question 1), and with the legal and institutional requirement for teacher training (research q
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