Journal articles: 'Transport biofuels'

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Lynch, Jim, and Patricia J. Harvey. "Opportunities and problems of Bioenergy: The future." Biochemist 33, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03302039.

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Traditionally, biomass such as wood has been used for cooking and heating purposes. The oil crises of the 1970s, however, prompted interest in biomass to produce liquid biofuels and replace fossilbased transport fuels. Subsequent falls in oil prices evaporated much of the incentive and stalled the momentum to expand biofuel production in most countries, but recent years have seen a resurgence of interest, this time prompted by energy supply security, oil price volatility and the new driver: climate change mitigation. As a result, biofuel programmes have proliferated around the world, driven by mandates, targets and subsidies, whilst investment in the development of advanced biofuel technologies has racked up. And, as before, biofuels as an alternative to fossil-based transport fuel, gaseous or liquid, has been emphasized. The 2003 EU Biofuels Directive, for example, targets a 5.75% share of biofuels in transport energy by 2010 and 10% by 2020. However, biofuels can also be used to efficiently produce both heat and power in decentralized production systems based on combined heat and power (CHP) engines. Indeed, whereas transport accounted for nearly one-third of final energy consumption in the EU-27 countries in 2008, heat and electricity account for two-thirds of final consumption (Figure 1).

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Ogner Jåstad, Eirik, Torjus Folsland Bolkesjø, Per Kristian Rørstad, Atle Midttun, Judit Sandquist, and Erik Trømborg. "The Future Role of Forest-Based Biofuels: Industrial Impacts in the Nordic Countries." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 8, 2021): 2073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082073.

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This study applies a partial equilibrium forest sector model to analyse the impacts of biofuel deployment for road transport in the Nordic countries, when alternative use of the biomass resources and transport sector electrification are considered. We foresee a strong electrification of the transport sector, resulting in a demand for biofuels of approximately 2.5 billion L in 2035 and 1 billion L in 2050 in a 100% fossil-free base scenario. The simultaneous increase in demand from pulping industries and biofuel will cause an overall increase in wood use, of which the biofuels share will constitute approximately 20–25%. The utilization of harvest residues will increase more than 300% compared to the current level, since biofuel production will reallocate some of the current raw material used in district heating. Biofuel consumption in road transport will likely reduce after 2040 due to increasing electrification, but it is plausible that the declining domestic demand will be replaced by increasing demand from international biofuel markets in aviation and shipping. The main uncertainties in the scenarios are the future costs and profitability of forest-based biofuel technologies and the public acceptance of the close to 100 TWh of new renewable electricity production needed for the electrification of Nordic road transport.

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Assanosi, Amhamed A., Mohamed M. Farah, Joseph Wood, and Bushra Al-Duri. "A facile acidic choline chloride–p-TSA DES-catalysed dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural." RSC Adv. 4, no. 74 (2014): 39359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra07065h.

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Glensor, Kain, and María Rosa Muñoz B. "Life-Cycle Assessment of Brazilian Transport Biofuel and Electrification Pathways." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 11, 2019): 6332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226332.

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Biofuels and electrification are potential ways to reduce CO2 emissions from the transport sector, although not without limitations or associated problems. This paper describes a life-cycle analysis (LCA) of the Brazilian urban passenger transport system. The LCA considers various scenarios of a wholesale conversion of car and urban bus fleets to 100% electric or biofuel (bioethanol and biodiesel) use by 2050 compared to a business as usual (BAU) scenario. The LCA includes the following phases of vehicles and their life: fuel use and manufacturing (including electricity generation and land-use emissions), vehicle and battery manufacturing and end of life. The results are presented in terms of CO2, nitrous oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions, electricity consumption and the land required to grow the requisite biofuel feedstocks. Biofuels result in similar or higher CO2 and air pollutant emissions than BAU, while electrification resulted in significantly lower emissions of all types. Possible limitations found include the amount of electricity consumed by electric vehicles in the electrification scenarios.

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Cortez, Luís, Telma Teixeira Franco, Gustavo Valença, and Frank Rosillo-Calle. "Perspective Use of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oil (FPBO) in Maritime Transport: The Case of Brazil." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 6, 2021): 4779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164779.

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The maritime transportation sector (MTS) is undertaking a major global effort to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), e.g., sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and the concentration of particulates in suspension. Substantial investment is necessary to develop alternative sustainable fuels, engines, and fuel modifications. The alternative fuels considered in this study include liquified natural gas, nuclear energy, hydrogen, electricity, and biofuels. This paper focuses on biofuels, in particular fast pyrolysis bio-oil (FPBO), a serious partial alternative in MTS. There are some drawbacks, e.g., biofuels usually require land necessary to produce the feedstock and the chemical compatibility of the resulting biofuel with current engines in MTS. The demand for sustainable feedstock production for MTS can be overcome by using cellulose-based and agroforestry residues, which do not compete with food production and can be obtained in large quantities and at a reasonably low cost. The compatibility of biofuels with either bunker fuel or diesel cycle engines can also be solved by upgrading biofuels, adjusting the refining process, or modifying the engine itself. The paper examines the possibilities presented by biofuels, focusing on FPBO in Brazil, for MTS. The key issues investigated include FPBO, production, and end use of feedstocks and the most promising alternatives; thermal conversion technologies; potential applications of FPBO in Brazil; sustainability; biofuels properties; fuels under consideration in MTS, challenges, and opportunities in a rapidly changing maritime fuel sector. Although the focus is on Brazil, the findings of this paper can be replicated in many other parts of the world.

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Kupczyk, Adam, Joanna Mączyńska, Michał Sikora, Karol Tucki, and Tomasz Żelaziński. "Stan i perspektywy oraz uwarunkowania prawne funkcjonowania sektorów biopaliw transportowych w Polsce." Roczniki Naukowe Ekonomii Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich 104, no. 1 (May 17, 2017): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/rnr.2017.104.1.3.

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The current state and the future of the biofuels for transport sectors in Poland were presented in the paper. Because of the importance of legal conditions, crucial directives and acts affecting the shape of these sectors were discussed. The scoring multicriteria M.E. Porter method was used to research attractiveness of the national biofuel sectors, i.e. the sectors of biodiesel and bioethanol produced from edible material (so-called first generation biofuels) as well as the sector of bioethanol produced from inedible material, mainly from lignocellulose (so-called second generation biofuel). Various factors of macro- and microenvironment of first generation biofuels caused regular reduction of their attractiveness. However, the sector of second generation bioethanol, which is not produced at industrial scale in Poland now, is characterized by relatively high and growing attractiveness.

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Marshall, Liz. "Carving Out Policy Space for Sustainability in Biofuel Production." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 36, no. 2 (October 2007): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500007024.

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Biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel are increasingly promoted as green alternatives to petroleum-derived transport fuels. Scaling up feedstock production to produce enough biofuel to displace a significant portion of current petroleum demand will put pressure on land and water resources both domestically and internationally, however, and could potentially be accompanied by unacceptable changes in landscape-level land use patterns and provisioning of ecosystem services. Ensuring that feedstock production is sustainable and that biofuels provide the social and environmental benefits that are often attributed to them will require a carefully designed portfolio of agricultural, forestry, energy, and trade policies related to biofuels and feedstock production. Despite the difficulties associated with development and application of such policies, they should be in place before further policy incentive is provided for expansion of biofuel industries.

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Smigins, R., and P. Shipkovs. "Biofuels in transport sector of Latvia: experience, current status and barriers." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 51, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2014-0004.

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Abstract During the last 10 years biofuel production and utilization in the European Union have become more extensive owing to support provided by the relevant EU Directives. Achievement of the main targets defined by Directives was not simple, being confronted with various barriers. Latvia is one of the EU member-countries that have set an ambitious goal as to the production of biofuel and its use in transport. The authors summarize the major achievements of the country in this area and analyze the main barriers to implementation of biofuels in the transport sector, providing an outlook on the current status of the bioenergy and the transport situation in Latvia.

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Zulauf, Carl, Olena Prutska, Eleonora Kirieieva, and Natalia Pryshliak. "Assessment of the potential for a biofuels industry in Ukraine." Problems and Perspectives in Management 16, no. 4 (October 25, 2018): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(4).2018.08.

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Ukraine is the only major agricultural country whose production of biofuels has declined since 2010. Nevertheless, it has set a target of 11.5 percent of primary energy supply from biomass, biofuels and waste by 2035. Agricultural land needed to produce biofuels feedstock is calculated for two scenarios based on its current 11.5 percent target and previous 5.0 percent target specified as a share of transport energy consumption. The export orientation of Ukraine’s crop sector and resulting foreign currency earnings pose trade-offs if crops are diverted from exports to biofuel feedstocks. Given these trade-offs, policy options for developing a biofuels industry while satisfying Ukraine’s export and domestic markets are to (1) bring land not currently cultivated into production and (2) increase yield. Both options are found to have substantial potential.

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Jansson, Max Salomon. "Public Procurement and Biofuel Sustainability Criteria: Is There a Link?" Climate Law 6, no. 3-4 (October 11, 2016): 296–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18786561-00603006.

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eu member states promote renewable energy in accordance with the provisions of the Renewable Energy Directive (red). The directive includes fully harmonized sustainability criteria for biofuels. These criteria apply, however, only when biofuel production and consumption are incentivized through financial support or schemes with renewable-energy obligations. The objective of this article is to explore the potential relevance of the sustainability criteria in the context of public procurement, e.g. when a public authority prioritizes the use of biofuels in transport services it purchases and wishes to include certain sustainability criteria. I conclude that red’s sustainability criteria would not apply to most models of sustainable public procurement. With this comes the risk that biofuels are promoted in public procurement in contradiction to the ideals reflected in red. Hence, changes to eu biofuel law should be considered, perhaps even drawing from life-cycle models developed in procurement law.

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Soam, Shveta, and Pål Börjesson. "Considerations on Potentials, Greenhouse Gas, and Energy Performance of Biofuels Based on Forest Residues for Heavy-Duty Road Transport in Sweden." Energies 13, no. 24 (December 18, 2020): 6701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246701.

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This case study investigates the potentials, greenhouse gas (GHG), and energy performance of forest residue biofuels produced by new and emerging production technologies, which are commercially implemented in Sweden for heavy transport. The biofuel options included are ethanol (ED 95), hydro-processed vegetable oil (HVO), and liquefied biogas (LBG) produced from logging residues in forestry and sawdust generated in sawmills. The calculated life cycle GHG emissions, based on the EU Renewable Energy Directive calculation methodology, for all three pathways are in the range of 6–11 g CO2eq./MJ, corresponding to 88–94% GHG emission reductions as compared to fossil fuel. Critical parameters are the enzyme configuration for ethanol, hydrogen supply systems and bio-oil technology for HVO, and gasifier size for LBG. The energy input is ranging from 0.16 to 0.43 MJ/MJ biofuel and the total conversion efficiency from the feedstock to biofuel, including high-value by-products (excluding heat), varies between 61 and 65%. The study concludes that the domestic biofuel potential from estimated accessible logging residues and sawdust is equivalent to 50–100% of the current use of fossil diesel in heavy-duty road transport in Sweden, depending on the biofuel production technology selected and excluding energy by-products. Thus, an expansion of forest-based biofuels is a promising strategy to meet the ambitious climate goals in the transport sector in Sweden.

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Jagger, Anna. "Biofuels for transport in 2050." Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 5, no. 5 (September 2011): 481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bbb.330.

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Hawrot-Paw, Małgorzata, Adam Koniuszy, Paweł Sędłak, and Daria Seń. "Functional Properties and Microbiological Stability of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) under Different Storage Conditions." Energies 13, no. 21 (October 28, 2020): 5632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215632.

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Biofuels used as biocomponents for transport fuels should meet quality requirements. Their properties have a significant impact on the proper functioning of the engine supply system and the wear of its components. Changes in the performance of biofuel functionality may already occur during storage. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate changes in selected rheological and tribological parameters of higher fatty acid esters depending on the time and method of their storage by considering different types of substrates used for their production. The presence of possible microbiological contamination, which may affect the examined parameters of biofuels, was also analyzed. The dynamic viscosity of the biofuels tested changed depending on the substrate used. The biofuel produced from waste oil had the highest viscosity. Tribological studies show that both the linear wear of samples and the friction moment were higher after the storage period. The acid number of the esters did not exceed the permissible value recommended by the standard. The type of raw material used for the production of biodiesel and the conditions of its storage affected biodeterioration, proved by the growth of microorganisms. The highest number of microorganisms was recorded in biofuels prepared from waste oil.

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Rodríguez-Fernández, José, Juan José Hernández, Alejandro Calle-Asensio, Ángel Ramos, and Javier Barba. "Selection of Blends of Diesel Fuel and Advanced Biofuels Based on Their Physical and Thermochemical Properties." Energies 12, no. 11 (May 28, 2019): 2034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12112034.

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Current policies focus on encouraging the use of renewable energy sources in transport to reduce the contribution of this sector to global warming and air pollution. In the short-term, attention is focused on developing renewable fuels. Among them, the so-called advanced biofuels, including non-crop and waste-based biofuels, possess important benefits such as higher greenhouse gas (GHG) emission savings and the capacity not to compete with food markets. Recently, European institutions have agreed on specific targets for the new Renewable Energy Directive (2018/2001), including 14% of renewable energy in rail and road transport by 2030. To achieve this, advanced biofuels will be double-counted, and their contribution must be at least 3.5% in 2030 (with a phase-in calendar from 2020). In this work, the fuel properties of blends of regular diesel fuel with four advanced biofuels derived from different sources and production processes are examined. These biofuels are (1) biobutanol produced by microbial ABE fermentation from renewable material, (2) HVO (hydrotreated vegetable oil) derived from hydrogenation of non-edible oils, (3) biodiesel from waste free fatty acids originated in the oil refining industry, and (4) a novel biofuel that combines fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and glycerol formal esters (FAGE), which contributes to a decrease in the excess of glycerol from current biodiesel plants. Blending ratios include 5, 10, 15, and 20% (% vol.) of biofuel, covering the range expected for biofuels in future years. Pure fuels and some higher ratios are considered as well to complete and discuss the tendencies. In the case of biodiesel and FAME/FAGE blends in diesel, ratios up to 20% meet all requirements set in current fuel quality standards. Larger blending ratios are possible for HVO blends if HVO is additivated to lubricity improvers. For biobutanol blends, the recommended blending ratio is limited to 10% or lower to avoid high water content and low cetane number.

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Di Gruttola, Francesca, and Domenico Borello. "Analysis of the EU Secondary Biomass Availability and Conversion Processes to Produce Advanced Biofuels: Use of Existing Databases for Assessing a Metric Evaluation for the 2025 Perspective." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 14, 2021): 7882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147882.

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Nowadays in Europe, the production of advanced biofuels represents a very important objective, given the strong interest in increasing sustainability throughout the transport sector. Production and availability of advanced biofuels are cited as a relevant issue in the most important international actions, such as the Sustainable Development Goals in UN Agenda 2030, EU RED II, and EU Mission Innovation 4, to cite a few of them. However, an important aspect to be considered is the prediction of feedstocks availability to produce advanced biofuel. The first aim of this paper is to assess the availability of European agricultural residues, forestry residues, and biogenic wastes in 2025. The data were collected through a deep review on open FAOSTAT and EUROSTAT databases and then elaborated by the authors. The analysis focuses on the fraction of feedstocks that can be used for advanced biofuels production, i.e., incorporating specific information on sustainable management practices, competitive uses, and environmental risks to preserve soil quality. An autoregressive model is developed to predict future availability, while also considering corrections due to the current pandemic. The results suggest that several European countries could produce enough sustainable advanced feedstocks to meet the European binding target. In particular, France, Germany, and Romania will have high production of agricultural feedstocks; while Austria, Finland, and Sweden will be rich of forestry residues; finally, Italy, France, and United Kingdom will have the highest availability of wastes. To complete the picture, a proper metric is introduced, aiming at generating a technology ranking of the examined alternative fuels, in terms of several relevant parameters such as biomass availability, Technology Readiness Level (TRL), quality of the biofuel, and costs. This analysis allows us to compare advanced biofuels and first-generation biofuels, whose utilization can impact the food market, while also contributing to the increase in the indirect land use change (ILUC). Although the first-generation biofuels remain the most common choice, the renewable (or green) diesel, pyrolysis bio-oil, green jet fuel, and the second-generation bioethanol are promising for different applications in the transport sector. Hydrotreated Vegetable Oils (HVO), Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA), Anaerobic Digestion (AD), and transesterification from vegetable oil represent the most widespread and mature technologies. Thus, it seems mandatory that the transport sector will rely more and more on such fuels in the future. For such reason, a specific support for advanced biomass collection, as well as specific programs for conversion technologies development, are strongly suggested.

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Guittet, Mélanie, Massimiliano Capezzali, Gonzalo Hernando, and Yuri Herreras. "Assessing the sustainability of biofuel production from camelina in Spain, results of the ITAKA project – analysis of GHG emissions." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 90, no. 7 (October 1, 2018): 1027–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-12-2016-0248.

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Purpose With the rapid growth and increased consumption of biofuels worldwide, and the multitude of policy decisions supporting this expansion, growing concerns about the biofuels sustainability have arisen. Therefore, the European project “ITAKA”, aiming at supporting the development of aviation biofuels in an economically, socially and environmentally sustainable manner, has devoted considerable effort to take sustainability into account, in a quantitative and qualitative manner. This paper aims to calculate a robust assessment of a life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) for the entire ITAKA value chain. Design/methodology/approach The calculation for the produced bio jet fuel has been set up using the roundtable on sustainable biomaterials (RSB) European Union (EU) renewable energy directive (RED) methodology, through the online RSB tool. This pathway includes feedstock production, feedstock processing, biofuel production, biofuel distillation and all transport steps involved. Findings A significant reduction in GHG emissions has been demonstrated, up to 66 per cent emission reduction if one considers a mature pathway for the entire ITAKA biofuel chain. Practical implications The camelina oil produced can be sustainable according to RSB and RSB EU RED schemes if the practices defined in the project are applied. Originality/value Application of different frameworks (actual vs theoretical) to the ITAKA value chain has aimed at testing and demonstrating the commercial application of the sustainability standards in Europe and the readiness of biofuels in Europe as a major means to decrease GHG emissions in aviation.

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Farias, Pedro Igor Veillard, Estevão Freire, Armando Lucas Cherem da Cunha, Raul José dos Santos Grumbach, and Adelaide Maria de Souza Antunes. "The Fertilizer Industry in Brazil and the Assurance of Inputs for Biofuels Production: Prospective Scenarios after COVID-19." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (October 26, 2020): 8889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218889.

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Fertilizers are essential inputs for the agribusiness chain—they increase the productivity on available arable land and help to avoid changes in land use. Currently, Brazil is one of the largest consumers of fertilizers in the world but its imports of NPK fertilizers, as a percentage of its total consumption, have risen from 32% in 1988 to 77% in 2018. Biofuels are relevant in the transport sector and the Brazilian government, after the Paris Agreement, created the National Biofuels Policy (Renovabio), which has as one of its goals to raise the participation of biofuels in the transport sector to 28.6% by 2028. Soy, corn, and sugarcane (biofuels raw material) currently account for more than 70% of the consumption of NPK fertilizers in the country. Due to several reasons, in the last 10 years many local projects designed to fill the supply gap for fertilizers in Brazil have not been successful. The recent COVID-19 pandemic has raised questions about the reliability of fertilizer supply in global value chains. In this context, is Brazil’s long-term biofuel market at risk after COVID-19? A total of 38 experts were consulted and four reference scenarios were developed. The article concluded that the Brazilian fertilizer industry must be prepared for a scenario of limited increase in demand on a global scale—strategic alliances may be forged to maintain existing installed capacity. Should the Brazilian government fail to provide any stimulus for the country’s fertilizer industry, it is likely that by 2035, Brazil’s biofuel industry sector would be overexposed to price volatility and availability on the global fertilizer market.

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Mercier, Jérémie, A. Gathorne-Hardy, and Z. Makuch. "Can biofuels justify current transport policies?" IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 6, no. 18 (February 1, 2009): 182005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1307/6/18/182005.

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Lebedevas, Sergejus, and Galina Lebedeva. "THE PROBLEMS OF USING ALCOHOL BIOFUEL MIXTURES IN THE LITHUANIAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM." TRANSPORT 24, no. 1 (March 31, 2009): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648-4142.2009.24.58-65.

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The article presents the technological aspects of the problems aimed at using alcohol biofuel mixtures in diesel engines kept in operation in Lithuania concerning a gradual replacement of fuel oils with biofuels. It is shown that three‐component fuels such as D‐RME‐E possess the motor characteristics close to mineral diesel fuel. The use of the EC standardized rapeseed oil methyl esters RME as a solvent allows compensating the unfavorable motor characteristics of ethanol E and increasing the number of biocomponents in the fuel at the same time. The key aspects of research on the indicator process and the operating characteristics of diesel engines running on alcohol biofuel mixtures are substantiated.

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Nam, Cao Dao, Danh Chan Nguyen, and Van Huong Dong. "Heating System for the use of Bio-Oils for Marine Engines." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 3 (March 26, 2019): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.3.1211.

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Biofuel is a fuel made directly or indirectly from organic materials - biomass, consisting of two main sources from plants and animal waste, not from fossil sources such as oil, coal. At present, biofuels account for about 20% of global energy consumption. Particularly there are some countries, the use of biofuels is even bigger, such as Germany, Brazil, India ..., these are the leading countries in proving the availability and superiority of biofuels. Because fossil energy reserves are declining rapidly, as well as their use which has many consequences for habitat, bioenergy is an inevitable development for the future. Some typical types of biofuels that are widely known today include: bioethanol (bioetanol), biodiesel (biodiesel), green diesel (diesel), biological kerosene (biokerosen-or reactive fuel). biological forces), other biological alcohols (methanol, butanol), bio ether, biogas, syngas, solid biomass fuels. In fact, the two most important biofuels are bioetanol and biodiesel, because of the many properties they have: use for the two most common types of transport (gasoline and motor vehicles). Diesel engine has many properties similar to fossil fuels, but cleaner and cleaner; produced from abundant and renewable materials such as sugar, starch, animal and vegetable fats and oils. The paper presents the heating methods for the use of high-viscosity fuels for diesel engines.

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Cerruti, Elena, Francesca Di Gruttola, Giancarlo Lauro, Teresa Dina Valentini, Paolo Fiaschi, Roberto Sorrenti, and Domenico Borello. "Assessment of Feedstocks and Technologies for Advanced Biofuel Production." E3S Web of Conferences 197 (2020): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019705002.

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The present contribution deals with a comprehensive analysis of the available feedstocks and the appropriate technologies to produce advanced biofuels. The analysis is focused on the EU countries, since they adopted policy measures able to promote advanced biofuels as a strategic solution for a competitive and sustainable transport sector. In this regard, four classes of feedstocks have been taken into account: wastes, vegetable oils, agricultural and forestry residues. Their availability is studied with the aim to respect the European targets in terms of emissions without neglecting possible negative impacts on environment and biodiversity. A metric for the classification of the different solutions is proposed on the basis of feedstocks availability, technology readiness levels (TRL), quality of the produced biofuel as well as feedstock and production costs. It is possible to conclude that, even if the several interesting alternatives currently available have a high ranking in the proposed metric and must be taken in consideration, green diesel is today the most convenient solution for producing advanced biofuel without risks of technological failures and feedstocks shortage. This analysis can provide insights to encourage the development of advanced biofuels in EU, especially for some of the Member States as Germany, France and Italy.

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Holden, Erling, and Geoffrey Gilpin. "Biofuels and Sustainable Transport: A Conceptual Discussion." Sustainability 5, no. 7 (July 22, 2013): 3129–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su5073129.

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Markov, V. A., V. G. Kamaltdinov, A. D. Denisov, and L. I. Bykovskaja. "Multicomponent Emulsified Biofuels for Transport Diesel Engines." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1260 (August 2019): 052021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1260/5/052021.

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Pimentel, David. "Corn and other Plants for Transport Biofuels." Energy & Environment 19, no. 7 (December 2008): 1015–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/095830508786238323.

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Selim, Khaled A., Saadia M. Easa, and Ahmed I. El-Diwany. "The Xylose Metabolizing Yeast Spathaspora passalidarum is a Promising Genetic Treasure for Improving Bioethanol Production." Fermentation 6, no. 1 (March 18, 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation6010033.

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Currently, the fermentation technology for recycling agriculture waste for generation of alternative renewable biofuels is getting more and more attention because of the environmental merits of biofuels for decreasing the rapid rise of greenhouse gas effects compared to petrochemical, keeping in mind the increase of petrol cost and the exhaustion of limited petroleum resources. One of widely used biofuels is bioethanol, and the use of yeasts for commercial fermentation of cellulosic and hemicellulosic agricultural biomasses is one of the growing biotechnological trends for bioethanol production. Effective fermentation and assimilation of xylose, the major pentose sugar element of plant cell walls and the second most abundant carbohydrate, is a bottleneck step towards a robust biofuel production from agricultural waste materials. Hence, several attempts were implemented to engineer the conventional Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast to transport and ferment xylose because naturally it does not use xylose, using genetic materials of Pichia stipitis, the pioneer native xylose fermenting yeast. Recently, the nonconventional yeast Spathaspora passalidarum appeared as a founder member of a new small group of yeasts that, like Pichia stipitis, can utilize and ferment xylose. Therefore, the understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating the xylose assimilation in such pentose fermenting yeasts will enable us to eliminate the obstacles in the biofuels pipeline, and to develop industrial strains by means of genetic engineering to increase the availability of renewable biofuel products from agricultural biomass. In this review, we will highlight the recent advances in the field of native xylose metabolizing yeasts, with special emphasis on S. passalidarum for improving bioethanol production.

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Rossini, Francesco, Maria Elena Provenzano, Ljiljana Kuzmanović, and Roberto Ruggeri. "Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.): A Versatile and Sustainable Crop for Renewable Energy Production in Europe." Agronomy 9, no. 9 (September 10, 2019): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090528.

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Recently, biofuels have become a strategic focus to reduce vehicle emissions and increase sustainability of the transport sector. However, the sustainability of biofuels production has been questioned owing to its implications for future land footprint. In this respect, the EU Commission has very recently classified as low indirect land-use change (ILUC)–risk biofuels those obtained by crops grown on marginal lands and with low external inputs. Only few crops can reach high yields under both of these conditions across Europe. From this point of view, Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is certainly a species worthy of remark since it has all the attributes to accomplish the aims of the updated EU Renewable Energy Directive (RED II). Starting from physiological aspects, the present review examines and summarizes literature on the ecology, genetic resources, agronomic practices and sustainability of this species. The goal is to point out the recent advances of research in Jerusalem artichoke (JA) potential as alternative biofuel feedstock and to identify what is still needed to better characterize its environmental benefits and agronomic performance.

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Stattman, Sarah, Aarti Gupta, Lena Partzsch, and Peter Oosterveer. "Toward Sustainable Biofuels in the European Union? Lessons from a Decade of Hybrid Biofuel Governance." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 9, 2018): 4111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114111.

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The European Union (EU) stands at a crossroads regarding its biofuel policies. For more than a decade, the EU sought to create a market for and govern sustainable biofuels for the transport sector, even as debates over sustainability escalated. It did so by devising novel hybrid (public and private) governance arrangements. We took stock of the nature and outcomes of this experiment in hybrid biofuel governance. We relied on qualitative methods of analysis, whereby we reviewed and synthesized the evolution of EU biofuel governance arrangements over time, through detailed document analysis of secondary and primary literature, including EU and related policy documents and private certification scheme websites. Our analysis reveals that, instead of yielding an increasingly stringent sustainability framework, the hybrid EU governance arrangements resulted in a proliferation of relatively lax, industry-driven, sustainability standards, even as the notion of “sustainable biofuels” remained contested in public and political debate. These findings contribute to an ongoing debate about the merits of hybrid (public–private) governance arrangements, and whether a hybrid approach helps strengthen or weaken sustainability objectives. We conclude that a more stringent EU meta-standard on sustainability needs to be developed, to underpin future governance arrangements.

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Borowski, Piotr F., Adam Kupczyk, Krzysztof Biernat, Joanna Mączyńska-Sęczek, Tomasz Detka, Ewa Golisz, Agnieszka Gawłowska, and Mario Di Nardo. "Problems of Selected Sectors of Biofuels for Transport in Poland." Processes 9, no. 9 (September 2, 2021): 1573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091573.

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The paper discusses issues related to the sectors of biofuels for transport. Development directions of those sectors and factors limiting the growth rate thereof are analysed. At present, researchers’ attention is increasingly focused on development of the alternative fuels sector. Moreover, issues related to waste used in the sector of alternative fuels are now among the leading undertakings of environmental engineering. The authors have analysed the potential of biofuels sectors in Poland taking into account the EU’s legislative requirements. The paper contains a discussion of the sector of esters, liquid biofuels, sector of lignocellulose, sector of liquid bio-hydrocarbons and, additionally, pays attention to the sector of electromobility as one of the most attractive and prospective sectors in terms of emission reduction.

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Kupczyk, Adam, Joanna Mączyńska, Michał Sikora, and Jakub Gawron. "IDENTIFICATION OF THE CSTATE OF THE ART AND ATTRACTIVENESS OF TRANSPORT BIOFUELS SECTORS IN POLAND." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, no. 2 (June 26, 2017): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.1175.

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The current state of transport biofuels sectors in Poland was analysed - as well as the results of the research of their attractiveness in the years 2007-2016 was showed. The national use of biofuels in transport is based on the mixtures of conventional fuels and biocomponents. Therefore, the scope of the analysis included the entities producing bioethanol and methyl esters. The production of these biocomponents takes place in 23 entities in Poland. The production of biocomponents and declared capacity of producers were increasing until 2016. The food raw materials are mainly used in production of the biocomponents in Poland. The EU policy striving to limit of that materials, it is a significant challenge in coming years. The attractiveness of currently existing national transport biofuels sectors systematically decreasing, as the test results showed.

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Geletukha, G. G., T. A. Zheliezna, S. V. Drahniev, and A. I. Bashtovyi. "MAIN TRENDS AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT BIOFUELS MARKET IN THE EU AND UKRAINE." Thermophysics and Thermal Power Engineering 42, no. 1 (April 12, 2020): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ttpe.1.2020.8.

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Purpose of the work is to analyze the perspective directions for the development of transport biofuels sector in Ukraine. Current state and prospects for the production and utilization of transport biofuels in the EU are presented. It is shown that the consumption of transport biofuels in the European Union increased quite dynamically during 2004-2012, experienced a stagnation period for the next four years and started to rise again from 2017. Directive (EU) 2018/2001 (RED II) sets the mandatory target of achieving 14% of renewable energy in the EU transport sector by 2030, with a mandatory share of second generation biofuels. Analysis of the situation in Ukraine shows that the production of bioethanol and biodiesel, unfortunately, has not reached wide development. Over the past twenty years, several relevant programs were developed and approved in the country, but their implementation was not successful in terms of achieving the goals. Today, there are about 20 bioethanol producers in Ukraine with a total capacity of more than 300 kt/yr, but only 8 enterprises with a total capacity of 128 kt/yr are operating. It is known that 14 biodiesel plants with a total capacity of 300 kt/yr have been built in Ukraine, but at present they are actually idle. In addition, there are about 50 smaller enterprises capable of producing up to 25 kt of biodiesel per year, but no reliable information on the actual activity of these enterprises is available. It is obvious that the sector of transport biofuels is currently in a state of stagnation in Ukraine. To improve the situation, it is necessary to implement the consistent state policy and appropriate incentive instruments.

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Kojima, Masami, and Todd Johnson. "Biofuels for transport in developing countries: socioeconomic considerations." Energy for Sustainable Development 10, no. 2 (June 2006): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0973-0826(08)60532-3.

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Pavlovskaia, Evgenia. "Sustainability of Transport Biofuels from a Legal Perspective." International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy 1, no. 4 (2013): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20130104.17.

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Raslavičius, Laurencas, Artūras Keršys, Martynas Starevičius, Jonas Sapragonas, and Žilvinas Bazaras. "Biofuels, sustainability and the transport sector in Lithuania." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 32 (April 2014): 328–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.019.

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Moriarty, Patrick, Xiaoyu Yan, and Stephen Jia Wang. "Liquid biofuels: not a long-term transport solution." Energy Procedia 158 (February 2019): 3265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.986.

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Hyrchenko, Yevhenii, Tetiana Skibina, Yana Us, and Regina Veckalne. "World market of liquid biofuels: trends, policy and challenges." E3S Web of Conferences 280 (2021): 05005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128005005.

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This paper aimed at studying the current state of development of liquid biofuels’ world market. The authors considered the theoretical bases of liquid biofuels production, their types, disadvantages and advantages. The world experience of introducing stimulation mechanisms of development and their influence on the sectors’ growth is analyzed. In this study’s frame, there is outlined the world leaders in the production of liquid biofuels. The findings represent the peculiarities of state regulation in implementing mandates for creating transport fuels with bioliquids. The current state of investment in the production of liquid biofuels was investigated. The obtained results contribute to the prospects for promoting world production of liquid biofuels to achieve the Paris Agreement’s goals by 2030 under the sustainable development scenario.

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Pilgrim, Sarah, and Mark Harvey. "Battles over Biofuels in Europe: NGOs and the Politics of Markets." Sociological Research Online 15, no. 3 (August 2010): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.2192.

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In this paper, we argue that a consortium of NGOs has played a significant role in shaping the market for, and restricting the use of, biofuels as an alternative to conventional fuels for road transport in Europe. This paper considers why a number of NGOs (Greenpeace, Oxfam, WWF, RSPB, Friends of the Earth) have chosen to enter the biofuels debate, and how they have variously developed policy, agreed a political campaign, and exercised political influence, in a key area of the world's response to major global climate change: how to reduce the carbon footprint of transport. We found that in many cases the development of NGO policy has been driven more by narrow political opportunities for influence than by broader and more coherent policy responses to global climate change or economic development, or indeed rigorous assessment of the scientific evidence. The research provides evidence of how NGO policies and lobbying significantly affected biofuel policy changes, review processes, target reductions, and sustainability regulation in the UK and in Europe. We consider that politically instituted markets, such as the one for biofuels, are examples of the emergence of new forms of governance of capitalist political economies facing a novel and pressing combination of drivers (climate change, energy security, resource constraints, and sustainable land-use). Politically instituted markets open up possibilities for political intervention from non-governmental or party-political actors, in ways that other markets do not. If political shaping of markets by NGOs becomes more widespread, issues of democratic legitimacy and public scrutiny will become ever more pressing. The paper is based on in-depth interviews with senior scientific directors and policy-makers in five NGOs, and of senior officials in UK government departments and the European Commission (DG Environment and DG Transport and Energy). It forms part of a wider ESRC research project in Brazil, the USA and Europe on the Transition to Sustainable Bioeconomies.

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Jonathan and M. O. Scurlock. "Biofuels for Transport in the Uk: What is Feasible?: Review/Commentary Article." Energy & Environment 16, no. 2 (March 2005): 273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0958305053749534.

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Recent claims about the potential of UK land to support significant biofuels production for transport are bold, if not surprising. British renewable energy policy appears to be focussed on electricity production, at the expense of the heat and transport sectors. However there are environmental and strategic reasons for reducing the carbon intensity of UK road transport. This paper reviews past and recent studies of the feasibility of liquid biofuels production in Britain. Many earlier studies may have underestimated this potential, and the policy context has shifted significantly, but it would still be difficult to meet current UK gasoline needs from arable and set-aside land. In conclusion, a realistic short-term goal may be 2–3% of UK transport fuel needs from domestic resources by 2010.

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Yue, Taotao, and Marjan Peeters. "Better Greenhouse Gas Emissions Accounting for Biofuels: A Key to Biofuels Sustainability." Climate Law 6, no. 3-4 (October 11, 2016): 279–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18786561-00603005.

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Biofuels are promoted by governments as a replacement for fossil fuels in the transport sector. However, according to current scientific evidence, their use does not necessarily significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This article examines issues related to the regulation of biofuels’ life-cycle ghg emissions. It finds that a regulatory gap exists at the international level, whilst regulation at the domestic level faces limits or is insufficient to fill this gap. It remains to be seen whether, taking into account the scientific complexities, coherent international rules for biofuels will be adopted. Until then, a polycentric regulatory approach on the use of biofuels, which addresses the sustainability problem at multiple scales, thereby enabling experimentation and cross-influence among different levels of standard-setting, will remain in place across the world. The current approach entails a potentially beneficial learning process on how to properly regulate biofuels. However, there is a risk that national regulators will promote biofuels without knowing or accounting exactly for the extent to which they contribute to greenhouse gas reductions.

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Zentková, Iveta, and Eva Cvengrošová. "The Utilization of Rapeseed for Biofuels Production in the EU." Visegrad Journal on Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development 2, no. 1 (September 1, 2013): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjbsd-2013-0002.

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Abstract Biofuels production has risen rapidly in the past decade. Growing tendency can be expected in the future if national governments will continue in achievement of higher share of ‘green energy’. Diversification and self-sufficiency in energy and environmental aspects should underpin national and international policy. Consumption of biofuels in the transport sector has been significantly increasing since 2000. Biofuels produced in the EU are mostly first-generation biofuels, mainly produced from agricultural raw materials. The aim of the article is utilization assessment of the main agriculture crop used in biofuels production in the EU, which is rapeseed. For achievement of the research objective have been used analysis methods, basic statistical indices, the share of rapeseed production used in industrial purposes estimation and self - sufficiency index. The results of the research confirm authors’ expectations concerning shifting of agricultural production primarily intended for food and feed production to industrial purposes due to continually growing demand for biofuels.

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Di Lucia, Lorenzo, and Barbara Ribeiro. "Enacting Responsibilities in Landscape Design: The Case of Advanced Biofuels." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 2, 2018): 4016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114016.

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In this article, we explore the opportunities and challenges of landscape approaches through the lens of responsible research and innovation (RRI). We use the case of transport biofuels to reflect on the capacity of landscape approaches to support the governance of emerging technologies. The case study, developed in the region of Sardinia, Italy, consists of a landscape design process for the implementation of biofuel technologies that rely on the use of non-food dedicated crops and agricultural residues. By using non-food feedstocks, the biofuel project aims to avoid competition with food production and achieve sustainability goals. Through the discussion of key dimensions of RRI in relation to this case, the article puts forward a set of critical aspects of landscape design processes that require further attention from theorists and practitioners in the field of landscape-based planning. These include the power imbalance that exists between the diverse actors involved in project activities, a need for improving the flexibility of the configuration of socio-technical systems, revising assumptions on ‘valid’ knowledge, and improving the deliberative component of planning processes.

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Eggar, Duncan. "Biofuels of the future: Introduction." Biochemist 33, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03302004.

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As oil reserves deplete and the consequences of several generations' worth of carbon emissions are beginning to be experienced, attention is increasingly turning to alternative sources of energy – not least those that may substitute for petrol and diesel as liquid transport fuels. There is already precedent for the use of ethanol as a fuel for road vehicles, but to produce alcohol-based fuels that are sustainable, affordable and do not displace food production is not a trivial matter. As a discipline, biochemistry has a lot to offer in the development of biofuels along every step of the pipeline.

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Dias, Daniela, António Pais Antunes, and Oxana Tchepel. "Modelling of Emissions and Energy Use from Biofuel Fuelled Vehicles at Urban Scale." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 22, 2019): 2902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102902.

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Biofuels have been considered to be sustainable energy source and one of the major alternatives to petroleum-based road transport fuels due to a reduction of greenhouse gases emissions. However, their effects on urban air pollution are not straightforward. The main objective of this work is to estimate the emissions and energy use from bio-fuelled vehicles by using an integrated and flexible modelling approach at the urban scale in order to contribute to the understanding of introducing biofuels as an alternative transport fuel. For this purpose, the new Traffic Emission and Energy Consumption Model (QTraffic) was applied for complex urban road network when considering two biofuels demand scenarios with different blends of bioethanol and biodiesel in comparison to the reference situation over the city of Coimbra (Portugal). The results of this study indicate that the increase of biofuels blends would have a beneficial effect on particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions reduction for the entire road network (−3.1% [−3.8% to −2.1%] by kg). In contrast, an overall negative effect on nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions at urban scale is expected, mainly due to the increase in bioethanol uptake. Moreover, the results indicate that, while there is no noticeable variation observed in energy use, fuel consumption is increased by over 2.4% due to the introduction of the selected biofuels blends.

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Reijnders, Lucas. "Microalgal and Terrestrial Transport Biofuels to Displace Fossil Fuels." Energies 2, no. 1 (February 19, 2009): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en20100048.

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Skeer, Jeffrey, Francisco Boshell, and Maria Ayuso. "Technology Innovation Outlook for Advanced Liquid Biofuels in Transport." ACS Energy Letters 1, no. 4 (September 9, 2016): 724–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00290.

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Grande, Lucía, Ivan Pedroarena, Sophia A. Korili, and Antonio Gil. "Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biomass as One of the Most Promising Alternatives for the Synthesis of Advanced Liquid Biofuels: A Review." Materials 14, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 5286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14185286.

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The use of biofuels offers advantages over existing fuels because they come from renewable sources, they are biodegradable, their storage and transport are safer, and their emissions into the atmosphere are lower. Biomass is one of the most promising sustainable energy sources with a wide variety of organic materials as raw material. Chemical, biochemical, and thermochemical methods have been proposed to obtain biofuels from raw materials from biomass. In recent years, a thermochemical method that has generated great interest is hydrothermal liquefaction. In this paper, a brief review of the main sources for liquid biofuels and the synthesis processes is presented, with special emphasis on the production of biofuels using hydrothermal liquefaction by using waste generated by human activity as raw material.

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Golovin, M. S., and O. V. Kudryavtseva. "Evolution of State Support Mechanisms for the Transport Biofuel Industry in the USA and Prospects for Russia." Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises, no. 8 (2020): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31442/0235-2494-2020-0-8-84-92.

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Over the past 30 years the United States has made significant progress in the development of the biofuel industry. At present US holds a leading position in the global production, consumption and export of first-generation bioethanol, and steadily increasing the production and consumption of first and second generation biodiesel. These successes are based on a state policy aimed at creating domestic demand for transport biofuels and stimulating its production by enterprises located in the United States. The main prerequisites for the implementation of this policy are based on the positive economic and environmental effects that accompany the production and consumption of bioethanol and biodiesel. These include, first of all, the intensification of economic activity in agriculture, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and emissions of pollutants by road, and the diversification of energy consumption patterns. In the Russian Federation, the production and consumption of transport biofuel is currently not carried out on a significant scale. However, the production of first-generation bioethanol can have a positive impact on individual agricultural markets that require the formation of new sources of demand.

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Veipa, Agate, Vladimirs Kirsanovs, and Aiga Barisa. "Techno-Economic Analysis of Biofuel Production Plants Producing Biofuels Using Fisher Tropsch Synthesis." Environmental and Climate Technologies 24, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 373–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2020-0080.

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AbstractTo address rising climate change problems, one significant task is reducing pollution in the transport sector by substituting fossil with biomass-based fuels. One of the potential production methods is by Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis. Both gasoline and diesel types of fuel can be produced. For FT fuels a carbon containing feedstock is needed as an end product, it can be processed in multiple ways using various systems, however the main parts of production are biomass preparation and gasification, where afterwards clean-up of the synthetic gas is required. A liquid form from the syngas is achieved via FT synthesis, after which hydroprocessing is needed for separating naphtha, diesel, and lighter-molecularweight hydrocarbons or other components. For comparison of biofuel plants, the biomass of choice, production processes and end products were analysed, as well as economic feasibility of technologies, to determine whether the costs and investments required are reasonable for the possible outcome.

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Klepacka, Anna Maria, and Joanna Mączyńska. "EFFECTS OF THE EU BIOFUEL USE DIRECTIVE ON THE RURAL AREA DEVELOPMENT IN POLAND." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, no. 2 (May 7, 2018): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.8120.

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The directives obligating the use of renewable energy in transport stimulate the biofuels demand. The aim of the paper was to review the impact of EU directives related to biofuel use on the rural area development in Poland. The research scope covered the rapeseed oil methyl ester production in Poland from 2011 through 2017. The study applies the descriptive comparative methods based on the subject literature as well as data from KOWR, GUS, and PSPO. The findings indicate that the biofuel production not only allows for diversification of energy used in transportation, but also constitutes an important element of the development of rural area. In Poland, the increase in the biofuel demand is conducive to the increase in the agricultural production profitability and reduces disparities in agriculture income. Moreover, it significantly contributes to the increase of feed components supply due to the rape cake production resulting from the oil pressing.

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SIMIONESCU, Mihaela, Lucian-Liviu ALBU, Monica RAILEANU SZELES, and Yuriy BILAN. "THE IMPACT OF BIOFUELS UTILISATION IN TRANSPORT ON THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 23, no. 4 (June 16, 2017): 667–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2017.1323318.

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The biofuels sustainability in transport depends on the energetic products demand and the limited resources. According to European legislation, the energy consumption in transport from renewable energy in the European Union should increase by 10% till 2020. Considering the environmental requests related to greenhouse gases reduction and a lower dependency on oil fuels stimulated more the biofuels production, this research empirically assessed the impact of energy consumption in transport based on biodiesel and bioethanol on sustainable development in terms of economic growth and greenhouse emissions. Using dynamic panel and panel vector-auto-regression models for European Union countries during 2010–2015, we proved that only the energy consumption in transport based on biodiesel had a positive impact on economic growth. The greenhouse emissions did not have any impact on economic growth while the energy consumption in transport based on bioethanol negatively affected the economic growth. The Granger causality tests on panel data indicated a bilateral relationship between economic growth and energy consumption in transport based on biodiesel and between economic growth and energy consumption in transport based on bioethanol. Given these empirical results, the energy policies should focus on the higher utilisation of biodiesel in transport in the EU.

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Łukasik, Rafał M. "Biofuels – Towards Objectives Of 2030 And Beyond." Acta Innovations, no. 39 (April 15, 2021): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32933/actainnovations.39.4.

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The European (and global) energy sector is in a process of profound transformation, making it essential for changes to take place that influence energy producers, operators, and regulators, as well as consumers themselves, as they are the ones who interact in the energy market. The RED II Directive changes the paradigm of the use of biomass in the heat and electricity sectors, by introducing sustainability criteria with mandatory minimum greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions and by establishing energy efficiency criteria. For the transport sector, the extension of the introduction of renewables to all forms of transport (aviation, maritime, rail and road short and long distance), between 2021-2030, the strengthening of energy efficiency and the strong need to reduce GHG emissions, are central to achieving the national targets for renewables in transport, representing the main structural changes in the European decarbonisation policy in that sector. It is necessary to add that biomass is potentially the only source of renewable energy that makes it possible to obtain negative GHG emission values, considering the entire life cycle including CO2 capture and storage. Hence, this work aims to analyse the relevance of biomass for CHP and in particular, the use of biomass for biofuels that contribute to achieving carbon neutrality in 2050. The following thematic sub-areas are addressed in this work: i) the new environmental criteria for the use of biomass for electricity in the EU in light of now renewable energy directive; ii) current and emerging biofuel production technologies and their respective decarbonization potential; iii) the relevance or not of the development of new infrastructures for distribution renewable fuels, alternatives to the existing ones (biomethane, hydrogen, ethanol); iv) the identification of the necessary measures for biomass in the period 2020-2030

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Journal articles on the topic 'Transport biofuels'

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