Journal articles: 'Transparent conductive oxides (TCO)'

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Minami, Tadatsugu. "New n-Type Transparent Conducting Oxides." MRS Bulletin 25, no. 8 (August 2000): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2000.149.

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Most research to develop highly transparent and conductive thin films has focused on n-type semiconductors consisting of metal oxides. Historically, transparent conducting oxide (TCO) thin films composed of binary compounds such as SnO2 and In2O3 were developed by means of chemical- and physical-deposition methods. Impurity-doped SnO2 (Sb- or F-doped SnO2, e.g., SnO2:Sb or SnO2: F) and In2O3: Sn (indium tin oxide, ITO) films are in practical use. In addition to binary compounds, ternary compounds such as Cd2SnO4, CdSnO3, and CdIn2O4 were developed prior to 1980, but their TCO films have not yet been used widely.

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Wu, Xiao Li, Yu Zhen Yuan, Han Fa Liu, and Yun Yan Liu. "Up-Conversion Mechanisms and Application of Rare Earth-Doped ZnO." Applied Mechanics and Materials 312 (February 2013): 373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.312.373.

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Zinc oxide (ZnO) the film is a new type of transparent conductive oxides (TCO) material; it has a green environmental application prospect and hopeful to be substitution of indium tin oxide, so it has been the research focus of TCO materials. The rare earth ion like Yb3+, and Ho3+, Er3+shall be applied to satisfy the up-conversion function, and rare earth elements doped ZnO transparent conductive films will prepared. The play is to study the mechanism of up-conversion and energy transitions that the rare earth ions in the ZnO transparent conductive film. Through the theoretical analysis with the performance of the zinc oxide thin films explore optimization scheme, and aim to prepare out doped-ZnO and transparent conductive film that have both excellent photoelectric performance and up-conversion function. This new type of ZnO transparent conductive film with up-conversion function, it will have important theoretical significance in production of green environment materials and good application prospect in the field of sole cells, photoelectric detection luminescent device and so on.

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Choi, Kiwoon, Jaehoon Jung, Jongyoung Kim, Joonho Lee, Han Sup Lee, and Il-Suk Kang. "Antireflective Transparent Conductive Oxide Film Based on a Tapered Porous Nanostructure." Micromachines 11, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11020206.

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A new architecture for antireflection (AR) has been developed to break the trade-off between the optical transmittance and the electrical conduction impeding the performance of transparent conductive oxide (TCO) films. The tapered porous nanostructure with a complex continuous refractive index effectively eliminates reflections from the interfaces between air and the TCO and TCO and the substrate. Compared to the conventional TCO film, the AR TCO film exhibited the same electrical conduction, with an average transmittance of 88.7% in the 400–800 nm range, a 10.3% increase. The new AR TCO film is expected to improve the performance of various optoelectronic devices.

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Afre, Rakesh A., Nallin Sharma, Maheshwar Sharon, and Madhuri Sharon. "Transparent Conducting Oxide Films for Various Applications: A Review." REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rams-2018-0006.

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Abstract This review encompasses properties and applications of polycrystalline or amorphous, Transparent Conducting Oxides (TCO) semiconductors. Coexistence of electrical conductivity and optical transparency in TCO depends on the nature, number and atomic arrangements of metal cations in oxides, on the resident morphology and presence of intrinsic or introduced defects. Therefore, TCO semiconductors that are impurity-doped as well as the ternary compounds and multi-component oxides consisting of combinations are discussed. Expanding use of TCO is endangered by scarcity, cost of In, fragility of glass, limited transparency to visible light, instability above >200 °C, non-flexible for application of flexible solar cell; thus driving search for alternatives such as graphene or CNT, that are more stable under acidic, alkaline, oxidizing, reducing and elevated temperature. There are reasons to conclude that there is need to develop large area deposition techniques to produce TCO films with high deposition rate. TCOs are mostly n-type semiconductors, but p-type are also being researched

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Huang, Jin Hua, Rui Qin Tan, Jia Li, Yu Long Zhang, Ye Yang, and Wei Jie Song. "Thermal Stability of Aluminum Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films." Materials Science Forum 685 (June 2011): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.685.147.

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Transparent conductive oxides are key electrode materials for thin film solar cells. Aluminum doped zinc oxide has become one of the most promising transparent conductive oxide (TCO) materials because of its excellent optical and electrical properties. In this work, aluminum doped zinc oxide thin films were prepared using RF magnetron sputtering of a 4 at% ceramic target. The thermal stability of aluminum doped zinc oxide thin films was studied using various physical and structural characterization methods. It was observed that the electrical conductivity of aluminum doped zinc oxide thin films deteriorated rapidly and unevenly when it was heated up to 350 °C. When the aluminum doped zinc oxide thin films were exposed to UV ozone for a short time before heating up, its thermal stability and large area homogeneity were significantly improved. The present work provided a novel method for improving the durability of aluminum doped zinc oxides as transparent conductive electrodes in thin film solar cells.

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Mohd Ali, N. I., N. Misran, M. F. Mansor, and M. F. Jamlos. "Transparent solar antenna of 28 GHz using transparent conductive oxides (TCO) thin film." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 852 (May 2017): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/852/1/012036.

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Fortunato, Elvira, David Ginley, Hideo Hosono, and David C. Paine. "Transparent Conducting Oxides for Photovoltaics." MRS Bulletin 32, no. 3 (March 2007): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2007.29.

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AbstractTransparent conducting oxides (TCOs) are an increasingly important component of photovoltaic (PV) devices, where they act as electrode elements, structural templates, and diffusion barriers, and their work function controls the open-circuit device voltage. They are employed in applications that range from crystalline-Si heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer (HIT) cells to organic PV polymer solar cells. The desirable characteristics of TCO materials that are common to all PV technologies are similar to the requirements for TCOs for flat-panel display applications and include high optical transmissivity across a wide spectrum and low resistivity. Additionally, TCOs for terrestrial PV applications must use low-cost materials, and some may require device-technology-specific properties. We review the fundamentals of TCOs and the matrix of TCO properties and processing as they apply to current and future PV technologies.

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Brewer, L. N., and Vinayak P. Dravid. "Better Transparency and Conduction Via Alchemi: Site-Occupancy of Cations in Transparent Conducting Oxides (TCOs) Cd1+xIn2-2xsnxO4." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 336–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600027756.

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Transparent conductive oxide materials (TCO) are currently under development for use as electrodes in devices such as photovoltaics and flat panel displays. As electrode area increases in large-area applications (e.g. photovoltaics), the resistivity of the TCO must decrease in order to maintain efficiency. The ideal next generation TCO will be a low cost material with a substantially higher conductivity than ITO obtained by improving mobility. Two promising TCO's are CdIn2O2 and Cd2SnO4 which both exhibit high conductivities (4300 S/cm and 8300 S/cm, respectively) and high mobilities (44 and 60 cm2/Vs, respectively).A bulk investigation of the system CdIn2O4 - Cd2SnO4 reveals a large spinel solid solution, Cd1+xIn2.2xSnxO4 (0<x<0.75) at 1175°C exhibiting a sharp decrease in measured optical gap (from 3.0 to 2.8 eV) at x=0.2 and an increase in conductivity (from 2200 S/cm to 3500 S/cm) for reduced specimens between x=0.4 and x=0.60) with increasing x. It is suspected that the cation distribution (e.g. normal, random, or inverse) on the spinel lattice may be important in understanding these shifts in electrical and optical properties.

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Brewer, L. N., D. R. Kammler, T. O. Mason, and V. P. Dravid. "Combined CBED/Alchemi Analysis of Crystallography and Cation Distributions in the Transparent Conductive Oxide Cd1+XIn2-2XSnxO4." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 396–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600034474.

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Transparent conductive oxide materials (TCO) are currently under development for use as electrodes in optical systems such as photovoltaics and flat panel displays. Indium-tin based oxides and cadmium-tin based oxides have been investigated in the past but have received more attention recently due to their high electron mobilities. The mechanisms for conduction in these systems are not fully understood, but the distribution of cations within the lattice is thought to be of importance. We are currently studying the Cd1+xIn2-2xSnxO4 system for use as a TCO material. In particular, we are interested in the effect of the crystallography and cation distributions in this material upon its electro-optical properties.The investigation of cation distributions in this spinel system presents special challenges to purely diffraction based methods. X-ray diffraction cannot be used to assess the cation distribution for this system due to the similar x-ray atomic scattering factors for the cations involved.

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Niu, Yuchao, Xiaoyu Ma, Xiangju Liu, Weimin Wang, Yongtai Zhen, and Ying Gao. "Spreadability of Ag Layer on Oxides and High Performance of AZO/Ag/AZO Sandwiched Transparent Conductive Film." Journal of Nanoscience 2017 (July 25, 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2409062.

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Single layers of indium tin oxide (ITO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), and Ag, bilayers of ITO/Ag and AZO/Ag, and sandwiched layers of ITO/Ag/ITO (IAI) and AZO/Ag/AZO (ZAZ) were fabricated on ordinary glass substrates using magnetron sputtering. The surface morphologies of single layers and bilayers were measured. The sheet resistance and transmittance of the sandwiched layers were investigated. The results showed that the spreadability of the Ag on the AZO was significantly better than that on the ITO or bare glass substrate. The spreadability of Ag on underlayers influences obviously the performance of transparent conductive oxide/Ag/transparent conductive oxides (TCO/Ag/TCO or TAT). The sheet resistance and transmittance of the ZAZ sandwiched layer with the matching of 35 nm AZO (35 nm)/Ag (9 nm)/AZO (35 nm) fabricated in this paper were low to 3.84 Ω/sq and up to 85.55% at 550 nm, respectively. Its maximum Haacke figure of merit was 0.05469 Ω−1, higher than that of IAI multilayer.

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Lewis, Brian G., and David C. Paine. "Applications and Processing of Transparent Conducting Oxides." MRS Bulletin 25, no. 8 (August 2000): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2000.147.

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The first report of a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) was published in 1907, when Badeker reported that thin films of Cd metal deposited in a glow discharge chamber could be oxidized to become transparent while remaining electrically conducting. Since then, the commercial value of these thin films has been recognized, and the list of potential TCO materials has expanded to include, for example, Al-doped ZnO, GdInOx, SnO2, F-doped In2O3, and many others. Since the 1960s, the most widely used TCO for optoelectronic device applications has been tin-doped indium oxide (ITO). At present, and likely well into the future, this material offers the best available performance in terms of conductivity and transmissivity, combined with excellent environmental stability, reproducibility, and good surface morphology. The use of other TCOs in large quantities is application-specific. For example, tin oxide is now widely used in architectural glass applications.

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Hu, Jingping, James Hodge, Arthur J. Boff, and John S. Foord. "Fabrication of Hybrid Diamond and Transparent Conducting Metal Oxide Electrode for Spectroelectrochemistry." International Journal of Electrochemistry 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/286458.

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A novel diamond transparent electrode is constructed by integrating conductive diamond film and transparent conducting metal oxide to combine the superior electrochemical properties of diamond and the electrical conductivity of transparent metal oxide (TCO). Direct growth of diamond on indium tin oxide (ITO) and aluminium doped zinc oxide (AZO) was explored, but X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement reveals that both substrates cannot survive from the aggressive environment of diamond growth even if the latter is regarded as one of the most stable TCO. As a second route, a diamond membrane in silicon frame was prepared by selective chemical etching, and a diamond optically transparent electrode (OTE) was constructed by assembling the diamond membrane on the top of an ITO-coated substrate. The resulting device exhibits a high optical transparency and quasireversible electrochemical kinetics, which are competitive to other diamond OTEs reported previously. Its application in UV-Vis spectroelectrochemical studies on the oxidisation of 4-aminophenol was demonstrated.

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Fernández, Susana, Alberto Boscá, Jorge Pedrós, Andrea Inés, Montserrat Fernández, Israel Arnedo, José Pablo González, et al. "Advanced Graphene-Based Transparent Conductive Electrodes for Photovoltaic Applications." Micromachines 10, no. 6 (June 17, 2019): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10060402.

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New architectures of transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) incorporating graphene monolayers in different configurations have been explored with the aim to improve the performance of silicon-heterojunction (SHJ) cell front transparent contacts. In SHJ technology, front electrodes play an important additional role as anti-reflectance (AR) coatings. In this work, different transparent-conductive-oxide (TCO) thin films have been combined with graphene monolayers in different configurations, yielding advanced transparent electrodes specifically designed to minimize surface reflection over a wide range of wavelengths and angles of incidence and to improve electrical performance. A preliminary analysis reveals a strong dependence of the optoelectronic properties of the TCEs on (i) the order in which the different thin films are deposited or the graphene is transferred and (ii) the specific TCO material used. The results shows a clear electrical improvement when three graphene monolayers are placed on top on 80-nm-thick ITO thin film. This optimum TCE presents sheet resistances as low as 55 Ω/sq and an average conductance as high as 13.12 mS. In addition, the spectral reflectance of this TCE also shows an important reduction in its weighted reflectance value of 2–3%. Hence, the work undergone so far clearly suggests the possibility to noticeably improve transparent electrodes with this approach and therefore to further enhance silicon-heterojunction cell performance. These results achieved so far clearly open the possibility to noticeably improve TCEs and therefore to further enhance SHJ contact-technology performance.

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Sarmadian, Nasrin, Rolando Saniz, Bart Partoens, Dirk Lamoen, Kalpana Volety, Guido Huyberechts, and Johan Paul. "High throughput first-principles calculations of bixbyite oxides for TCO applications." Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, no. 33 (2014): 17724–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp02788d.

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We present a high-throughput computing scheme based on density functional theory (DFT) to generate a class of oxides and screen them with the aim of identifying those that might be electronically appropriate for transparent conducting oxide (TCO) applications.

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Daliento, Santolo, Pierluigi Guerriero, Luisa Addonizio, and Alessandro Antonaia. "Numerical analysis of ZnO thin layers having rough surface." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 28, no. 2 (2015): 275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee1502275d.

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In this paper an automated procedure for the analysis of Transparent Conductive Oxides (TCO) layers exhibiting rough surfaces is proposed. The method is based on the interaction between MATLand the Sentaurus TCAD and is aimed to the reduction of computational efforts needed for full three dimensional analyses. Experiments performed on CVD deposited ZnO layer, showing the reliability of the method for describing their optical properties, are reported. A semi-empirical technique for the extraction of the TCO refractive index is shown as well.

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He, Ping, Bo Li Zhai, and Jing Qiu. "Research Status of Flexible Substrate Transparent Conductive." Applied Mechanics and Materials 624 (August 2014): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.624.86.

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This paper summarize the transparent conductive oxide (TCO) market application of aluminum doped most widely used in the film Zinc Oxide AZO and ITO thin films and the development trend is prospected. Reports the photoelectric properties of ITO films requirements, prepared on flexible substrate ZnO films on the substrates, preparation technology and development, summarizes the latest research achievements in this field and the present problems, which describes the next step of work in the domain.

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Habis, Christelle, Jean Zaraket, and Michel Aillerie. "Zinc Oxide Thin Film Morphology as Function of Substrate Position During Sputtering Process." Key Engineering Materials 900 (September 20, 2021): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.900.103.

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Transparent conductive oxides are materials combining great transparency with high conductivity. In photovoltaic applications, they are developed under thin layer for the realization of upper electrodes of solar cells. Among transparent oxide materials, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) presents unique properties, starting with its first qualities to be abundant, low-cost and non-toxic oxide. Zinc Oxide thin film was deposited on rectangular glass substrate by magnetron sputtering. After an overview of the properties expected for good transparent conductive materials, the effect of distance from the center of the cell on the morphology of the film was investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The scanning was done on different area of the sample as function of the distance from the central position of the direct sputtering jet. As far as the distance increased, it has been noticed a quasi-linear increase in thickness of the ZnO deposited film and a change in the grain shape from spherical to pyramidal with an increase in the size of the particles. Controlling the sputtering distance allows the control of texture, thus of the Haze factor, the photo-generation of excitons, as well the optical transmission of the TCO layer and finally an improvement in the efficiency of the so-built photovoltaic cells.

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Du, Wenhan, Jingjing Yang, Chao Xiong, Yu Zhao, and Xifang Zhu. "Preferential orientation growth of ITO thin film on quartz substrate with ZnO buffer layer by magnetron sputtering technique." International Journal of Modern Physics B 31, no. 16-19 (July 26, 2017): 1744065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979217440659.

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In order to improve the photoelectric transformation efficiency of thin-film solar cells, one plausible method was to improve the transparent conductive oxides (TCO) material property. In-doped tin oxide (ITO) was an important TCO material which was used as a front contact layer in thin-film solar cell. Using magnetron sputtering deposition technique, we prepared preferential orientation ITO thin films on quartz substrate. XRD and SEM measurements were used to characterize the crystalline structure and morphology of ITO thin films. The key step was adding a ZnO thin film buffer layer before ITO deposition. ZnO thin film buffer layer increases the nucleation center numbers and results in the (222) preferential orientation growth of ITO thin films.

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Ginley, David S., and Clark Bright. "Transparent Conducting Oxides." MRS Bulletin 25, no. 8 (August 2000): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2000.256.

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In the interim between the conception of this issue of MRS Bulletin on transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) and its publication, the remarkable applications dependent on these materials have continued to make sweeping strides. These include the advent of larger flat-screen high-definition televisions (HDTVs), larger and higher-resolution screens on portable computers, the increasing importance of low emissivity (“low-e”) and electrochromic windows, a significant increase in the manufacturing of thin-film photovoltaics (PV), and a plethora of new hand-held and smart devices, all with smart displays.1-7 Coupled with the increased importance of TCO materials to these application technologies has been a renaissance over the last two years in the science of these materials. This has included new n-type materials, the synthesis of true p-type materials, and the theoretical prediction and subsequent confirmation of the applicability of codoping to produce p-type ZnO. Considering that over the last 20 years much of the work on TCOs was empirical and focused on ZnO and variants of InxSn1-xO2, it is quite remarkable how this field has exploded. This may be a function of not only the need to achieve higher performance levels for these devices, but also of the increasing importance of transition-metal-based oxides in electro-optical devices. This issue of MRS Bulletin is thus well timed to provide an overview of this rapidly expanding area. Included are articles that cover the industrial perspective, new n-type materials, new p-type materials, novel deposition methods, and approaches to developing both an improved basic understanding of the materials themselves as well as models capable of predicting performance limits.

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He, Ping, Bo Li Zhai, and Yan Yi. "Research of ITO Transparent Conductive." Applied Mechanics and Materials 608-609 (October 2014): 1025–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.608-609.1025.

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Indium tin oxide (ITO) as a transparent conductive film (TCO) is a kind of oxide film of the most widely used which is the N type semiconductor material In2O3 doped with Sn, which has many excellent properties based on: conductivity, optical property, processing property and chemical stability etc.In recent years, which has attracted widespread attention, and it is widely used in all aspects of life such as transportation, aerospace, defense, building, solar energy and high-tech fields. Therefore, it is an inevitable trend of social development in the future understanding and improving basic properties and preparation methods of the ITO thin film. This paper summarized the present research situation of ITO transparent conductive film current from the two aspects of characteristics and manufacturing process of ITO films; then reviewed the application status of ITO transparent conductive films in recent years; finally, the future development trend of Ito transparent conductive made a brand-new outlook by analyzing the current situation of the above.

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Liu, Yujing, Thierry Moser, Christian Andres, Lovro Gorjan, Arndt Remhof, Frank Clemens, Thomas Graule, Ayodhya N. Tiwari, and Yaroslav E. Romanyuk. "Ethanolamine-assisted low-temperature crystallization of hydroxide nanoparticle ink into transparent and conductive ITO layers." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 7 (2019): 3083–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta09891c.

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Fahland, Matthias, Tobias Vogt, Alexander Schoenberger, and Sindy Mosch. "Transparent Conductors on Polymer Films." Advances in Science and Technology 75 (October 2010): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.75.9.

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The paper will present a review of different solutions for transparent conducting electrodes on flexible substrates. The analysis of the present situation reveals a gap for low sheet resistance electrodes. Two new approaches to the problem will be presented. The first one is a novel technology for the deposition of zinc oxide on polyethylene terephtalate film. The intention for this process is the establishment of a low cost coating in a roll-to-roll machine. Silicon was used as the dopant material with a concentration varying in different samples between 1 and 4 %. The optimum parameters provided a transparent layer with a sheet resistance of 16 Ωsqu. Metal grids are a second promising approach for achieving low sheet resistance electrodes. The combination of these grids with transparent conducting oxides (TCO) will be presented. The TCO were deposited under vacuum in a roll-to-roll coating machine. The grids were applied by aerosol jet printing and subsequent tempering of the film.

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Kim, Yun Hae, Seung Jun An, Joon Young Kim, Kyung Man Moon, Pang Pang Wang, Dong Yan Zhang, and Ri Ichi Murakami. "A Study on the Physical Properties of AZO Films as Variation of Sputtering Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.54.

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TCO (transparent conducting oxide) films are widely used as photoelectric devices in flat panel displays and solar cells. Until now, ITO (indium-tin oxide) films have been used as TCO films. However, with the increase in the cost of ITO films , researchers have been searching for new materials to use as TCO films .Transparent and conductive aluminum-doped zinc oxide films were prepared by DC magnetron sputtering at different substrate temperatures. The electric and optical properties of these films were studied by Hall measurement and optical spectroscopy, respectively. All of the films that were deposited at temperatures higher than 200 °C substrate temperature demonstrated over 80% transmittance in the range of the visible spectrum. Since the surface mobility of a particle is limited at a low temperature, the growth rate of AZO thin films would be higher than that at a high temperature. And the films showed minimum resistivity of 6.77 × 10-3Ω•cm at substrate temperature of 200 °C.

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Axelevitch, Alexander. "Hot-Probe Characterization of Transparent Conductive Thin Films." Materials 14, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 1186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051186.

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Transparent conductive oxide (TCO) thin films represent a large class of wide-bandgap semiconductors applied in all fields of micro- and optoelectronics. The most widespread material applied for the creation of TCO coatings is indium-tin oxide (ITO). At the same time, there are plurality trends to change the high-cost ITO on other materials, for example, on the ZnO doped by different elements such as Al, Mn, and Sb. These films require mobile and low-cost evaluation methods. The dynamic hot-probe measurement system is one of such techniques that can supplement and sometimes replace existing heavy systems such as the Hall effect measurements or the Haynes–Shockley experiments. The theoretical basis and the method of analysis of the recorded dynamic hot-probe characteristics measured at different temperatures were presented in this work. This method makes it possible to extract the main parameters of thin films. Commercial thin ITO films and new transparent conducting ZnO:Al layers prepared by magnetron co-sputtering were studied by the proposed method. The measured parameters of commercial ITO films are in agreement with the presented and reference data. In addition, the parameters of ZnO:Al thin films such as the majority charge carriers type, concentration, and mobility were extracted from dynamic hot-probe characteristics. This method may be applied also to other wide-bandgap semiconductors.

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Liu, Wen, Ming Peng, Si Chen, Dechun Zou, Chaoqun Zhang, Yueping Fang, and Xin Cai. "Low-cost nanocarbon electrodes on arbitrary fibrous substrates as efficient bifacial photovoltaic wires." RSC Advances 7, no. 16 (2017): 9653–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra27211h.

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Ultralow-cost nanocarbon was deposited on arbitrary fibers and used as an efficient catalytic electrode, leading to transparent conductive oxide (TCO) free and bifacial photovoltaic wires with an optimal efficiency of 6.09%.

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Julayhi, Jasmeen, and Takashi Minemoto. "Zn (O,S):Al Films Prepared by Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering for Transparent Electrode." Applied Mechanics and Materials 372 (August 2013): 567–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.372.567.

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Zn (O,S):Al (AZOS) has been proposed as a new type of transparent conductive oxide (TCO) with adjustable band gap energy (Eg) and conduction band position. The novel materials of AZOS with S/(S+O) ratio of 0.00~0.85 were prepared by radio frequency magnetron co-sputtering of ZnO:Al and ZnS targets. The optical properties of the films showed high transmittance of almost over 80% and Eg change with the S/(S+O) ratio. The suitable resistivity for TCO of around 10-3 Ωcm was obtained at the S/(S+O) ratio of 0.00~0.09, but as the S/(S+O) ratio exceeded 0.40, the resistance increased greatly.

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Jang, Jiung, Yeonsu Kang, Danyoung Cha, Junyoung Bae, and Sungsik Lee. "Thin-Film Optical Devices Based on Transparent Conducting Oxides: Physical Mechanisms and Applications." Crystals 9, no. 4 (April 3, 2019): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9040192.

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This paper provides a review of optical devices based on a wide band-gap transparent conducting oxide (TCO) while discussing related physical mechanisms and potential applications. Intentionally using a light-induced metastability mechanism of oxygen defects in TCOs, it is allowed to detect even visible lights, eluding to a persistent photoconductivity (PPC) as an optical memory action. So, this PPC phenomenon is naturally useful for TCO-based optical memory applications, e.g., optical synaptic transistors, as well as photo-sensors along with an electrical controllability of a recovery speed with gate pulse or bias. Besides the role of TCO channel layer in thin-film transistor structure, a defective gate insulator can be another approach for a memory operation with assistance for gate bias and illuminations. In this respect, TCOs can be promising materials for a low-cost transparent optoelectronic application.

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Sharma, V., R. Vyas, P. Bazylewski, G. S. Chang, K. Asokan, and K. Sachdev. "Probing the highly transparent and conducting SnOx/Au/SnOx structure for futuristic TCO applications." RSC Advances 6, no. 35 (2016): 29135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra24422f.

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Liu, Yin, Sureeporn Pollaor, and Yiquan Wu. "Electrohydrodynamic Processing of p-Type Transparent Conducting Oxides." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/423157.

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Electrohydrodynamic processing is capable of synthesizing various materials in the form of porous/dense thin films, nanofibers, nanorods, nanobelts, and ribbons, which is highly favorable for functional oxides. The tailored microstructures and properties derived from electrohydrodynamic forming also give rise to new research interests on some classical oxides, such as transparent conducting oxides (TCOs). Here a case of feasible electrospray synthesis of classical ZnO is demonstrated with tailored p-type conductivity. Another p-type TCO, CuAlO2, was prepared by both electrospray and electrospinning methods and the processing-derived electrical and optical properties are demonstrated. The last part of the paper discusses some emerging applications especially for CuAlO2as potential nanobuilding blocks enabled by electrohydrodynamic processing.

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Hernández-Gutiérrez, C. A., O. Vigil Galán, S. Melo, E. Rodriguez, and Yu Kudriavtsev. "The role of SnO2 high resistivity transparent layer deposited onto commercial conducting glass as front contact in superstrate configuration thin films solar cells technology: influence of the deposition technique." Revista Mexicana de Física 65, no. 5 Sept-Oct (September 2, 2019): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.31349/revmexfis.65.554.

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The deposition of a high resistivity transparent (HRT) oxide between a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) and the window CdS has demonstrated the improvement of performance of CdS/CdTe solar cells, fabricated in the superstrate-configuration. In this work the influence of the pneumatic spray pyrolysis (PSP) and magnetron sputtering techniques on the properties TCO/SnO2/CdS structure through the deposition of the intermediate SnO2 between the commercial conducting glass and CdS window is presented by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), and contact resistance, calculated using transmission line method (TLM), in order to reduce the front contact resistance in devices with superstrate-configuration. The results of this work are applicable to other solar cells in the same configuration as the recent solar cells based on the compound Sb2Se3, where the use of this type of HRT has not been studied.

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Kotta, Ashique, and Hyung Kee Seo. "Facile Synthesis of Highly Conductive Vanadium-Doped NiO Film for Transparent Conductive Oxide." Applied Sciences 10, no. 16 (August 5, 2020): 5415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165415.

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Metal-oxide-based electrodes play a crucial role in various transparent conductive oxide (TCO) applications. Among the p-type materials, nickel oxide is a promising electrically conductive material due to its good stability, large bandgap, and deep valence band. Here, we display pristine and 3 at.%V-doped NiO synthesized by the solvothermal decomposition method. The properties of both the pristine and 3 at.%V:NiO nanoparticles were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The film properties were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and a source meter. Our results suggest that incorporation of vanadium into the NiO lattice significantly improves both electrical conductivity and hole extraction. Also, 3 at.%V:NiO exhibits a lower crystalline size when compared to pristine nickel oxide, which maintains the reduction of surface roughness. These results indicate that vanadium is an excellent dopant for NiO.

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Melo, S., O. Vigil, C. A. Hernández-Gutiérrez, F. Pulgarín-Agudelo, Héctor Mendoza-Leon, and E. Rodríguez. "Deposition of SnO2 buffer layer onto commercial conducting glass to be used in thin films solar cells technology." Superficies y Vacío 31, no. 4 (December 15, 2018): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.47566/2018_syv31_1-040063.

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In this work the influence of the deposition of SnO2 buffer layer on the optical, electrical and morphological properties of commercial conducting glasses is presented. Previously the transparent conducting oxide (TCO) were studied in order to determine which is the most appropriate in solar cell applications. The SnO2 thin films were deposited onto glass and commercial conducting glass by pneumatic spray pyrolysis (PSP) and magnetron sputtering techniques and characterized optically and electrically. TCO/buffer bi-layers configuration were processed and characterized through a modified well-known Haccke figure of merit. The results are discussed in terms of considering the usefulness or otherwise of this configuration, depending on the morphological quality of commercial conductive glass in the processing of second-generation solar cells in thin film technology.

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Melo, S., O. Vigil, C. A. Hernández-Gutiérrez, F. Pulgarín-Agudelo, Héctor Mendoza-Leon, and E. Rodríguez. "Deposition of SnO2 buffer layer onto commercial conducting glass to be used in thin films solar cells technology." Superficies y Vacío 31, no. 4 (March 11, 2019): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.47566/syv.v31i4.252.

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In this work the influence of the deposition of SnO2 buffer layer on the optical, electrical and morphological properties of commercial conducting glasses is presented. Previously the transparent conducting oxide (TCO) were studied in order to determine which is the most appropriate in solar cell applications. The SnO2 thin films were deposited onto glass and commercial conducting glass by pneumatic spray pyrolysis (PSP) and magnetron sputtering techniques and characterized optically and electrically. TCO/buffer bi-layers configuration were processed and characterized through a modified well-known Haccke figure of merit. The results are discussed in terms of considering the usefulness or otherwise of this configuration, depending on the morphological quality of commercial conductive glass in the processing of second-generation solar cells in thin film technology.

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Kumar, M. Melvin David, Ju-Hyung Yun, and Joondong Kim. "Metal/Semiconductor and Transparent Conductor/Semiconductor Heterojunctions in High Efficient Photoelectric Devices: Progress and Features." International Journal of Photoenergy 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/160379.

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Metal/semiconductor and transparent conductive oxide (TCO)/semiconductor heterojunctions have emerged as an effective modality in the fabrication of photoelectric devices. This review is following a recent shift toward the engineering of TCO layers and structured Si substrates, incorporating metal nanoparticles for the development of next-generation photoelectric devices. Beneficial progress which helps to increase the efficiency and reduce the cost, has been sequenced based on efficient technologies involved in making novel substrates, TCO layers, and electrodes. The electrical and optical properties of indium tin oxide (ITO) and aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films can be enhanced by structuring the surface of TCO layers. The TCO layers embedded with Ag nanoparticles are used to enhance the plasmonic light trapping effect in order to increase the energy harvesting nature of photoelectric devices. Si nanopillar structures which are fabricated by photolithography-free technique are used to increase light-active surface region. The importance of the structure and area of front electrodes and the effect of temperature at the junction are the value added discussions in this review.

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Cirocka, Anna, Dorota Zarzeczańska, and Anna Wcisło. "Good Choice of Electrode Material as the Key to Creating Electrochemical Sensors—Characteristics of Carbon Materials and Transparent Conductive Oxides (TCO)." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 22, 2021): 4743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164743.

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The search for new electrode materials has become one of the goals of modern electrochemistry. Obtaining electrodes with optimal properties gives a product with a wide application potential, both in analytics and various industries. The aim of this study was to select, from among the presented electrode materials (carbon and oxide), the one whose parameters will be optimal in the context of using them to create sensors. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry techniques were used to determine the electrochemical properties of the materials. On the other hand, properties such as hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity and their topological structure were determined using contact angle measurements and confocal microscopy, respectively. Based on the research carried out on a wide group of electrode materials, it was found that transparent conductive oxides of the FTO (fluorine doped tin oxide) type exhibit optimal electrochemical parameters and offer great modification possibilities. These electrodes are characterized by a wide range of work and high chemical stability. In addition, the presence of a transparent oxide layer allows for the preservation of valuable optoelectronic properties. An important feature is also the high sensitivity of these electrodes compared to other tested materials. The combination of these properties made FTO electrodes selected for further research.

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Baranwal, A. K., T. Shiki, Y. Ogomi, S. S. Pandey, T. Ma, and S. Hayase. "Tandem dye-sensitized solar cells with a back-contact bottom electrode without a transparent conductive oxide layer." RSC Adv. 4, no. 88 (2014): 47735–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra07539k.

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Tandem dye-sensitized solar cells using TCO-less back contact bottom electrode in a novel device architecture with an efficiency of 7.10% have been reported. Removal of costly TCO component have no adverse effect on the photon harvesting.

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Freeman, A. J., K. R. Poeppelmeier, T. O. Mason, R. P. H. Chang, and T. J. Marks. "Chemical and Thin-Film Strategies for New Transparent Conducting Oxides." MRS Bulletin 25, no. 8 (August 2000): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2000.150.

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Transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) have been known and employed technologically for more than 50 years, primarily in the form of doped single-cation oxides such as In2O3 and SnO2. Beginning in the 1990s, however, multi-cation oxide TCOs began to be developed in Japan (see the article by Minami in this issue and the references therein) and at the former Bell Laboratories. Since then, new TCO phases are being reported with increasing frequency as technological interest in this area heightens. At the same time, our fundamental understanding of the chemical and structural origins of transparent conductivity continues to expand and promises a pathway to dramatically improved materials for a host of applications. This article describes a collaborative, multi-investigator bulk an d thin-film research effort at Northwestern University aimed at the synthesis, characterization, and enhanced understanding of multi-cation (compound and solidsolution) TCOs, and provides a brief account of what we are discovering about this important class of materials.

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Bochukov, Ivelin, Wolfram Schindler, Boyan Johnev, Tayfun Mete, and Konstantinos Fostiropoulos. "Surface engineering of transparent conductive oxide (TCO) electrode using molecular termination layers." Chemical Physics Letters 511, no. 4-6 (August 2011): 363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2011.06.059.

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Kou, Kuang-Yang, Yu-En Huang, Chien-Hsun Chen, and Shih-Wei Feng. "Dependence of lattice strain relaxation, absorbance, and sheet resistance on thickness in textured ZnO@B transparent conductive oxide for thin-film solar cell applications." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 7 (January 20, 2016): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.7.9.

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The interplay of surface texture, strain relaxation, absorbance, grain size, and sheet resistance in textured, boron-doped ZnO (ZnO@B), transparent conductive oxide (TCO) materials of different thicknesses used for thin film, solar cell applications is investigated. The residual strain induced by the lattice mismatch and the difference in the thermal expansion coefficient for thicker ZnO@B is relaxed, leading to an increased surface texture, stronger absorbance, larger grain size, and lower sheet resistance. These experimental results reveal the optical and material characteristics of the TCO layer, which could be useful for enhancing the performance of solar cells through an optimized TCO layer.

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Catellani, Alessandra, Alice Ruini, and Arrigo Calzolari. "Optoelectronic properties and color chemistry of native point defects in Al:ZnO transparent conductive oxide." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 3, no. 32 (2015): 8419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5tc01699a.

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CHEN, LINDA, MAAN M. ALKAISI, and MEI-YI LIAO. "LIGHT TRAPPING TECHNIQUE FOR DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 19, no. 04 (December 2010): 761–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863510005650.

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Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) possess huge potential in solar energy utilisation. Immense research has been carried out in order to improve its performance. This paper suggests an alternative way of employing Light Trapping technique on DSSC by dry etching substrates before depositing the transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer on one of the electrodes. The result demonstrated a decrease in reflectance before depositing the TCO, but an increase in reflectance after depositing the TCO. Texturing might also help to increase the effective surface area at the interface between various cell layers, providing a shorter path for the electron transport layer and improving collection efficiencies.

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Dobrzański, L. A., M. Prokopiuk vel Prokopowicz, A. Drygała, A. Wierzbicka, K. Lukaszkowicz, and M. Szindler. "Carbon Nanomaterials Application as a Counter Electrode for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0004.

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AbstractThe paper presents the results of the structure investigation of a counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells using the carbon nanomaterials. Solar cells were fabricated on the glass with transparent conductive oxide TCO (10Ω/sq). Nanocrystalline titania based photoanode was prepared by spreading TiO2paste onto TCO glass and subsequently annealed at 450°C for at least 30 min to convert anatase phase and make an interparticle network. After then the nanostructured titania films was immersed into an ethanolic solution of the ruthenium-based dye. As a counter electrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells composite films of carbon nanomaterials and polystyrene sulfonate doped poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) PEDOT-PSS (Sigma-Aldrich) were deposited onto TCO substrates. Because carbon nanoelements and titanium oxide consist of nano-metric structural units to determine the properties of the cells and their parameters several surface sensitive techniques and methods, i.e. Raman spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), and electric properties of conductive layers were used.

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Winnicki, M., A. Baszczuk, M. Rutkowska-Gorczyca, M. Jasiorski, A. Małachowska, W. Posadowski, Z. Znamirowski, and A. Ambroziak. "Microscopic Examination of Cold Spray Cermet Sn+In2O3Coatings for Sputtering Target Materials." Scanning 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4058636.

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Low-pressure cold spraying is a newly developed technology with high application potential. The aim of this study was to investigate potential application of this technique for producing a new type of transparent conductive oxide films target. Cold spraying technique allows the manufacture of target directly on the backing plate; therefore the proposed sputtering target has a form of Sn+In2O3coating sprayed onto copper substrate. The microstructure and properties of the feedstock powder prepared using three various methods as well as the deposited ones by low-pressure cold spraying coatings were evaluated, compared, and analysed. Produced cermet Sn+In2O3targets were employed in first magnetron sputtering process to deposit preliminary, thin, transparent conducting oxide films onto the glass substrates. The resistivity of obtained preliminary films was measured and allows believing that fabrication of TCO (transparent conducting oxide) films using targets produced by cold spraying is possible in the future, after optimization of the deposition conditions.

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Filatova, E. O., A. P. Baraban, A. S. Konashuk, M. A. Konyushenko, A. A. Selivanov, A. A. Sokolov, F. Schaefers, and V. E. Drozd. "Transparent-conductive-oxide (TCO) buffer layer effect on the resistive switching process in metal/TiO2/TCO/metal assemblies." New Journal of Physics 16, no. 11 (November 7, 2014): 113014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/16/11/113014.

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Wang, Ming, Xun Gang Diao, Ting Ting Guo, and Xuan Wang. "Recent Developments of ZnO-Based P-Type Transparent Conductive Oxide Thin Films." Materials Science Forum 743-744 (January 2013): 878–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.743-744.878.

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Nowadays, high performance p-type transparent conductive oxide (TCO) thin films have gained tremendous intersts, and the fact is that if p-type TCOs with high electrical conductivity and optical transmittance can be fabricated, transparent p-n junctions can be obtained and invisible electronics be realized, and hence the use area of TCOs will be highly broadened. A lot of work have been done on non-stoichiometric and doped versions of p-type TCOs in the last few years to improve the optical and electrical properties by various deposition techniques. ZnO-based thin films were thought to be the most promising candidate for p-type TCOs based on the fact that ZnO has advantages over the others, so in this paper the development of ZnO-based p-type TCOs has been discussed. Firstly, the reasons why p-type ZnO-based TCOs are difficult to synthesize were discussed, and then the general ways now used to produce p-type ZnO-based TCOs were summerized, including intrinsic p-type ZnO, doping of groupelements, codoping of and elements, doping of group elements, the origin of p-type conductivity and the feasibility of each way, and the state-of-the-art optical and electrical properties were presented. Finally, the specific shortcomings in producing high quality p-type TCOs were discussed. Based on the comparision, it is believed that the doping of groupelements in ZnO may be the most pronising way in realizing p-type TCO.

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Wu, Ming Wei, Yan Chi Chen, Chung Ya Tsao, and Chien Chi Lin. "The Fabrication and Characterization of Niobium-Doped Titania Ceramic." Key Engineering Materials 605 (April 2014): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.605.11.

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Transparent conductive oxide (TCO) films have been widely used in various optoelectronic devices as the transparent conductive electrode. Niobium-doped titania (TNO) films were recently found to be highly transparent and conductive and thus could be a potential substitute for tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) films. For the preparation of TCO films, magnetron sputtering is a versatile method due to its high deposition rate, feasibility for large-area deposition, and other advantages. The quality of the sputtering target has been found to obviously affect the performances of the films. However, the fabrication and the properties of sputtering targets have rarely been examined. Thus, the purpose of this study was to prepare and characterize TNO ceramic for application as a TNO sputtering target. Sub-micrometer TiO2 and Nb2O5 powders were used to formulate the ceramic slurry with a dispersant and a binder. The ceramic slurry was then spray-dried to form spray-dried granules. TNO green compact was produced by uniaxial compacting of the spray-dried granules. After 1200°C sintering in air, the sintered density of the TNO ceramic was 100%. The grain size was only 2.8μm. Moreover, after 1200°C sintering, the TNO ceramic was fully rutile phase, as verified by XRD. Nb2O5 diffused and dissolved into the titania. Furthermore, the dopant of Nb greatly decreased the resistivity of titania from 108Ωcm to 90Ωcm, though the resistivities of the TNO ceramics were higher than those of TNO films reported in the literature.

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Fekkai, Zakia. "Effects of Thermal Processing on Transparent Conducting Oxides TCO Used in Optoelectronic Devices." Journal of Advanced Physics 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jap.2013.1057.

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Straue, Nadja, and Andreas Roosen. "Continuous Manufacture of Submicron Thick Ceramic Green Tapes and Coatings Demonstrated for TCO Nano Particles." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2011, CICMT (September 1, 2011): 000078–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-2011-tp12.

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This presentation introduces a new technique to manufacture continuously submicron thick ceramic green tapes and coatings from nano particulate suspensions. A profiled steel rod is used to coat large areas with a very low film thickness of down to 250 nm. This technique can easily be scaled up and is therefore suitable for mass production at high throughput and low cost. The profile rod technique could be a method to overcome the limit of the tape casting process and therefore this technique exhibits an enormous economical potential. The technique is demonstrated at the example of nano particulate indium tin oxide (ITO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) particles, which are both transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) and therefore interesting materials for printed displays etc. Nano particles from Evonik Degussa GmbH were first dispersed and stabilized in organic solvents. Subsequently, dispersions as well as slurries were prepared. Their rheological and wetting behavior were studied and the effect on the microstructure of the resulting layer was evaluated. Furthermore, the influence of the processing parameters during coating on the layer quality was analyzed. Finally, the functionality of the printed layers was proven by electrical measurements as well as the assembly of electron devices.

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Juraić, Krunoslav, Davor Gracin, Matija Čulo, Željko Rapljenović, Jasper Rikkert Plaisier, Aden Hodzic, Zdravko Siketić, Luka Pavić, and Mario Bohač. "Origin of Mangetotransport Properties in APCVD Deposited Tin Oxide Thin Films." Materials 13, no. 22 (November 17, 2020): 5182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13225182.

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Transparent conducting oxides (TCO) with high electrical conductivity and at the same time high transparency in the visible spectrum are an important class of materials widely used in many devices requiring a transparent contact such as light-emitting diodes, solar cells and display screens. Since the improvement of electrical conductivity usually leads to degradation of optical transparency, a fine-tuning sample preparation process and a better understanding of the correlation between structural and transport properties is necessary for optimizing the properties of TCO for use in such devices. Here we report a structural and magnetotransport study of tin oxide (SnO2), a well-known and commonly used TCO, prepared by a simple and relatively cheap Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapour Deposition (APCVD) method in the form of thin films deposited on soda-lime glass substrates. The thin films were deposited at two different temperatures (which were previously found to be close to optimum for our setup), 590 °C and 610 °C, and with (doped) or without (undoped) the addition of fluorine dopants. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction (GIXRD) revealed the presence of inhomogeneity in the samples, on a bigger scale in form of grains (80–200 nm), and on a smaller scale in form of crystallites (10–25 nm). Charge carrier density and mobility extracted from DC resistivity and Hall effect measurements were in the ranges 1–3 × 1020 cm−3 and 10–20 cm2/Vs, which are typical values for SnO2 films, and show a negligible temperature dependence from room temperature down to −269 °C. Such behaviour is ascribed to grain boundary scattering, with the interior of the grains degenerately doped (i.e., the Fermi level is situated well above the conduction band minimum) and with negligible electrostatic barriers at the grain boundaries (due to high dopant concentration). The observed difference for factor 2 in mobility among the thin-film SnO2 samples most likely arises due to the difference in the preferred orientation of crystallites (texture coefficient).

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Vehse, Martin, Stefan Geißendörfer, Tobias Voss, Jan-Peter Richters, Benedikt Schumacher, Karsten von Maydell, and Carsten Agert. "Investigation on Nanorod TCO Light-trapping for a-Si:H Solar Cells in Superstrate Configuration." MRS Proceedings 1426 (2012): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.1017.

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ABSTRACTLight trapping due to rough transparent conductive oxide (TCO) surfaces is a common and industrially applied technique in thin film silicon solar cells. In this study, we demonstrate a novel light trapping solution using electrochemically deposited, highly doped zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorod arrays which goes beyond standard light management concepts. The n-doped ZnO rods enable the application as front electrode in superstrate configuration. We explain our experimental results by multidimensional solar cell simulations and show how the nanorod array geometry influences the cell performance. The requirement is demonstrated to choose an appropriate average nanorod distance which strongly influences the electrical cell characteristics. The results clearly outline the potential of TCO nanorod technology for enhanced light trapping.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Transparent conductive oxides (TCO)'

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