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1
Kuzovkov, Vladimir, and Niessen Wolfgang von. "Anderson localization and generalized diffusion." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-195390.
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Kuzovkov, Vladimir, and Niessen Wolfgang von. "Anderson localization and generalized diffusion." Diffusion fundamentals 2 (2005) 26, S. 1-2, 2005. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A14355.
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Fung, Alex Weng Pui. "Localization transport in granular and nanoporous carbon systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34088.
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Bjorgaard, Josiah August. "Exciton Diffusion, Transport, and Localization in Conjugated Polymers." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27196.
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Conjugated polymers are wide bandgap semiconductors which have a series of conjugated π-orbitals that extend along the polymer ‘backbone’. The π-orbital conjugation can be disrupted by twisting of the polymer, affecting their optical properties. These materials are very useful for devices, where they are frequently found in semicrystalline thin films. In thin films, Frenkel excitons diffuse on a nanometer scale. However, measurement of the diffusion length of excitons in conjugated polymer films is currently very difficult. Disordered packing and twisting of polymers plays a significant role, but has not been examined in detail. This dissertation presents methods of measuring exciton diffusion length in polymer films and nanoparticles and explains the effect of nuclear disorder on the optical spectra and exciton diffusion in semicrystalline polymer films.
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Kurzidim, Jan, Daniele Coslovich, and Gerhard Kahl. "Localization and glass formation of fluids confined in porous matrices." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-191691.
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Real, Elgueda Bastián Maximiliano. "Transport and driven-dissipative localization in exciton-polariton lattices." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILR025.
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La simulation des Hamiltoniens de réseaux dans les plateformes photoniques a permis de mieux comprendre les nouvelles propriétés de transport et de localisation dans le contexte de la physique de l'état solide. En particulier, les exciton-polaritons constituent un système polyvalent permettant d'étudier ces propriétés dans des réseaux avec des structures de bande intrigantes en présence de pertes et de gains, et d'interactions entre particules. Les polaritons sont des quasi-particules hybrides lumière-matière résultant du couplage fort entre les photons et les excitons dans les microcavités semi-conductrices, dont les propriétés peuvent être directement accessibles dans les expériences de photoluminescence. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions premièrement les caractéristiques des réseaux en nid d'abeille déformés, composés de résonateurs de polaritons couplés, à haut contenu photonique. Dans un réseau déformé de façon critique, nous mettons en évidence à la fois un transport semi-Dirac et une localisation anisotrope des photons. Deuxièmement, nous montrons qu'un forçage judicieux dans des réseaux de résonateurs à pertes permet l'apparition de nouveaux modes localisés. En utilisant des réseaux de polaritons sous un forçage résonant par plusieurs faisceaux optiques, nous démontrons la possibilité de localiser la lumière sur différentes géométries, voir jusqu'à un seul site. Enfin, nous profitons de l'interaction de polaritons dépendant de la polarisation pour démontrer un effet optique de type Zeeman dans un seul micropilier. En combinant le couplage spin-orbite optique, inhérent aux microstructures semi-conductrices, avec l'effet Zeeman, induit par l'interaction, nous montrons l'émission de faisceaux de vortex avec une chiralité bien définie. Cette thèse met en lumière la puissance des plateformes de polaritons pour étudier les Hamiltoniens de réseaux avec des propriétés sans précédent. Elle apporte également un premier pas vers la génération, entièrement optique, de phases topologiques dans les réseaux<br>The simulation of lattice Hamiltonians in photonic platforms has been enlightening in the understanding of novel transport and localization properties in the context of solid-state physics. In particular, exciton-polaritons provide a versatile system to investigate these properties in lattices with intriguing band structures in the presence of gain and loss, and particle interactions. Polaritons are hybrid light-matter quasiparticles arising from the strong coupling between photons and excitons in semiconductor microcavities, whose properties can be directly accessed in photoluminescence experiments. In this thesis, we firstly study the features of strained honeycomb lattices made of coupled polariton resonators having high photonic content. In a critically strained lattice, we evidence both a semi-Dirac transport and an anisotropic localization of photons. Secondly, we show that a judicious driving in lattices of lossy resonators allows the appearance of novel localized modes. Using polariton lattices driven resonantly with several optical beams, we demonstrate the localization of light in at-will geometries down to a single site. Finally, we take advantage of the polarization-dependent polariton interaction to demonstrate an optical Zeeman-like effect in a single micropillar. In combination with optical spin-orbit coupling inherent to semiconductor microstructures, the interaction-induced Zeeman effect results in emission of vortex beams with a well-defined chirality. This thesis brings to light the power of polariton platforms to study lattice Hamiltonians with unprecedented properties and it also provides a first step towards the fully-optical generation of topological phases in lattices
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Gómez, Rivas Jaime. "Light in strongly scattering semiconductors diffuse transport and Anderson localization /." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2002. http://dare.uva.nl/document/63879.
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Coslovich, Daniele, Dieter Schwanzer, and Gerhard Kahl. "Diffusion-localization and liquid-glass transitions of a colloidal fluid in porous confinement." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-190390.
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Kurzidim, Jan, Daniele Coslovich, and Gerhard Kahl. "Localization and glass formation of fluids confined in porous matrices." Diffusion fundamentals 11 (2009) 105, S. 1-2, 2009. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A14079.
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Chitale, Chaitanya S. "Spatial Characterization of Protein Localization Patterns." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1282088474.
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Römer, Rudolf. "From localization to delocalization: numerical studies of transport in disordered systems." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2000. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-200000568.
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The present thesis reviews my scientific works on disordered systems
from 1995 until today. They can be roughly categorized into three main
classes: (1) non-interacting disordered systems, (2) the
two-interacting particle problem, and (3) the interplay of disorder
and many-particle interaction. A (4)th chapter is concerned with the
implementation of the numerical algorithms. The structure of the
thesis reflects this division. The reprints have been added at the end
of these main divisions according to their context. For the
convenience of the reader, I have ordered them in each chapter
alphabetically according to the names of the authors. Furthermore, in
each citation of my work, the starting page number in the thesis is
given, e.g, Ref.\ \cite{EPR97} refers to a paper of Eckle, Punnoose
and myself and can be found on page \pageref{EPR97}. Citations which
do not refer to my work are numbered and are ordered in the
bibliography according to the names of the authors.
12
Yin, Liang. "Superconductivity in quasi-two-dimensional organic conductors : dissipation, transport and localization." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.444946.
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Nguyen, Thi Thuong. "Magneto-transport and localization in disordered systems with local superconductive attraction." Doctoral thesis, SISSA, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11767/4882.
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Motivated by the intriguing features of the insulating regime close to an SIT, I carry out a systematic study of magnetoresistance, elucidating a variety of approach that influence it.
In Chapter 2 I introduce a model of hard-core bosons on a two dimensional honeycomb lattice in a magnetic field, as motivated by recent experiments on structured films [38, 39]. This aims at explaining several key features observed in the activated magneto-transport in those experiments. Taking into account long range Coulomb interactions among the bosons, I study the crossover from strong to weak localization of those excitations and how it is affected by a magnetic field. An effective mobility edge in the excitation spectrum of the insulating Bose glass is identified as the (intensive) energy scale at which excitations become nearly delocalized. Within the forward scattering approximation in the bosonic hopping I find the effective mobility edge to oscillate periodically with the magnetic flux per plaquette [51].
Furthermore, I contrast the magnetoresistance in bosonic and fermionic systems, and thus show convincingly that the magneto-oscillations seen in experiments of SIT systems reflect the physics of localized electron pairs, i.e a Bose glass rather than a Fermi insulator. The bosonic magneto-oscillations start with an increase of the mobility edge (and thus of resistance) with applied flux, as opposed to the equivalent fermionic problem. The amplitude of the oscillations is much more substantial in bosons than in fermions. Bosons exhibit a single hump per flux period, while fermion characteristics undergo two humps. Those are identical for non-interacting fermions, but Coulomb correlations are shown to lead to systematic deviations from this statistical period doubling.
In this approach, only bosonic degrees of freedom are considered. It thus cannot cover the wide range of fields often explored in experiments, where field-induced pair breaking processes certainly take place and are relevant. Therefore, in Chapter 3 I introduce a microscopic model taking both bosonic and fermionic degrees of freedom into account. This model is then used to study the magnetic field driven crossover from pair to single electron regimes and the corresponding resistive transport. This study is motivated by the above mentioned experiments observing a strong magnetoresistance peak on the insulating side of the SIT which reflects that crossover.
Assuming Mott variable range hopping transport, the pair-to-single crossover in transport is driven by the crossover in the characteristic temperature scale TM governing the stretched exponential growth of the resistance R(T) for pairs and single electrons. Within this work, I consider a system of electrons on a square lattice, subject to strong onsite disorder, a local pairing attraction, a magnetic field, and nearest neighbor hopping. The tuning parameter, the magnetic field, enters both by a (spatially) isotropic Zeeman depairing term and an anisotropic orbital effect proportional to the perpendicular component of the field incorporated via the complex phase of the hoppings. I found that
the former leads to a strong effect on the density of state which causes and dominates the crossover, and thus the magnetoresistance peak. The orbital effect captures the effect of the quantum interference of different types of carriers.
It further enhances the peak as the field orientation changes. I also discuss the effect of including Coulomb interactions into this theory. Having pointed out the peculiarity of two dimensional disordered systems which are marginal in terms of single-particle localization, and in view of our
finding of the effective mobility edge above, I address the question of whether Coulomb interactions can give rise to a genuine mobility edge in electronic systems in two dimensions. In Chapter 4 with Coulomb interactions being treated at a more quantum level (but still approximately) within a Hartree-Fock treatment, I carry out a numerical study aiming at addressing the possibility of an interaction-induced delocalization effect. This setting focuses on the multiplicity of electron species, or valley degeneracy, that Punnoose and Finkel'stein [11, 52] predicted to cause delocalization in two dimensional interacting electron system. As I will discuss, by looking at the density-density correlation function, the system with multiple species behaves differently from the system with single species. In the former, the two-stage scale-dependent behavior of the correlation function reflects the scale-dependent resistance predicted in Punnoose and Finkel'stein's renormalization group equations.
14
Coslovich, Daniele, Dieter Schwanzer, and Gerhard Kahl. "Diffusion-localization and liquid-glass transitions of a colloidal fluid in porous confinement." Diffusion fundamentals 11 (2009) 58, S. 1-2, 2009. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A14023.
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Snyder, Kenneth A. "Energy localization and transport in binary isotopically disordered Fermi-Pasta-Ulam chains." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2643.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.<br>Thesis research directed by: Physics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Wilson, Jonathan Mark. "The fish branchial epithelium, an immunological approach to ion transport protein localization." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0018/NQ48737.pdf.
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Körber, Martin Julius. "Phase-Space Localization of Chaotic Resonance States due to Partial Transport Barriers." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-218817.
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Classical partial transport barriers govern both classical and quantum dynamics of generic Hamiltonian systems. Chaotic eigenstates of quantum systems are known to localize on either side of a partial barrier if the flux connecting the two sides is not resolved by means of Heisenberg's uncertainty. Surprisingly, in open systems, in which orbits can escape, chaotic resonance states exhibit such a localization even if the flux across the partial barrier is quantum mechanically resolved. We explain this using the concept of conditionally invariant measures by introducing a new quantum mechanically relevant class of such fractal measures. We numerically find quantum-to-classical correspondence for localization transitions depending on the openness of the system and on the decay rate of resonance states. Moreover, we show that the number of long-lived chaotic resonance states that localize on one particular side of the partial barrier is described by an individual fractal Weyl law. For a generic phase space, this implies a hierarchy of fractal Weyl laws, one for each region of the hierarchical decomposition of phase space.
18
Gillespie, Doreen. "The role of homeless in RNA transport and localization during Drosophila oogenesis /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10305.
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Breitkreuz, Kevin Edmund. "Subcellular localization of gamma-aminobutyrate metabolism and transport of gamma-aminobutyrate in plants." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0004/NQ40365.pdf.
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Dunst, Sebastian. "Systematic characterization of Rab GTPase cell type expression and subcellular localization in Drosophila melanogaster." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-165234.
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The Rab family of small GTPases orchestrates intracellular endomembrane transport through the recruitment of diverse effector proteins. Since its first discovery in 1987, almost 70 Rab proteins have been identified in humans to date and their perturbed function is implicated in several hereditary and acquired diseases.
In this Ph.D. thesis, I systematically characterize cell type expression and subcellular localization of all Rab proteins present in Drosophila melanogaster utilizing a genetic resource that represents a major advance for studying membrane trafficking in vivo: the ’Drosophila YRab library’. This collection comprises 27 different D. melanogaster knock-in lines that harbor YFPMyc fusions to each Rab protein, referred to as YRab.
For each YRab, I present a comprehensive data set of quantitative and qualitative expression profiles across six larval and adult tissues that include 23 annotated cell types. The whole image data set, along with its annotations, is publicly accessible through the FLYtRAB database that links to CATMAID for online browsing of tissues.
I exploit this data set to address basic cell biological questions. i) How do differentiating cells reorganize their transport machinery to perform cell type-specific functions? My data indicates that qualitative and quantitative changes in YRab protein expression facilitate the functional specialization of differentiated cells. I show that about half of the YRab complement is ubiquitously expressed across D. melanogaster tissues, while others are missing from some cell types or reflect strongly restricted cell type expression, e.g. in the nervous system. I also depict that relative YRab expression levels change as cells differentiate. ii) Are specific Rab proteins dedicated to apical or basolateral protein transport in all epithelia? My data suggests that the endomembrane architecture reflects specific tasks performed by particular epithelial tissues, rather than a generalized apicobasal organization. I demonstrate that there is no single YRab that is similarly polarized in all epithelia. Rather, different epithelial tissues dynamically polarize the subcellular localization of many YRab compartments, producing membrane trafficking architectures that are tissue- and stage-specific.
I further discuss YRab cell type expression and subcellular localization in the context of Rab family evolution. I report that the conservation of YRab protein expression across D. melanogaster cell types reflects their evolutionary conservation in eukaryotes. In addition, my data supports the assumption that the flexible deployment of an expanded Rab family triggered cell differentiation in metazoans.
The FLYtRAB database and the ’Drosophila Rab Library’ are complementary resources that facilitate functional predictions based on YRab cell type expression and subcellular localization, and to subsequently test them by genetic loss-of-function experiments. I demonstrate the power of this approach by revealing new and redundant functions for Rab23 and Rab35 in wing vein patterning.
My data collectively highlight that in vivo studies of endomembrane transport pathways in different D. melanogaster cell types is a valuable approach to elucidate functions of Rab family proteins and their potential implications for human disease.
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Evers, Martin [Verfasser]. "Two antagonizing aspects of spin transport : spin-wave localization and spin superfluidity / Martin Evers." Konstanz : KOPS Universität Konstanz, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1230323309/34.
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Thébaud, Simon. "Electron and phonon transport in disordered thermoelectric materials : dimensional confinement, resonant scattering and localization." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1168/document.
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Ces dernières décennies, l'urgence croissante de la crise énergétique et la prise de conscience qu'une grande partie de l'énergie utilisée dans le monde est dissipée sous forme de chaleur ont provoqué un engouement pour le développement de modules thermoélectriques performants. Ces dispositifs pourraient récupérer la chaleur provenant de procédés industriels ou d'autres sources, transformant un gradient de température en voltage grâce à l'effet Seebeck. Les matériaux thermoélectriques performants doivent posséder une faible conductivité thermique, une haute conductivité électrique et un grand coefficient Seebeck. L'optimisation simultanée de ces paramètres est un défi majeur pour la physique de la matière condensée et la science des matériaux. Dans l'optique d'améliorer les propriétés thermoélectriques de plusieurs matériaux prometteurs, nous explorons plusieurs stratégies dans lesquelles les défauts (substitutions atomiques, lacunes…), le désordre et le confinement dimensionnel jouent un rôle central. Nous réalisons des calculs en théorie de la fonctionnelle densité et des projections sur des orbitales de Wannier afin de construire des Hamiltoniens et des matrices dynamiques réalistes décrivant leur structure électronique et vibrationnelle dans l'espace réel. Ces paramètres sont ensuite utilisés pour calculer les propriétés de transport thermoélectrique en utilisant le formalisme de Kubo, l'équation de Boltzmann, le formalisme de Landauer et la méthode Chebyshev polynomial Green's function, qui permet un traitement exact du désordre. Nous étudions les propriétés de transport électronique et les performances thermoélectriques de deux matériaux prometteurs pour la production d'énergie à hautes températures, le titanate de strontium et l'oxyde de titane rutile. Nous obtenons un très bon accord entre nos prédictions et un grand nombre de données expérimentales. Nous montrons que l'augmentation du coefficient Seebeck observée dans les superlayers de titanate de strontium, jusque-là attribuée à des effets de confinement quantique, est en réalité très bien expliquée par l'hypothèse d'électrons délocalisés. Nous explorons les effets généraux des états résonant sur le transport électronique dans le cadre d'une étude modèle, et nous trouvons une augmentation d'un facteur six des performances thermoélectriques. Nous examinons ensuite le cas particulier du titanate de strontium, et nous montrons que les performances sont détruites par des effets de localisation si des atomes de Vanadium sont introduits comme impuretés résonantes. Nous étudions l'influence des défauts dans les matériaux bidimensionnels. Contrairement aux adatomes, nous montrons que les substitutions dans les dichalcogénures de métaux de transition ont pour effet de localiser les porteurs de charge. Nous étudions l'effet des lacunes sur le transport de phonons dans le graphène, et nous déterminons les taux de diffusion phonon-lacune. Nous obtenons un très bon accord entre notre théorie et des mesures de conductivité thermique dans des échantillons de graphène irradiés et de tailles finies<br>Over the past decades, the increasingly pressing need for clean energy sources and the realization that a huge proportion of the world energy consumption is wasted in heat have prompted great interest in developing efficient thermoelectric generation modules. These devices could harvest waste heat from industrial processes or other sources, turning a temperature gradient into a voltage through the Seebeck effect. Efficient thermoelectric materials should exhibit a low thermal conductivity, a high electrical conductivity and a high Seebeck coefficient. Simultaneously optimizing these parameters is a great challenge of condensed matter physics and materials science. With a view to enhance the thermoelectric properties of several promising materials, we explore several strategies in which defects (atomic substitutions, vacancies…), disorder and dimensional confinement play a crucial role. We perform density functional theory calculations and projections on Wannier orbitals to construct realistic Hamiltonians and dynamical matrices describing their electronic and vibrational structure in real space. These parameters are then used to compute the thermoelectric transport properties using the Kubo formalism, the Boltzmann transport equation, the Landauer formalism, and the Chebyshev polynomial Green's function method that allows for an exact treatment of disorder. We investigate the electronic transport properties and thermoelectric performances of two promising materials for high-temperature power generation, strontium titanate and rutile titanium dioxide. Comparison of our predictions with a wealth of experimental data yields a very good agreement. We show that the increase of the Seebeck coefficient observed in strontium titanate superlayers, until now attributed to quantum confinement effects, is in fact well explained assuming delocalized electrons. The general effects of resonant states on electronic transport are explored in a model study, showing a sixfold increase of the thermoelectric performances. The particular case of strontium titanate is then examined, and localization effects are shown to destroy the performances if Vanadium atoms are introduced as resonant impurities. The influence of defects in two-dimensional materials is investigated. Contrary to adatoms, substitutions in transition metal dichalcogenides are shown to localize the charge carriers. We study the effect of vacancies on phonon transport in graphene, and determine the phonon-vacancy scattering rate. Comparison with thermal conductivity data for irradiated and finite-size graphene samples yields a very good agreement between theory and experiments
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Torelli, Daniele. "Functionals for TDDFT description of electron transport in nanostructures." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/11143/.
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La Teoria di Densità Funzionale (DFT) e la sua versione dipendente dal tempo (TDDFT) sono strumenti largamente usati per simulare e calcolare le proprietà statiche e dinamiche di sistemi con elettroni interagenti. La precisione del metodo si basa su una serie di approssimazioni degli effetti di exchange correlation fra gli elettroni, descritti da un funzionale della sola densità di carica.
Nella presente tesi viene testata l'affidabilità del funzionale Mixed Localization Potential (MLP), una media pesata fra Single Orbital Approximation (SOA) e un potenziale di riferimento, ad esempio Local Density Approximation (LDA). I risultati mostrano capacità simulative superiori a LDA per i sistemi statici (curando anche un limite di LDA noto in letteratura come fractional dissociation) e dei progressi per sistemi dinamici quando si sviluppano correnti di carica.
Il livello di localizzazione del sistema, inteso come la capacità di un elettrone di tenere lontani da sé altri elettroni, è descritto dalla funzione Electron Localization Function (ELF). Viene studiato il suo ruolo come guida nella costruzione e ottimizzazione del funzionale MLP.
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Alvestad, Rachel Marie. "Phosphorylation and subcellular localization of NMDA receptors : modulation by ethanol /." Connect to full text via ProQuest. IP filtered, 2005.
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Thesis (Ph.D. in Pharmacology) -- University of Colorado, 2005.<br>Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-170). Free to UCDHSC affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;
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Müller, Kerstin [Verfasser]. "Localization and transport of ribosomes in axons of the mammalian PNS and CNS / Kerstin Müller." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1138948543/34.
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CANDELORI, ANNALISA. "Protein transport into the nucleus: characterization of nuclear localization signals in the protozoan ciliate Euplotes." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Camerino, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11581/401706.
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Hahn, Wiebke. "Disorder-induced localization effects in nitride semiconductor compounds and devices." Thesis, Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IPPAX049.
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Il y a de plus en plus d'indications que le désordre d’alliage influence fortement les propriétés électriques et optiques des composés semi-conducteurs. Dans les alliages ternaires de nitrures, le désordre intrinsèque de composition, qui résulte de la distribution aléatoire des atomes sur le réseau cristallin, induit de forts effets de localisation électronique. Ces effets semblent avoir un impact majeur sur les performances des diodes électroluminescentes (LED) à base de nitrures, utilisées pour l’éclairage. Il est donc primordial d'aborder cette question car de très importantes économies d'énergie sont en jeu. Mais l'étude des effets du désordre d’alliage n'est pas triviale car l'échelle de longueur caractéristique pertinente est de l'ordre de quelques nm.Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons utilisé la spectroscopie d'électroluminescence à effet tunnel pour détecter la recombinaison radiative d'électrons injectés localement par une pointe de microscope à effet tunnel dans un puits quantique de type GaN / InGaN / GaN, similaire à ceux qui constituent la partie active des LED. Des pics étroits, caractéristiques de l’émission à partir d'états localisés uniques, sont détectés. Les fluctuations de la forme du spectre d'électroluminescence tunnel sont observées à l’échelle de quelques nm, qui correspond à la taille caractéristique des régions de localisation induites par le désordre d’alliage, comme le prédit la théorie dite du paysage de localisation<br>There are growing indications that alloy disorder controls to a large extent the electrical and optical properties of semiconductor compounds. In nitride ternary alloys, intrinsic compositional disorder, resulting from the random distribution of atoms on the crystal lattice, induces strong electronic localization effects. These disorder-induced localization effects are suspected to have a major impact on the performances of nitride-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs). It is therefore of primary importance to address this issue as huge energy savings are concerned. However, the investigation of alloy disorder effects is not trivial since the typical disorder length scale is in the nm range.During this thesis, we developed a scanning tunneling electroluminescence (STL) spectroscopy experiment to detect the radiative recombination of electrons locally injected by a scanning tunneling microscope tip in a GaN/InGaN/GaN quantum well, similar to those present in the active region of LEDs. Narrow emission peaks are detected which are characteristic of emission from single localized states. Fluctuations in the line shape of the local electroluminescence are observed at the scale of a few nm which evidence localization effects induced by alloy disorder. These experimental results are in good agreement with the so-called localization landscape theory which provides an effective confining potential map for the carriers exhibiting nanometer size localization regions
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Muller, Kilian. "Coherent transport of ultracold atoms in disordered potentials : Manipulation of time-reversal symmetry in weak localization experiments." Thesis, Palaiseau, Institut d'optique théorique et appliquée, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014IOTA0013/document.
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Cette thèse a pour objet l’étude des effets de cohérence de la propagation d’ondes en milieu désordonné, à l’aide d’atomes ultrafroids. Ces systèmes permettent un contrôle précis de paramètres clés, tels que la dimensionnalité, les interactions, la vitesse initiale des atomes et le potentiel externe. Utilisant cette flexibilité, il a été possible de réaliser des expériences en régime fortement et faiblement localisé. La première expérience traite de l’expansion d’un condensat, dont une fraction maximale de 20% est localisée, permettant ainsi l’observation de la localisation d’Anderson en 3D. Lors de la seconde expérience, les atomes ont été envoyés dans un désordre quasi 2D avec une vitesse initiale bien définie. Il a été possible d’observer la distribution en impulsions des atomes, et ainsi de mesurer le temps de libre parcours moyen et le temps de transport. La rétrodiffusion cohérente s’est clairement manifestée sous la forme d’un pic dans la direction opposée à la direction initiale. L’amplitude et la largeur de ce pic ont été étudiées, et les résultats sont en accord avec la théorie. Microscopiquement, la rétrodiffusion cohérente a pour origine l’interférence constructive entre chemins à diffusions multiples symétriques par renversement du temps (symétrie T). Cette symétrie de la propagation d’ondes a été ensuite manipulée. Un déphasage précis a été introduit grace à un pulse de gradient de champ magnétique, qui détruit la symétrie T ainsi que la rétrodiffusion cohérente, sauf pour un bref instant : une résurgence du pic est alors observée. Ce nouvel effet démontre explicitement le rôle de la cohérence et de la symétrie T dans la localisation faible<br>In this manuscript the coherence effects of wave propagation in disordered potentials is studied. Our experiment uses ultracold atoms as a probe, a system allowing for a very good control over parameters such as the dimensionality, interactions, initial velocity of the atoms, and the potential landscape. Exploiting this flexibility we were able to perform experiments in the strongly and the weakly localized regime. In the former the 3D expansion of a BEC was monitored in real space, resulting in the observation of 3D Anderson localization with a maximum localized fraction of about 20%. In the latter the atoms were launched into a quasi-2D disorder with a well defined initial velocity. Monitoring the momentum space distribution the mean scattering time and the transport time can be directly measured, and coherent backscattering (CBS) is clearly visible as a peak in the backwards direction. In a first set of experiments the evolution of the CBS amplitude and width were recorded and found to be in good agreement with theory. Microscopically, CBS stems from the constructive interference of time-reversed multiply scattered paths. In a second set of CBS experiments we manipulated the time-reversal symmetry (TRS) of the wave propagation. A surgical dephasing was introduced via a shortly pulsed gradient field, which brakes TRS and suppresses CBS except for a brief moment, when a revival of CBS is observed. This novel effect showcases explicitly the role of coherence and TRS in Coherent Backscattering and weak localization
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Hultell, (Andersson) Magnus. "Electron-lattice dynamics in π-conjugated systems". Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Beräkningsfysik, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-12590.
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The work presented in this thesis concerns the dynamics in π-conjugated hydrocarbon systems. Due to the molecular bonding structure of these systems there exists a coupling between the electronic system and the phonons of the lattice. If this interaction, which is referred to as the electron-phonon (e-ph) coupling, is sufficiently strong it may cause externally introduced charge carriers to self-localize in a polarization cloud of lattice distortions. These quasi-particles are, if singly charged, termed polarons, the localization length of which, aside from the e-ph coupling strength, also depend upon the structural and energetic disorder of the system. In disordered systems localization is strong and transport is facilitated by nonadiabatic hopping of charge carriers from one localized state to the next, whereas in well-ordered systems, where extended states are formed, adiabatic transport models apply.Despite great academic efforts a unified model for charge transport in π-conjugated systems is still lacking and further investigations are necessary to uncover the basic physics at hand in these systems. The call for such efforts has been the main guidelines for the work presented in this thesis and are related to the topics of papers I-IV. In order to capture the coupled electron-lattice dynamics, we use a methodological approach where we obtain the time-dependence of the electronic degrees of freedom from the solutions to the time-dependent Schrödinger equation and determine the ionic motion in the evolving charge density distribution by simultaneously solving the lattice equation of motion within the potential field of the ions. The Hamiltonian used to describe the system is derived from an extension of the famous Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) model extended to three-dimensional systems.In papers I-III we explore the impact of phenylene ring torsion on delocalization and transport properties in poly(para-phenylene vinylene) (PPV). The physics that we are particularly interested in relates to the reduced electron transfer integral strength across the interconnection between the phenylene rings and the vinylene groups upon ring torsion. Keeping this in mind, we demonstrate in paper I the impact of static ring torsion on intrachain mobility and provide a detailed analysis of the influence of the potential barriers (due to consecutive ring torsion) on the nature of charge carrier propagation. In paper II we extend our initial approach to include also the dynamics of ring torsion. We show that without any externally applied electric field, this type of dynamics is the dominant property controlling intrachain propagation, but that when an external electric field is applied, charge carriers may traverse the potential barriers through a process that involves nonadiabatic effects and a temporary delocalization of the polaron state. Finally, in paper III we study the impact of the lattice dynamics on the electron localization properties in PPV and show that the phenylene ring torsion modes couples strongly to the electronic wave function which gives rise to electron localization at room temperature.In papers IV and V we focus on the dynamics of molecular crystals using a stack of pentacene molecules in the single crystal configuration as a model system, but study, in paper IV, the transport as a function of the intermolecular interaction strength, J. We observe a smooth transition from a nonadiabatic to an adiabatic polaron drift process over the regime 20<J<120 meV. For intermolecular interaction strengths above J≈120 meV the polaron is no longer stable and transport becomes band-like. In paper V, finally, we study the internal conversion processes in these systems, which is the dominant relaxation channel from higher lying states. This process involves the transfer of energy from the electronic system to the lattice. Our results show that this process is strongly nonadiabatic and that the relaxation time associated with large energy excitations is limited by transitions made between states of different bands.<br>I dagens samhälle är elektroniken ett allt viktigare och större inslag i vår vardag. Vi ser på TV, talar i mobiltelefoner, och arbetar på datorer. I hjärtat av denna teknologi finner vi diskreta komponenter och integrerade kretsar utformade främst för att styra strömmen av elektroner genom halvledande material. Traditionellt sett har kisel eller olika former av legeringar använts som det aktiva materialet i dessa komponenter och kretsar, men under de senaste 20 åren har såväl transistorer som solceller och lysdioder realiserats där det aktiva materialet är organiskt, d.v.s., kolbaserat.Vi befinner oss för tillfället mitt uppe i det kommersiella genombrottet för organisk elektronik. Redan idag säljs många MP3-spelare och mobiltelefoner med små skärmar där varje pixelelementen utgörs av organiska ljusemitterande dioder (OLEDs), men teknologin håller redan på att introduceras i mer storskaliga produkter som datorskärmar och TV-apparater som därigenom skulle kunna göras energieffektivare, tunnare, flexiblare och på sikt också billigare. Andra tekniska tillämpningsområden för organisk elektronik som förutspås en lysande framtid är RFID-märkning, organiska solceller, och elektronik tryckt på papper, men även smarta textiler och bioelektronik har stor utvecklingspotential.Den kanske största utmaningen kvarstår dock, att skapa elektroniska kretsar och komponenter uppbyggda kring enskilda molekyler, s.k. molekylär elektronik. Mycket snart närmar vi oss den fysikaliska gränsen för hur små komponenter som vi kan realisera med traditionella icke-organiska material som kisel och en stor drivkraft bakom forskningen på halvledande organiska material har varit just visionen om molekylär elektronik som inte är mer än några miljondelars milimeter stora. För detta ändamål krävs en mycket nogrann kontroll av tillverkningsprocesserna liksom en detaljförståelse för hur molekylerna leder ström och hur denna förmåga kan manipuleras för att realisera såväl traditionella som nya komponenter.I denna avhandling presenteras en översikt av den fysik som möjliggör ledningsförmåga hos särskilda klasser av organiska material, s.k. π-konjugerade system, samt de forskningsresultat som utgör mitt bidrag till denna disciplin. En av utmaningarna på området är den komplexitet som de organiska materialen erbjuder: laddningsprocesserna påverkas nämligen av en rad olika faktorer såsom laddningstäthet, temperatur, pålagd spänning, samt molekylernas former och inbördes struktur. I detta arbete har jag utifrån en vidareutveckling av existerande modeller genom numeriska datasimuleringar undersökt effekten av de senare tre faktorerna på elektronstrukturen, laddnigstransporten och energidissipation i denna klass av material.<br>Center of Organic Electronics (COE)
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Paulin, Guillaume. "Transport électronique et Verres de Spins." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00556836.
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The results reported in this thesis contribute to the understanding of disordered systems, to mesoscopic physics on the one hand, and to the physics of spin glasses on the other hand. The first part of this thesis studies numerically coherent electronic transport in a non magnetic metal accurately doped with frozen magnetic impurities (a low temperature spin glass). Thanks to a recursive code that calculates the two terminal conductance of the system, we study in detail the metallic regime of conduction (large conductance) as well as the insulating regime (small conductance). In both regimes, we highlight a universal behavior of the system. Moreover, a study of correlations between the conductance of different spin configurations of impurities allows us to link these correlations with correlations between spin configurations. This study opens the route for the first experimental determination of the overlap via transport measurements. A second part of this thesis deals with the study of the mean field Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model, which describes the low temperature phase of an Ising spin glass. We are interested here in the generalization of this model to quantum spins (i.e including the possibility to flip by quantum tunneling) of this classical model that was well studied during the past thirty years. We deduce analytically motion equations at the semi-classical level, for which the influence of quantum tunneling is weak, and we compare them with the classical case. We finally solve numerically these equations using a pseudo-spectral method.
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Stellin, Filippo. "Anderson localization in interacting quantum systems." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UNIP7004.
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Dans cette thèse nous étudions au niveau théorique le comportement des particules quantiques (électrons, atomes, photons, etc.) se mouvant dans un milieu désordonné et sujets à la localisation d’Anderson. Pour des particules non interagissantes, le spectre de l’énergie peut posséder un ou plus points critiques, où les fonctions d’onde étendues deviennent localisées, en donnant lieu à une transition de phase métal-isolant connue comme Transition d’Anderson.Une question fondamentale est si et comment les transitions d’Anderson survivent dans des systèmesquantiques interagissants. Dans cet ouvrage, nous étudions un modèle simple décrivant le cas de deux particules dans un réseau désordonné et sujettes à des interactions mutuelles à courte portée. En combinant des simulations numériques sur une grande échelle avec des techniques à la fonction de Green, nous montrons que les transitions d’Anderson à deux particules se produisent en trois dimensions et explorons le diagramme de phase dans l’espace de l’énergie, du désordre et de l’interaction.Cette dernière présente une structure riche, caractérisée par un double renfoncement de la limite de phase, engendrée par la compétition entre les états de diffusion et les états liés de la paire. Nous prouvons aussi que les annonces précédentes concernant l’apparition de transitions d’Anderson en deux dimensions étaient essentiellement dues à des effets de taille finie.Un deuxième problème que nous abordons dans cette thèse est celui de l’occurrence de transitions métal-isolant en deux dimensions pour une particule en la présence d’un potentiel spatialement corrélé et sujette à des interactions spin-orbite, modélisées par les couplages Rashba-Dresselhaus. On éclaire que, indépendamment des propriétés du désordre, il y a un régime où l’énergie critique dépend linéairement du paramètre de désordre. La pente et l’intercepte sont étudiées en voisinage du point de symétrie spin-hélice persistant, dans lequel la symétrie SU(2) est restaurée et la transition métal-isolant disparaît<br>In this thesis we theoretically investigate the behaviour of quantum particles (electrons, atoms, photons, etc.) moving in a random medium and undergoing Anderson localization. For noninteractingparticles, the energy spectrum can possess one or more critical points, where the nature of the single-particle wavefunctions changes from extended to localized leading to a undergoes a metal-insulator phase transition, also known as Anderson transition.A fundamental question is whether and how Anderson transitions survive in interacting quantum systems. Here we study a minimal model of two particles moving in a disordered lattice and subject to short-range mutual interactions. By combining large-scale numerics with Green’s functions techniques, we show that two-particle Anderson transitions do occur in three dimensions and explore the phase diagram in the space of energy, disorder and interaction strength. The latter presents a rich structure, characterized by a doubly reentrant behavior, caused by the competition between scattering and bound states of the pair. We also show that previous claims of 2D Anderson transitions of the pair are essentially due to finite-size effects.A second problem that we address in this thesis is the occurrence of 2D metal-insulator transitions for a single particle in the presence of a spatially correlated potential and subject to spin-orbit interactions, described by Rashba-Dresselhaus couplings. We illustrate that, irrespective of the properties of the disorder, there is a regime where the critical energy depends linearly on the disorder strength. The slope and the intercept are studied in the vicinity of the spin-helix point, where the SU(2) symmetry is restored and the 2D metal-insulator transition disappears
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Lorenzo, Moldero Ivan. "Localization and regulation of trpv4 channels in CILIATED epithelia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7185.
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La neteja del moc i dels patògens dels pulmons, i el transport de gàmets i embrions en els òrgans reproductius de les femelles són funcions clau en els epitelis ciliats, tals com aquells que es troben presents en les vies respiratòries i l'oviducte. La taxa de transport mucociliar és funció de la freqüència de batut ciliar (CBF) i aquesta freqüència és augmentada per increments en la concentració de Ca2+ intracelul·lar. El canal catiònic "transient potential vanilloid 4" (TRPV4) intervé en l'entrada de Ca2+ en resposta a estímuls mecànics i osmòtics. L'expressió del TRPV4 en l'epiteli ciliat de les vies respiratòries i de l'oviducte és confirmada mitjançant la localització per immunofluorescència del canal iònic a la membrana apical de l'epiteli ciliat i polaritzat, allà on la senyalització de Ca2+ és requerida per la regulació de la CBF. Cèl·lules ciliades de la tràquea de ratolins TRPV4-/- no expressen el canal TRPV4, no responen a l'activador específic del TRPV4, el 4α-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (4α-PDD) i presenten respostes de Ca2+ reduïdes a temperatures mitjanes (~25ºC- 8ºC), un altre estímul dels canals TRPV4. L'activació dels canals TRPV4 per solucions altament viscoses i per hypotonicitat depèn de l'activació de la via de la fosfolipasa A2(PLA2)i la subseqüent producció de àcid epoxieicosatrienoic (EET). En condicions de baixa activació de la PLA2, estímuls mecànics i hipotònics alliberen ATP per a l'activació de la via de la fosfolipasa C (PLC)-inositol trifosfat (IP3) per contribuir a l'activació dels canals TRPV4. Descrivim que el metabòlit IP3 sense ser un agonista per ell mateix, sensibilitza el TRPV4 per a l'activació de EET, essent aquest un mecanisme general. L'acoblament funcional entre els canals TRPV4 de la membrana plasmàtica i els receptors de IP3 (IP3R) és necessari tant per iniciar com mantenir la senyalització oscil·latòria del Ca2+ desencadenada per estímuls viscosos i hipotònics. Un dels principals activadors de la CBF, la adenosina-5'-trifosfat (ATP), desencadena una resposta cel·lular mediada per Ca2+ en la que es desencadena tant l'alliberament de Ca2+ des dels dipòsits intracel·lulars com l'entrada de Ca2+. És destacable la contribució de el TRPV4 en l'augment de la CBF mediada per ATP. És més, el nostre treball implica als canals TRPV4 exclusivament en l'entrada de Ca2+ activada per receptor (ROCE). Tot plegat, aquesta tesi doctoral mostra el paper dels canals TRPV4 en l'acoblament d'estímuls fisiològics tipus mecànic, osmòtic i químic a la regulació de la CBF en l'epiteli ciliat destinat al transport mucociliar.<br>Clearance of mucus and pathogenic agents from lungs and the transport of gametes and embryos in the female reproductive organs are key functions of ciliated epithelia such as those present in the airways and the oviduct. The rate of mucociliary transport is a function of ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and this, in turn, is increased by increases in intracellular calcium. Transient potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4)cation channel mediates Ca2+ influx in response to mechanical and osmotic stimuli. TRPV4 expression in ciliated epithelia from airways and oviduct is confirmed by immunofluorescence localization of the channel at the apical membrane of the polarized ciliated epithelia, where the Ca2+ signalling is required for CBF regulation. Ciliated tracheal cells from TRPV4-/-mice show no TRPV4 expression, neither increases in intracellular Ca2+ and CBF in response to the TRPV4-specific activator 4α- phorbol 12,13- idecanoate (4α-PDD), and reduced responses to mild temperatures (~25ºC - 38ºC), another TRPV4-activating stimulus. TRPV4 gating by high viscous loads and hypotonicity depends on phospholipase A2 (PLA2) pathway activation and subsequent production of epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET). Under conditions of low PLA2 activation, mechanical and hypotonic stimuli use extracellular ATP release-mediated activation of phospholipase C (PLC)-inositol triphosphate(IP3)signalling to support TRPV4 gating. We describe that IP3, without being an agonist itself, sensitizes TRPV4 to EET activation. Besides, the functional coupling between plasma membrane TRPV4 channels and IP3 receptors (IP3R) is required to initiate and maintain the cellular oscillatory Ca2+ signal triggered by high viscous loads and hypotonic stimuli. One of the main CBF activators, adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP), triggers both Ca2+ release from intracellular Ca2+ stores and Ca2+ entry. Interestingly, TRPV4 contributes to ATP-induced increase in CBF. Furthermore, our work implicates TRPV4 channel exclusively in receptor-operated Ca2+ entry. Collectively, this PhD thesis shows the role of TRPV4 channels coupling physiologically relevant mechanical, hypotonic and chemical stimuli to CBF regulation in motile ciliary epithelia.
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Ivanov, Ruslan. "Impact of carrier localization on recombination in InGaN quantum wells with nonbasal crystallographic orientations." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Optik och Fotonik, OFO, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-214599.
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The modern InGaN technology demonstrates high efficiencies only in the blue spectral region and low current operation modes. The growth of InGaN quantum wells (QWs) on nonbasal crystallographic planes (NBP) has potential to deliver high-power blue and green light emitting diodes and lasers. The emission properties of these QWs are largely determined by the localization of carriers in the minima of spatially inhomogeneous band potential, which affects the recombination dynamics, spectral characteristics of the emission, its optical polarization and carrier transport. Understanding it is crucial for increasing the efficiency of NBP structures to their theoretical limit. In this thesis, the influence of carrier localization on the critical aspects of light emission has been investigated in semipolar and nonpolar InGaN QWs. For this purpose, novel multimode scanning near-field optical microscopy configurations have been developed, allowing mapping of the spectrally-, time-, and polarization-resolved emission. In the nonpolar QW structures the sub-micrometer band gap fluctuations could be assigned to the selective incorporation of indium on different slopes of the undulations, while in the smoother semipolar QWs – to the nonuniformity of QW growth. The nanoscale band potential fluctuations and the carrier localization were found to increase with increasing indium percentage in the InGaN alloy. In spite to the large depth of the potential minima, the localized valence band states were found to retain properties of the corresponding bands. The reduced carrier transfer between localization sites has been suggested as a reason for the long recombination times in the green-emitting semipolar QWs. Sharp increase of the radiative lifetimes has been assigned to the effect of nanoscale electric fields resulting from nonplanar QW interfaces. Lastly, the ambipolar carrier diffusion has been measured, revealing ~100 nm diffusion length and high anisotropy.<br><p>QC 20170919</p>
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Clark, Jennifer L. "Localization of Insulin Receptor Substrate-2 in Breast Cancer: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2012. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/587.
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The insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and many of its downstream signaling components have long been implicated in tumor progression and resistance to therapy. The insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and IRS-2 adaptor proteins are two of the major downstream signaling intermediates of the IGF-1R. Despite their considerable homology, previous work in our lab and others has shown that IRS-1 and IRS-2 play divergent roles in breast cancer cells. Signaling through IRS-1 promotes cell proliferation, whereas signaling through IRS-2 promotes cell motility and invasion, as well as glycolysis. Moreover, using a mouse model of mammary tumorigenesis, our lab demonstrated that IRS-2 acts as a positive regulator of metastasis, while IRS-1 cannot compensate for this function.
The focus of my thesis research is to understand how IRS-2, but not IRS-1, promotes breast carcinoma cell invasion and metabolism to support metastasis. In preliminary studies, I have found that IRS-1 and IRS-2 exhibit different expression patterns in both cell lines and human tumors with correlations to patient survival, which provides a potential mechanism for their distinct functions. The localization of IRS-1 and IRS-2 within separate intracellular compartments would determine their access to downstream effectors and substrates, and this would result in unique cellular outcomes. Specifically, I have observed that IRS-2, but not IRS-1, co-localizes with microtubules in breast carcinoma cell lines with implications for signaling through AKT and mTORC2. The goal of this research is to determine how the localization of IRS-2 contributes to its regulation of breast cancer progression and response to therapy and how this information could be used to better predict patient outcomes.
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Hong, Sung-Yong. "Analysis of transport and sub-cellular localization of aflatoxin biosynthetic enzymes, ver-1 and nor-1, using EGFP fusions in Aspergillus parasiticus." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2007.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition, 2007.<br>Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Apr. 16, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 273-296). Also issued in print.
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Sarma, Ashapurna. "Circadian Timing of Curcumin Efficacy and Nuclear Transport Properties of Cancer Cells." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1447971823.
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Perul, Johan. "Localisation autonome par apprentissage des dynamiques de déplacement en transport multimodal." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ECDN0021.
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Le développement croissant d'objets intelligents offre de nouvelles opportunités de localisation du voyageur connecté. Cependant, le suivi de la trajectoire du piéton reste problématique et les applications de navigation ne proposent pas de suivre la trajectoire du voyageur à l’échelle multimodale de façon autonome. Ce travail s’intéresse à la mise en place d’une solution unique capable de localiser l’utilisateur selon différents mode de déplacement et quel que soit l’environnement, à partir de capteurs inertiels, magnétique et GNSS. Dans un premier temps, une nouvelle méthode de localisation du cycliste est mise en place. Les mesures de phases GNSS sont utilisées pour corriger le vecteur vitesse par différences temporelles et la direction de déplacement est contrainte à l'aide des signaux inertiels. Ces éléments ont été utilisés dans un second temps et adaptés pour mettre en place une nouvelle méthode de localisation du piéton avec un capteur en main. L’approche PDR qui est une technique de navigation inertielle à l’estime est paramétrée dans un filtre de Kalman étendu. Une mise à jour innovante fusionnant l’estimation de l’attitude du boîtier et une estimation statistique de la direction de marche permet de corriger l’estimation du cap de marche et obtenir une estimation cohérente et lissée. Les mesures GNSS sont utilisées pour corriger le vecteur vitesse, l’orientation, la longueur de pas et la position absolue. Enfin, une approche multimodale est proposée et la gestion des transitions entre les différents algorithmes, assistée par l’utilisation d’un capteur innovant, est étudiée. Des validations expérimentales multimodales en conditions réelles sont conduites pour analyser les performances d’estimation de la solution proposée<br>The growing development of smart objects offers new opportunities for locating the connected traveller. However, tracking the trajectory of the pedestrian remains problematic and navigation applications do not offer to track the traveller's trajectory on a multimodal level in an autonomous way. This work focuses on the implementation of a single solution able to locate the user according to different travel modes and whatever the environment, using inertial, magnetic and GNSS sensors. In a first step, a new method for locating the cyclist is implemented. GNSS phase measurements are used to correct the velocity vector by time differences and the motion direction is constrained using inertial signals. These elements were used in a second step and adapted to implement a new method of pedestrian localization with a handheld sensor. The PDR approach, which is an inertial dead reckoning navigation technique, is parameterized in an extended Kalman filter. An innovative update merging the device attitude estimation and a statistical estimation of the walking direction allows to correct the walking heading estimation and obtain a consistent and smoothed estimation. GNSS measurements are used to correct speed vector, orientation, step length and absolute position. Finally, a multimodal approach is proposed and the management of transitions between the different algorithms, assisted by the use of an innovative sensor, is studied. Multimodal experimental validations in real conditions are conducted to analyze the estimation performances of the proposed solution
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Olsen, Daniel S. "Nuclear BMP2 and the Immune Response." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4171.
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Nuclear bone morphogenetic protein 2 (nBMP2) is a nuclear variant of the secreted growth factor BMP2. Experiments in nBmp2NLStm mutant mice, which lack nBMP2 in the nucleus, have shown that nBMP2 affects intracellular calcium transport in skeletal muscle and hippocampal neurons. The objective of this study was to determine whether nBMP2 affects the immune system, since activation of lymphocytes and other immune cells depends on intracellular calcium transport. We found that spleens in nBmp2NLStm mutant mice were 24% smaller than in wild type mice. The white pulp of the spleen contains many immune cells, particularly B and T lymphocytes and reduced spleen size in the nBmp2NLStm mutant mice could be caused by a reduced number of lymphocytes migrating to the spleen. When mutants and wild types were challenged with an intravenous infection of 10^7 CFU of S. aureus, they showed similar immune responses. Samples of blood, liver, spleen, kidney and lymph nodes cultured three days after infection showed no difference in post infection bacterial load between mutant and wild type. Likewise, post-infection weight loss and percent survival were similar between mutant and wild type, suggesting that the innate immune response is functional in nBmp2NLStm mice. However, when mice were challenged with a secondary infection, immune response and spleen function were severely impaired. Mutant mice showed higher levels of bacteria remaining in the blood and had lower rate of survival to day 3 after secondary infection. In addition, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell levels within mutant lymph nodes were significantly reduced, indicating that nBMP2 is involved in the secondary immune response.
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Körber, Martin Julius [Verfasser], Roland [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Ketzmerick, and Henning [Gutachter] Schomerus. "Phase-Space Localization of Chaotic Resonance States due to Partial Transport Barriers / Martin Julius Körber ; Gutachter: Roland Ketzmerick, Henning Schomerus ; Betreuer: Roland Ketzmerick." Dresden : Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1125851031/34.
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Kennedy, Kathleen Anne. "Assembly of the maltose transport complex of Escherichia coli and the dimerization, localization, and functional domain structure of its ATP-binding subunit, MalK /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11504.
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Chauhan, Vinita Singh. "Molecular characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus - nucleocapsid protein." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/152.
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Liu, Xiya. "Mesoscopic effects in ferromagnetic materials." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24669.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.<br>Committee Chair: Davidovic, Dragomir; Committee Member: Citrin, David; Committee Member: Kindermann, Markus; Committee Member: Marchenkov, Alexei; Committee Member: Riedo, Elisa
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Sapienza, Riccardo. "Matériaux nano photoniques : transport anisotrope et oscillations de Bloch optiques." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009751.
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Aujourd'hui, la propagation de la lumière dans les<br />nano-matériaux diélectriques complexes est un sujet de recherche<br />riche et fascinant, tant pour ses implications fondamentales que<br />pour son impact technologique. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions les<br />effets d'interférence de la lumière dans les systèmes photoniques<br />quasi-ordonnés.<br /><br />Dans des milieux diélectriques aléatoires, on peut décrire le<br />mouvement des photons mutiplement diffusés par une marche<br />aléatoire de diffuseur en diffuseur: la plupart des effets<br />d'interférence se moyennent alors à zéro, mais certains survivent<br />quand même au désordre et induisent des phénomènes non-triviaux.<br />Dans des milieux qui diffusent très fortement, la lumière pourrait<br />même devenir localisée et aucun transport ne serait possible. Dans<br />les milieux ordonnés, la périodicité conduit à des lois de<br />dispersion inhabituelles où les effect collectifs d'interférence<br />dominent: le transport est fortement dépendant de la fréquence, il<br />peut être sensiblement augmenté (interférences constructives) ou<br />complètement inhibé (interférences destructives).<br /><br />Notre compréhension de la propagation des ondes lumineuses dans<br />les milieux ordonnés et désordonnés augmente rapidement, mais le<br />comportement dans le régime intermédiaire entre les deux extrèmes<br />-- ordre parfait et désordre complet -- est mal compris. Les<br />systèmes quasi-ordonnés brisent la symétrie de rotation ou de<br />translation et présentent des formes nouvelles et<br />non-conventionnelles de transport de la lumière. Les milieux<br />aléatoires qui diffusent anisotropiquement et les cristaux<br />liquides nématiques, les formes spéciales de cristaux photoniques<br />et les quasi-cristaux photoniques de Fibonacci sont des exemples<br />de systèmes quasi-ordonnés que nous étudions dans cette thèse.<br /><br /><br />Que se passe-t-il si une direction préférentielle de diffusion ou<br />un axe préférentiel de polarisabilité est présent dans un milieu<br />aléatoire ?<br />Comment la propagation de la lumière est elle modifiée dans une<br />structure périodique si un potential optique est superposé à la<br />structure cristalline ?<br /><br />Dans cette thèse nous essayerons de répondre à ces questions, avec<br />des arguments théoriques, des simulations numériques et des<br />résultats expérimentaux.
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Chvátal, Miloš. "Transportní a šumové charakteristiky tranzistorů MOSFET." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233635.
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This doctoral thesis is focused on the analysis of transport characteristics of submicron and micron transistors MOSFET. The assumption is a constant gradient of concentration, which leads to the fact that the diffusion current density is independent of the distance from the source. Active energy was determined from temperature dependence. The proposed physical model made it possible to determine the value of access resistance between drain and source their temperature dependence. Based on the assumption that the divergence of the gradient of the current density in the channel is zero. IV characteristics of the transistor MOSFET are derived and conducted experimental monitoring current channel depending on the collector voltage for the series of samples with different channel lengths in a wide temperature range from 10 to 350 K. Information on the concentration of charge transport in the channel and the position of the Fermi level at the point of active trap, which is the source of RTS noise, is obtained from the analysis of the transport characteristics. Determining the concentration of charge transport and the position of the Fermi level is important because these variables determine the intensity of quantum transitions and their values are not the same throughout the length of the channel. It was experimentally proved from the analysis of the characteristics of RTS noise that concentration at the local channel decreases with increasing current at a constant voltage on the gate and a variable voltage at the collector. Further, the position of active traps of RTS noise was intended and it was found that this is located near the collector. Active trap is located at the point where the Fermi level coincides with energy level of the traps.
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Safieddine, Adham. "L'imagerie systématique de transcrits et de polysomes uniques révèle un mécanisme de transport dépendant de la protéine naissante." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT025.
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La traduction locale permet un contrôle spatial de l'expression des gènes. Dans ce travail, j'ai participé à deux cribles de localisation d'ARNm concernant plus de 1000 transcrits. Le premier était un crible double ARNm/protéine qui utilisait une approche de BAComics pour co-détecter les ARNm et la protéine pour laquelle ils codent. Le second a été réalisé à l'aide d'une nouvelle approche smFISH à haut-débit et a analysé tous les ARNm codant pour des protéines centrosomales et des régulateurs mitotiques. Le premier crible a révélé des cas de traduction locale dans divers compartiments subcellulaires, et notamment au niveau des protrusions cytoplasmiques, des centrosomes, de l’appareil de Golgi, des endosomes et des pores nucléaires, ce qui n'avait jamais été décrit auparavant. De manière remarquable, la traduction du peptide naissant était nécessaire pour le transport de nombreux transcrits localisés. De plus, j'ai montré que plusieurs ARNm (tels que ASPM et DYNC1H1) sont traduits dans des structures dédiées appelées usines de traduction.Le deuxième crible a révélé 8 transcrits localisés et traduits au niveau des centrosomes. J'ai montré que la localisation de ces 8 transcrits est régulée par le cycle cellulaire et qu'elle nécessite également la traduction du polypeptide naissant. En utilisant le gène ASPM comme modèle, j'ai visualisé des ARNm et des polysomes uniques avec les systèmes MS2 et SunTag, respectivement. Cela a révélé un transport dirigé des polysomes ASPM vers les centrosomes au début de la mitose, lorsque cet ARNm commence à être localisé. Ces données fournissent des preuves fortes d'un mécanisme de ciblage co-traductionnel dépendant de moteurs moléculaires ainsi que de la protéine naissante. Cela va à l'encontre du dogme actuel selon lequel le transport d'ARNm est un processus basé sur l'ARN et agissant sur des molécules réprimées pour la traduction. En revanche, cela suggère que des mécanismes tels que celui utilisé par le SRP sont plus répandus qu'on ne le pensait auparavant<br>Local translation allows a spatial control of gene expression. Here, I participated in two mRNA localization screens imaging more than 1000 transcripts in total: (i) the first was a dual mRNA/protein screen that used a BAComics approach to co-detect mRNAs and the protein they encode; (ii) the second was done using a new high-throughput smFISH approach to screen all genes that encode centrosomal proteins and mitotic regulators. The first screen revealed cases of local translation at various subcellular compartments including cytoplasmic protrusions, centrosomes, Golgi, endosomes and the nuclear pore, which was never described before. Remarkably, translation of the nascent peptide was required for the transport of many localized transcripts. In addition, I showed that several mRNAs (such as ASPM and DYNC1H1) are translated in dedicated structures called translation factories.The second screen revealed 8 transcripts that are localized and translated at the centrosome. I showed that the localization of these 8 transcripts is regulated by the cell cycle, and that it also requires translation of the nascent polypeptide. Using the endogenous ASPM gene as a model, I imaged single mRNAs and polysomes with the MS2 and SunTag systems, respectively. This revealed a directed transport of ASPM polysomes towards centrosomes at the onset of mitosis, when this mRNA starts localizing. These data provide definitive evidence for a co-translational targeting mechanism dependent on motors as well as the nascent protein. This argues against the current dogma that mRNA transport is an RNA-based process acting on translationally repressed molecules. Instead, it suggests that SRP-like mechanisms are more widespread than previously thought
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Teichert, Fabian, Andreas Zienert, Jörg Schuster, and Michael Schreiber. "Electronic transport through defective semiconducting carbon nanotubes." IOP Publishing Ltd, 2018. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A32462.
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We investigate the electronic transport properties of semiconducting (m, n) carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the mesoscopic length scale with arbitrarily distributed realistic defects. The study is done by performing quantum transport calculations based on recursive Green's function techniques and an underlying density-functional-based tight-binding model for the description of the electronic structure. Zigzag CNTs as well as chiral CNTs of different diameter are considered. Different defects are exemplarily represented by monovacancies and divacancies. We show the energy-dependent transmission and the temperature-dependent conductance as a function of the number of defects. In the limit of many defetcs, the transport is described by strong localization. Corresponding localization lengths are calculated (energy dependent and temperature dependent) and systematically compared for a large number of CNTs. It is shown, that a distinction by (m − n)mod 3 has to be drawn in order to classify CNTs with different bandgaps. Besides this, the localization length for a given defect probability per unit cell depends linearly on the CNT diameter, but not on the CNT chirality. Finally, elastic mean free paths in the diffusive regime are computed for the limit of few defects, yielding qualitatively same statements.
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Adroguer, Pierre. "Propriétés de transport électronique des isolants topologiques." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00832048.
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Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont pour objectif d'apporter à la physique mésoscopique un éclairage concernant la compréhension des propriétés de transport électroniques d'une classe de matériaux récemment découverts : les isolants topologiques.La première partie de ce manuscrit est une introduction aux isolants topologiques, mettant en partie l'accent sur leurs spécificités par rapport aux isolants "triviaux" : des états de bords hélicaux (dans le cas de l'effet Hall quantique de spin en 2 dimensions) ou de surface relativistes (pour les isolants topologiques tridimensionnels) robustes vis-à-vis du désordre.La deuxième partie propose une sonde de l'hélicité des états de bords de l'effet Hall quantique de spin en étudiant les propriétés remarquables de l'injection de paires de Cooper dans cette phase topologique.La troisième partie étudie la diffusion des états de surface des isolants topologiques tridimensionnels dans le régime cohérent de phase. L'étude de la diffusion, de la correction quantique à la conductance (antilocalisation faible) et de l'amplitude des fluctuations universelles de conductance de fermions de Dirac sans masse est présentée. Cette étude est aussi menée dans la cas d'états de surface dont la surface de Fermi présente la déformation hexagonale observée expérimentalement.
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Unge, Mikael. "Molecular Electronics : A Theoretical Study of Electronic Structure of Bulk and Interfaces." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Beräkningsfysik, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-6938.
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This thesis deals with theoretical studies of the electronic structure of molecules used in the context of molecular electronics. Both studies with model Hamiltonians and first principle calculations have been performed. The materials studied include molecular crystals of pentacene and DNA, which are used as active material in field-effect transistors and as tentative molecular wires, respectively. The molecular magnet compound TCNE and surface modification by means of chemisorption of TDAE on gold are also studied. Molecular crystals of pentacene are reported to have the highest field-effect mobility values for organic thin film field-effect transistors. The conduction process in field-effect transistors applications occurs in a single layer of the molecular crystal. Hence, in studies of transport properties molecular crystals of pentacene can be considered as a two dimensional system. An open question of these system is if the charge transport is bandlike or if as a result of disorder is a hopping process. We address this question in two of the included papers, paper I and paper II. The conducting properties of DNA are of interest for a broad scientific community. Biologist for understanding of oxidatively damaged DNA and physicist and the electronics community for use as a molecular wire. Some reports on the subject classifies DNA as a conductor while other report insulating behavior. The outcome of the investigations are heavily dependent on the type of DNA being studied, clearly there is a big difference between the natural and more or less random sequence in, e.g., λ-DNA and the highly ordered syntethic poly(G)-poly(C) DNA. It has been suggested that long-range correlation would yield delocalized states, i.e., bandlike transport, in natural DNA, especially in the human chromosome 22. In paper III we show that this is not the case. In general our results show that DNA containing an approximately equal amount of the four basis is an insulator in a static picture. An emerging research field is spintronics. In spintronic devices the spin of the charge carrier is as important as the charge. One can envision a device where spin alone is the carrier of information. In realizing spintronic devices, materials that are both magnetic and semiconducting are needed. Systems that exhibit both these properties are organic-based magnets. In paper IV the electronic structure of the molecular magnet compound TCNE is studied, both experimentally and theoretically. The injection of carriers from metal contacts to organic semiconductors is central to the performance of organic based devices. The interface between the metal contact and the organic material has been pointed out to be one of the device parameters that most significantly influences the device performance. This relates to the process of injection of charge carriers in to the organic material. In some contact and organic material combinations the energy barrier for charge injection can be very high. The barrier can be reduced by modify the interface dipole, this is achieved by a monolayer of adsorbed molecules at the interface. The molecule TDAE chemisorbed on gold is studied in paper V.
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Jabakhanji, Bilal. "Etudes des propriétés de transport de mono et de multicouches de graphène épitaxiées sur sic." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20130/document.
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Nous présentons dans ce travail la caractérisation, essentiellement en transport, de couches de graphène épitaxiés élaborées par sublimation contrôlée de carbure de silicium (SiC). Des mesures de transport électroniques sont effectuées à basse température (T~1,6 K) et à fort champ magnétique. Dans une première partie, Il est indispensable de se focaliser sur la méthode spécifique (‘graphite cap') utilisée pour la fabrication de tous les échantillons étudiés dans ce travail au CNM, Barcelone. La méthode de ‘graphite cap' permet d'obtenir des couches de graphène en formes de rubans suffisamment isolés entre eux pour la fabrication de dispositifs électroniques. La croissance de graphène donne des résultats très différents suivant les conditions de croissance et les spécificités du substrat de carbure de silicium employé : les échantillons obtenus sur face carbone, et les échantillons sur face silicium.Sur face carbone, deux polytypes de SiC ont été utilisés pour l'élaboration de graphène : (i) sur le polytype ‘6H-SiC (on axis)', des rubans de graphène de l'ordre de 600 µm de longueur et de 6 µm de largeur sont obtenus. La largeur de graphène reste faible car le graphène suit la formation des marches sur le SiC résultant de la reconstruction de la surface pendant la croissance (‘step bunching'). Des monocouches ont été identifiées par spectroscopie Raman. Les résultats de transport sur ces monocouches montrent que la concentration de porteurs, de type trous, varie entre 5x1012cm-2 et 5x1013cm-2. L'effet Hall quantique n'est pas observé à cause du dopage élevé. Mais des oscillations de Shubnikov de Haas ont été bien résolues et étudiées pour extraire leurs phases. La phase des oscillations est égale à zéro, ce qui est une signature de la présence d'une monocouche de graphène.(ii) sur le polytype ‘4H-SiC (8° off axis)', les rubans obtenus sont plus larges et peuvent atteindre une longueur de 600 µm et une largeur de 50 µm. L'utilisation d'un substrat SiC avec une désorientation intentionnelle lors du clivage de la surface initiale permet la coalescence des rubans de graphène. Les résultats de transport sur les monocouches montrent que les porteurs sont toujours de type trous, mais beaucoup moins dopé sur plusieurs monocouches (de l'ordre 8x1011cm-2). L'effet Hall quantique est reporté sur un échantillon dont la mobilité atteint 11 000 cm²/V.s. Une étude à bas champ magnétique est encore réalisée et donnent des informations intéressantes sur l'(anti)localisation faible. Tous les phénomènes quantiques observés sont des signatures sur les propriétés intrinsèques des monocouches de graphène. Pour mieux appréhender le graphène épitaxié, il est important de faire varier la concentration de porteurs. Pour cela, une autre approche est proposée. Nous avons fabriqué une face arrière d'un échantillon semi-isolant par implantation d'ions d'azotes dans le SiC avant la croissance de graphène. Les résultats de transport obtenus sur les monocouches de graphène ont montré l'efficacité de cette grille pour contrôler le type de porteurs. L'effet Hall quantique a été observé pour les deux types de porteurs avec des plateaux de Hall remarquables en largeur (23 T).Sur la face Si, des multicouches de graphène couvrent uniformément toute la surface du substrat. Les multicouches de graphène sont plus épaisses sur les bords de marches que sur les terrasses, identifiées par spectroscopie Raman. Les porteurs sont maintenant de type électrons grâce à la couche de tampon qui existe sur la face Si. Les résultats de transport en champ magnétique et à basse température détectent l'existence d'une anisotropie électrique dues principalement aux marches du substrat SiC<br>In this work, we present the characterization, mainly in transport, of epitaxial graphene layers produced by controlled sublimation of silicon carbide substrate (SiC). Electronic transport measurements are performed at low temperature (T ~ 1.6 K) and high magnetic field. In the first part, we explain the specific method ('graphite cap') used for growth of the samples studied in this work at CNM, Barcelona. The method of 'graphite cap' provides graphene ribbons homogeneous and isolated for the fabrication of electronic devices.Graphene on SiC gives very different results depending on the conditions of growth (temperature, pressure…) and the face of SiC substrate used: carbon face (C-face) or silicon face (Si-face).On the carbon face, two SiC polytypes have been used for the graphene growth:(i) On axis 6H-SiC: graphene ribbons are obtained on the whole surface. The length of ribbon approaches 600 µm and the width do not exceed 6 µm. The graphene follows the formation of steps on the SiC resulting from surface reconstruction during growth (‘step bunching'), which affects the graphene width. Monolayers were identified by Raman spectroscopy. For all measured samples, we found that the graphene is p-typed doped with a Hall concentration between 5x1012 and 5x1013cm-2. The quantum Hall effect is not observed because of the high doping level. But the Shubnikov de Haas oscillations (SdH) have been well resolved and studied. The phase of the oscillations is equal to zero, which is a signature from the presence of graphene monolayer.(ii) 8° off axis 4H-SiC: graphene ribbons obtained are larger and can reach a length of 600 µm and a width of 50 µm. The use of a SiC substrate with intentional disorientation upon cleavage of the initial surface allows the coalescence of the graphene ribbons. For all measured devices on this sample, we found that the graphene is p-typed doped (as determined from the sign of the Hall effect) with a Hall concentration between 8x1011 and 1013 cm-2. Mobilities varied between 1000 and 11000 cm²/Vs from device to device at 4K. Magnetoresistance revealed both Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) oscillations, and interference phenomena (weak localization and antilocalization). For some low doped devices, Quantum Hall effect was observed. All quantum phenomena observed are signatures on the intrinsic properties of graphene monolayers.The main drawback of the epitaxial growth technique is the difficulty to control of the carrier density. Here, we investigate a bottom gate of a graphene device, epitaxially grown on the C-face of SiC substrate. The gate was realized by Nitrogen atoms implantation in the SiC crystal. The transport measurements have shown the effectiveness of the gate to control the type of carriers. The quantum Hall effect was observed for both types of carriers with remarkable Hall plateaus width (23 T).On the silicon face, we discuss results obtained from few layer graphene (FLG) grown epitaxially on the (0001) surface of a 6H-SiC substrate. Carriers are now like electrons through the buffer layer that exists on the Si face. The resulting FLG uniformly covers the substrate on which large step bunched terraces are also visible. The FLG is thicker at the step edges, as evidenced by micro-Raman analysis. Indeed, a noticeable anisotropy of the resistance has been detected by magnetotransport measurements at low temperature and high magnetic field. We will argue that this anisotropy originates from different mobilities, in the terraces and at the step edges
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Twyffels, Laure. "Nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of TIS11 proteins and stress granule assembly: two potential new roles for Transportins." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209423.
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The nucleo-cytoplasmic compartmentalization enables eukaryotic cells to develop sophisticated post-transcriptional regulations of gene expression. However, managing the exchanges of macromolecules between the two compartments also represents a formidable challenge for the cells. Nucleo-cytoplasmic exchanges rely on specialized soluble carriers and take place at nuclear pore complexes that span the nuclear envelope. Active nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of proteins, in particular, is performed mainly by a family of carriers called karyopherins, which includes about twenty members in mammals. Some of them, called importins, recognize nuclear localization signals (NLSs) in their substrates and convey them into the nucleus. Others, called exportins, recognize nuclear export signals (NESs) in their substrates and bring them back to the cytoplasm. <p>Many RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, where they can often fulfill different functions. RBPs also frequently localize into specialized microdomains that are not delimited by a membrane but in which specific factors are concentrated. Those include processing bodies and stress granules, which are cytoplasmic foci associated with mRNA decay, storage and translational repression. Post-transcriptional regulations mediated by RBPs can therefore be modulated rapidly and efficiently through changes in the localization of RBPs.<p>The first part of this work focuses on the subcellular localization and nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of the Drosophila RBP dTIS11. Like its mammalian and yeast homologues, dTIS11 binds AU-rich elements in the 3’UTR of its target mRNAs, and stimulates their rapid deadenylation and decay. Here, we have observed that although dTIS11 appears to be located mostly in the cytoplasm, it is constantly shuttling in and out of the nucleus. We show that the export of dTIS11 from the nucleus depends on the CRM1 exportin and is mediated by a hydrophobic NES that encompasses residues 101 to 113 in dTIS11 sequence. We also identify a cryptic Transportin-dependent PY nuclear localization signal (PY-NLS) in the tandem zinc finger region of dTIS11 and show that it is conserved across the TIS11 protein family. This PY-NLS partially overlaps the second zinc finger (ZnF2) of dTIS11. Importantly, mutations disrupting the capacity of the ZnF2 to coordinate a Zn2+ ion unmask dTIS11 and TTP PY-NLS and promote nuclear import. Taken together, our results indicate that the nuclear export of Drosophila and mammalian TIS11 proteins is mediated by CRM1 through diverging NESs, while their nuclear import mechanism might rely on a conserved PY-NLS whose activity is negatively regulated by ZnF2 folding.<p>In the second part, we present preliminary results which implicate the nucleo-cytoplasmic transport machinery in the assembly of stress granules (SGs) in mammalian cells. SGs contain silenced mRNPs which resemble stalled initiation complexes, and they form transiently in response to acute stress, concomitantly with a global arrest of translation. While their exact role remains undefined, it seems clear that SGs are able to exchange mRNPs with polysomes and with PBs, and that they are connected to post-transcriptional and translational regulations of gene expression during stress. Here, we show that inhibition of Transportin-1 expression or function does not affect the translational status of cells but impairs the assembly of stress granules. Finally, we show that Transportin-1 and -2B, but not -2A, localize into stress granules in response to several stresses. <p>In conclusion, we suggest two potential new roles for Transportins, in the nucleo-cytoplasmic traffic of TIS11 proteins on the one hand and in the assembly of stress granules on the other hand.<p>/<p>Le compartimentage nucléo-cytoplasmique permet aux cellules eucaryotes de réguler l’expression génétique par des mécanismes post-transcriptionnels élaborés. Les ARN messagers subissent plusieurs étapes de maturation dans le noyau avant d’être exportés vers le cytoplasme où ils sont traduits et dégradés. Ces processus sont effectués via des protéines de liaison à l’ARN, ou RBPs. Beaucoup de RBPs exercent des fonctions différentes dans le noyau et dans le cytoplasme, et leur activité peut dès lors être rapidement modulée par une modification de leur localisation.<p>Le transport nucléo-cytoplasmique actif des protéines s’effectue à travers les pores nucléaires et fait majoritairement appel à des transporteurs solubles de la famille des karyophérines. Ceux-ci reconnaissent au sein des protéines à transporter une séquence-passeport appelée NLS (nuclear localization signal) ou NES (nuclear export signal) selon la direction nécessitée. <p>Le présent travail comporte deux parties. La première porte sur la localisation subcellulaire et le transport nucléo-cytoplasmique des protéines de la famille TIS11, et plus particulièrement de dTIS11 qui est le seul représentant de cette famille chez la Drosophile. Comme ses homologues dans d’autres espèces, dTIS11 est une RBP qui favorise la déadénylation et la dégradation de ses ARN messagers cibles. Nos résultats démontrent que dTIS11 fait la navette entre le noyau et le cytoplasme. L’export de dTIS11 hors du noyau est réalisé par la karyophérine CRM1 et fait appel à un NES différent de celui présent chez les protéines TIS11 mammaliennes. Nous identifions également un NLS cryptique au sein du domaine à deux doigts de zinc avec lequel dTIS11 lie l’ARN. Ce NLS correspond partiellement au signal consensus reconnu par la Transportine. Il est démasqué par la mutation du second doigt de zinc ;dans ces conditions, il permet l’import de dTIS11 par la Transportine. Enfin, nous montrons qu’il est conservé dans d’autres protéines de la famille TIS11. <p>Dans la seconde partie, nous nous intéressons aux granules de stress, qui sont des microdomaines cytoplasmiques dans lesquels se concentrent des RBPs et des ARN messagers non traduits en réponse à un stress cellulaire. Nous montrons que les karyophérines appartenant à la sous-famille des Transportines sont présentes dans ces granules et que l’inhibition de l’expression ou de la fonction des Transportines réduit la formation de ces granules en réponse à divers stress cellulaires. Nous écartons la possibilité que ce résultat soit un effet indirect d’un ralentissement du métabolisme traductionnel. Nos résultats suggèrent donc une implication des Transportines dans la formation des granules de stress. <p><br>Doctorat en Sciences<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished