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Journal articles on the topic 'Transparent solids'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 September 2023

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1

Grigor'ev, N. N., T. A. Kudykina, and P. M. Tomchuk. "Laser-induced degradation of transparent solids." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 25, no. 2 (February 14, 1992): 276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/25/2/022.

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2

Bhardwaj, V. R., P. P. Rajeev, P. B. Corkum, and D. M. Rayner. "Strong field ionization inside transparent solids." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 39, no. 13 (June 22, 2006): S397—S407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/39/13/s13.

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3

Nemes, J. A., and P. W. Randles. "Energy deposition phenomena in partially transparent solids." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 3, no. 2 (April 1989): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.143.

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4

Zhang, Jie, Dezhi Tan, Kaiqiang Cao, Tianqing Jia, and Jianrong Qiu. "Large area patterning of ultra-high thermal-stable structural colors in transparent solids." Chinese Optics Letters 20, no. 3 (2022): 030501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202220.030501.

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5

Gertsvolf, M., M. Spanner, D. M. Rayner, and P. B. Corkum. "Demonstration of attosecond ionization dynamics inside transparent solids." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 43, no. 13 (June 23, 2010): 131002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/43/13/131002.

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6

Zhurkov, S. N., V. A. Petrov, A. M. Kondyrev, and A. E. Chmel. "Thermofluctuation nature of optical resistance of transparent solids." Philosophical Magazine B 57, no. 2 (February 1988): 307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642818808201624.

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7

Li, Xingcan, Chengchao Wang, Junming Zhao, and Linhua Liu. "A New Method for Determining the Optical Constants of Highly Transparent Solids." Applied Spectroscopy 71, no. 1 (July 20, 2016): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702816657568.

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Highly transparent substrates are of interest for a variety of applications, but it is difficult to measure their optical constants precisely, especially the absorption index in the transparent spectral region. In this paper, a combination technique (DOPTM-EM) using both the double optical pathlength transmission method (DOPTM) and the ellipsometry method (EM) is presented to obtain the optical constants of highly transparent substrates, which overcomes the deficiencies of both the two methods. The EM cannot give accurate result of optical constants when the absorption index is very weak. The DOPTM is suitable to retrieve the weak absorption index; however, two sets of solutions exist for the retrieved refractive index and absorption index, and only one is the true value that needs to be identified. In the DOPTM-EM, the optical constants are measured first by using the EM and set as the initial value in the gradient-based inverse method used in the DOPTM, which ensures only the true optical constants are retrieved. The new method simultaneously obtains the refractive index and the absorption index of highly transparent substrate without relying on the Kramers–Kronig relation. The optical constants of three highly transparent substrates (polycrystalline BaF2, CaF2, and MgF2) were experimentally determined within wavelength range from ultraviolet to infrared regions (0.2–14 µm). The presented method will facilitate the measurement of optical constants for highly transparent materials.

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8

Li, JiaBo, Zheng Wang, Youjie Hua, Renguang Ye, Feifei Huang, Junjie Zhang, and Shiqing Xu. "Enhanced infrared luminescence of multifunctional-nanoparticle-composited transparent solids." Applied Surface Science 600 (October 2022): 154107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.154107.

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9

Melo, W. L. Barros, and R. M. Faria. "Photoacoustic procedure for measuring thermal parameters of transparent solids." Applied Physics Letters 67, no. 26 (December 25, 1995): 3892–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.115308.

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10

Gong, Cheng, Jiaming Jiang, Chuang Li, Liwei Song, Zhinan Zeng, Yinghui Zheng, Jing Miao, et al. "Observation of CEP effect via filamentation in transparent solids." Optics Express 21, no. 20 (October 2, 2013): 24120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.21.024120.

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11

Raskovskaya, I. L., B. S. Rinkevichyus, and A. V. Tolkachev. "Laser Refraction Thermometry of Transparent Solids with Inhomogeneous Heating." Measurement Techniques 59, no. 10 (January 2017): 1084–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11018-017-1096-4.

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12

CAO, Y. G., X. L. CHEN, Y. C. LAN, J. Y. LI, Y. ZHANG, Y. P. XU, T. XU, and J. K. LIANG. "RED EMISSION FROM GaN NANOCRYSTALLINE SOLIDS." Modern Physics Letters B 14, no. 16 (July 10, 2000): 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984900000744.

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The photoluminescence of the transparent G a N nanocrystallite solids is studied. Three new intensive isolated narrow red emission bands and one broad blue band are observed. A mechanism to explain the origin of these bands is proposed. The three red bands may originate from the transitions of deep donor levels to shallow acceptors, while the blue band may be from the transitions of shallow donors to deep levels with ground and excited states.

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13

Chen, Lizhuo, Stefan J. Rupitsch, Jens Grabinger, and Reinhard Lerch. "Quantitative reconstruction of ultrasound fields in optically transparent isotropic solids." IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 61, no. 4 (April 2014): 685–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2014.2956.

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14

Jiang, H., J. McNary, H. W. K. Tom, M. Yan, H. B. Radousky, and S. G. Demos. "Nanosecond time-resolved multiprobe imaging of laser damage in transparent solids." Applied Physics Letters 81, no. 17 (October 21, 2002): 3149–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1511536.

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15

Koldunov, M. F., Aleksandr A. Manenkov, and I. L. Pokotilo. "Efficiency of various mechanisms of the laser damage in transparent solids." Quantum Electronics 32, no. 7 (July 31, 2002): 623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qe2002v032n07abeh002258.

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16

Zuo, Weiyi, Zhongtao Hu, Zhiwu An, and Yuanyuan Kong. "LDV-based measurement of 2D dynamic stress fields in transparent solids." Journal of Sound and Vibration 476 (June 2020): 115288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2020.115288.

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17

Blonskyi, I. V., V. M. Kadan, S. V. Pavlova, I. A. Pavlov, O. I. Shpotyuk, and O. K. Khasanov. "Ultrashort Light Pulses in Transparent Solids: Propagation Peculiarities and Practical Applications." Ukrainian Journal of Physics 64, no. 6 (August 2, 2019): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ujpe64.6.457.

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The peculiarities of the femtosecond filamentation in Kerr media has been studied using a set of time-resoling experimental techniques. These include the temporal self-compression of a laser pulse in the filamentation mode, repulsive and attractive interactions of filaments, and influence of the birefringence on the filamentation. The propagation of femtosecond laser pulses at the 1550-nm wavelength in c-Si is studied for the first time using methods of time-resolved transmission microscopy. The nonlinear widening of the pulse spectrum due to the Kerr- and plasma-caused self-phase modulation is recorded.

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18

Richert, M., X. Orlik, and A. De Martino. "Imaging polarimetry for the determination of stress constraint in transparent solids." EPJ Web of Conferences 5 (2010): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20100501003.

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19

Li, Donglin, Liangying Zhang, and Xi Yao. "Transparent K2OTiO2P2O5SiO2 monolithic gels and inorganic amorphous solids through incomplete hydrolysis." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 354, no. 15-16 (March 2008): 1774–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2007.08.076.

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20

Wang, Xiao-Yue, Hui-Ling Wang, Guo-Jun Zhang, Ai-Ling Yan, Jian-Cheng Ren, Zhen-Hua Liu, Hai-Ying Xu, and Lei Sun. "Effects of Fruit Bagging Treatment with Different Types of Bags on the Contents of Phenolics and Monoterpenes in Muscat-Flavored Table Grapes." Horticulturae 8, no. 5 (May 6, 2022): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8050411.

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The effects of fruit bagging treatments with seven different types of bags on the physicochemical characteristics of three table grape cultivars: RuiduZaohong (RDZH), RuiduHongyu (RDHY), and RuiduHongmei (RDHM) were investigated. Headspace-solid-phase micro-extraction combined with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was used to determine the compositions of monoterpenes in the fruit. The results showed that the total soluble solids in RDZH and RDHY fruits treated with the transparent, mesh, yellow, white, and blue bags were significantly higher than the control. The sugar–acid ratio of RDZH was optimized under the transparent bag and yellow bag treatments, and both significantly increased the sugar-acid ratio of RDHY and RDHM. Additionally, mesh bag, transparent bag, and white bag improved the contents of phenolics to a certain extent. The most abundant volatiles were linalool, geraniol, β-myrcene, β-cis-ocimene, and β-trans-ocimene, of which linalool was the main aroma component. The least squares discriminant analysis results showed that linalool, 4-terpineol, and terpinolen could be used to distinguish the main contribution of different bagging treatments for RDZH. Trans-isogeraniol, α-terpineol, and terpinolen could be used for RDHY. Trans-isogeraniol, β-myrcene, and terpinolen could be used for RDHM. In conclusion, transparent and white bags promoted the accumulation of phenolics and monoterpenes while pink and blue bags showed inhibitory effects.

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21

Koutsoumpos, Spyridon, Panagiotis Giannios, and Konstantinos Moutzouris. "Critical Angle Refractometry for Lossy Media with a Priori Known Extinction Coefficient." Physics 3, no. 3 (August 3, 2021): 569–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/physics3030036.

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Critical angle refractometry is an established technique for determining the refractive index of liquids and solids. For transparent samples, the critical angle refractometry precision is limited by incidence angle resolution. For lossy samples, the precision is also affected by reflectance measurement error. In the present study, it is demonstarted that reflectance error can be practically eliminated, provided that the sample’s extinction coefficient is a priori known with sufficient accuracy (typically, better than 5%) through an independent measurement. Then, critical angle refractometry can be as precise with lossy media as with transparent ones.

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22

Requejo, Benedict A., and Bryan B. Pajarito. "Effect of Degrading Transparent Oxo-Biodegradable Polyethylene Plastic Bags to Water Quality." Materials Science Forum 890 (March 2017): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.890.137.

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Polyethylene (PE) contributes largely to plastic wastes that exist in aquatic environments as a consequence of its widespread use. To address its low degradability, pro-oxidant fillers are incorporated into its polymer matrix, making it oxo-biodegradable. In this study, films from transparent oxo-biodegradable polyethylene plastic bags were immersed in deionized water at 50°C for 35 days. Indicators of water quality: pH, oxidation-reduction potential, turbidity, and total dissolved solids (TDS), were monitored every 7 days. It was observed that pH initially rises and then slowly decreases with time, oxidation-reduction potential decreases below the control, and turbidity and total dissolved solids both increase steadily with time. Moreover, films of smaller thickness lead to a dramatic increase in turbidity and TDS. The results imply that degrading oxo-biodegradable PE plastic bags result to significant reduction of water quality.

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23

Urbach, Erez Y., and Efi Efrati. "Predicting delayed instabilities in viscoelastic solids." Science Advances 6, no. 36 (September 2020): eabb2948. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb2948.

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Determining the stability of a viscoelastic structure is a difficult task. Seemingly stable conformations of viscoelastic structures may gradually creep until their stability is lost, while a discernible creeping in viscoelastic solids does not necessarily lead to instability. In lieu of theoretical predictive tools for viscoelastic instabilities, we are presently limited to numerical simulation to predict future stability. In this work, we describe viscoelastic solids through a temporally evolving instantaneous reference metric with respect to which elastic strains are measured. We show that for incompressible viscoelastic solids, this transparent and intuitive description allows to reduce the question of future stability to static calculations. We demonstrate the predictive power of the approach by elucidating the subtle mechanism of delayed instability in thin elastomeric shells, showing quantitative agreement with experiments.

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24

Yanagimoto, Fuminori, Kazuki Shibanuma, and Katsuyuki Suzuki. "Observation of 3D Fast Crack Propagation in Joint Structures of Transparent Solids." Proceedings of the Materials and Mechanics Conference 2018 (2018): GS0703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemm.2018.gs0703.

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25

Paul, Stanley, Sergey I. Kudryashov, Kevin Lyon, and Susan D. Allen. "Nanosecond-laser plasma-assisted ultradeep microdrilling of optically opaque and transparent solids." Journal of Applied Physics 101, no. 4 (February 15, 2007): 043106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2434829.

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26

Zheltikov, A. M. "Inertia of the bound-electron Kerr-type optical nonlinearity in transparent solids." Optics Communications 282, no. 5 (March 2009): 985–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2008.08.029.

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27

Koldunov, M. F., Aleksandr A. Manenkov, and I. L. Pokotilo. "Mechanical damage in transparent solids caused by laser pulses of different durations." Quantum Electronics 32, no. 4 (April 30, 2002): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qe2002v032n04abeh002194.

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28

Dota, K., J. A. Dharmadhikari, D. Mathur, and A. K. Dharmadhikari. "Third-order nonlinear optical response in transparent solids using ultrashort laser pulses." Applied Physics B 107, no. 3 (March 21, 2012): 703–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-012-4935-7.

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29

Leonets, V. A. "Failure mechanism of optically transparent solids subjected to a local thermal laser pulse." Strength of Materials 25, no. 4 (April 1993): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00776956.

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30

Sapozhnikov, Oleg A., Adam D. Maxwell, and Michael R. Bailey. "Modeling of photoelastic imaging of mechanical stresses in transparent solids mimicking kidney stones." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 147, no. 6 (June 2020): 3819–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0001386.

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31

Koldunov, M. F., Aleksandr A. Manenkov, and I. L. Pokotilo. "Thermoelastic and ablation mechanisms of laser damage to the surfaces of transparent solids." Quantum Electronics 28, no. 3 (March 31, 1998): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qe1998v028n03abeh001179.

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32

Price, P. B., and L. Bergström. "Enhanced Rayleigh scattering as a signature of nanoscale defects in highly transparent solids." Philosophical Magazine A 75, no. 5 (May 1997): 1383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01418619708209861.

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33

Dharmadhikari, Jayashree A., Rucha A. Deshpande, Arpita Nath, Krithika Dota, Deepak Mathur, and Aditya K. Dharmadhikari. "Effect of group velocity dispersion on supercontinuum generation and filamentation in transparent solids." Applied Physics B 117, no. 1 (May 21, 2014): 471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-014-5857-3.

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34

Papazoglou, Dimitrios G., Daryoush Abdollahpour, and Stelios Tzortzakis. "Ultrafast electron and material dynamics following femtosecond filamentation induced excitation of transparent solids." Applied Physics A 114, no. 1 (November 17, 2013): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-013-8114-4.

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35

Dadarlat, D., M. Streza, O. Onija, C. Prejmerean, L. Silaghi-Dumitrescu, N. Cobirzan, and K. Strzałkowski. "Complementary photothermal techniques for complete thermal characterization of porous and semi-transparent solids." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 119, no. 1 (September 24, 2014): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-014-4091-x.

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36

Nussbaumer, R. J., M. Halter, T. Tervoort, W. R. Caseri, and P. Smith. "A simple method for the determination of refractive indices of (rough) transparent solids." Journal of Materials Science 40, no. 3 (February 2005): 575–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-005-6291-z.

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37

Periasamy, Chandru, and Hareesh V. Tippur. "Full-field digital gradient sensing method for evaluating stress gradients in transparent solids." Applied Optics 51, no. 12 (April 18, 2012): 2088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.51.002088.

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38

Kawazoe, Hiroshi, Hiroshi Yanagi, Kazushige Ueda, and Hideo Hosono. "Transparent p-Type Conducting Oxides: Design and Fabrication of p-n Heterojunctions." MRS Bulletin 25, no. 8 (August 2000): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2000.148.

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Inorganic solids with wide bandgaps are usually classified as electrical insulators and are used in industry as insulators, dielectrics, and optical materials. Many metallic oxides have wide bandgaps because of the significant contribution of ionic character to the chemical bonds between metallic cations and oxide ions. Their ionic nature simultaneously suppresses the formation of easily ionizable shallow donors or acceptors and enhances the localization of electrons and positive holes. Thus it is understandable that interest in these wide-gap oxides as conductive materials has not been strong.

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39

Zanuto, Vitor S., Otávio A. Capeloto, Marcelo Sandrini, Luis C. Malacarne, Nelson G. C. Astrath, and Stephen E. Bialkowski. "Analysis of the Thermo-Reflectivity Coefficient Influence Using Photothermal Pump–Probe Techniques." Applied Spectroscopy 71, no. 5 (November 18, 2016): 970–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702816662888.

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Recent improvements in the modeling of photo-induced thermo–optical–mechanical effects have broadened the application of photothermal techniques to a large class of solids and fluids. During laser excitation, changes in optical reflectivity due to temperature variation may affect the photothermal signal. In this study, the influence of the reflectivity change due to heating is analyzed for two pump–probe photothermal techniques, thermal lens and thermal mirror. A linear equation for the temperature dependence of the reflectivity is derived, and the solution is tested using optical properties of semi-transparent and opaque materials. For semi-transparent materials, the influence of the reflectivity change in photothermal signals is less than 0.01%, while for opaque materials it is lower than 3%.

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40

Fajardo, Mario E., and Simon Tam. "Rapid vapor deposition of millimeters thick optically transparent parahydrogen solids for matrix isolation spectroscopy." Journal of Chemical Physics 108, no. 10 (March 8, 1998): 4237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.475822.

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41

Koldunov, M. F., Aleksandr A. Manenkov, and I. L. Pokotilo. "Relationships governing laser damage of transparent solids, initiated by various types of absorbing inclusions." Quantum Electronics 28, no. 9 (September 30, 1998): 812–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qe1998v028n09abeh001333.

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42

Manenkov, Aleksandr A. "Problems of the physics of high-power ultrashort laser pulse interaction with transparent solids." Quantum Electronics 33, no. 7 (July 31, 2003): 639–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qe2003v033n07abeh002471.

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43

Kovalev, A., H. Shulha, M. Lemieux, N. Myshkin, and V. V. Tsukruk. "Nanomechanical Probing of Layered Nanoscale Polymer Films With Atomic Force Microscopy." Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 3 (March 2004): 716–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.19.3.716.

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The approach developed for the microindentation of layered elastic solids was adapted to analyze atomic force microscopy probing of ultrathin (1–100 nm-thick) polymer films on a solid substrate. The model for analyzing microindentation of layered solids was extended to construct two- and tri-step graded functions with the transition zones accounting for a variable gradient between layers. This “graded” approach offered a transparent consideration of the gradient of the mechanical properties between layers. Several examples of recent applications of this model to nanoscale polymer layers were presented. We considered polymer layers with elastic moduli ranging from 0.05 to 3000 MPa with different architecture in a dry state and in a solvated state. The most sophisticated case of a tri-layered polymer film with thickness of 20–50 nm was also successfully treated within this approach. In all cases, a complex shape of corresponding loading curves and elastic modulus depth profiles obtained from experimental data were fitted by the graded functions with nanomechanical parameters (elastic moduli and transition zone widths) close to independently determined microstructural parameters (thickness and composition of layers) of the layered materials.

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44

Shariff, Mohd Halim Bin Mohd, and Jose Merodio. "Residually Stressed Fiber Reinforced Solids: A Spectral Approach." Materials 13, no. 18 (September 14, 2020): 4076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13184076.

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We use a spectral approach to model residually stressed elastic solids that can be applied to carbon fiber reinforced solids with a preferred direction; since the spectral formulation is more general than the classical-invariant formulation, it facilitates the search for an adequate constitutive equation for these solids. The constitutive equation is governed by spectral invariants, where each of them has a direct meaning, and are functions of the preferred direction, the residual stress tensor and the right stretch tensor. Invariants that have a transparent interpretation are useful in assisting the construction of a stringent experiment to seek a specific form of strain energy function. A separable nonlinear (finite strain) strain energy function containing single-variable functions is postulated and the associated infinitesimal strain energy function is straightforwardly obtained from its finite strain counterpart. We prove that only 11 invariants are independent. Some illustrative boundary value calculations are given. The proposed strain energy function can be simply transformed to admit the mechanical influence of compressed fibers to be partially or fully excluded.

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45

Renard, François, Benoit Cordonnier, Dag K. Dysthe, Elodie Boller, Paul Tafforeau, and Alexander Rack. "A deformation rig for synchrotron microtomography studies of geomaterials under conditions down to 10 km depth in the Earth." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 23, no. 4 (June 17, 2016): 1030–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577516008730.

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A hard X-ray transparent triaxial deformation apparatus, called HADES, has been developed by Sanchez Technologies and installed on the microtomography beamline ID19 at the European Radiation Synchrotron Facility (ESRF). This rig can be used for time-lapse microtomography studies of the deformation of porous solids (rocks, ceramics, metallic foams) at conditions of confining pressure to 100 MPa, axial stress to 200 MPa, temperature to 250°C, and controlled aqueous fluid flow. It is transparent to high-energy X-rays above 60 keV and can be used forin situstudies of coupled processes that involve deformation and chemical reactions. The rig can be installed at synchrotron radiation sources able to deliver a high-flux polychromatic beam in the hard X-ray range to acquire tomographic data sets with a voxel size in the range 0.7–6.5 µm in less than two minutes.

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46

Vu, B. ‐T V., O. L. Landen, and A. Szoke. "Time‐resolved probing of femtosecond‐laser‐produced plasmas in transparent solids by electron thermal transport." Physics of Plasmas 2, no. 2 (February 1995): 476–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.870972.

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47

Dadarlat, D., M. Streza, O. Onija, C. Prejmerean, L. Silaghi-Dumitrescu, N. Cobirzan, and K. Strzałkowski. "Erratum to: Complementary photothermal techniques for complete thermal characterization of porous and semi-transparent solids." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 119, no. 2 (December 6, 2014): 1471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-014-4313-2.

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48

CHOEN, Bokwan, Hyun HWANGBO, Jaeran LEE, and Sok Won KIM*. "Measurement of the Thermal Diffusivity of Transparent Solids by Using the Periodic Thermal Wave Method." New Physics: Sae Mulli 66, no. 9 (September 30, 2016): 1077–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/npsm.66.1077.

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49

Nedosekin, Dmitry A., Mikhail A. Proskurnin, and Mikhail Yu Kononets. "Model for continuous-wave laser-induced thermal lens spectrometry of optically transparent surface-absorbing solids." Applied Optics 44, no. 29 (October 10, 2005): 6296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.44.006296.

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50

Simakin, A. V., E. N. Loubnin, and G. A. Shafeev. "Ablation of transparent solids during self-limited deposition of diamond-like films from liquid hydrocarbons." Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing 69, no. 7 (December 1, 1999): S267—S269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003390051397.

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