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Journal articles on the topic 'Transparent and conducting material'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Ginley, David S., and Clark Bright. "Transparent Conducting Oxides." MRS Bulletin 25, no. 8 (August 2000): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2000.256.

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In the interim between the conception of this issue of MRS Bulletin on transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) and its publication, the remarkable applications dependent on these materials have continued to make sweeping strides. These include the advent of larger flat-screen high-definition televisions (HDTVs), larger and higher-resolution screens on portable computers, the increasing importance of low emissivity (“low-e”) and electrochromic windows, a significant increase in the manufacturing of thin-film photovoltaics (PV), and a plethora of new hand-held and smart devices, all with smart displays.1-7 Coupled with the increased importance of TCO materials to these application technologies has been a renaissance over the last two years in the science of these materials. This has included new n-type materials, the synthesis of true p-type materials, and the theoretical prediction and subsequent confirmation of the applicability of codoping to produce p-type ZnO. Considering that over the last 20 years much of the work on TCOs was empirical and focused on ZnO and variants of InxSn1-xO2, it is quite remarkable how this field has exploded. This may be a function of not only the need to achieve higher performance levels for these devices, but also of the increasing importance of transition-metal-based oxides in electro-optical devices. This issue of MRS Bulletin is thus well timed to provide an overview of this rapidly expanding area. Included are articles that cover the industrial perspective, new n-type materials, new p-type materials, novel deposition methods, and approaches to developing both an improved basic understanding of the materials themselves as well as models capable of predicting performance limits.

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2

ViolBarbosa, Carlos, Julie Karel, Janos Kiss, Ovidiu-dorin Gordan, Simone G. Altendorf, Yuki Utsumi, Mahesh G. Samant, et al. "Transparent conducting oxide induced by liquid electrolyte gating." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 40 (September 19, 2016): 11148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1611745113.

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Optically transparent conducting materials are essential in modern technology. These materials are used as electrodes in displays, photovoltaic cells, and touchscreens; they are also used in energy-conserving windows to reflect the infrared spectrum. The most ubiquitous transparent conducting material is tin-doped indium oxide (ITO), a wide-gap oxide whose conductivity is ascribed to n-type chemical doping. Recently, it has been shown that ionic liquid gating can induce a reversible, nonvolatile metallic phase in initially insulating films of WO3. Here, we use hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry to show that the metallic phase produced by the electrolyte gating does not result from a significant change in the bandgap but rather originates from new in-gap states. These states produce strong absorption below ∼1 eV, outside the visible spectrum, consistent with the formation of a narrow electronic conduction band. Thus WO3 is metallic but remains colorless, unlike other methods to realize tunable electrical conductivity in this material. Core-level photoemission spectra show that the gating reversibly modifies the atomic coordination of W and O atoms without a substantial change of the stoichiometry; we propose a simple model relating these structural changes to the modifications in the electronic structure. Thus we show that ionic liquid gating can tune the conductivity over orders of magnitude while maintaining transparency in the visible range, suggesting the use of ionic liquid gating for many applications.

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3

Ramya, K. "Radar Absorbing Material (RAM)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 390 (August 2013): 450–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.390.450.

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This paper briefly outlines the research and development activities in radar absorbing materials. Military defense scientists to the possibility of using coating materials to render aircraft or other military vehicles less visible to radar and, preferably, to control such visibility. The highly conducting surface of a metal vehicle is an excellent reflector of radar, but an absorbing layer would suppress the radar signal at the receiver station. Radar absorbing material currently in military and commercial use are typically composed of high concentrations of iron powders in a polymer matrix. These materials are both very heavy and very costly, two key limitations to their adoption for many applications. The performance of these coatings, particularly those using spherical particles, is dependent upon how closely the spheres are packed together. Thus the most efficient coating would be one approaching the density of solid iron with a minimum amount of resin included to electrically insulate the particles from one another. That is, the attenuation efficiency increases faster than the weight, so that a thinner coating with the same attenuation, can be used, providing an overall weight savings. Unfortunately, the particles, when produced, are of non-uniform diameter and not necessarily uniformly round. A window member composed of a transparent resin or inorganic glass with a transparent conducting film such as gold or ITO coated, is used as an electromagnetic wave shield window for stealth aircraft. However, the transparent conducting film, especially ceramic transparent conducting film such as ITO does not deform sufficiently to follow the deformation of the window material. Therefore the transparent conducting film might crack even with relatively little deformation, which can occur during an actual flight.

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4

Hakobyan, Nune H., Hakob L. Margaryan, Valeri K. Abrahamyan, Vladimir M. Aroutiounian, Arpi S. Dilanchian Gharghani, Amalya B. Kostanyan, Timothy D. Wilkinson, and Nelson Tabirian. "Electro-optical characteristics of a liquid crystal cell with graphene electrodes." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 8 (December 28, 2017): 2802–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.8.279.

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In liquid crystal devices (LCDs) the indium tin oxide (ITO) films are traditionally used as transparent and conductive electrodes. However, today, due to the development of multichannel optical communication, the need for flexible LCDs and multilayer structures has grown. For this application ITO films cannot be used in principle. For this problem, graphene (an ultrathin material with unique properties, e.g., high optical transparency, chemical inertness, excellent conductivity) is an excellent candidate. In this work, the electro-optical and dynamic characteristics of a liquid crystal (LC) cell with graphene and ITO transparent conducting layers are investigated. To insure uniform thickness of the LC layer, as well as the same orientation boundary conditions, a hybrid LC cell containing graphene and ITO conductive layers has been prepared. The characteristics of LC cells with both types of conducting layers were found to be similar, indicating that graphene can be successfully used as a transparent conductive layer in LC devices.

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5

van Deelen, J., L. A. Klerk, M. Barink, H. Rendering, P. Voorthuijzen, and A. Hovestad. "Improvement of transparent conducting materials by metallic grids on transparent conductive oxides." Thin Solid Films 555 (March 2014): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2013.08.016.

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6

Sharma, T. P., and C. P. Pandey. "Transparent conducting films." Bulletin of Materials Science 7, no. 2 (July 1985): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02744421.

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7

Miyata, Seizo, Takeaki Ojio, and Yun Eon Whang. "Transparent conducting polymers." Synthetic Metals 19, no. 1-3 (March 1987): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(87)90519-4.

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8

Lewis, Brian G., and David C. Paine. "Applications and Processing of Transparent Conducting Oxides." MRS Bulletin 25, no. 8 (August 2000): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2000.147.

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The first report of a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) was published in 1907, when Badeker reported that thin films of Cd metal deposited in a glow discharge chamber could be oxidized to become transparent while remaining electrically conducting. Since then, the commercial value of these thin films has been recognized, and the list of potential TCO materials has expanded to include, for example, Al-doped ZnO, GdInOx, SnO2, F-doped In2O3, and many others. Since the 1960s, the most widely used TCO for optoelectronic device applications has been tin-doped indium oxide (ITO). At present, and likely well into the future, this material offers the best available performance in terms of conductivity and transmissivity, combined with excellent environmental stability, reproducibility, and good surface morphology. The use of other TCOs in large quantities is application-specific. For example, tin oxide is now widely used in architectural glass applications.

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9

Li, Peng, Xingzhen Yan, Jiangang Ma, Haiyang Xu, and Yichun Liu. "Highly Stable Transparent Electrodes Made from Copper Nanotrough Coated with AZO/Al2O3." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 16, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 3811–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2016.11879.

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Due to their high flexibility, high conductivity and high transparency in a wide spectrum range, metal nanowires and meshes are considered to be two of the most promising candidates to replace the traditional transparent conducting films, such as tin doped indium oxide. In this paper, transparent conducting films made from copper nanotroughs are prepared by the electrospinning of polymer fibers and subsequent thermal evaporation of copper. The advantages of the technique include low junction resistance, low cost and low preparation temperature. Although the copper nanotrough transparent conducting films exhibited a low sheet resistance (19.2 Ω/sq), with a high transmittance (88% at 550 nm), the instability of copper in harsh environments seriously hinders its applications. In order to improve the stability of the metal transparent conducting films, copper nanotroughs were coated with 39 nm thick aluminum-doped zinc oxide and 1 nm thick aluminum oxide films by atomic layer deposition. The optical and electrical measurements show that coating copper nanotrough with oxides barely reduces the transparency of the films. It is worth noting that conductive oxide coating can effectively protect copper nanotroughs from thermal oxidation or acidic corrosion, whilst maintaining the same flexibility as copper nanotroughs on its own.

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10

Coutts, Timothy J., David L. Young, and Xiaonan Li. "Characterization of Transparent Conducting Oxides." MRS Bulletin 25, no. 8 (August 2000): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2000.152.

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As the areas of the major applications of transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) increase, demand will grow for materials having lower sheet resistance while retaining good optical properties. Simply increasing the film thickness is not acceptable because this would increase the optical absorptance. New materials must be developed with lower resistivities than previously achieved and with optical properties superior to those of the present generation of TCOs. This has now been recognized internationally, and novel materials are being investigated in Japan and the United States.

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11

Ruttanapun, Chesta, Sagulthai Kahatta, Ban Jong Boonchom, Naratip Vittayakorn, Montree Thongkam, Samart Kongteweelert, Somsak Woramongkonchai, and Pachenchaiput Chaiyasit. "Optical Properties of Cu_0.95Pt_0.05Fe_0.97Sn_0.03O₂ for p-Type Transparent Conducting Oxide Materials." Advanced Materials Research 717 (July 2013): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.717.15.

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The Cu0.95Pt0.05Fe0.97Sn0.03O2 sample has been synthesized by a solid-state reaction to investigate optical properties of materials of transparent conducting oxide. Crystal structure was characterized by XRD. The Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity were measured in the high temperature (300 to 860 K), while the XPS and UV-VIS-NIR spectra were analyzed at room temperature. The XRD peaks confirm the samples forming the delafossite structure phase. The Seebeck coefficient reveals the samples displays the p-type conducting. The XPS spectra show the Sn2+ state stabling in this compound. The optical direct gap is 3.45 eV as a visible-transparent material. These results support that the Cu0.95Pt0.05Fe0.97Sn0.03O2 oxide compounds, of which the Cu1+ and Fe3+ sites are substituted by the Pt1+ and Sn2+ ions respectively, are p-type transparent conducting oxide materials.

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12

Woo, Yun. "Transparent Conductive Electrodes Based on Graphene-Related Materials." Micromachines 10, no. 1 (December 26, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10010013.

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Transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) are the most important key component in photovoltaic and display technology. In particular, graphene has been considered as a viable substitute for indium tin oxide (ITO) due to its optical transparency, excellent electrical conductivity, and chemical stability. The outstanding mechanical strength of graphene also provides an opportunity to apply it as a flexible electrode in wearable electronic devices. At the early stage of the development, TCE films that were produced only with graphene or graphene oxide (GO) were mainly reported. However, since then, the hybrid structure of graphene or GO mixed with other TCE materials has been investigated to further improve TCE performance by complementing the shortcomings of each material. This review provides a summary of the fabrication technology and the performance of various TCE films prepared with graphene-related materials, including graphene that is grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and GO or reduced GO (rGO) dispersed solution and their composite with other TCE materials, such as carbon nanotubes, metal nanowires, and other conductive organic/inorganic material. Finally, several representative applications of the graphene-based TCE films are introduced, including solar cells, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), and electrochromic devices.

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13

Minami, Tadatsugu. "Transparent conducting oxide semiconductors for transparent electrodes." Semiconductor Science and Technology 20, no. 4 (March 16, 2005): S35—S44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/20/4/004.

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14

Diamond, Anthony M., Luca Corbellini, K. R. Balasubramaniam, Shiyou Chen, Shuzhi Wang, Tyler S. Matthews, Lin-Wang Wang, Ramamoorthy Ramesh, and Joel W. Ager. "Copper-alloyed ZnS as a p-type transparent conducting material." physica status solidi (a) 209, no. 11 (August 17, 2012): 2101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201228181.

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15

TANDON, BHARAT, ASWATHI ASHOK, and ANGSHUMAN NAG. "Colloidal transparent conducting oxide nanocrystals: A new infrared plasmonic material." Pramana 84, no. 6 (May 30, 2015): 1087–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12043-015-1008-6.

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16

Fortunato, Elvira, David Ginley, Hideo Hosono, and David C. Paine. "Transparent Conducting Oxides for Photovoltaics." MRS Bulletin 32, no. 3 (March 2007): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2007.29.

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AbstractTransparent conducting oxides (TCOs) are an increasingly important component of photovoltaic (PV) devices, where they act as electrode elements, structural templates, and diffusion barriers, and their work function controls the open-circuit device voltage. They are employed in applications that range from crystalline-Si heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer (HIT) cells to organic PV polymer solar cells. The desirable characteristics of TCO materials that are common to all PV technologies are similar to the requirements for TCOs for flat-panel display applications and include high optical transmissivity across a wide spectrum and low resistivity. Additionally, TCOs for terrestrial PV applications must use low-cost materials, and some may require device-technology-specific properties. We review the fundamentals of TCOs and the matrix of TCO properties and processing as they apply to current and future PV technologies.

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17

Alivov, Yahya, Vivek Singh, Yuchen Ding, and Prashant Nagpal. "Transparent conducting oxide nanotubes." Nanotechnology 25, no. 38 (September 2, 2014): 385202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/25/38/385202.

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18

Brewer, L. N., and Vinayak P. Dravid. "Better Transparency and Conduction Via Alchemi: Site-Occupancy of Cations in Transparent Conducting Oxides (TCOs) Cd1+xIn2-2xsnxO4." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 336–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600027756.

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Transparent conductive oxide materials (TCO) are currently under development for use as electrodes in devices such as photovoltaics and flat panel displays. As electrode area increases in large-area applications (e.g. photovoltaics), the resistivity of the TCO must decrease in order to maintain efficiency. The ideal next generation TCO will be a low cost material with a substantially higher conductivity than ITO obtained by improving mobility. Two promising TCO's are CdIn2O2 and Cd2SnO4 which both exhibit high conductivities (4300 S/cm and 8300 S/cm, respectively) and high mobilities (44 and 60 cm2/Vs, respectively).A bulk investigation of the system CdIn2O4 - Cd2SnO4 reveals a large spinel solid solution, Cd1+xIn2.2xSnxO4 (0<x<0.75) at 1175°C exhibiting a sharp decrease in measured optical gap (from 3.0 to 2.8 eV) at x=0.2 and an increase in conductivity (from 2200 S/cm to 3500 S/cm) for reduced specimens between x=0.4 and x=0.60) with increasing x. It is suspected that the cation distribution (e.g. normal, random, or inverse) on the spinel lattice may be important in understanding these shifts in electrical and optical properties.

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19

Kim, Yun Hae, Jin Woo Lee, Riichi Murakami, Dong Myung Lee, Jin Cheol Ha, and Pang Pang Wang. "Effect of Atmosphere Temperature on Physical Properties of ZnO/Ag/ZnO on PET Films." Advanced Materials Research 988 (July 2014): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.988.125.

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Transparent conductive layers on flexible substrates are important components of today’s optoelectronic technology. They are used in filters for plasma displays, low-e windows, solar cells, etc. At present, in-doped indium oxide (ITO) layers on PET substrate is the predominant transparent conducting oxide film in diverse practical applications. However, ITO is a relatively expensive material because indium is not abundant, but aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) film is emerging as an alternative potential candidate to ITO thin film due to its abundance as a raw material, nontoxic nature, cost-effectiveness, easy fabrication, and good stability in plasma. They have, however, several drawbacks: they exhibit relatively high electrical resistance (sheet resistance, 20-200Ω), considerable emissivity, and significant absorption in the spectral region 1-2μm, in which transition from high transmittance to high reflectance takes place. Furthermore, these films do not block solar thermal radiation (0.7-3μm), which may cause overheating problems to devices such as electro-chromic and photovoltaic devices. On the other hand, ITO/Ag/ITO multilayer films are used to achieve high transparent conducting properties. A thin silver layer of about 10nm thickness is embedded between two ITO layers. The ITO/Ag/ITO film has very low sheet resistance, high optical transparency in the visible range, relatively lower thickness than single-layered ITO film, and better durability than single-layered silver film. In terms of ZnO, which is a wide direct band-gap semiconductor, ZnO has a band-gap energy of 3.37 eV with a binding energy as high as 60 meV at room temperature. ZnO has been applied to various domains for excellent physical and chemical properties, such as piezoelectric sensors, rheostats , gas sensors, semiconductor lasers, and transparent conductive films.

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20

Zhang, Nengduo, Jian Sun, and Hao Gong. "Transparent p-Type Semiconductors: Copper-Based Oxides and Oxychalcogenides." Coatings 9, no. 2 (February 20, 2019): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9020137.

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While p-type transparent conducting materials (TCMs) are crucial for many optoelectronic applications, their performance is still not satisfactory. This has impeded the development of many devices such as photovoltaics, sensors, and transparent electronics. Among the various p-type TCMs proposed so far, Cu-based oxides and oxychalcogenides have demonstrated promising results in terms of their optical and electrical properties. Hence, they are the focus of this current review. Their basic material properties, including their crystal structures, conduction mechanisms, and electronic structures will be covered, as well as their device applications. Also, the development of performance enhancement strategies including doping/co-doping, annealing, and other innovative ways to improve conductivity will be discussed in detail.

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21

Ganose, Alex M., and David O. Scanlon. "Band gap and work function tailoring of SnO2 for improved transparent conducting ability in photovoltaics." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 4, no. 7 (2016): 1467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5tc04089b.

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Alloying of PbO₂ with SnO₂ results in a material with a tuneable band gap, larger electron affinity and smaller electron effective mass, whilst maintaining high levels of optical transparency. These properties are expected to give rise to a more efficient transparent conducting oxide for use in photovoltaic applications.

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22

Kim, Won Jin, Sung Jin Kim, Alexander N. Cartwright, and Paras N. Prasad. "Photopatternable transparent conducting oxide nanoparticles for transparent electrodes." Nanotechnology 24, no. 6 (January 22, 2013): 065302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/24/6/065302.

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23

Zhang, Han, Chen Ming, Ke Yang, Hao Zeng, Shengbai Zhang, and Yi-Yang Sun. "Chalcogenide Perovskite YScS3 as a Potential p-Type Transparent Conducting Material." Chinese Physics Letters 37, no. 9 (September 2020): 097201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/37/9/097201.

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24

Liu, Min-Ling, Li-Bin Wu, Fu-Qiang Huang, Li-Dong Chen, and I. Wei Chen. "A promising p-type transparent conducting material: Layered oxysulfide [Cu2S2][Sr3Sc2O5]." Journal of Applied Physics 102, no. 11 (December 2007): 116108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2817643.

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25

Edwards, P. P., A. Porch, M. O. Jones, D. V. Morgan, and R. M. Perks. "Basic materials physics of transparent conducting oxides." Dalton Transactions, no. 19 (2004): 2995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b408864f.

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26

Zhang, Kelvin H. L., Kai Xi, Mark G. Blamire, and Russell G. Egdell. "P-type transparent conducting oxides." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 28, no. 38 (July 27, 2016): 383002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/28/38/383002.

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27

Shi, Lei, Kun Jia, Yiyang Gao, Hua Yang, Yaming Ma, Shiyao Lu, Guoxin Gao, Huaitian Bu, Tongqing Lu, and Shujiang Ding. "Highly Stretchable and Transparent Ionic Conductor with Novel Hydrophobicity and Extreme-Temperature Tolerance." Research 2020 (March 19, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/2505619.

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Highly stretchable and transparent ionic conducting materials have enabled new concepts of electronic devices denoted as iontronics, with a distinguishable working mechanism and performances from the conventional electronics. However, the existing ionic conducting materials can hardly bear the humidity and temperature change of our daily life, which has greatly hindered the development and real-world application of iontronics. Herein, we design an ion gel possessing unique traits of hydrophobicity, humidity insensitivity, wide working temperature range (exceeding 100°C, and the range covered our daily life temperature), high conductivity (10-3~10-5 S/cm), extensive stretchability, and high transparency, which is among the best-performing ionic conductors ever developed for flexible iontronics. Several ion gel-based iontronics have been demonstrated, including large-deformation sensors, electroluminescent devices, and ionic cables, which can serve for a long time under harsh conditions. The designed material opens new potential for the real-world application progress of iontronics.

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28

De, Sukanta, Conor S. Boland, Paul J. King, Sophie Sorel, Mustafa Lotya, U. Patel, Z. L. Xiao, and Jonathan N. Coleman. "Transparent conducting films from NbSe3nanowires." Nanotechnology 22, no. 28 (May 31, 2011): 285202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/22/28/285202.

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29

Karimi, M., R. Tu, J. Peng, W. Lennard, G. H. Chapman, and K. L. Kavanagh. "Transparent conducting indium bismuth oxide." Thin Solid Films 515, no. 7-8 (February 2007): 3760–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2006.09.040.

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30

Diao, Chien Chen, Chao Chin Chan, Chia Ching Wu, and Cheng Fu Yang. "Influence of Deposition Parameters on the Characteristics of AZOY Transparent Conducting Oxide Thin Film." Key Engineering Materials 434-435 (March 2010): 653–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.434-435.653.

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“GfE Coating Materials Company” had developed a novel AZOY transparent conducting oxide (TCO) material that used ZnO as raw material and contained a small amount of Y2O3 and Al2O3. In this study, the AZOY material developed by GfE company is used as the based TCO material and we will develop the influences of substrate temperatures on the characteristics of AZOY TCO films by RF sputtering method, under optimal O2/argon ratio and depositing pressure. After deposition, the sheet resistance of AZOY films is measured with a four point probe, and surface morphology and cross-sections are studied using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). And finally, the UV-Vis spectrophotometer is used to find the transmittance of AZOY TCO films.

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31

Ait Aouaj, M., M. Abd-Lefdil, F. Cherkaoui El Moursli, and F. Hajji. "Ag/ITO transparent conducting oxides." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 40, no. 1 (August 31, 2007): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap:2007131.

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32

Jeong, Seonghwa, Seongrok Seo, and Hyunjung Shin. "p-Type CuCrO2 particulate films as the hole transporting layer for CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells." RSC Advances 8, no. 49 (2018): 27956–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra02556h.

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33

O'Brien, Paul G., Daniel P. Puzzo, Alongkarn Chutinan, Leonardo D. Bonifacio, Geoffrey A. Ozin, and Nazir P. Kherani. "Selectively Transparent and Conducting Photonic Crystals." Advanced Materials 22, no. 5 (February 2, 2010): 611–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200902605.

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34

Gussenhoven, Ryan J., and Rosario A. Gerhardt. "Fabrication and Characterization of Antimony Tin Oxide Nanoparticle Networks Inside Polystyrene." MRS Proceedings 1552 (2013): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.711.

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AbstractRecently, there has been much interest in the creation of 3D networks of nanowires. One possible way to do this is to encase the nanowires inside transparent polymer matrices since there is also a demand for obtaining conducting transparent composites. If the filler of the composite is made from a strongly conducting material, the degree of connectivity of the networked nanowires can be tested by measuring its conductivity. Though much work has been done with ITO (Tin-doped indium oxide), little has been done with the chemically similar, but cheaper, ATO (Antimony-doped tin oxide). In this study, ATO nanoparticles were added into a polystyrene matrix and simultaneously pressed and heated so that a 3D network of the nanoparticles would form. The effecti veness of the conducting pseudo-nanowire networks was measured as the concentration of ATO in polystyrene was varied. Another variable utilized was the temperature at which the samples were pressed. The optical transmittance of the composites was also measured in order to quantify their transparency. It was found that, once the nanowire networks had percolated at a concentration of about 1.25 PHR, the conductivity and, consequently, the coherence of the networks increased at a decreasing rate as the concentration was increased. The effect of the pressing temperature was complex and required many additional sets of specimens to understand. Samples pressed at the highest temperature had the least coherent networks, as the polystyrene became too fluid and disrupted the ATO networks while at lower temperatures the opposite occurred. The optical transmittance dropped sharply as the concentration of ATO reached and surpassed 1.0 PHR. Nanowire networks were, indeed, formed through this process using these materials, but use as a conducting transparent composite in the visible range is unlikely as the percolation threshold occurs at a concentration greater than that of the optical transmittance drop, creating a trade-off between conductivity and transparency. The resistivity did drop as much as six orders of magnitude and may be useful for other applications.

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35

Lansåker, Pia C., Klas Gunnarsson, Arne Roos, Gunnar A. Niklasson, and Claes Goran Granqvist. "Au-Based Transparent Conductors for Window Applications: Effect of Substrate Material." Advances in Science and Technology 75 (October 2010): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.75.25.

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Thin films of Au were made by sputter deposition onto glass substrates with and without transparent and electrically conducting layers of SnO2:In. The Au films were up to ~11 nm in thickness and covered the range for thin film growth from discrete islands, via large scale coalescence and formation of a meandering conducting network, to the formation of a more or less “holey” film. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy showed that the SnO2:In films were considerably rougher than the glass itself. This roughness influenced the Au film formation so that large scale coalescence set in at a somewhat larger thickness for films on SnO2:In than on glass. Measurements of spectral optical transmittance and electrical resistance could be reconciled with impeded Au film formation on the SnO2:In layer, leading to pronounced “plateaus” in the near infrared optical properties for Au films on SnO2:In and an accompanying change from such two-layer films having a lower resistance than the single gold film at thicknesses below large scale coalescence to the opposite behavior for larger film thicknesses.

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36

Fahland, Matthias, Tobias Vogt, Alexander Schoenberger, and Sindy Mosch. "Transparent Conductors on Polymer Films." Advances in Science and Technology 75 (October 2010): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.75.9.

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The paper will present a review of different solutions for transparent conducting electrodes on flexible substrates. The analysis of the present situation reveals a gap for low sheet resistance electrodes. Two new approaches to the problem will be presented. The first one is a novel technology for the deposition of zinc oxide on polyethylene terephtalate film. The intention for this process is the establishment of a low cost coating in a roll-to-roll machine. Silicon was used as the dopant material with a concentration varying in different samples between 1 and 4 %. The optimum parameters provided a transparent layer with a sheet resistance of 16 Ωsqu. Metal grids are a second promising approach for achieving low sheet resistance electrodes. The combination of these grids with transparent conducting oxides (TCO) will be presented. The TCO were deposited under vacuum in a roll-to-roll coating machine. The grids were applied by aerosol jet printing and subsequent tempering of the film.

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37

Schwarz, Hans-Christoph, Andreas M. Schneider, Stephen Klimke, Bibin T. Anto, Stefanie Eiden, and Peter Behrens. "Transparent Conductive Three-Layered Composite Films Based on Carbon Nanotubes with Improved Mechanical Stability." MRS Proceedings 1659 (2014): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.151.

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ABSTRACTA layered composite coating material with favorable properties for application as a transparent conductor is presented. It is composed of layers of three nanoscopic materials, namely zinc oxide nanoparticles, single wall nanotubes, and graphene oxide nanosheets. The electrically conducting layer consists of single wall nanotubes (SWNTs). The layer of zinc oxide nanoparticles acts as a primer. It increases the adhesion and the stability of the films against mechanical stresses. The top layer of graphene oxide enhances the conductivity of such coatings. Such three-layer composite coatings show better conductivity (without compromising transparency) and improved mechanical stability compared to pure SWNT films. The processes used in the preparation of such coatings are easily scalable.

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38

Dabaghmanesh, S., R. Saniz, M. N. Amini, D. Lamoen, and B. Partoens. "Perovskite transparent conducting oxides: anab initiostudy." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 25, no. 41 (September 24, 2013): 415503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/25/41/415503.

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39

Roh, Jong Wook, Weon Ho Shin, Hyun-Sik Kim, Se Yun Kim, and Sang-il Kim. "Simultaneous Enhancement of Electrical and Optical Properties of Transparent Conducting RuO2 Nanosheet films by Facile Ultraviolet-Ozone Irradiation." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (June 16, 2020): 4127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124127.

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The enhancement of electrical and optical properties in transparent conducting electrodes has attracted significant interest for their application in flexible electronic devices. Herein, a method for the fabrication of transparent conducting films is proposed. In this approach, RuO2 nanosheets are synthesized by a simple chemical exfoliation method and deposited as conducting films by repeated Langmuir–Blodgett coating. For enhancing the electrical and optical properties of the films, ultraviolet-ozone irradiation is applied between the repeated coatings for the removal of residual organic materials from the chemically exfoliated nanosheets. We observe that by applying ultraviolet-ozone irradiation for 30 min, the sheet resistance of the films decreases by 10% and the optical transmittance is simultaneously enhanced. Facile ultraviolet-ozone irradiation is shown to be an effective and industrially friendly method for enhancing the electrical and optical properties of oxide nanosheets for their application as transparent conduction electrodes.

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40

Trujillo-Flores, Jorge Iván, Richard Torrealba-Meléndez, Jesús Manuel Muñoz-Pacheco, Marco Antonio Vásquez-Agustín, Edna Iliana Tamariz-Flores, Edgar Colín-Beltrán, and Mario López-López. "CPW-Fed Transparent Antenna for Vehicle Communications." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (August 29, 2020): 6001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10176001.

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In this paper, a fully transparent multiband antenna for vehicle communications is designed, fabricated, and analyzed. The antenna is coplanar waveguide-fed to facilitate its manufacture and increase its transmittance. An indium-tin-oxide film, a type of transparent conducting oxide, is selected as the conductive material for the radiation path and ground plane, with 8 ohms/square sheet resistance. The substrate is glass with a relative permittivity of 5.5, and the overall dimensions of the optimized design are 50 mm × 17 mm × 1.1 mm. The main antenna parameters, namely, sheet resistance, reflection coefficient, and radiation diagram, were measured and compared with simulations. The proposed antenna fulfills the frequency requirements for vehicular communications according to the IEEE 802.11p standard. Additionally, it covers the frequency bands from 1.82 to 2.5 GHz for possible LTE communications applied to vehicular networks.

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41

Demming, Anna. "On display with transparent conducting films." Nanotechnology 23, no. 11 (February 28, 2012): 110201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/23/11/110201.

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42

LEE, YOUNGBIN, and JONG-HYUN AHN. "GRAPHENE-BASED TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS." Nano 08, no. 03 (May 30, 2013): 1330001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292013300016.

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Graphene is a promising alternative to indium tin oxide for use in transparent conducting electrodes. We review recent progress in production methods of graphene and its applications in optoelectronic devices such as touch panel screens, organic photovoltaic cells, organic light emitting diodes and thin film transistors. In addition, we discuss important criteria such as optical transmittance, electrical conductivity and work function, which are critical considerations in the integration of graphene conductive films with optoelectronic devices.

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43

Pham, Hieu H., Gerard T. Barkema, and Lin-Wang Wang. "DFT+U studies of Cu doping and p-type compensation in crystalline and amorphous ZnS." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 39 (2015): 26270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp04623h.

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44

Winnicki, M., A. Baszczuk, M. Rutkowska-Gorczyca, M. Jasiorski, A. Małachowska, W. Posadowski, Z. Znamirowski, and A. Ambroziak. "Microscopic Examination of Cold Spray Cermet Sn+In2O3Coatings for Sputtering Target Materials." Scanning 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4058636.

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Low-pressure cold spraying is a newly developed technology with high application potential. The aim of this study was to investigate potential application of this technique for producing a new type of transparent conductive oxide films target. Cold spraying technique allows the manufacture of target directly on the backing plate; therefore the proposed sputtering target has a form of Sn+In2O3coating sprayed onto copper substrate. The microstructure and properties of the feedstock powder prepared using three various methods as well as the deposited ones by low-pressure cold spraying coatings were evaluated, compared, and analysed. Produced cermet Sn+In2O3targets were employed in first magnetron sputtering process to deposit preliminary, thin, transparent conducting oxide films onto the glass substrates. The resistivity of obtained preliminary films was measured and allows believing that fabrication of TCO (transparent conducting oxide) films using targets produced by cold spraying is possible in the future, after optimization of the deposition conditions.

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45

Hyeon, Jae Young, Sung-Hoon Choa, Kyoung Wan Park, and Jung Hyun Sok. "Graphene Oxide Coated Silver Nanofiber Transparent Conducting Electrode." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 58, no. 9 (September 5, 2020): 626–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2020.58.9.626.

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We fabricated a transparent conducting electrode composed of graphene oxide (GO) and silver (Ag) nanofibers. The graphene oxide was spray-coated on the Ag nanofiber film, which was fabricated by electrospinning process. Ag/poly(vinyl alcohol) ink was fabricated in a polymer matrix solution using the solgel method. The sprayed film was sintered at 200 <sup>o</sup>C for 100 min under H<sub>2</sub>/Ar atmosphere. The optical transmittance of the transparent electrodes was measured by UV/VIS spectroscopy, and sheet resistance was measured using I-V measurement system. As the amount of GO sprayed on the nanofibers increased, the diameters of the nanofibers increased, therefore, the transmittance of the electrode linearly decreased. However, the conductivity of the electrode increased. This is because the sprayed GO filled the gap between the nanofibers, and GO deposited on the surface of the nanofibers will form more effective electron pathways, resulting in increased conductivity. The GO-Ag nanofiber electrode also exhibited excellent environmental stability, and the sheet resistance of the electrode remained very stable during 30 days testing. The lowest sheet resistance of the transparent electrode was 250 ohm/sq with approximately 83% transparency at a wavelength of 550 nm. This excellent electrical properties and environmental stability might facilitate applications of the GO-Ag nanofiber electrode in optoelectronic devices.

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46

Jeong, Keuk-Min, Yagua Cai, Xianqing Piao, and Chang-Sik Ha. "Transparent Conductive Silver Nanowire Embedded Polyimide/Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrid Film." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 4866–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17823.

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A highly flexible, transparent, and conductive polyimide (PI) hybrid film with good thermal stability was fabricated by embedding reduced graphene oxide (rGO) coated silver nanowire (AgNW) into 4,4′-(hexa fluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride(6FDA)/2,2′-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine (TFDB) poly(amic acid) using a spray coating method, followed by thermal imidization. The PI/AgNW/rGO conductive film exhibited good thermal stability up to 553 °C, low sheet resistance (37 Ω/sq), high optical transparency (81%), and high hydrophobic surface (water contact angle, 89°). The rGO protected the surface of AgNW, which is weak to oxidation in air condition, and thus effectively reduced the surface resistance of the PI hybrid film. The hybrid film may offer a good potential for application as flexible transparent conducting electrodes.

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47

Wan, Qing, Eric N. Dattoli, Wayne Y. Fung, Wei Guo, Yanbin Chen, Xiaoqing Pan, and Wei Lu. "High-Performance Transparent Conducting Oxide Nanowires." Nano Letters 6, no. 12 (December 2006): 2909–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl062213d.

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Liu, Y., L. Huang, G. L. Guo, L. C. Ji, T. Wang, Y. Q. Xie, F. Liu, and A. Y. Liu. "Pulsed Laser Assisted Reduction of Graphene Oxide as a Flexible Transparent Conducting Material." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 12, no. 8 (August 1, 2012): 6480–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2012.5431.

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Anh Dinh, Duc, Kwun Nam Hui, Kwan San Hui, Jai Singh, Pushpendra Kumar, and Wei Zhou. "Silver Nanowires: A Promising Transparent Conducting Electrode Material for Optoelectronic and Electronic Applications." Reviews in Advanced Sciences and Engineering 2, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 324–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/rase.2013.1048.

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Saeedabad, Soheila Hemmatzadeh, Gurpreet Singh Selopal, Seyed Mohammad Rozati, Yaser Tavakoli, and Giorgio Sberveglieri. "From Transparent Conducting Material to Gas-Sensing Application of SnO2:Sb Thin Films." Journal of Electronic Materials 47, no. 9 (May 30, 2018): 5165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11664-018-6404-5.

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