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Journal articles on the topic 'Transparent oxide'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Li, Peng, Xingzhen Yan, Jiangang Ma, Haiyang Xu, and Yichun Liu. "Highly Stable Transparent Electrodes Made from Copper Nanotrough Coated with AZO/Al2O3." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 16, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 3811–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2016.11879.

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Due to their high flexibility, high conductivity and high transparency in a wide spectrum range, metal nanowires and meshes are considered to be two of the most promising candidates to replace the traditional transparent conducting films, such as tin doped indium oxide. In this paper, transparent conducting films made from copper nanotroughs are prepared by the electrospinning of polymer fibers and subsequent thermal evaporation of copper. The advantages of the technique include low junction resistance, low cost and low preparation temperature. Although the copper nanotrough transparent conducting films exhibited a low sheet resistance (19.2 Ω/sq), with a high transmittance (88% at 550 nm), the instability of copper in harsh environments seriously hinders its applications. In order to improve the stability of the metal transparent conducting films, copper nanotroughs were coated with 39 nm thick aluminum-doped zinc oxide and 1 nm thick aluminum oxide films by atomic layer deposition. The optical and electrical measurements show that coating copper nanotrough with oxides barely reduces the transparency of the films. It is worth noting that conductive oxide coating can effectively protect copper nanotroughs from thermal oxidation or acidic corrosion, whilst maintaining the same flexibility as copper nanotroughs on its own.

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2

Ohta, Hiromichi, and Hideo Hosono. "Transparent oxide optoelectronics." Materials Today 7, no. 6 (June 2004): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-7021(04)00288-3.

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3

Soma, Takuto, Kohei Yoshimatsu, and Akira Ohtomo. "p-type transparent superconductivity in a layered oxide." Science Advances 6, no. 29 (July 2020): eabb8570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb8570.

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Development of p-type transparent conducting materials has been a challenging issue. The known p-type transparent conductors unsatisfy both of high transparency and high conductivity nor exhibit superconductivity. Here, we report on epitaxial synthesis, excellent p-type transparent conductivity, and two-dimensional superconductivity of Li1−xNbO2. The LiNbO2 epitaxial films with NbO2 sheets parallel to (111) plane of cubic MgAl2O4 substrates were stabilized by heating amorphous films. The hole doping associated with Li+ ion deintercalation triggered superconductivity below 4.2 kelvin. Optical measurements revealed that the averaged transmittance to the visible light of ~100-nanometer-thick Li1−xNbO2 was ~77%, despite the large number of hole carriers exceeding 1022 per cubic centimeter. These results indicate that Li1−xNbO2 is a previously unknown p-type transparent superconductor, in which strongly correlated electrons at the largely isolated Nb 4dz2 band play an important role for the high transparency.

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4

Minami, Tadatsugu. "Transparent conducting oxide semiconductors for transparent electrodes." Semiconductor Science and Technology 20, no. 4 (March 16, 2005): S35—S44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/20/4/004.

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5

Enoki, Hirotoshi. "Oxide Transparent Electrodes Materials." Materia Japan 34, no. 3 (1995): 344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.34.344.

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6

Alivov, Yahya, Vivek Singh, Yuchen Ding, and Prashant Nagpal. "Transparent conducting oxide nanotubes." Nanotechnology 25, no. 38 (September 2, 2014): 385202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/25/38/385202.

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7

Habis, Christelle, Jean Zaraket, and Michel Aillerie. "Zinc Oxide Thin Film Morphology as Function of Substrate Position During Sputtering Process." Key Engineering Materials 900 (September 20, 2021): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.900.103.

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Transparent conductive oxides are materials combining great transparency with high conductivity. In photovoltaic applications, they are developed under thin layer for the realization of upper electrodes of solar cells. Among transparent oxide materials, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) presents unique properties, starting with its first qualities to be abundant, low-cost and non-toxic oxide. Zinc Oxide thin film was deposited on rectangular glass substrate by magnetron sputtering. After an overview of the properties expected for good transparent conductive materials, the effect of distance from the center of the cell on the morphology of the film was investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The scanning was done on different area of the sample as function of the distance from the central position of the direct sputtering jet. As far as the distance increased, it has been noticed a quasi-linear increase in thickness of the ZnO deposited film and a change in the grain shape from spherical to pyramidal with an increase in the size of the particles. Controlling the sputtering distance allows the control of texture, thus of the Haze factor, the photo-generation of excitons, as well the optical transmission of the TCO layer and finally an improvement in the efficiency of the so-built photovoltaic cells.

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8

Hu, Jingping, James Hodge, Arthur J. Boff, and John S. Foord. "Fabrication of Hybrid Diamond and Transparent Conducting Metal Oxide Electrode for Spectroelectrochemistry." International Journal of Electrochemistry 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/286458.

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A novel diamond transparent electrode is constructed by integrating conductive diamond film and transparent conducting metal oxide to combine the superior electrochemical properties of diamond and the electrical conductivity of transparent metal oxide (TCO). Direct growth of diamond on indium tin oxide (ITO) and aluminium doped zinc oxide (AZO) was explored, but X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement reveals that both substrates cannot survive from the aggressive environment of diamond growth even if the latter is regarded as one of the most stable TCO. As a second route, a diamond membrane in silicon frame was prepared by selective chemical etching, and a diamond optically transparent electrode (OTE) was constructed by assembling the diamond membrane on the top of an ITO-coated substrate. The resulting device exhibits a high optical transparency and quasireversible electrochemical kinetics, which are competitive to other diamond OTEs reported previously. Its application in UV-Vis spectroelectrochemical studies on the oxidisation of 4-aminophenol was demonstrated.

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9

Huang, Jin Hua, Rui Qin Tan, Jia Li, Yu Long Zhang, Ye Yang, and Wei Jie Song. "Thermal Stability of Aluminum Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films." Materials Science Forum 685 (June 2011): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.685.147.

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Transparent conductive oxides are key electrode materials for thin film solar cells. Aluminum doped zinc oxide has become one of the most promising transparent conductive oxide (TCO) materials because of its excellent optical and electrical properties. In this work, aluminum doped zinc oxide thin films were prepared using RF magnetron sputtering of a 4 at% ceramic target. The thermal stability of aluminum doped zinc oxide thin films was studied using various physical and structural characterization methods. It was observed that the electrical conductivity of aluminum doped zinc oxide thin films deteriorated rapidly and unevenly when it was heated up to 350 °C. When the aluminum doped zinc oxide thin films were exposed to UV ozone for a short time before heating up, its thermal stability and large area homogeneity were significantly improved. The present work provided a novel method for improving the durability of aluminum doped zinc oxides as transparent conductive electrodes in thin film solar cells.

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10

Kim, Won Jin, Sung Jin Kim, Alexander N. Cartwright, and Paras N. Prasad. "Photopatternable transparent conducting oxide nanoparticles for transparent electrodes." Nanotechnology 24, no. 6 (January 22, 2013): 065302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/24/6/065302.

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11

Hosono, Hideo, Masahiro Yasukawa, and Hiroshi Kawazoe. "Novel oxide amorphous semiconductors: transparent conducting amorphous oxides." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 203 (August 1996): 334–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(96)00367-5.

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12

Minami, Tadatsugu. "New n-Type Transparent Conducting Oxides." MRS Bulletin 25, no. 8 (August 2000): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2000.149.

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Most research to develop highly transparent and conductive thin films has focused on n-type semiconductors consisting of metal oxides. Historically, transparent conducting oxide (TCO) thin films composed of binary compounds such as SnO2 and In2O3 were developed by means of chemical- and physical-deposition methods. Impurity-doped SnO2 (Sb- or F-doped SnO2, e.g., SnO2:Sb or SnO2: F) and In2O3: Sn (indium tin oxide, ITO) films are in practical use. In addition to binary compounds, ternary compounds such as Cd2SnO4, CdSnO3, and CdIn2O4 were developed prior to 1980, but their TCO films have not yet been used widely.

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13

Kotwica, Tomasz, Jaroslaw Domaradzki, Damian Wojcieszak, Andrzej Sikora, Malgorzata Kot, and Dieter Schmeisser. "Analysis of surface properties of Ti-Cu-Ox gradient thin films using AFM and XPS investigations." Materials Science-Poland 36, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 761–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msp-2018-0100.

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AbstractThe paper presents results of investigations on surface properties of transparent semiconducting thin films based on (Ti-Cu)oxide system prepared using multi-magnetron sputtering system. The thin films were prepared using two programmed profiles of pulse width modulation coefficient, so called V- and U-shape profiles. The applied powering profiles allowed fabrication of thin films with gradient distribution of Ti and Cu elements over the thickness of deposited layers. Optical investigations allowed determination of transparency of prepared films that reached up to 60 % in the visible part of optical radiation, which makes them attractive for the transparent electronics domain. Surface properties investigations showed that the surface of mixed (Ti-Cu)oxides was sensitive to adsorption, in particular to carbon dioxide and water vapor. Soft etching with argon ions resulted in surface cleaning from residuals, however, deoxidation of Cu-oxide components was also observed.

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14

West, G. D., J. M. Perkins, and M. H. Lewis. "Transparent Fine-Grained Oxide Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 264-268 (May 2004): 801–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.264-268.801.

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15

Ohta, Hiromichi, Kenji Nomura, Hidenori Hiramatsu, Kazushige Ueda, Toshio Kamiya, Masahiro Hirano, and Hideo Hosono. "Frontier of transparent oxide semiconductors." Solid-State Electronics 47, no. 12 (December 2003): 2261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-1101(03)00208-9.

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16

Karimi, M., R. Tu, J. Peng, W. Lennard, G. H. Chapman, and K. L. Kavanagh. "Transparent conducting indium bismuth oxide." Thin Solid Films 515, no. 7-8 (February 2007): 3760–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2006.09.040.

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17

Chen, Di, Zhe Liu, Bo Liang, Xianfu Wang, and Guozhen Shen. "Transparent metal oxide nanowire transistors." Nanoscale 4, no. 10 (2012): 3001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2nr30445g.

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18

King, P. D. C., and T. D. Veal. "Conductivity in transparent oxide semiconductors." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 23, no. 33 (August 3, 2011): 334214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/23/33/334214.

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19

Minami, Tadatsugu. "Substitution of transparent conducting oxide thin films for indium tin oxide transparent electrode applications." Thin Solid Films 516, no. 7 (February 2008): 1314–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2007.03.082.

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20

Jo, Hyunjin, Jo-Hwa Yang, Ji-hoon Lee, Jung-Wook Lim, Jaesung Lee, Myunhun Shin, Ji-Hoon Ahn, and Jung-Dae Kwon. "Transparent bifacial a-Si:H solar cells employing silver oxide embedded transparent rear electrodes for improved transparency." Solar Energy 170 (August 2018): 940–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.05.096.

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21

Wu, Xiao Li, Yu Zhen Yuan, Han Fa Liu, and Yun Yan Liu. "Up-Conversion Mechanisms and Application of Rare Earth-Doped ZnO." Applied Mechanics and Materials 312 (February 2013): 373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.312.373.

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Zinc oxide (ZnO) the film is a new type of transparent conductive oxides (TCO) material; it has a green environmental application prospect and hopeful to be substitution of indium tin oxide, so it has been the research focus of TCO materials. The rare earth ion like Yb3+, and Ho3+, Er3+shall be applied to satisfy the up-conversion function, and rare earth elements doped ZnO transparent conductive films will prepared. The play is to study the mechanism of up-conversion and energy transitions that the rare earth ions in the ZnO transparent conductive film. Through the theoretical analysis with the performance of the zinc oxide thin films explore optimization scheme, and aim to prepare out doped-ZnO and transparent conductive film that have both excellent photoelectric performance and up-conversion function. This new type of ZnO transparent conductive film with up-conversion function, it will have important theoretical significance in production of green environment materials and good application prospect in the field of sole cells, photoelectric detection luminescent device and so on.

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22

Hyeon, Jae Young, Sung-Hoon Choa, Kyoung Wan Park, and Jung Hyun Sok. "Graphene Oxide Coated Silver Nanofiber Transparent Conducting Electrode." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 58, no. 9 (September 5, 2020): 626–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2020.58.9.626.

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We fabricated a transparent conducting electrode composed of graphene oxide (GO) and silver (Ag) nanofibers. The graphene oxide was spray-coated on the Ag nanofiber film, which was fabricated by electrospinning process. Ag/poly(vinyl alcohol) ink was fabricated in a polymer matrix solution using the solgel method. The sprayed film was sintered at 200 <sup>o</sup>C for 100 min under H<sub>2</sub>/Ar atmosphere. The optical transmittance of the transparent electrodes was measured by UV/VIS spectroscopy, and sheet resistance was measured using I-V measurement system. As the amount of GO sprayed on the nanofibers increased, the diameters of the nanofibers increased, therefore, the transmittance of the electrode linearly decreased. However, the conductivity of the electrode increased. This is because the sprayed GO filled the gap between the nanofibers, and GO deposited on the surface of the nanofibers will form more effective electron pathways, resulting in increased conductivity. The GO-Ag nanofiber electrode also exhibited excellent environmental stability, and the sheet resistance of the electrode remained very stable during 30 days testing. The lowest sheet resistance of the transparent electrode was 250 ohm/sq with approximately 83% transparency at a wavelength of 550 nm. This excellent electrical properties and environmental stability might facilitate applications of the GO-Ag nanofiber electrode in optoelectronic devices.

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23

Das, Suprem R., Sajia Sadeque, Changwook Jeong, Ruiyi Chen, Muhammad A. Alam, and David B. Janes. "Copercolating Networks: An Approach for Realizing High-Performance Transparent Conductors using Multicomponent Nanostructured Networks." Nanophotonics 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 180–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2016-0036.

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Abstract Although transparent conductive oxides such as indium tin oxide (ITO) are widely employed as transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) for applications such as touch screens and displays, new nanostructured TCEs are of interest for future applications, including emerging transparent and flexible electronics. A number of twodimensional networks of nanostructured elements have been reported, including metallic nanowire networks consisting of silver nanowires, metallic carbon nanotubes (m-CNTs), copper nanowires or gold nanowires, and metallic mesh structures. In these single-component systems, it has generally been difficult to achieve sheet resistances that are comparable to ITO at a given broadband optical transparency. A relatively new third category of TCEs consisting of networks of 1D-1D and 1D-2D nanocomposites (such as silver nanowires and CNTs, silver nanowires and polycrystalline graphene, silver nanowires and reduced graphene oxide) have demonstrated TCE performance comparable to, or better than, ITO. In such hybrid networks, copercolation between the two components can lead to relatively low sheet resistances at nanowire densities corresponding to high optical transmittance. This review provides an overview of reported hybrid networks, including a comparison of the performance regimes achievable with those of ITO and single-component nanostructured networks. The performance is compared to that expected from bulk thin films and analyzed in terms of the copercolation model. In addition, performance characteristics relevant for flexible and transparent applications are discussed. The new TCEs are promising, but significant work must be done to ensure earth abundance, stability, and reliability so that they can eventually replace traditional ITO-based transparent conductors.

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24

Shenzhou Lu, Shenzhou Lu, Qiuhong Yang Qiuhong Yang, Haojia Zhang Haojia Zhang, Yonggang Wang Yonggang Wang, Dongdong Huang Dongdong Huang, and Qizhen Duan Qizhen Duan. "Effects of Nd3+ concentration on properties of yttrium lanthanum oxide transparent ceramics." Chinese Optics Letters 10, s2 (2012): S21604–321607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201210.s21604.

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25

RAO, K. NARASIMHA, and SANJAY KASHYAP. "PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF INDIUM OXIDE AND INDIUM TIN OXIDE FILMS BY ACTIVATED REACTIVE EVAPORATION." Surface Review and Letters 13, no. 02n03 (April 2006): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x06008128.

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Transparent and conducting oxide films find many applications because of their excellent properties such as high optical transparency, low surface resistance, high infrared reflectance, etc. Realization of these properties depend upon the choice of the deposition technique and the control of deposition parameters. In this paper, we report the preparation of highly transparent and conducting films of indium oxide ( In 2 O 3) and indium tin oxide (ITO) by activated reactive evaporation on glass substrates. These films were deposited by evaporating pure indium and 90% In + 10% Sn alloy using an electron gun in the presence of oxygen ions at ambient temperature. Films of different thickness have been prepared and their optical, electrical and structural properties are studied. In 2 O 3 films showed higher transparency (90%) compared to ITO films (85%) but the electrical resistivity was observed to be little higher (2.5 × 10-3 Ω cm) compared to ITO films (6 × 10-4 Ωcm). Hall measurements on aged ITO films gave the charge density of 3 × 1020 per cm3 and mobility 35.6 cm2/V-s. The refractive index and extinction coefficient were found to be around 2.0 and 0.005 for ITO films and 2.10 and 0.001 for In 2 O 3 films at 550 nm respectively. ITO and In 2 O 3 films were amorphous in nature for lesser thickness, but for thicker films, the partial crystallinity was observed.

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26

Safari, Mahdi, Yuchu He, Minseok Kim, Nazir P. Kherani, and George V. Eleftheriades. "Optically and radio frequency (RF) transparent meta-glass." Nanophotonics 9, no. 12 (June 18, 2020): 3889–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0056.

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AbstractWe propose a radio frequency (RF) and visibly transparent composite metasurface design comprising newly developed transparent multilayer conductive coatings. Detailed experimental and theoretical analysis of the RF/visible transparency of the proposed meta-glass is provided. The proposed nature-inspired symmetrical honeycomb-shaped meta-glass design, alters the electromagnetic properties of the glass substrate in the RF spectrum by utilizing visibly transparent Ag-based conductive coatings on each side. Furthermore, the competing effect of the Ag thickness on optical and RF transparency is discussed. We show that using multilayer dielectric-metal coatings, specifically 5-layered spectrally selective coatings, RF transparency of the meta-glass can be enhanced while preserving visible transparency. Herein we demonstrate high transparency meta-glass with 83% and 78% peak RF and optical transmission at 28 GHz and 550 nm, respectively. The meta-glass yields enhanced RF transmission by 80% and 10% when compared to low-emissivity glass and bare glass, respectively. The meta-glass design presented here is amenable to a variety of 5G applications including automobile radar systems. This work provides a superior alternative to the standard indium-tin-oxide (ITO) transparent material which is becoming scarce. Moreover, this study paves the way for the design of new visibly transparent metamaterials and artificial dielectrics.

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27

Sohn, Hong Yong, and Arun Murali. "Plasma Synthesis of Advanced Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Applications as Transparent Conducting Oxide Thin Films." Molecules 26, no. 5 (March 7, 2021): 1456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051456.

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This article reviews and summarizes work recently performed in this laboratory on the synthesis of advanced transparent conducting oxide nanopowders by the use of plasma. The nanopowders thus synthesized include indium tin oxide (ITO), zinc oxide (ZnO) and tin-doped zinc oxide (TZO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), and indium-doped zinc oxide (IZO). These oxides have excellent transparent conducting properties, among other useful characteristics. ZnO and TZO also has photocatalytic properties. The synthesis of these materials started with the selection of the suitable precursors, which were injected into a non-transferred thermal plasma and vaporized followed by vapor-phase reactions to form nanosized oxide particles. The products were analyzed by the use of various advanced instrumental analysis techniques, and their useful properties were tested by different appropriate methods. The thermal plasma process showed a considerable potential as an efficient technique for synthesizing oxide nanopowders. This process is also suitable for large scale production of nano-sized powders owing to the availability of high temperatures for volatilizing reactants rapidly, followed by vapor phase reactions and rapid quenching to yield nano-sized powder.

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28

Phillips, Julia M., R. J. Cava, G. A. Thomas, S. A. Carter, J. Kwo, T. Siegrist, J. J. Krajewski, J. H. Marshall, W. F. Peck, and D. H. Rapkine. "Zinc‐indium‐oxide: A high conductivity transparent conducting oxide." Applied Physics Letters 67, no. 15 (October 9, 1995): 2246–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.115118.

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29

Wang, Ya Nan, Peng Fei Gu, Jia Jia Cao, Tian Quan Lv, Tie Qiang Zhang, Yi Ding Wang, and Yu Zhang. "Graphene Based Transparent Conductive Electrode." Advanced Materials Research 468-471 (February 2012): 1823–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.468-471.1823.

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As indium tin oxide (ITO) can not meet the demands of many devices due to its fragility, graphene seems to be a good alternative for transparent conductor purpose. Here we employ two methods to prepare graphene oxide films, and then process them with hydroiodic acid (HI) for reduction, aiming to get an optimized scheme and higher film quality. Finally the reduced graphene oxide films with transmittance of 70~80% at 550nm show sheet resistance of <10kΩ, which are good enough for transparent conductor uses. This study portends a promising future in this field.

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30

Zheng, Qingbin, Zhigang Li, Junhe Yang, and Jang-Kyo Kim. "Graphene oxide-based transparent conductive films." Progress in Materials Science 64 (July 2014): 200–247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2014.03.004.

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31

Norris, B. J., J. Anderson, J. F. Wager, and D. A. Keszler. "Spin-coated zinc oxide transparent transistors." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 36, no. 20 (October 1, 2003): L105—L107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/36/20/l02.

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32

Presley, R. E., C. L. Munsee, C.-H. Park, D. Hong, J. F. Wager, and D. A. Keszler. "Tin oxide transparent thin-film transistors." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 37, no. 20 (September 30, 2004): 2810–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/37/20/006.

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33

Snure, Michael, and Ashutosh Tiwari. "CuBO2: A p-type transparent oxide." Applied Physics Letters 91, no. 9 (August 27, 2007): 092123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2778755.

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34

Wan, Qing, Eric N. Dattoli, Wayne Y. Fung, Wei Guo, Yanbin Chen, Xiaoqing Pan, and Wei Lu. "High-Performance Transparent Conducting Oxide Nanowires." Nano Letters 6, no. 12 (December 2006): 2909–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl062213d.

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35

Ohsawa, Takeo, Junpei Okubo, Tohru Suzuki, Hiroshi Kumigashira, Masaharu Oshima, and Taro Hitosugi. "Ann-Type Transparent Conducting Oxide: Nb12O29." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 115, no. 33 (August 25, 2011): 16625–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp203021u.

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36

Patel, Malkeshkumar, Hong-Sik Kim, and Joondong Kim. "All Transparent Metal Oxide Ultraviolet Photodetector." Advanced Electronic Materials 1, no. 11 (October 9, 2015): 1500232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201500232.

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37

Cava, R. J., Julia M. Phillips, J. Kwo, G. A. Thomas, R. B. van Dover, S. A. Carter, J. J. Krajewski, W. F. Peck, J. H. Marshall, and D. H. Rapkine. "GaInO3: A new transparent conducting oxide." Applied Physics Letters 64, no. 16 (April 18, 1994): 2071–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.111686.

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38

Ataev, B. M., A. M. Bagamadova, V. V. Mamedov, A. K. Omaev, and M. R. Rabadanov. "Conductive and transparent zinc oxide films." Inorganic Materials 36, no. 3 (March 2000): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02757924.

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39

Afre, Rakesh A., Nallin Sharma, Maheshwar Sharon, and Madhuri Sharon. "Transparent Conducting Oxide Films for Various Applications: A Review." REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rams-2018-0006.

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Abstract This review encompasses properties and applications of polycrystalline or amorphous, Transparent Conducting Oxides (TCO) semiconductors. Coexistence of electrical conductivity and optical transparency in TCO depends on the nature, number and atomic arrangements of metal cations in oxides, on the resident morphology and presence of intrinsic or introduced defects. Therefore, TCO semiconductors that are impurity-doped as well as the ternary compounds and multi-component oxides consisting of combinations are discussed. Expanding use of TCO is endangered by scarcity, cost of In, fragility of glass, limited transparency to visible light, instability above >200 °C, non-flexible for application of flexible solar cell; thus driving search for alternatives such as graphene or CNT, that are more stable under acidic, alkaline, oxidizing, reducing and elevated temperature. There are reasons to conclude that there is need to develop large area deposition techniques to produce TCO films with high deposition rate. TCOs are mostly n-type semiconductors, but p-type are also being researched

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40

Qiuhong Yang, Qiuhong Yang, Shenzhou Lu Shenzhou Lu, Haojia Zhang Haojia Zhang, Qing Wang Qing Wang, Zhiyi Wei Zhiyi Wei, and Zhiguo Zhang Zhiguo Zhang. "Recent progress of laser performance in Nd-doped yttrium lanthanum oxide transparent ceramics." Chinese Optics Letters 10, s2 (2012): S21417–321420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201210.s21417.

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41

Jeong, Keuk-Min, Yagua Cai, Xianqing Piao, and Chang-Sik Ha. "Transparent Conductive Silver Nanowire Embedded Polyimide/Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrid Film." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 4866–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17823.

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A highly flexible, transparent, and conductive polyimide (PI) hybrid film with good thermal stability was fabricated by embedding reduced graphene oxide (rGO) coated silver nanowire (AgNW) into 4,4′-(hexa fluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride(6FDA)/2,2′-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine (TFDB) poly(amic acid) using a spray coating method, followed by thermal imidization. The PI/AgNW/rGO conductive film exhibited good thermal stability up to 553 °C, low sheet resistance (37 Ω/sq), high optical transparency (81%), and high hydrophobic surface (water contact angle, 89°). The rGO protected the surface of AgNW, which is weak to oxidation in air condition, and thus effectively reduced the surface resistance of the PI hybrid film. The hybrid film may offer a good potential for application as flexible transparent conducting electrodes.

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Hwang, Ji Yong, Chung Wung Bark, and Hyung Wook Choi. "Application of ZnGa2O4:Mn Down-Conversion Layer to Increase the Energy-Conversion Efficiency of Perovskite Solar Cells." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 4362–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.19407.

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The perovskite solar cell is capable of energy conversion in a wide range of wavelengths, from 300 nm to 800 nm, which includes the entire visible region and portions of the ultraviolet and infrared regions. To increase light transmittance of perovskite solar cells and reduce manufacturing cost of perovskite solar cells, soda-lime glass and transparent conducting oxides, such as indium tin oxide and fluorine-doped tin oxide are mainly used as substrates and light-transmitting electrodes, respectively. However, it is evident from the transmittance of soda-lime glass and transparent conductive oxides measured via UV-Vis spectrometry that they absorb all light near and below 310 nm. In this study, a transparent Mn-doped ZnGa2O4 film was fabricated on the incident surface of perovskite solar cells to obtain additional light energy by down-converting 300 nm UV light to 510 nm visible light. We confirmed the improvement of power efficiency by applying a ZnGa2O4:Mn down-conversion layer to perovskite solar cells.

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ViolBarbosa, Carlos, Julie Karel, Janos Kiss, Ovidiu-dorin Gordan, Simone G. Altendorf, Yuki Utsumi, Mahesh G. Samant, et al. "Transparent conducting oxide induced by liquid electrolyte gating." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 40 (September 19, 2016): 11148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1611745113.

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Optically transparent conducting materials are essential in modern technology. These materials are used as electrodes in displays, photovoltaic cells, and touchscreens; they are also used in energy-conserving windows to reflect the infrared spectrum. The most ubiquitous transparent conducting material is tin-doped indium oxide (ITO), a wide-gap oxide whose conductivity is ascribed to n-type chemical doping. Recently, it has been shown that ionic liquid gating can induce a reversible, nonvolatile metallic phase in initially insulating films of WO3. Here, we use hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry to show that the metallic phase produced by the electrolyte gating does not result from a significant change in the bandgap but rather originates from new in-gap states. These states produce strong absorption below ∼1 eV, outside the visible spectrum, consistent with the formation of a narrow electronic conduction band. Thus WO3 is metallic but remains colorless, unlike other methods to realize tunable electrical conductivity in this material. Core-level photoemission spectra show that the gating reversibly modifies the atomic coordination of W and O atoms without a substantial change of the stoichiometry; we propose a simple model relating these structural changes to the modifications in the electronic structure. Thus we show that ionic liquid gating can tune the conductivity over orders of magnitude while maintaining transparency in the visible range, suggesting the use of ionic liquid gating for many applications.

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Park, Ji Young, and Hee Jung Park. "Optoelectric Property and Flexibility of Tin-Doped Indium Oxide (ITO) Thin Film." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 3542–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17489.

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Transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) are key materials for electronic devices such as flat panel displays (e.g., a liquid crystal display and a light emitting diode display), photovoltaic cells, and transparent transistors. Tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) is known to be highly conductive/transparent, but rigid. In this study, very thin (<35 nm) ITO films with amorphous phases were prepared on flexible substrates and their optoelectric properties investigated. A 10 nm-thick ITO film was also fabricated. Because of their low thickness, their transmittances were above 80% at ˜550 nm wavelength. Their sheet resistances were below 0.7 kΩ/sq and decreased with increasing film thickness. An interesting observation was that their sheet resistances were nearly unchanged even at a bending radius of ˜2 mm. These optoelectric properties and flexibility demonstrate that the ITO films fabricated in this study are suitable transparent conducting oxides for the electrodes of flexible optoelectric devices.

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Li, Xifeng, Qun Zhang, Weina Miao, Li Huang, and Zhuangjian Zhang. "Transparent conductive oxide thin films of tungsten-doped indium oxide." Thin Solid Films 515, no. 4 (December 2006): 2471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2006.07.014.

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Dikov, Hr, T. Ivanova, and P. Vitanov. "Oxide/ metal/oxide nanolaminate structures for application of transparent electrodes." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 764 (October 2016): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/764/1/012021.

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Shim, Young-Seok, Hi Gyu Moon, Do Hong Kim, Ho Won Jang, Chong-Yun Kang, Young Soo Yoon, and Soek-Jin Yoon. "Transparent conducting oxide electrodes for novel metal oxide gas sensors." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 160, no. 1 (December 2011): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2011.07.061.

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Schwarz, Hans-Christoph, Andreas M. Schneider, Stephen Klimke, Bibin T. Anto, Stefanie Eiden, and Peter Behrens. "Transparent Conductive Three-Layered Composite Films Based on Carbon Nanotubes with Improved Mechanical Stability." MRS Proceedings 1659 (2014): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.151.

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ABSTRACTA layered composite coating material with favorable properties for application as a transparent conductor is presented. It is composed of layers of three nanoscopic materials, namely zinc oxide nanoparticles, single wall nanotubes, and graphene oxide nanosheets. The electrically conducting layer consists of single wall nanotubes (SWNTs). The layer of zinc oxide nanoparticles acts as a primer. It increases the adhesion and the stability of the films against mechanical stresses. The top layer of graphene oxide enhances the conductivity of such coatings. Such three-layer composite coatings show better conductivity (without compromising transparency) and improved mechanical stability compared to pure SWNT films. The processes used in the preparation of such coatings are easily scalable.

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Sun, Kuan, Pengcheng Li, Yijie Xia, Jingjing Chang, and Jianyong Ouyang. "Transparent Conductive Oxide-Free Perovskite Solar Cells with PEDOT:PSS as Transparent Electrode." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 7, no. 28 (July 10, 2015): 15314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b03171.

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Md.Yassin, Fouziah, Saturi Baco, and Noraini Abdullah. "Multiple Regression Model on Optical Properties of Tin Oxide Thin Film." Advanced Materials Research 1107 (June 2015): 520–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1107.520.

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Tin Oxide (SnO2) thin film is one of the important transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) due to its electrical and optical transparency in visible light spectrum. This study presents the best model in estimating optical properties of tin oxide thin film which is performed using the absorption coefficient of the film. The annealing temperature is at 473 K prepared by radio frequency sputtering technique. Twelve multiple regression (MR) models with interactions are generated from three independent variables (transmission spectra, energy band gap and the wavelength of light). They are developed from data sets of 50. The best model M8.0.0 is chosen from the 6 selected models based on the Eight Selection Criterion (8SC). Best model will have the majority criteria with the least value. Factors affect the absorption coefficient are found to be X1(transmission spectra), X2(energy band gap) and X1X2(interaction between transmission spectra and energy band gap).

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