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Journal articles on the topic 'Transport insurance'

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Published: 28 May 2022
Last updated: 29 May 2022

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1

Tretyak, D., and Yа Poruba. "INNOVATION IN MOTOR TRANSPORT INSURANCE." Investytsiyi: praktyka ta dosvid, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32702/2306-6814.2019.1.30.

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2

Zelenika, Ratko, Tomaž Lotrič, and Ervin Bužan. "Multimodal Transport Operator Liability Insurance Model." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 23, no. 1 (January 26, 2012): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v23i1.146.

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Multimodal transportation means transporting goods from a pickup point, where the operator receives the goods, all the way to the delivery location, using at least two different means of transportation, covered under the same multimodal transport contract and by only one document, regardless of the number or type of transportation vehicles used. The key factor to the optimal operation of multimodal transportation is the multimodal transport operator. It is up to this individual to compensate for various unpredictable circumstances, the complexity of the business processes, nature’s whims and carelessness. He must also organize and execute multimodal transport in all stages. Due to the above mentioned dangers and the fact that the area of liability insurance for multimodal transport operators is still being neglected, this article raises some valid points in favour of a proposal that would cover all of the transportation means as well as all the accompanying activities with a single insurance policy. The model includes 17 elements of liability insurance for a multimodal transport operator and all values which quantify the insurance elements in 2009 as well as the projected values for 2015, when progress is expected in the areas pertaining to the implementation of economical processes concerning transit development, as well as values for 2025, representing a period of innovation, reconstruction, optimization and modernization. With this supposed model for liability insurance of a multimodal transport operator, the foundation is laid for a liability insurance which would be used by a multimodal transport operator. KEYWORDS: transport insurance, multimodal transport, multimodal transport operator, multimodal transport operator liability systems
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3

Matusevich, O., O. Matusevych, V. Bobyl, and O. Chornovil. "RAILWAY TRANSPORT RISK MANAGEMENT AND INSURANCE." Financial and credit activity: problems of theory and practice 2, no. 25 (June 29, 2018): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v2i25.136479.

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4

Sungatullina, A. T., I. B. Gumina, and G. A. Antonova. "Passenger insurance on the Russians railway transport. Automated subsystem of voluntary insurance against passengers accidents on the railway transport bases on the automated control system “Express”." Vestnik of the Railway Research Institute 77, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21780/2223-9731-2018-77-1-27-33.

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The article reviews the ways of insurance in railway transport, namely compulsory insurance of the civil liability of the carrier for causing damage to life, health, property of passengers and voluntary insurance of passengers on the basis of the management system for passenger transportations in the automated control system “Express”. In the case of compulsory insurance, a railway ticket for a longdistance train is a confirmation that the passenger is insured. No additional documents are needed. In the case of voluntary insurance, a passenger can purchase a voluntary insurance policy at the railway ticket office or through the website www: //rzd.ru. The ACS “Express” gives the opportunity for a passenger to issue a travel document for a long distance train and a policy of voluntary insurance against accidents in one of four insurance companies: PJSC “Rosgosstrakh”, LLC “Renaissance Insurance Group”, JSC “Insurance Company BLAGOSOSTOYANIE”, JSC “Insurance Company of the Gas Industry” (SOGAZ). At the moment each insurance company offers insurance premium of 3 par values with the relevant insurance amounts. The cost of voluntary insurance policies depends only on the sum insured and does not depend on such factors as the duration of the trip, the train category or the age of the insured. Insurance coverage is valid during the trip from the moment of announcement of boarding, but not earlier than 30 minutes before departure, and ends no later than one hour after the arrival of the insured passenger to the destination station, provided that it is located on the territory of the railway station or terminal. The insurance contract is concluded for one trip in longdistance railway transport. The information technology of voluntary insurance creates for passengers more attractive conditions, the comfort and safety of passenger transportation increases. The article provides the functional description and report examples of developed and implemented in the industrial operation software and analysis complex on the basis of the ACS “Express”, which includes automated work stations (AWS) “Insurance companies and complexes”, “Voluntary insurance” and “Inquiry on insured passengers by train”. This software and analytical complex implements tasks that ensure the formation of reference and analytical information, operational financial reporting on the sold voluntary insurance policies and monitoring of the demand indicators of insurance policies and insurance companies.
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5

Kisel'ova, Viera. "RISK MANAGEMENT IN AIR TRANSPORT AND INSURANCE." MEST Journal 1, no. 1 (January 15, 2013): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12709/mest.01.01.01.12.pdf.

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6

Bojanowska, Agnieszka, and Agata Magdalena Wójcik. "Modern Distribution Channels in Transport Insurance Market." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego. Problemy Zarządzania, Finansów i Marketingu 41 (2015): 423–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/pzfm.2015.41/2-34.

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7

Mitkov, Milen, Sergey Radukanov, and Mariana Petrova. "Risk management in maritime transport of goods through insurance." MATEC Web of Conferences 339 (2021): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133901003.

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The present study, the issues related to the development and features of Cargo insurance are considered as a way to manage the risk in the maritime transport of goods and cargo. The state, tendencies and prospects for development of this type of insurance are outlined, as well as the gross domestic product of the country. The study period is 2010-2019, ie the years after Bulgaria’s accession to the European Union. The results of the analysis confirm the strong link between maritime transport and insurance of transported goods and cargo, which leads to strong development in the insurance market as a whole. It was established that the rate of development of the gross domestic product of the country lags behind the rate of development of the transported goods and cargo by sea. On the other hand, the pace of development of freight insurance outpaces the pace of development of goods transported by sea and the rate of development of the country’s gross domestic product.
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8

Panchenko, Elena. "THE INSURANCE PROTECTION OF THE PASSENGERS AS A COMPONENT OF FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE RAILWAY TRANSPORT." International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.4255.

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The article explores the totality of relations that are formed in the process of compulsory personal insurance of passengers against accidents in the railway transport. In the process of analyzing the mechanism of insurance protection of passengers in railway transport, its features and shortcomings are revealed, and directions for its improvement are determined. The balance of interests of all subjects of railway-insurance relations has been taking into account.
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9

Savinova, O., and E. Afrikanova. "AUTO INSURANCE: RUSSIAN AND FOREIGN PRACTICE." ASJ 1, no. 50 (July 1, 2021): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/asj.2707-9864.2021.1.50.109.

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This article discusses car insurance in Russia and in the world. Auto insurance in Russia has its own characteristics at the level of legislation. The article also discusses the types of motor transport insurance that are most common for the Russian and global insurance market.
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10

Пригодич, И. А., И. А. Конончук, and А. В. Киевич. "ДОБРОВІЛЬНЕ СТРАХУВАННЯ ГРОМАДЯНСЬКОЇ ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНОСТІ ПЕРЕД МИТНИМИ ОРГАНАМИ." TIME DESCRIPTION OF ECONOMIC REFORMS, no. 1 (April 12, 2019): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/cher.2019.1.08.

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Formulation of the problem. At present, in the conditions of the development of trade, international transportation is becoming more significant. However, despite this, insurance of civil liability to the customs authorities with the use of the International Road Transport Book in the Republic of Belarus shows a negative trend. The purpose of the research is to explore the features of civil liability insurance to customs authorities using the International Road Transport booklet in the Republic of Belarus and analyze its dynamics, as well as to identify possible trends in its development. The object of the research is the features and practical procedures for voluntary insurance of civil liability to customs authorities using the book of International road traffic in the Republic of Belarus. Methods used of the research. The use of the induction method allowed us to designate ways to improve the procedures for voluntary insurance of civil liability to the customs authorities. The hypothesis of the research. The negative tendency of civil liability insurance to customs authorities is partly related to restrictive conditions, under which the carriage of goods under the International Road Traffic System can be carried out. The statement of basic materials. The Convention on International Road Transport defines the carriage of goods carried without intermediate transshipment in road vehicles, their compositions or containers, crossing one or more borders, from the customs of departure to the customs of destination, provided that a certain part of the International Road Transport operation between its beginning and end is made by road. Goods transported in accordance with the International Road Transport Procedure are exempt not only from paying or depositing in the intermediate tariffs of import and export duties and taxes, but also from customs inspection in them. Originality and practical significance of the research. The procedure for the operation of civil liability insurance to customs authorities with the use of the International Road Transport booklet, taking into account the UN Customs Convention on the International Carriage of Goods, is disclosed. Conclusions of the research. Insurance organizations of the Republic of Belarus increase the demand for insurance of civil liability to the customs authorities using the book of International road traffic and popularize it among residents of the country. This will contribute to the development of not only the insurance market in the country, but also the maintenance of the status of the Republic of Belarus as an export-oriented country.
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11

Denzel, Markus A. "Die Hamburger Seeversicherung vom 17. bis zur Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts." Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 65, no. 2 (September 8, 2020): 281–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zug-2019-0031.

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AbstractHamburg’s marine insurance from the 17th to the middle of the 19th centuryIn the eighteenth century, Hamburg emerged as the third-most important marine insurance market in North-West Europe, after Amsterdam and London, with an impact in the entire Baltic Sea area, but partially in ports along the Atlantic coast and in the Mediterranean as well. On the basis of selected examples this contribution outlines the long-term development of marine insurance rates and explains how and why it gradually became less and less expensive to insure ships and goods in maritime transport. At the same time, the paper examines the factors of pricing of the marine insurance rates, i. e. analyses the significance of different various risk factors. Finally, the importance of (marine) insurance as a central transaction cost of trade and (maritime) transport in pre-industrial times is made clear. It is explained, that the long-term minimalisation of the risks involved in the maritime traffic did start only after the Napoleonic Wars and the subjugation of the last pirates in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, which, however, occurred long before the introduction of steam shipping and other innovations in maritime transport and international communication.
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12

Смирнова, Елена, and Илона Булавчик. "Роль автотранспортного страхования в системе обеспечения финансово-экономической безопасности Российской Федерации." ИЗВЕСТИЯ ДАЛЬНЕВОСТОЧНОГО ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА. ЭКОНОМИКА И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ, no. 3 (2019): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24866/2311-2271/2019-3/178-182.

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Работа посвящена исследованию роли автотранспортного страхования в системе финансово-экономической без- опасности Российской Федерации, а также изучению факторов, влияющих на неё. Проведен анализ основных показателей страхового рынка, предоставлены данные о судебных выплатах автоюристам. При исследовании страхового рынка и рынка автотранспортного страхования были применены методы наблюдения и сбора фактов, при изучении динамики показателей рынка страхования в целом и показателей рынков ОСАГО и КАСКО в частности − метод анализа. Исследование изменения показателей страховых премий и страховых выплат проводилось методом сравнения. The purpose of the research lies in studying the role of the motor insurance in the economic and financial security of the Russian Federation. Hence, the purpose requires exploring the notions of ‘economic and financial security’ and ‘motor insurance’, moni- toring the indices of the motor insurance market as compared to other insurance market indices on average, considering factors and issues with a negative impact on the market of motor insur- ance and analyzing the ratio of payouts on claims under court decisions to such not based on court decisions. The study speci- fies different kinds of motor insurance, i.e. compulsory vehicle owners’ liability insurance, voluntary vehicle owners’ liability insurance, comprehensive cover and international insurance (Green Card). The dynamics of the insurance premiums and settlement payments have been studied over the period from 2014 to 2018, showing a tendency towards shrinking in motor insurance share of the total premiums and payments. Apart from eliciting the negative impact factors, the ways of eliminating them have been offered; the structure of judicial enforcement has also been in focus. The main findings may be summarized as fol- lows: payouts on claims under court decisions prevail over such not based on court decisions and motor insurance is of great significance for the economic and financial security of the Russian Federation.
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13

Lukić, Radojko. "Analysis of the efficiency of insurance companies by lines of insurance in Serbia using the COCOSO method." Tokovi osiguranja 37, no. 4 (2021): 9–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tokosig2102009l.

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Lately, as known, the efficiency (performance) of insurance companies has been increasingly assessed through the multiple criteria analysis. Having this in mind, this paper analyses the efficiency of insurance companies by lines of insurance in Serbia using the COCOSO method (Combined Compromise Solution). We have proposed adequate measures, within this context, to upgrade the future efficiency of insurance companies in Serbia. The results of efficiency survey of insurance companies by lines of business in Serbia using the COCOSO method has revealed that the method is best applied in property insurance, followed by the accident insurance and voluntary health insurance, motor vehicle insurance, nonlife insurance not classified in subgroups, life insurance other than pure life, liability insurance, pure life insurance, insurance of vessels and transport, credit and guarantee insurance and aircrafts insurance. Such efficiency ranking of the insurance companies by insurance lines was impacted by numerous macro and micro factors (living standard, economic climate, political situation and the like).
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14

Amirov, Marat I. "Insurance Payments under Compulsory Civil Liability Insurance Agreements in Transport Sector in Case of Victim’s Death." JURIST 22 (November 30, 2017): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3929-2017-22-23-27.

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15

Kaminskyi, Bohdan, and Olga Kaminska. "ROLE OF ASSISTANCE AND INSURANCE COMPANIES WHILE PROVIDING TRAVEL, HEALTH AND TRANSPORTATION SERVICES." Economic Analysis, no. 31(4) (2021): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2021.04.019.

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Introduction. In the article, the theoretical bases (principles) of insurance assistance are investigated. The formation prerequisites of interaction of assistance and insurance companies are analyzed. The necessity of assistance companies activities in the insurance market while providing tourism, health and transportation services is grounded. Purpose. The aim of the investigation is to substantiate the theoretical and organizational principles of the insurance and assistance companies cooperation. Method (methodology) of the work is based on the methodology of insurance assistance, assistance companies in the insurance market in providing travel, medical and motor transport services. Results. We note that the necessity for activities of the assistance companies at the insurance market is undeniable today. The cooperation of assistance and insurance companies will continue to grow, as it enables the insurer to develop competitive and attractive insurance products to potential policyholders, to provide legal support, regulation of consequences and financial aspects of the insurance cases in various fields of the insurance, travel insurance, including health, motor vehicle and so on.
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16

Nosov, Nikita. "Automotive Digital Earth: Big Data, Insurance." Geocontext 8, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/2686-8326-2020-27-32.

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The article is devoted to the implementation of Big Data technology in the auto industry and insurance. The article substantiates the need to use this technology in the context of rapidly growing volumes of information, describes the role of big data in modern life and predicts its use in the concept of the future development of the Digital Earth. The current level of Big Data usage in the automotive sector in Russia and around the world is considered. The §author describes the main areas of application of Big Data, such as car insurance using telematics devices, navigation, improving the production process of cars in terms of identifying and eliminating system flaws that are detected during operation, as well as about the growing popularity and at the same time causing heated controversy of the technology of unmanned driving. Statistical data on the number of self-driving cars in countries, the level of their introduction into everyday life, and people's readiness for a new stage of transport development are presented. Separately, the author raises the question of the legal regulation of Big Data, which at this stage is in its infancy and requires careful study, identifies current legal problems that arise in the process of implementing this technology. As a solution to the problem, a number of measures are proposed to fill the existing gap and establish compliance with the rule of law and common principles for the use and protection of Big data.
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Gresz, Miklós. "Evaluating the National Health Insurance database of Hungary from the aspect of a health insurance specialist." Orvosi Hetilap 153, no. 31 (August 2012): 1234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2012.29423.

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There is currently only one national database in the Hungarian health care system: the financial database of the National Health Insurance Fund. It includes all patients’ data of state-funded services since 2000, those for pharmaceuticals, health spas and suppliers for patient transport. Any information for scientific research purposes can be obtained from this database. The database for inpatient records is complicated, and it is difficult to make queries. On the basis of his ten-year-experience, the author outlines the typical errors, which hinder a correct query. Orv. Hetil., 2012, 153, 1234–1239.
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18

Gorzelańczyk, Piotr, and Adam Koszorowski. "Analysis maintenance costs of the transport fleet on example of the public communication system." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, no. 6 (June 30, 2018): 437–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.108.

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The article concerns the costs related to maintaining the transport fleet in a public transport system. It presents the theoretical basis for urban transport, the costs that appear in the context of the transport fleet, the characteristics of the enterprise in question. The next part of the article analyzes the costs related to fuel consumption, operation, service and insurance of vehicles. The analysis shows the differentiation of these costs between individual buses and draws conclusions.
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Bulatov, Sergey. "IMPROVEMENT OF THE EFFICIENCY OF DUPLICATES AT A MOTOR TRANSPORT ENTERPRISE IF AN INSURANCE RESERVE IS AVAILABLE." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2021, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/1999-8775-2021-9-43-48.

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The purpose of this article is to develop a model for managing duplicates at a motor transport if there is an insurance reserve. The task is to minimize the total costs (losses) at the motor transport enterprise. For an optimal model of duplicates management, regardless of the supplier and the time of delivery, the insurance stock in the warehouses of motor transport enterprises will satisfy the demand for spare parts necessary for rolling stock. Also, taking into account the determination of the optimal size of duplicates, the prediction of sudden failures, as well as statistics maintained in the Procurement service of motor transport enterprises, the volume and frequency of orders for duplicates become known. Determining the size of duplicates batch of various classification and quality allows the MTS (material and technical support) services of motor transport enterprises to ensure not only an uninterrupted transport process, but increase the coefficient of technical readiness and save on previously unclaimed stocks (surpluses) ensuring the effective distribution of financial resources. Further research in this area will be aimed at determining duplicates quality, supplied to the motor transport enterprise and developing methods for assessing the risk of the impact of defects in spare parts on failures and further consequences.
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Pesotskiy, A. B., and E. A. Makarenko. "IMPLEMENTATION OF IOT IN THE INSURED EXPECTATION MANAGEMENT MODEL." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 4, no. 12 (2021): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.12.04.011.

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The article considers the introduction of Internet of Things technologies into the waiting model in the insurance services market. The basic scheme of the content of the Internet of Things concept and its use in the insurance business are presented. The main directions of the introduction of the Internet of Things are considered, such as prevention of the occurrence of risky situations and reduction of the scale of losses due to the events that occurred and (or) their frequency. The options for applying the concept in vol-untary medical insurance, property and motor transport insurance, taking into account the use of marketing relationships with consumers, are considered. The reasons hindering the development of the Internet of Things in Russia in the context of types of insurance have been identified.
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Gurien, Lori A., David J. Chesire, Stephanie L. Koonce, and J. Bracken Burns. "An Evaluation of Trauma Outcomes Related to Insurance Status in Patients Requiring Prehospital Helicopter Transport." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 30, no. 1 (November 20, 2014): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x14001253.

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AbstractIntroductionDisparities in access to medical care and outcomes of medical treatment related to insurance status are documented. However, little attention has been given to the effect of health care funding status on outcomes in trauma patients.Hypothesis/ProblemThis study evaluated if adult trauma patients who arrived by air transport to a trauma center had different clinical outcomes based on their health insurance status.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed of all adult trauma patients arriving by prehospital flight services to a Level I Trauma Center over a 5-year period. Patients were classified as unfunded or funded based on health insurance status. Injury severity scores (ISS) were compared, while the end points evaluated in the study included duration of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU), duration of hospitalization, and mortality.ResultsA total of 1,877 adult patients met inclusion criteria for the study, with 14% (n = 259) classified as unfunded and 86% (n = 1,618) classified as funded. Unfunded patients compared to funded patients had a significantly lower average ISS (12.82 vs 15.56; P < .001) but a significantly higher mortality rate (16.6% vs 10.7%; P < .01) and a 1.54 relative risk of death (95% CI, 1.136-2.098). Neither mean ICU stay (3.44 days vs 4.98 days; P = .264) nor duration of hospitalization (11.18 days vs 13.34 days; P = .382) was significantly different when controlling for ISS.ConclusionUnfunded health insurance status is associated with worse outcomes following less significant injury. Further investigation of baseline health disparities for identification and early intervention may improve outcomes. Additionally, these findings may have implications for the health systems of other countries that lack universal health care coverage.GurienLA, ChesireDJ, KoonceSL, BurnsJBJr. An evaluation of trauma outcomes related to insurance status in patients requiring prehospital helicopter transport. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(6):1-4.
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22

Zakrzewski, Szczepan Edmund. "Safety technology, law and insurance of the 'free-flow' transport concept." Technology, Law and Insurance 2, no. 1 (March 1997): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/135993797349948.

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Tatarinov, V., and A. Kirsanov. "Information support for safety insurance of road transport of dangerous goods." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 492 (March 13, 2019): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/492/1/012006.

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24

Durbin, Dennis R., Angelo P. Giardino, Mary C. Harris, and Jeffrey H. Silber. "DOES PATIENT INSURANCE TYPE INFLUENCE THE PROBABILITY OF INTER-HOSPITAL TRANSPORT." Pediatric Emergency Care 8, no. 6 (December 1992): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006565-199212000-00021.

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25

Boboc, Silvia. "Spanish and EU Legislation on Carrier's Liability Insurance in Land Transport." European Journal of Commercial Contract Law 14, no. 1 (April 7, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7590/187714622x16487115009316.

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26

Furlong, Brendan R., Michael B. Heller, and Thomas E. Auble. "Are Race, Age, Gender, and Insurance Status Determinants in Interhospital Helicopter Transport Time and Frequency?" Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 8, no. 4 (December 1993): 311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00040565.

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AbstractObjective:To examine the effects of age, race, gender, and insurance status on utilization and times-to-transport (TTT) for interhospital air medical transfers from rural hospitals to tertiary care centers.Design:A retrospective review of interhospital transport records. The TTT was examined as a function of age, gender, race, and insurance status using the Student's t-test for unpaired samples. The Exact Binomial Test (alpha error at 0.05) was used to compare the observed versus expected transport rates for non-whites.Setting/Participants:A total of 268 patient transfers from hospitals within a two-county region in central Pennsylvania to tertiary care centers was analyzed. All records with sufficient demographic, TTT, or insurance data were included. Absence of data was the only exclusion.Results:The TTT (mean ± SD) was longer (2666 ± 3940 minutes (min.) versus 619 ± 909 min., respectively) for adult than pediatric patients (p <O1), and (2588 ± 4041 min. versus 640 ± 1301 min., respectively) for insured versus uninsured patients (p <.O1). The observed proportion of non-whites transported was less than expected (.41% versus 2.1 %) based on the proportion of non-whites in the region (p <.O5).Conclusion:The TTT was longer for adults than for children and for the insured than the uninsured. Non-whites were transported less frequently than predicted.
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Tatar, M. S., O. V. Hrebenikova, and I. G. Kovalchuk. "Ensuring the Financial Sustainability of Insurance Companies in the Face of Global Challenges." Business Inform 11, no. 514 (2020): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-11-371-378.

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The article is aimed at analyzing the financial sustainability of insurance companies in dynamics, identifying the factors of influence upon it, determining the peculiarities of its provision in the face of global challenges. Global challenges, one of which is the modern pandemic resulting in the introduced socio-behavioral restrictions, caused a decline in business activity of economic entities, which significantly affected the insurance market and actualized the analysis and provision of financial sustainability of insurance companies. As result of the study, liquidity coefficients of insurance reserves, independence and financial autonomy are computed as the main indicators of financial sustainability. The analysis of the dependence of the of risk of insurance coefficient, the risk retention coefficient, the coefficient of unprofitableness of insurance operations, the profitability of sale coefficient from the proportion of ground transport insurance, the proportion of insurance of other property, the proportion of compulsory insurance of civil liability of owners of land vehicles is carried out. The criteria for ensuring financial sustainability and appropriate measures to strengthen it in the face of global challenges are proposed. Prospects for further research in this direction are the analysis of changes in the behavior of insurance companies in order to identify patterns of behavior of insurers during certain global challenges and megacrises.
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Tatar, M. S., O. V. Hrebenikova, and I. G. Kovalchuk. "Ensuring the Financial Sustainability of Insurance Companies in the Face of Global Challenges." Business Inform 11, no. 514 (2020): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-11-371-378.

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The article is aimed at analyzing the financial sustainability of insurance companies in dynamics, identifying the factors of influence upon it, determining the peculiarities of its provision in the face of global challenges. Global challenges, one of which is the modern pandemic resulting in the introduced socio-behavioral restrictions, caused a decline in business activity of economic entities, which significantly affected the insurance market and actualized the analysis and provision of financial sustainability of insurance companies. As result of the study, liquidity coefficients of insurance reserves, independence and financial autonomy are computed as the main indicators of financial sustainability. The analysis of the dependence of the of risk of insurance coefficient, the risk retention coefficient, the coefficient of unprofitableness of insurance operations, the profitability of sale coefficient from the proportion of ground transport insurance, the proportion of insurance of other property, the proportion of compulsory insurance of civil liability of owners of land vehicles is carried out. The criteria for ensuring financial sustainability and appropriate measures to strengthen it in the face of global challenges are proposed. Prospects for further research in this direction are the analysis of changes in the behavior of insurance companies in order to identify patterns of behavior of insurers during certain global challenges and megacrises.
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Stojanac, Nenad, Ognjen Stevančević, Jasna Prodanov Radulović, Radoslav Došen, Marko R. Cincović, Aleksandar Potkonjak, and Vuk Vračar. "FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF A BOAR DIED DURING TRANSPORT AIMED AT REIMBURSEMENT OF INSURED ANIMAL." Archives of Veterinary Medicine 8, no. 1 (March 8, 2016): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.46784/e-avm.v8i1.106.

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The long lasting transport of high-value animals during the import represents the signifi cant stress factor for animals, which can lead to severehealth problems and even animal death. Thus, insurance of animals against the event of death is highly recommended. In case of the damage ofthe insured animal (death) it is necessary to implement all statutory and contractual measures for determining the reasons of the damage in orderto eff ectively compensate the loss in the country, in which the animal is insured. In this article, we described the case control study, a death of breeding animal (boar) during the transport (import) from Denmark to Serbia. The animal was insured in exporting country and the forensic expertise was necessary to the purpose of adequate insurance compensation. On the basis of applied methods, which included medical history, records of clinical fi ndings, gross pathological fi ndings and laboratory examination, the cause of death of imported boar was identifi ed (heart failure and suff ocation). The Danish insurance company accepted the results of the examination and compensation has been successfully implemented on behalf of the dead boar.
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MARTSENIUK, Olena. "CURRENT TRENDS OF AUTOTRANSPORT INSURANCE IN UKRAINE." "EСONOMY. FINANСES. MANAGEMENT: Topical issues of science and practical activity", no. 2 (56) (June 29, 2021): 94–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2021-2-7.

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The research of the article is aimed at highlighting the essence and features of the functioning of the car insurance market in Ukraine. The study found that motor insurance is associated with profound economic and social changes in society due to mass motorization, the growth of the car fleet and traffic intensity, as well as huge material losses as a result of road accidents. It should be noted that freight transport is developing quite rapidly both within the country and abroad. At the same time, an increase in the number of intercity bus transportation, excursion and tourist bus services has been established, and as a result, international motor tourism is growing. It is proved that these factors contribute to the growth of accidents, losses in the transportation of goods, increase accidents with passengers and pedestrians on highways and, accordingly, material and social losses of society, population, commercial and government agencies. It is substantiated that insurance in general and civil liability insurance, as its integral part, is an infrastructure that helps to increase the efficiency of all areas of business. This determines the importance of the development of all types of insurance in Ukraine, taking into account the process of integration into the world community. It is established that the development of insurance market in our country should be based on the study and balanced use of experience of industrialized countries with long traditions in the insurance market, legal regulation of insurers and diversification of various types of insurance. However, it should be borne in mind that the world community has invented universal means of compensation, which is the most popular type of liability insurance worldwide – is the insurance of civil liability of owners of land vehicles. It provides for the payment of monetary compensation to the victim in the amount that would be collected from the owner of the vehicle on a civil lawsuit in favor of a third party for damage to life and health, as well as for damage or loss of property due to an accident or other road – transport accident due to the fault of the insured. Given the state and prospects of motorization in our country, as well as foreign experience in insurance market, we can say with confidence that liability insurance is one of the leading areas among other types of insurance. However, in its organization and implementation there are many different problems of legal, social, economic and organizational type. Recommendations on the prospects for the development of civil liability insurance of owners of land vehicles in Ukraine are given.
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Park, Jin-Woo, and Doo-Won Choi. "A Study on Accident Prevention Measures and Insurance of Dangerous Goods Transport." Regional Industry Review 44, no. 4 (November 30, 2021): 533–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33932/rir.44.4.24.

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32

JaeOkChang and 김은경. "The Relationship between Technology Development and Premium Rate in Automobile Insurance -Problem of Intelligent Transport Systems and Smart Car Insurance-." HUFS Law Review 36, no. 4 (November 2012): 277–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17257/hufslr.2012.36.4.277.

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33

Gulamov S. S. and Shermukhamedov A. T. "“DIGITALIZATION” OF LOGISTICS." European Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems, no. 1(1) (November 30, 2018): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ejits/30112018/6215.

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In article development of “digitalization” in transport and logistics spheres is described. New unique services for users of transport raise its safety, convenience and availability and demands perfection of system of legal and technical regulation, creation of through technologies and information security maintenance. The electronic trading platform of freight traffic and its integration with an automobile complex will accelerate granting to multimodal services to terminal-warehouse complexes, financial to services and insurance that becomes a basis of a transport-logistical platform of the country.
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Sukhov, Philipp, Vladimir Popov, and Viktor Filippov. "Traffic safety management based on integrated assessment of safety level." MATEC Web of Conferences 239 (2018): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823902003.

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The volumes of freight and passenger traffic on the railways of the Russian Federation are increasing every year. Along with the increase in the transportation work, the likelihood of occurrence of undesirable incidents in railway transport increases. The assessment of the level of comprehensive (integrated) safety is an important scientific and technical problem in the current conditions of the functioning of railway transport. The methods used to assess the level of safety do not always meet the requirements of complexity in view of comparison of various-scale violations of traffic safety (crash, accident, faulty operation). The paper proposes a mathematical method for assessing the level of integrated safety in railway transport and calculation of the safety index of train traffic. For the calculation, statistical data for a certain period are used. These data summarized in a specialized dictionary of traffic safety violations, the mathematical treatment of which provides information on the level of integrated safety in railway transport in the Russian Federation. The proposed index allows determining the effectiveness of management decisions in the field of train traffic safety, as well as assessing the effectiveness of implementing certain innovations in the field of traffic safety. It is possible to use data on integrated traffic safety to reduce insurance premiums for cargo insurance on railways.
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Egorova, Olga Aleksandrovna. "Appointment of a Proper Defendant in Cases Over Insurance Indemnity Under Third Party Liability Insurance Contract." Юридические исследования, no. 11 (November 2019): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7136.2019.11.31274.

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In this article Egorova analyzes questions that relate to the process of appointment of participants in a judicial process resulting from third party liability insurance contract made by vehicle owners who may act as an obligator on the side of the defendant. The importance of apointing a proper defendant is caused by the fact that these are unique cases that require a different court procedure, thus, the relationship between parties that existed prior the trial may significantly affect the final decision of the court. The research is based on theoretical and comparative analysis of the provisions of the Federal Law No. 40 of April 25, 2002 'Concerning Compulsory Civil Insurance of Owners of Means of Transport' that set forth several ways of compensation of harm as a result of road traffic incident, each way has its own proper defendant. The results of the theoretical analysis allow to describe a range of potential proper defendants nunder third party liability insurance contract. This proves the importance of the issue raised by the author of the article. The practical importance of the research is proved by the author through analyzing procedural competences of court and what defendants may be involved in the dispute.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
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Sałek, Robert, and Michał Słabik. "The Role of Fastening Loads in the Safety Management of Intermodal Transport of Truck Semi-Trailers." System Safety: Human - Technical Facility - Environment 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 978–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/czoto-2019-0124.

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AbstractEnsuring transport safety is one of the key areas of transport companies’ operations. Management and organization processes not only in the intermodal transport are associated with decision-making in regard to adequate load securing, which is exposed to the inertia forces resulting from the movement of transport means. Regardless, the responsibility of individual entities in the process and the applicable insurance, the basic aspect to ensure transport safety is the correct securing of the cargo. In the article, the authors present elements of calculation models for different methods of securing cargo. Calculations were performed for the selected type of load on the specific semi-trailer meeting the requirements of the XL Code adapted for intermodal transport. The analysis of safety management in transport in the aspect of decision-making about the method of securing the cargo was also made.
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37

Sladkova, A. A. "BASIC TERMS OF DELIVERY AS A DECISIVE FACTOR AFFECTING THE VALIDITY OF A FOREIGN TRADE CONTRACT AND THE CORRECTNESS OF THE CALCULATION OF THE CUSTOMS VALUE OF GOODS." International Trade and Trade Policy 7, no. 2 (June 28, 2021): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2021-2-149-159.

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The article deals with some aspects of the legal regulation of relations between the counterparties of a foreign trade transaction. Based on the results of the analysis of the practice of the International Commercial Arbitration Court at the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation, conclusions are drawn on the application of the provisions of the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods of 1980 in resolving disputes between the parties to a foreign trade contract. The features of using the delivery bases under INCOTERMS 2020 in order to form the transport conditions of a foreign trade contract are revealed, and also, using the example of several delivery bases, it is indicated what transport costs should be charged to the contract value of goods in order to form the correct customs value. Based on the consideration of some court decisions, the role and significance of the delivery basis were determined both for resolving disputes between counterparties in case of accidental damage or loss of cargo during transportation, and for correctly determining the amount of the customs value of goods. A specific example is used to calculate the amounts of transport costs, insurance and customs value for each product when they are delivered together, when the total transport costs and insurance are initially determined for them.
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38

Harris, T. "Transport from farm to slaughter." BSAP Occasional Publication 23 (January 1999): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00033188.

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AbstractLive animal transport has a long history, dating back to biblical times. Today, the national and international transport of live animal is governed principally by a number of European Union Directives. In the UK these have been distilled into the welfare of Animals (Transport) Order 1997. This is primarily the responsibility of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food but in practice the day-to-day administration of the regulations is devolved to local authorities. It is feared that this may lead to regional differences in interpretation. The situation is made more complex by the addition of further layers of bureaucracy from, for example, the Road Haulage Association, supermarkets and the multiplicity of quality assurance schemes. The responsibility for the lawful transport of live animals from farm to market or abattoir lies with the supplier who, under recent legislation, must satisfy himself or herself that the carrier is competent to transport the particular class of livestock. Similarly, the insurance of the animals during transit is the supplier's responsibility. The multiplicity of rules and regulations governing stocking densities, journey times, lairage, the cleaning and disinfection of vehicles and vehicle construction standards is resulting in many carriers deciding not to continue in the business of live animal transport.
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39

Pomykala, Agata. "Effectiveness of urban transport modes." MATEC Web of Conferences 180 (2018): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818003003.

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Social expectations in terms of improving the conditions of life in cities whilst increase of mobility poses a difficult challenge for urban transport organizers. At the same time, conditions related to sustainable development policies with scarce resources and available reserves focus attention on transport optimization and reduction of environment harmful impacts. The paper presents an assessment of the efficiency of urban transport in terms of capacity, energy use, CO2 emissions and costs, based on data on European medium cities in traffic conditions - peak (congestion) and off-peak traffic (no congestion). Compared were road vehicles: cars and buses of different propulsion, motorcycles and also rail vehicles: metro, tram/light rail and trains/heavy rail. The results are presented in tables or in graphs. The comparisons make it possible to identify the most efficient, in various scenarios, transport modes and may be helpful in deciding on issues related to the provision and organization of urban transport. In this article, cost evaluation omits external costs (although CO2 emissions are taken into account) but includes fixed and variable costs associated with the use of vehicles (including fuel costs, maintenance, inspections, depreciation, insurance).In the preparation of the article information available in literature, publication and reports, particularly of the European Commission one was used.
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40

Remi, Sutyastie Soemitro, Sihono Dwi Waluyo, and Bagdja Muljarijadi. "The Role of Tourism in The Development of Regional Economy: Case Study of The Special Capital Region of Jakarta Province." AFEBI Economic and Finance Review 2, no. 01 (August 7, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47312/aefr.v2i01.49.

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<p>This study aims to assess the economic role of tourism to the economy of the Province of the Special Capital Region (DKI) of Jakarta. The research model used is the input-output model.</p><p><br />The results showed that the tourism economy of Jakarta contributed significantly to the economy of Jakarta. The restaurant sector in the core sectors of tourism (hotel, restaurant, travel agency services and entertainment services, transportation) have the highest backward linkages and forward linkages as well as power distribution and a high level of sensitivity. In the tourist expenditure structure, the expenditure for sectors that are directly related to tourism highway transportation, hotel and restaurant occupy the highest role.</p><p><br />Sectors that have an impact on the resulting output of the largest tourist expenditure is directly related to the sectors of tourism, namely the hotel sector, followed by the air transport sector, banks, insurance and business services, restaurant and travel agency services. While that get impacted gross value added is the largest hotel, air transport; banks, insurance and business services; restaurant and travel agency services. Which have an impact on wages / salaries is the largest hotel sector, air transport, restaurant and travel agency services. The impact of the tax, which obtained the largest sector was the hotel sector, followed by restaurants, trade and travel agency services. The resulting impact of labor is the hotel sector which obtained the largest share, followed by the restaurant sector, air transport and travel agency services.</p><p><br />The results also show the potential for increased tourism to the economic value of Jakarta which can be achieved by: (1) prepare tourism policy related to trade, the bank sector, insurance and business services sector, the food industry, beverages, tobacco and cigarettes; the electricity sector / gas / water, and the construction sector, and (2) developing the core sectors of tourism with hotel sector priorities, the air transport sector, the sector of the restaurant, travel agency services sector, and the road transport sector.</p><p><br />JEL Classification: H71, L80, L83<br />Keywords: Input-Output, Labor, Linkages, Multipliers, Taxes, Wages/Salaries</p>
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41

Zubiri de Salinas, Mercedes. "La ampliación del concepto de pasajero debida a la influencia del concepto de consumidor. / The expansion of the passenger concept due to the influence of the consumer concept." Revista de Derecho Privado │Universidad Blas Pascal 8, no. 8 (February 21, 2022): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37767/2362-5325(2021)001.

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Los conceptos de consumidor y pasajero no son coincidentes en esencia, pero son conceptos interrelacionados desde antiguo puesto que el fundamento de esta obligación tuitiva del transportista sobre el pasajero es común a la política de protección de los consumidores en general. Dichos conceptos son dinámicos en cuanto que se encuenque la noción de consumidor se va extendiendo a las personas jurídicas y no solo a la persona física. Este concepto se amplía todavía más en el sector de transporte como se ha evidenciado en el estudio de las normas sobre viajes combinados que se ha efectuado. De tal manera que, como ocurre en otras cuestiones de Derecho privado, a medida que uno de ellos se amplía genera un mayor ámbito de aplicación del otro. Me estoy se iba permitiendo asegurar la responsabilidad, se iba objetivando la misma. La espiral responsabilidad civil-seguro-responsabilidad civil iba generando que, a nuevos riesgos, mayor aseguramiento y la aparición de nuevos tipos de seguros de responsabilidad civil generaban nuevos criterios de imputación de la responsabilidad cada vez más objetivos. Para el sector aéreo la protección del pasajero está en la base de funcionamiento del propio mercado de transportes independientemente de la condición de consumidores o no. Para que el mercado funcione y siga habiendo demanda de los servicios de transporte es necesario que las compañías amparen a sus viajeros, independientemente de sus normas para tratar de manera distinta solo a aquellos que se encuentran en pie de igualdad en la contratación. ABSTRACT The concepts of consumer and passenger do not coincide in essence, but they are interrelated concepts since ancient times since the basis of this protective obligation of the carrier over the passenger is common to the consumer protection policy in general. These concepts are dynamic in that they are constantly evolving and expanding. This becomes evident when it is observed that the notion of consumer is being extended to legal persons and not only to the natural person. This concept is extended even more in the transport sector as has been evidenced in the study of the rules on package travel that has been carried out. In such a way that, as in other matters of private law, as one of them expands, it generates a greater scope of application of the other. I am referring to matters such as civil liability and insurance in which, as liability was allowed to be insured, it was being objectified. The spiral civil responsibility-insurance-civil liability was generating that, with new risks, greater insurance and the appearance of new types of civil liability insurance generated new criteria for attributing liability that were increasingly objective. For the airline sector, passenger protection is the basis for the operation of the transport market itself, regardless of whether they are consumers or not. For the market to function and demand for transport services to continue, it is necessary for companies to protect their travelers, regardless of whether they are consumers or not. Likewise, it would be interesting for the sector itself to modify its rules to treat differently only those who are on an equal footing in hiring.
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42

Lohsse, Sebastian. "Vom Seedarlehen zur Versicherung in der mittelalterlichen Rechtswissenschaft." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Romanistische Abteilung 133, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 372–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.26498/zrgra-2016-0111.

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Abstract The Evolution from Sea Loans to Insurance in the Medieval Legal Discourse. In medieval law sea loan contracts are faced with the canon law prohibition of usury. The lender thus may not claim any interest on the loan. Moreover, by the decretal Naviganti the lender is also charged with usury when asking for a compensation for taking over the risk of transport by ship. The article considers the question of how and on which basis jurists subsequently justified the legitimacy of such a premium for the adoption of risk and how thereby the insurance contract originated as a spin-off of the sea loan.
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43

Muja, Aranit. "Impact Analysis of the Change in Personal Injury Regulation in Albania." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 9, no. 6 (November 1, 2018): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mjss-2018-0168.

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Abstract The regulation, no. 53, setting the compensation for motor third party bodily injuries in Albania is amended and has changed on July 1st, 2018. A significant increase in claims cost is expected, with direct consequences for insurers and policyholders. In order to estimate this change, we have conducted an analysis aiming to understand how the new amendment in the regulation would impact claim costs of personal injury. We start with a brief overview of the Insurance market in Albania. We then continue with some more technical data regarding the domestic MTPL, followed by some key highlights, and continue with an introduction of rules and procedures on handling claims covered by contracts of compulsory insurance in the transport sector in Albania. Finally we reveal how the capitalized amount coefficient is calculated and will analyze the impact of change in personal injury claims in the Albanian insurance market.
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44

Minnullina, Anna, Ruslan Minnullin, Olya Frolova, and Inessa Kosyakova. "Risk insurance cost estimation using the example of a transport company energy saving project." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 918 (October 7, 2020): 012214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/918/1/012214.

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45

DI JIN and HAUKE L. KITE-POWELL. "Environmental Liability, Marine Insurance and An Optimal Risk Sharing Strategy for Marine Oil Transport." Marine Resource Economics 10, no. 1 (April 1995): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/mre.10.1.42629096.

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46

Patel, Heerali, Dmitry Tumin, Erika Greene, Matthew Ledoux, and Shannon Longshore. "Lack of Health Insurance Coverage and Emergency Medical Service Transport for Pediatric Trauma Patients." Journal of Surgical Research 276 (August 2022): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2022.02.010.

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47

Тарасов, Е. А. "ESTABLISHMENT OF SIGNS OF INTENTIONAL DAMAGE TO THE CAR BY METHODS OF TRANSPORT-TRACOLOGICAL AND AUTO-TECHNICAL EXPERTISE." Правовая мысль, no. 1(2) (September 1, 2021): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.55000/mcu.legth.2021.2.1.020.

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Цель исследования – раскрыть возможности комплексного автотехнического и транспортнотрасологического исследования повреждений транспортных средств (ТС) для идентификации орудия и метода нанесения и дифференцирования самих повреждений по признакам соответствия описанной участниками ДТП картине в делах по ОСАГО. Приведены результаты анкетирования специалистов страховых компаний и автотехнических экспертов по вопросам применения методик комплексной экспертизы для повышения эффективности проверок фактов страхового мошенничества по ОСАГО. Установлено, что при проверках обстоятельств ДТП с признаками фальсификации следов для усугубления картины повреждений не уделяется достаточного внимания возможностям комплексной экспертизы. Делается вывод, что проведение комплексной экспертизы позволяет сформировать адекватную и достаточную для восприятия картину, позволяющую эффективно противостоять страховому мошенничеству по ОСАГО. The purpose of the study is to reveal the possibilities of a comprehensive auto-technical and transporttracological study of vehicle damage to identify the tool and the method of causing and differentiating the damage itself according to the signs of compliance with the picture described by the participants of the accident in the CTP cases. The results of a survey of specialists of insurance companies and auto technical experts on the application of complex examination methods to improve the effectiveness of checks of insurance fraud under CTP are presented. It is established that when checking the circumstances of an accident with signs of falsification of traces to aggravate the picture of damage, not enough attention is paid to the possibilities of a comprehensive examination. It is concluded that conducting a comprehensive examination allows experts to form an adequate and sufficient picture for perception, which will result in effective resisting insurance fraud under CTP.
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Kotsios, Panagiotis, and Dimitrios Folinas. "Analysis and Comparison of Road Freight Transport Cost in 20 European Countries." International Journal of Applied Logistics 10, no. 1 (January 2020): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijal.2020010102.

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Road transport is one of the most popular and practical means of freight transport in the world today. However, the cost of road freight transport may differ from one country to the next due to variances in a number of cost factors, including fuels, wages, taxation, tolls, insurance, maintenance, tyres, repairs, parking spaces, etc. The goal of this research was to measure and compare the cost of road freight transport in the 20 European countries with the highest recorded volume of tonne-kilometres, in order to draw conclusions about the cost competitiveness of road freight transport among them. Cost competitiveness in the sample was measured by 4 main cost categories: fuels, drivers' wages, tyres, and tolls. The results show large cost variations between countries. The countries found to have the lowest road freight transport cost were Lithuania, Poland and Bulgaria, and those with the highest costs were Norway, Austria, and the UK. The largest differences in costs were met in tolls and other road taxes, followed by drivers' wages, fuels, and finally tyres.
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Cotutiu, Aurelia. "The Essential Conditions for the Validity of the Contract of Carriage." Journal of Legal Studies 16, no. 29 (June 1, 2015): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jles-2015-0005.

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Abstract At the conclusion of the transport contract for goods or people, the carrier shall make available to the consignor or the passenger his exclusive and special service to travel in space with a suitable means of transport, different from other previous or subsequent transport services. Thus, the transport activity is entirely distinct and independent from the civil or economic transactions concerning the goods transported, which run between the consignor and the recipient, or, taking another example, from the insurance agreement during the transport of goods or persons, imposed by law. At the same time, transport is a service of public interest, which obliges the transport operator to publish permanently his transport offer with all the information needed to access it. This is the source of the organized and uniform periodicity of the carrying trade, performed as a constant preoccupation in order to obtain profit. But, because of the multitude and diversity of displacement interests of the transport beneficiaries, sometimes the transport operator is forced to arrange that the transport of goods or people contracting should be carried out through another carrier. Therefore, whenever the transporter is substituted by another transport operator for total or partial execution of its duty, the latter will be considered part of the transport contract, taking over all obligations of the contracting operator directly with the beneficiary of his service.
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50

Twydle, J. "New methods for art object conservation and restoration – practical experience in the field: the experience of The True Image Solution Ltd." Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring 62, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 160–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1784/insi.2020.62.3.160.

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Previously, scientific examination of works of art was almost exclusively carried out in a specialist laboratory, major gallery or institution. Moving the artwork nearly always involved associated risks and transportation and insurance costs. Founded in 2009, The True Image Solution (TIS) had a vision to bring non-destructive technology to the artwork and to extend the possible range of evaluation by applying other imaging techniques, including ultrasound, flash thermography, X-ray spectroscopy and microwave imaging. In conjunction with English Heritage, these techniques were applied to a wide variety of objects. The results demonstrated that all of these techniques could be successfully carried out in situ and the risk of transportation damage, as well as associated transport and insurance costs, could be eliminated.
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