Academic literature on the topic 'Transorganic'

Acylcarnitines are derived from mitochondrial acyl-CoA metabolism and have been associated with diet-induced insulin resistance. However, plasma acylcarnitine profiles have been shown to poorly reflect whole body acylcarnitine metabolism. We aimed to clarify the individual role of different organ compartments in whole body acylcarnitine metabolism in a fasted and postprandial state in a porcine transorgan arteriovenous model. Twelve cross-bred pigs underwent surgery where intravascular catheters were positioned before and after the liver, gut, hindquarter muscle compartment, and kidney. Before and after a mixed meal, we measured acylcarnitine profiles at several time points and calculated net transorgan acylcarnitine fluxes. Fasting plasma acylcarnitine concentrations correlated with net hepatic transorgan fluxes of free and C2- and C16-carnitine. Transorgan acylcarnitine fluxes were small, except for a pronounced net hepatic C2-carnitine production. The peak of the postprandial acylcarnitine fluxes was between 60 and 90 min. Acylcarnitine production or release was seen in the gut and liver and consisted mostly of C2-carnitine. Acylcarnitines were extracted by the kidney. No significant net muscle acylcarnitine flux was observed. We conclude that liver has a key role in acylcarnitine metabolism, with high net fluxes of C2-carnitine both in the fasted and fed state, whereas the contribution of skeletal muscle is minor. These results further clarify the role of different organ compartments in the metabolism of different acylcarnitine species.

AbstractImage-guided biopsy and drainage of collections in the abdomen and pelvis are frequently performed in interventional radiology practices. Many options are available to facilitate access to masses and collections in challenging locations. This review focuses on the technique and efficacy associated with the various options available, including out-of-plane access, patient positioning, needle techniques (i.e., blunt and curved needle tip), adjunctive use of electromagnetic tracking devices, organ displacement, and transorgan access.

Alternative models for analyses of liver and mammary transorgan data were formulated and fitted to liver and mammary data sets respectively. The models considered metabolite inputs to and effluxes from an extracellular pool. In general, fits were greatly improved over previous efforts using other models (Milleret al.1991a;Haniganet al.1992; Wray-Cahenet al.1997). Errors of prediction were generally less than 15% for liver and less than 20% for mammary glands. With the possible exception of glutamine for the udder, all metabolites exhibited linear responses to extracellular concentrations within the observed ranges of inputs. However, prediction biases were evident for β-hydroxybutyrate, acetate, and propionate by liver and for arginine, histidine, citrulline and glycerol by mammary tissue. These biases were hypothesized to be caused by the existence of additional regulatory complexity. With the exception of histidine, parameter estimates for essential amino acid removal by liver were 2–3-fold lower than for mammary gland. Infusion of an amino acid mixture into the mesenteric vein did not alter parameter estimates for removal of amino acids by the liver. Treatment of cows with bovine somatotropin resulted in changes in mammary parameter estimates for aspartate, glutamate, leucine, phenylalanine, glucose, and glycerol.

Abstract Background: The sources of secretion and clearance of plasma urotensin II (UII) in the human circulation remain uncertain and may be relevant to understanding the role of UII in human physiology and cardiovascular disease. Methods: In 94 subjects undergoing clinically indicated cardiac catheterization, we collected blood samples from arterial and multiple venous sites to measure transorgan gradients of plasma UII immunoreactivity. Results: Net UII release occurred (in descending order of proportional transorgan gradient) across the heart, kidney, head and neck, liver, lower limb, and pulmonary circulations (P < 0.01). Although no specific clearance site was localized, the absence of an overall subdiaphragmatic aorto-caval peptide gradient indicated that there were lower body segment sites of UII clearance as well as secretion. The proportional increase in UII immunoreactivity was significantly correlated across all sites of net peptide release within an individual (P ≤ 0.05). In univariate analyses, mixed venous UII concentrations were correlated with diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome and femoral artery oxygen tension and inversely with systolic blood pressure and body mass index. Diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome and body mass index were independent predictors of mixed venous UII immunoreactivity in multivariate analysis. No correlates of net cardiac UII release were identified. Conclusions: UII is secreted from the heart and multiple other tissues into the circulation. Related increments in UII immunoreactivity across multiple tissue sites suggest that peptide release occurs via a shared mechanism. Increased UII immunoreactivity is observed in subjects with acute coronary syndrome.

An ideal deposition marker for measuring regional flow is completely extracted during transcapillary passage and permanently retained. beta-Labeled desmethylimipramine ([3H]DMI) is a nearly ideal flow marker. To obtain gamma- and positron-emitting markers, DMI was iodinated to form 2-iododesmethylimipramine (IDMI). IDMI was more lipophilic than DMI. In isolated saline-perfused rabbit hearts its transorgan extraction was greater than 99%; and retention was greater than 98% at 5 min at mean flows of up to 3.5 ml X g-1 X min-1. During washout, the fractional escape rate was less than 0.1% X min-1 and was independent of flow. In isolated blood-perfused rabbit hearts, extraction was still 98%, but retention was as low as 86% after 5 min at a flow of 1.6 ml X g-1 X min-1. The fractional escape rate was up to 2% X min-1 but independent of flow. Despite this relatively rapid loss, regional IDMI deposition remains proportional to regional flow for many minutes. Therefore IDMI is useful as an externally detectable "molecular microsphere" for myocardial flow imaging in vivo.

The extraction of serotonin from the blood during transorgan passage through the heart was studied using Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts. Outflow dilution curves of 131I- or 125I-labeled albumin, [14C]sucrose, and [3H]serotonin injected simultaneously into the inflow were fitted with an axially distributed blood-tissue exchange model to examine the extraction process. The model fits of the albumin and sucrose outflow dilution curves were used to define flow heterogeneity, intravascular dispersion, capillary permeability, and the volume of the interstitial space, which reduced the degrees of freedom in fitting the model to the serotonin curves. Serotonin extractions, measured against albumin, during single transcapillary passage, ranged from 24 to 64%. The ratio of the capillary permeability-surface area products for serotonin and sucrose, based on the maximum instantaneous extraction, was 1.37 +/- 0.2 (n = 18), very close to the predicted value of 1.39, the ratio of free diffusion coefficients calculated from the molecular weights. This result shows that the observed uptake of serotonin can be accounted for solely on the basis of diffusion between endothelial cells into the interstitial space. Thus it appears that the permeability of the luminal surface of the endothelial cell is negligible in comparison to diffusion through the clefts between endothelial cells. In 18 sets of dilution curves, with and without receptor and transport blockers or competitors (ketanserin, desipramine, imipramine, serotonin), the extractions and estimates of the capillary permeability-surface area product were not reduced, nor were the volumes of distribution. The apparent absence of transporters and receptors in rabbit myocardial capillary endothelium contrasts with their known abundance in the pulmonary vasculature.

Exosomes are membranous lipid vesicles fused with intracellular multicellular bodies and then released into the extracellular environment. They contain various bioactive substances, including proteins, mRNA, miRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, lipids, transcription factors, and cytokine receptors. Under certain conditions, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) can differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and biological functions. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC-Exos) in osteology, exploring different sources of exosomes to improve bone microenvironment and resist bone metastasis. We also provided new ideas for the prevention and rehabilitation of human diseases by exosomes.

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The poetical research Transhabitat proposes other communicative ways of inhabiting in the context of Art and Technology. With the accomplishment of interactive installations, it problematizes the definition of topology from the concepts of cybrid proposed by Peters Anders (1997), and of transorganic, presented by Di Felice (2009). In the transorganic environments that were built, the spacial configurations are stablished through the informational flow and hybrid connections of the physical space and cyberspace, also named cybrids informations, whose observer-interactor connect autopoetically. These topologies are present in occasional diagrams, processes of virtualization and updating of the space surfaces, and are provided from the interaction between complex systems data in several scales, resulting in interactive images which connect the individual to the transorganic habitats through local actions interconnected by network. The generative topologies proposed in this research, by being constituted of layers of dynamic standard and transmutable surfaces generate spacial expansion with the inclusion of movements and possible times in the hyperspace, where the individuals interact in real time with the habitats proposed. In this way, Transhabitat is constituted by transorganic, interactive and connected habitats which aim at provoking spacial hybridisation in cybrids relations among individuals and environments, in an organism of data and flow of information.
A pesquisa poética Transhabitat propõe outros modos comunicativos de habitar no contexto da Arte e Tecnologia. Com a realização de instalações interativas, problematiza-se a definição de topologia a partir dos conceitos de cíbrido , proposto por Peter Anders (1997), e de transorgânico , apresentado por Di Felice (2009). Nos ambientes transorgânicos construídos, as configurações espaciais se estabelecem através de fluxos informacionais e conexões híbridas do espaço físico e do ciberespaço, também denominadas informações cíbridas, aos quais o observador-interator conecta-se autopoieticamente. Essas topologias são visíveis em diagramas eventuais, processos de virtualização e de atualização das superfícies do espaço, e provêm das interações entre dados de sistemas complexos em diversas escalas, resultando em imagens interativas, que conectam o indivíduo aos hábitats transorgânicos através de ações locais interconectadas em rede. As topologias generativas propostas nessa pesquisa, por se constituirem de camadas de padrões dinâmicos e superfícies trasmutáveis, geram expansões espaciais com a adição de movimentos e tempos possíveis num hiperespaço, onde os indivíduos interagem em tempo real com os hábitats propostos. Desse modo, Transhabitat é constituído de habitats transorgânicos, interativos e conectados, que visam provocar hibridizações espaciais em relações cíbridas, entre indivíduos e ambientes, em um organismo de dados e informações em fluxo Interatividade.