Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Transport management'

Darbe analizuojami finansų valdymo teoriniai principai ir praktinis jų taikymas realizuojant kompleksinius miesto transporto infrastruktūros projektus ir pateikiami nauji projektų finansų vadybos temų komplekso vertinimai, panaudojant autoriaus sukauptus duomenis projektų vadybos veikloje. Darbas aktualus tiek naujoms federacinėms Vokietijos žemėms, tiek naujoms ES šalims – Lietuvai ir Latvijai, kur miesto transporto infrastruktūra netenkina šiuolaikinių miesto gyventojų judrumo poreikių ir būtina transporto infrastruktūros plėtra. Praktika rodo, jog kompleksiniams miesto transporto infrastruktūros projektams dėl daugelio juose dalyvaujančių šalių yra būdingos esminės projekto organizavimo ir projekto finansavimo formavimo problemos, kurios galiausiai lėtina projekto įgyvendinimo eigą ir didina projekto išlaidas. Realizuojant miestų transporto infrastruktūros plėtros projektus, jų finansų valdymas gana sudėtingas dėl parengtų projektų nepakankamo finansavimo, o taip pat skirtingų finansavimo šaltinių tikslinio lėšų panaudojimo koordinavimo. Darbo tikslas – sukurti metodus, algoritmus ir kompiuterinę programų sistemą, kuri leistų projektų vadovams operatyviai spręsti projektų finansų valdymą visuose projektų įgyvendinimo etapuose. Siekiant šio tikslo, būtina išspręsti šiuos uždavinius: 1. Išanalizuoti jau realizuotų miesto transporto infrastruktūros objektų projektų finansavimo specifiką, nesklandumus ir įvertinti faktorius, įtakojančius finansų valdymą visuose projekto... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Finance management during implementation of urban transport projects is rather complicated because of insufficient financing and it needs coordination because of number of financial sources. The aim of the study – develop methods, algorithms and computer programs, which enable project mangers to solve finance management issues during all project phases. The main tasks to achieve the goals are: 1. To analyze financial issues and difficulties during implemented urban transport infrastructure’s projects, and to evaluate factors having influence on finance management during all project phases. 2. To evaluate influence of possible changes in project’s structure or part of the project on general project’s expenses. 3. To estimate, where it is possible to allocate various financial sources to separate project segments. 4. To develop algorithms and computer programs, which enable project mangers to evaluate economical, technical project works and its price. 5. Under insufficient financing or strict restrictions, the additional financing sources should be provided or extend of works should be decreased, part of these works relocated to further-coming projects.

This dissertation studies three topics in transport economics and operations management. The first topic is on the economic regulation of congested airports. The second one is revenue sharing between airlines and airports. In the third topic, we investigate the impact of strategic customer behavior on the channel profits. Chapter 2 studies the effects of concession revenue sharing between an airport and its airlines. It is found that the degree of revenue sharing will be affected by how airlines' services are related to each other (complements, independent, or substitutes). It is further found that airport competition results in a higher degree of revenue sharing than in the case of single airports. The airport-airline chains may nevertheless derive lower profits through the revenue-sharing rivalry, and the situation is similar to a Prisoners' Dilemma. Chapter 3 considers price-cap regulation of an airport where the airport facility (e.g., its runway) is congested and air carriers have market power. In the case of airports, there are two versions of price-cap regulation: the single-till approach and the dual-till approach. We show that when airport congestion is not a major problem, single-till price-cap regulation dominates dual-till price-cap regulation with respect to social welfare. Furthermore, we identify situations where dual-till regulation performs better than single-till regulation when there is significant airport congestion. Chapter 4 investigates the impact of customer and firm discounting as well as downstream retailer competition on the benefit of decentralization when customers are strategic. We consider a dynamic two-period model consisting of one manufacturer who sells a product through multiple retailers under linear wholesale price contracts. No firm can credibly commit to future prices or quantities. With strategic customers, we find that a decentralized channel may have higher profit than that of a centralized channel. We show that in addition to the double marginalization effect, both customer and firm discounting and retailer competition are also driving factors of the higher decentralized channel profit.

This paper on the environmental impacts of transport purchasing in road freight is to highlight how the adaptive capability of transport chains are affected through collaboration and the aim for sustainability through political regulations and societal demands.This paper is divided into a theoretical framework and an empirical study, followed by the analysis, conclusions and discussions based on the framework and empirical study.The theoretical framework will discuss the different aspects of road freight transport which impact the environment and show the interdependencies of each aspect.The analysis will highlight the empirical chapter with a comparison of the theoretical framework in order to make substantial conclusions.Conclusions among others are that standardization is needed although flexibility and agility is also needed. By standardizing processes, routine measures can be implemented and it creates a sense of certainty within the company. Agility and flexibility can be achieved by adding modular processes which can be implemented if the need for customization arises.Governmental involvement is necessary for the development of infrastructure to minimize traffic congestion and improve the infrastructure for increased reliability, accessibility, and flexibility. By developing the rail infrastructure, a larger share of goods can be transferred via railway and thus reduce the environmental impacts of road freight through intermodal transportation.
Program: Industrial Engineering – Logistics Management

Darbo tikslas – atlikti Lietuvos autotransporto sektoriaus rodiklių analizę darnaus aplinkos būklės, ekonominio ir socialinio vystymosi aspektais 2000–2011 m. Vykdant išsikeltus darbo uždavinius buvo renkami, grupuojami, ir analizuojami statistiniai duomenys susiję su transporto sektoriaus darniu vystymusi ir apimantys šio sektoriaus aplinkosauginius, ekonominius bei socialinius aspektus. Analizuojamas laikotarpis apima 2000 – 2010 metus. Per šį laikotarpį Lietuvos transporto sektorius labai vystėsi.. Kelių transporto priemonių skaičius 2000 – 2006 padidėjo 40 %. Vėliau šis augimas nebuvo toks ryškus. Kuro sunaudojimas transporto sektoriuje per analizuojamą laikotarpį išaugo 50 proc. Kuro suvartojimas transporto sektoriuje sumažėjo dabartinės ekonominės krizės metu. Vis didesnę dalį krovinių ir keleivių apyvartos užima kelių transportas. Keleivių vežimas viešojo naudojimo autobusais iki 2008 metų padidėjo 22 %. Transporto sektoriaus sukuriama BVP dalis 2000 – 2008 metų periodu augo 25 %. Darbuotojų skaičius transporto sektoriuje per 2000 – 2010 metų laikotarpį sumažėjo 16 %, tai rodo, kad net ir maža dalis dirbančiųjų transporto sektoriuje sukuria gan didelę dalį bendrojo Lietuvoje sukuriamo BVP. Bendras kelių tinklas išaugo 10 %. Lietuvoje gyventojų mirtingumas dėl transporto įvykių sumažėjo 54 %. Krovinių vežimas visomis transporto rūšimis iki 2008 metų augo, vėliau pastebimas sumažėjimas dėl finansų krizės. Ir tik nuo 2009 metų pastebimas pervežamų krovinių skaičiaus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The purpose - to carry out motor Lithuania sector analysis of indicators of sustainable environmental, economic and social aspects of development in 2000-2011. The performance targets set for itself were collected, grouped and analyzed statistical data related to the transport sector and the sustainable development of the sector covering the environmental, economic and social aspects. The analysis covers the period 2000 - 2010 years. During this period the Lithuanian transport sector is very developed .. Road vehicles 2000 - 2006 increased by 40%. Later, the increase was less pronounced. Fuel consumption in the transport sector during the analysis period increased by 50 percent. Fuel consumption in the transport sector dropped in the current economic crisis. An increasing share of freight and passenger turnover of road transport occupies. Passengers carried by public buses by the year 2008 increased by 22%. Transport sector in the GDP of 2000 - 2008 season increased by 25%. Number of employees in the transport sector during 2000 - 2010 the period decreased by 16%, suggesting that even a small proportion of workers in the transport sector creates a relatively large part of total GDP generated in Lithuania. The total road network grew by 10%. Lithuania mortality rate of traffic accidents decreased by 54%. Freight transport by all modes of transport by the year 2008 to grow at appreciable reduction of the financial crisis. It is only since the year 2009 appreciable increase... [to full text]

The objective of this thesis is to design the appropriate parking management for downtown of Jindrichuv Hradec. The theoretical part is focused on the traffic problem and its negative effects on environment of cities in relation to increase in private car transport in recent years. In the next chapter, parking management and its specific strategies are described as instruments solving problems with urban transport including its static and dynamic part. Practical part includes description of current traffic conditions and accessibility of the town centre of Jindrichuv Hradec. The description results from information obtained by personal mapping of location and measuring of parking occupancy. The proposed solution of certain parking policies that result in more efficient use of parking resources with minimized traffic impacts on historical centre of town follows.

Роботу виконано на кафедрі автомобілів Тернопільського національного технічного університету імені Івана Пулюя Міністерства освіти і науки України. Захист відбудеться 23 грудня 2020 р. о 10:00 годині на засіданні екзаменаційної комісії № 20 у Тернопільському національному технічному університеті імені Івана Пулюя за адресою: 46001, м. Тернопіль, вул. Текстильна, 28, навчальний корпус № 9.
Худобей Р. В. Впровадження напівавтоматизованої системи підрахунку пасажиропотоку «Transport Management System» – Рукопис. Дипломна робота на здобуття освітнього ступеня магістр за спеціальністю 275.03 – транспортні технології (на автомобільному транспорті). – Тернопільський національний технічний університет імені Івана Пулюя, – Тернопіль, 2020. В першому розділі описано характеристику рухливості населення, наведено класифікацію пересувань населення в залежності від різних класифікаційних ознак, зачіпається проблематика розділення індивідуального та суспільного транспорту, описано розподіл переміщень в залежності від приналежності до соціально-вікової та професійно-ділової групи. В другому розділі висвітлено результат огляду основних засобів і методів обстеження пасажиропотоку. Висвітлено результат огляду і аналізу основних пропозицій з обліку пасажиропотоку на ринку, оглянуто схеми їх роботи. Третій розділ містить детальний опис системи обліку пасажиропотоку «Transport Management System», на основі якої проведено дослідження ефективності впровадження такого рішення. Описано формули підрахунку пасажиропотоку, проведено дослідження з оцінки точності роботи системи та дослідження з ефективності її роботи, обраховано наближений термін окупності, виходячи з вартості впровадження системи. Четвертий розділ описує загальні вимоги безпеки при роботі з ПК, правила першої допомоги при ураженні електричним струмом, а також організацію безпечного перевезення пасажирів під час військових дій.
ВСТУП ...7 РОЗДІЛ 1 ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА РУХЛИВОСТІ НАСЕЛЕННЯ ...9 1.1 Основні чинники формування пасажиропотоків ...9 РОЗДІЛ 2 ОГЛЯД ОСНОВНИХ ЗАСОБІВ І МЕТОДІВ ОБЛІКУ ПАСАЖИРІВ. АНАЛІЗ РИНКУ СИСТЕМ ОБЛІКУ ПАСАЖИРОПОТОКУ ...15 2.1 Основні методи і засоби підрахунку пасажиропотоку ...15 2.1.1 Основні методи підрахунку пасажиропотоку ...16 2.1.2 Основні засоби підрахунку пасажиропотоку ...20 2.2 Огляд пропозицій систем підрахунку пасажиропотоку на ринку ...24 РОЗДІЛ 3 ОПИС ТА ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ СИСТЕМИ ОБЛІКУ ПАСАЖИРІВ «TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM» ...34 3.1 Детальний огляд системи обліку пасажиропотоку «Transport Management System» ....34 3.2 Формули підрахунку пасажиропотоку ...44 3.3 Оцінка точності роботи системи ...45 3.4 Оцінка ефективності роботи системи ...50 3.5 Вартість впровадження системи ...51 3.6 Термін окупності системи ....52 РОЗДІЛ 4 ОХОРОНА ПРАЦІ ТА БЕЗПЕКА В НАДЗВИЧАЙНИХ СИТУАЦІЯХ ...53 4.1 Загальні вимоги безпеки з охорони праці для користувачів ПК ...53 4.2 Допомога при ураженні електричним струмом ...57 4.3 Організація безпечної логістики перевезення пасажирів під час військових дій ....58 ВИСНОВКИ ...65 СПИСОК ВИКОРИСТАНОЇ ЛІТЕРАТУРИ ...66 ДОДАТКИ ...68

1. Astrom К. J., Wittenmark В. Computer controlled systems (theory and design). Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, 1994. 2. Красовский А. А. Науковедение и состояние теории процессов управления / А. А. Красовский // АиТ. – 2000. № 5. С. 1–32 3. Устойчивость адаптивных систем. Пер. с англ. / Б. Андерсон, Р. Битмид, К. Джонсон. Москва, 1989. 424 с.
The current trend of transition to digital methods of creating, transmitting, processing and storing information leads to the widespread introduction of static and dynamic databases, the organization of telecommunications for access to information through terrestrial and satellite information channels. Accordingly, in logistics systems there is a transition to digital technology in all areas of document management, including the replacement of paper transport documents with electronic ones. The integration of information flows and communication support in the transportation of goods has received a general name – telematics. The introduction of information technologies and their integration on the basis of telematics are implemented in transport in several main areas. First of all, it is the active implementation and use of automated control systems of the transport company. Management of any enterprise requires a high level of information and analysis of the information obtained to form a management decision, so companies implement automated control systems (ACS) of different levels for quality collection and processing of information about the enterprise. ACS is based on the integrated use of technical, mathematical, informational and organizational tools.
Сучасна тенденція переходу до цифрових методів створення, передачі, обробки та зберігання інформації призводить до широкого впровадження статичних та динамічних баз даних, організації телекомунікацій для доступу до інформації через наземні та супутникові інформаційні канали. Відповідно, в логістичних системах відбувається перехід до цифрових технологій у всіх сферах документообігу, включаючи заміну паперових транспортних документів на електронні. Інтеграція інформаційних потоків та комунікаційного забезпечення при перевезенні вантажів отримала загальну назву - телематика. Впровадження інформаційних технологій та їх інтеграція на основі телематики реалізуються на транспорті в декількох основних сферах. Перш за все, це активне впровадження та використання автоматизованих систем управління транспортної компанії. Управління будь-яким підприємством вимагає високого рівня інформації та аналізу отриманої інформації для формування управлінського рішення, тому компанії впроваджують автоматизовані системи управління (АСУ) різного рівня для якісного збору та обробки інформації про підприємство. ACS базується на комплексному використанні технічних, математичних, інформаційних та організаційних засобів.

Thus, the risks arising in the course of transportation depend on how much the carrier thought out, professionally designed and organized the transportation. At each stage of the transport process planning, the multimodal transport operator has the ability to manage the very specific and specific format of the transportation process by risks.
Modern trends in the global economy assume the construction of complex and cumbersome supply chains, where there is interaction between participants who are not only in different countries, but also in continents. The material flow of the supply chain crosses the borders of states, continents, seas and oceans. At the same time, each territory that is crossed by the material flow of the supply chain has its own distinctive features in the legal, economic, geographical area. At the same time, all operations were subject to risk in connection with the lack of knowledge of all the features of legislation and business rules in foreign countries. All this led to the fact that the goods were lost on the way, the carriers were mistaken with the execution of documents, there were fines in connection with the failure of deliveries

This thesis investigates two challenges associated with the use of manganites for magnetocaloric applications. The first challenge is associated with methods to engineer the thermal conductivity, K. The second challenge is to understand the limits of the entropy change achievable in magnetocaloric manganites. Thermal management has been achieved via different microstructuring routes and their influence on thermal transport properties such as K, resistivity and thermopower, have been studied. A factor of two increase in K is demonstrated by using density and grain size optimization, while three-fold and six-fold increases are seen by employing the introduction of a second highly conductive phase via: (1) silver impregnation and silver particle coating and (2) copper electroplating, respectively. Understanding the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) characteristics in manganites has been achieved by bringing together magnetisation, magneto-structural, magneto-Seebeck, and neutron diffraction independent measurements. We first show that the temperature T* up to which a spontaneous magnetisation is observed in the inverse magnetic susceptibility of La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 and La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 above Tc, is related to the transition temperature of the low temperature (high-magnetic field and high-magnetisation) magnetic phase. In the most widely studied La(1-x)CaxMnO3 (x = 0.2, 0.25, 0.3), we then conclude that unlike between the degree of static Jahn-Teller distortion and the interval [T*-Tc]/Tc where we show that there exists a close relationship, there is no apparent correlation between the magnitude of the MCE and [T*-Tc]/Tc . We then unravel the competing strength of the various degrees of freedom and show that the inhibition of a large magnetocaloric response is due to the strong correlations that underpin the collosal magnetoresistance effect: both clustering of magnetic Mn atoms due to polaron formation and the insulator to metal transition. Finally we discuss prospects to improve material properties for application in light of these findings.

This study was designed to determine the requisite competencies for entry to transport management in Nigeria and to briefly contrast it with patterns in the United Kingdom using Boyatzis' (1982) model of effective job performance. To accomplish this, a review of United Kingdom and United States literature on management and research findings was conducted to identify and define broad areas of relevant competencies for effective performance of transport managers. A survey instrument consisting of 38 competencies was designed and validated for this study and was sent to a sample of 130 transport personnel managers in Nigeria and 200 in United Kingdom. Personal interviews were also conducted with 20 top level transport executives in Nigeria and United Kingdom respectively. Through a stepwise process, current and requisite competencies were ranked in order of importance and compared for both study areas. Grouped competencies were compared with each other to determine possible relationships. To answer the five research questions developed to address the objectives of the study, paired t-test, Coefficient of congruence, Factor analysis, and Pearson product moment correlation were some of the test statistics used. The study found firstly, that one of the difficulties with the definition of competence is that the term is used to describe very different things. Secondly, the study revealed that 35 competencies were considered important for efficient operation of a transport industry in Nigeria, while the number was 23 in the United Kingdom. This showed significant differences between Nigeria and the United Kingdom in both current competencies and requisite competencies. Thirdly, the study revealed that culture is a very important dimension of managerial competence and that different cultural values and social characteristics result in different kinds of management behaviour and objectives. Fourthly, it revealed that the political and socio-cultural environment affect organisational effectiveness. Finally, the study concludes with a recommendation that management methods be adapted rather than adopted, and that practical universality of management strategies may be a myth.

Les systèmes de transport intelligents (STI) coopératifs sont des systèmes ou les véhicules, l'infrastructure routière, les centres de contrôle de trafic et d'autres entités échangent des informations afin d'assurer une meilleure sécurité routière, l'efficacité du trafic et le confort des usagers de la route. C'est dans ce but que l'architecture de station STI a été spécifié par l'ISO et l'ETSI. Le concept de cette architecture de référence permet aux stations STI-véhicules et stations STI-infrastructures de s'organiser dans un réseau véhiculaire adhoc (VANET), tout en utilisant des protocoles de communication tels qu'GeoNetworking IP v6 et IEEE802. 11p ainsi que toute autre technologie d'accès afin de se connecter de manière transparente à internet. Plusieurs chemins peuvent donc être accessibles à une station STI véhicule pour communiquer avec d'autres stations STI. Les chemins sont de trois types: le chemin direct, le chemin optimisé, et le chemin d'ancré. L'objectif de cette étude est d'optimiser la communication entre stations STI en sélectionnant le meilleur chemin de communication disponible. . Cela exige d'abord de recueillir les informations disponibles localement dans la station STI (la position, la vitesse, les exigences des applications, les caractéristiques des supports de communication, les capacités , l'état du chemin), ainsi que les informations des stations STI voisines (position, vitesse, services, etc. . ). Ces informations sont ensuite traitées par le biais d'un algorithme de prise de décision. Premièrement, nous définissons un module réseau qui permet la combinaison d'IPv6 avec le Geo Networking. Deuxièmement, nous proposons un module de gestion inter-couche pour la sélection du meilleur chemin. Nos contributions s'intègrent dans l'architecture de station STI par la définition de la relation entre la couche réseau et transport (qui héberge la contribution Geonetworking IPv6) et l'entité verticale de gestion inter-couche (qui accueille l'algorythme de décision pour la sélection de chemin). Nous avons spécifié les fonctions permettant l'échange de paramétres par l'intermédiaire de la SAP (Service Acess Point) entre la couche réseau et l'entité de gestion (MN-SAP). Les paramètres utilisés dans l'entité de gestion inter-couche sont extraits d'une manière agnostique par rapport aux protocoles de la couche réseau et transport, ce qui permet de remplacer facilement les éléments d'une couche sans affecter les autres (par exemple, remplacer NEMO par une autre protocole de mobilité) et de permuter plusieurs piles réseau (on peut choisir d'utiliser la pile par une autre protocole de mobilité) et de permuter plusieurs piles réseau (on peut choisir d'utiliser la pile IPv6 ou bien la pile GeoNetworking, ou encore une combinaison des deux à la fois ou même une autre pile
Cooperative Intelligent transportation Systems (Cooperative ITS) are the systems where multiple entities share information and tasks to achieve the ITS objectives (i. E. Road safety, traffic efficiency and comfort). Today, ITS Station architecture is being specified in ISO and ETSI as a result of discussion and consensus of the researchers and developers in ITS domain. In the architecture, ITS Stations are essential entities, that are distributed in vehicles, roadside infrastructure, centers and mobiles, to achieve the ITS objectives. The vehicle and roadside ITS Stations organize Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) to adapt multi-hop and highly dynamic network topology. GeoNetworking is a great candidate for VANET because the geographic routing shows strength in dynamic topology. In addition to VANET, the ITS Station equips multiple wireless network interfaces and connects to networks with multiple paths, which is called multihoming. The objective of the study is to optimize the communication between ITS Stations by improved decision-making algorithm using inter-component information exchange in IP-based cooperative ITS. First, we develop IPv6 GeoNetworking to take the advantages of both IP and GeoNetworking. Seconds, we propose a cross-layer based path selection management by extending a Service Access Point (SAP) between the network layer and the management entity specified in the ITS Station Architecture. The extended SAP is designed as most abstracted as possible to adapt to the future development of the ITS Station architecture. The proposed system is designed and implemented as a prototype. The prototype implementation is evaluated in both ideal and realistic scenarios using up to four vehicles. The network performance measurement is processed, visualized and analyzed with web-based tools

Thesis: M. Eng. in Supply Chain Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Supply Chain Management Program, First author, 2017.
Thesis: M. Eng. in Logistics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Supply Chain Management Program, Second author, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 60-61).
Returnable Transport Items (RTI) are a critical component of domestic and international trade. The large variability in the geographic supply and demand of goods shipped using RTI impacts the items overall availability at different locations within a network. This research focuses on improving our partner firm's RTI inventory supply in the United States and Canada by developing a one-month-ahead forecasting model to predict the net monthly international flows. To develop the model, six years of historical time series data was decomposed into key elements: level, trend, and seasonality. The results of the decomposition method were used to narrow the forecasting models considered to state space seasonal exponential, SARIMA, state space Holt-Winters, and multivariate regression methods. These four methods were then used to predict the pallet flows using two different approaches. In the first approach, two separate forecasting models were developed, one for the United States-to-Canada flows and the other for the Canada-to-United States flows. The derived Canada-to-United States value was then subtracted from the corresponding United States-to-Canada forecast to calculate the predicted net international movement. In the second approach, we forecasted the net pallet flows between the two countries utilizing only historical values of net international movements. Ultimately, 36 unique models were created using both approaches. The naive forecasting method served as a performance benchmark to the developed models. The performances of the 36 models were then compared using multiplicative and mean composite scores, both of which were based on three accuracy metrics: MAPE, MASE and MAD. Our research found that out of the 36 forecasting models, only seven models outperformed the baseline naive forecasting method. These seven forecasting models were further filtered by qualitative metrics such as ease of implementation and software platform dependence. The state space seasonal exponential model was ultimately recommended due to its superior performances on both the quantitative and qualitative metrics.
by Patrick A. Jacobs and Rajdeep Singh Walia.
M. Eng. in Supply Chain Management
M. Eng. in Logistics

On- and off-site construction activities during transport infrastructure projectsare major contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The SwedishTransport Administration (STA) has stated the goal of gradually reducing itsemissions from transport infrastructure projects to zero by 2050. However,current life cycle assessment (LCA)-based approaches for estimating GHGemissions are static and location-independent, and thus do not account for thedynamics of construction. Some project-based methods have been proposed,but there is little guidance and insight available to facilitate theirimplementation in real projects during project planning.This thesis aims to explore how CO2 emissions can be reduced during differentstages of the planning process for transport infrastructure. The analysis focuseson emissions during project execution, i.e. on- and off-site constructionactivities including material production, and transportation. An exploratoryresearch approach is used to develop practical CO2 reduction methods thatcould be implemented during the feasibility studies, the design stage, and theprocurement stage of the planning process. These methods and models aredeveloped and demonstrated in case studies. This is a similar to the prototypingmethod in which early drafts of a new system are developed and tested toenable further development into a finalized system. The findings show thatconsiderable CO2 reductions can be achieved if project alternatives areevaluated systematically during the planning process. Although most majordecisions are made during the early stages of the planning process, later stagesshould not be ignored because these offer opportunities to include moredefinitive project data and thereby improve the certainty of the assessments.Future research in this area should look at the entire planning process up to thestart of construction.

La science a connu des avancées significatives en matière de gestion du risque au cours de la dernière décennie. Toutefois, les pratiques actuelles de gestion du risque dans le domaine industriel n'ont pas tiré tout le profit de ces développements. Le sujet de recherche de cette thèse peut être formulé ainsi : comment bâtir un cadre de gestion du risque afin de gérer les risques dans le transport, en adoptant les perspectives modernes du risque et les dernières connaissances de sécurité, tout en considérant le système de transport comme un système adaptatif complexe ? Ceci, à travers la perspective d'une agence nationale de la sécurité des transports, dont la responsabilité est la supervision de la sécurité de plusieurs modes de transport, incluant l'aérien, le maritime, le ferroviaire et le routier. La connaissance scientifique actuelle est passée en revue pour les sujets de risques et d'appréciation du risque, de sécurité et de gestion de la sécurité ainsi que les systèmes adaptatifs complexes. L'approche moderne du risque implique reconnaitre l'importance de l'incertitude et la solidité des connaissances dans l'analyse du risque ainsi que le rôle des imprévus. Le système de transport est identifié comme un système adaptatif complexe. De tels systèmes se caractérisent par un large volume d'interactions, de nombreuses boucles de rétroaction, des phénomènes non-linéaires, l'émergence, l'imprévisibilité et la contre-intuitivité. Sont étudiées les façons recommandées d'interagir avec les systèmes complexes afin de tenter de parvenir à un changement positif. Les concepts relatifs à la gestion de la sécurité sont également présentés et notamment le concept de résilience qui peut être interprété soit comme une élégante extensibilité des équipes ou des organisations, soit comme une adaptabilité continue. Les cadres existants de management du risque sont revus à la fois dans l'industrie et dans la littérature scientifique ainsi que la norme internationale ISO 31000. Basé sur l'état de l'art, un ensemble de critères pour un processus moderne de management du risque est développé. Le cadre proposé de gestion du risque dans le transport comprend des perspectives modernes du risque et considère le système de transport comme un système adaptatif complexe. Il permet de présenter les risques des différents modes de transport dans une visualisation globale de risque et de l'utiliser en tant que support pour prise de décision afin d'optimiser l'impact sur la sécurité avec les ressources qui sont toujours limitées. L'impact est encore renforcé par les moyens d'intervention tels que les stratégies adaptives et l'expérimentation, qui sont bien adaptés aux systèmes complexes. Elle est validée selon les critères élaborés et par comparaison avec les cadres existants. Le cadre proposé de gestion du risque ainsi que la thèse sont tous deux structurés d'après la norme ISO 31000. Enfin une étude de cas présente la mise en œuvre actuelle de cette nouvelle approche à l'Agence Nationale Finlandaise de la Sécurité des Transports
Over the last ten-fifteen years, science has made significant advances in fields relevant for risk management. However, current risk management practices in industry have not yet benefitted from these developments. The research question addressed in this dissertation is: What kind of risk management framework should be used for managing transport risks when the modern risk perspectives and the latest understanding of safety are embraced, and the transport system is considered a complex adaptive system? The focus of this research is on transport risks, taking the perspective of a national transport safety agency, tasked with overseeing safety across several modes of transport, including aviation, maritime, railway and road safety. The scientific literature on risk and risk assessment, safety and safety management, as well as complex adaptive systems are reviewed. The research illustrates that a modern risk perspective recognizes the importance of uncertainty and strength of knowledge in risk analysis, as well as the role of surprises. The transport system is identified as a complex adaptive system, characterized by a high number of interactions, emergence, multiple feedback loops, nonlinear phenomena, unpredictability and counter-intuitiveness. The recommended ways to interact with such complex systems and to try to achieve positive change are explained. Concepts related to safety management are also investigated, especially the concept of resilience, which is interpreted as graceful extensibility of teams or organizations, or as sustained adaptability. Evidence of existing risk management frameworks in both the industry and scientific literature is outlined and reference is made to the international ISO 31000 standard for risk management. Based on the literature review, a set of criteria for a modern risk management process is developed. A risk management framework for managing transport risks which embraces modern risk perspectives and accounts for the transport system as a complex adaptive system is proposed. It enables risks in all transport modes to be presented in a single risk picture and supports decision-making to maximize the safety impact achievable with limited resources. The impact is further enhanced by intervention strategies such as adaptive policies and experimentation, which are well-suited to complex systems. The framework is validated against the criteria developed, and by comparison to existing methods. A case study presents the on-going implementation of the developed risk management framework at the Finnish Transport Safety Agency. Both the proposed risk management framework and the dissertation are structured according to the ISO 31000 framework

In its turn, road transport is characterized by high accessibility to end users, high maneuverability and flexibility, high speed of freight transportation, the ability to use different routes and delivery schemes, a high level of cargo storage, as well as the ability to send the latter in small batches. In the management of supply chains with the participation of road transport should take into account such disadvantages, which include the low productivity of the latter, the dependence of road transport on road and natural and climatic conditions, relatively high cost of freight and long-distance freight, and operational road transport. In addition, in the future, it will be possible to operate unmanned road transport in the field of freight. It is assumed that the need to hire drivers for freight will disappear. At the same time, technical problems have not been resolved yet, and there is no legal basis. Most likely, the use of autonomous truck transport is possible only in the long run, because due to the complexity of the negotiation procedures and the high risks, their widespread use is not expected in the near future.
Successful supply chain management in the face of excessive market volatility and demand has become a top priority at the current stage of global economic development. The processes of balancing supply and demand for goods and services have gone out of control, calling into question the reliability of cross-cutting supply chains and the planning of demand for products. In addition, the financial and economic impact of natural disasters has increased supply chain volatility, which in turn creates the need to choose the type of transportation that best meets the requirements of profitability and freight transportation costs, supply chain flexibility, and customer satisfaction.

Transport is one of the key industries of any country. It is seen as a tool for addressing priority political and economic challenges, as well as a means of ensuring defense capability. An important part of the unified transport system is air transport, which occupies a significant place in the connection of Ukraine with other countries and their individual regions. Its effective functioning should promote stabilization, structural transformation, development and implementation of foreign economic activity, meeting the needs of the population and social production in transportation, ensuring the protection of national interests of Ukraine. The report is devoted to the analysis of the national level of the strategic management system of air transport safety.
Транспорт є однією з ключових галузей будь-якої країни. Він розглядається як інструмент для вирішення пріоритетних політичних та економічних викликів, а також як засіб забезпечення обороноздатності. Важливою ланкою єдиної транспортної системи є повітряний транспорт, який займає значне місце в сполученнях України та інших країн, а також їх окремих регіонів. Його ефективне функціонування має сприяти стабілізації, структурним перетворенням, розвитку та здійсненню зовнішньоекономічної діяльності, задоволенню потреб населення та суспільного виробництва у транспорті, забезпеченні захисту національних інтересів України. Доповідь присвячена аналізу національного рівня системи стратегічного управління безпекою повітряного транспорту.

Mestrado em Ciências Empresariais
O Desenvolvimento sustentado é um dos temas mais sensíveis da actualidade. Não só os consumidores, como Estados, media e empresas estão mais atentos ao tema, procurando formas de minimizar o seu impacto ambiental. O sector dos transportes é crucial nesta àrea: não só é um dos sectores mais poluentes como um importante elo na cadeia de valor das empresas, contribuindo para as emissões de CO2 dos seus produtos. O presente estudo analisou a oferta ecológica que o sector do transporte expresso oferece em Portugal e procurou perceber se esta é valorizada pelas empresas na escolha do transportador. As principais conclusões sugerem que os operadores de transporte expresso apresentam já algumas iniciativas e soluções ecológicas, no entanto estas não são um critério primordial das empresas na selecção da transportadora, valorizando antes questões relacionadas com preço e eficiência.
The Sustainable development is one of the most sensitive issues of today. Not only consumers, but also governments, media and companies are more awareness to this issue, seeking for new solutions to minimize its environmental impact. The transport industry is crucial in this area: not only is one of the most polluting sectors as an important link in company?s value chain, contributing to the CO2 emissions of their products. The present study examined the ecological offer of the express transport sector in Portugal and sought to understand whether this is valued by companies in the choice of the carrier. The main findings suggest that transport operators already share some initiatives and environmental solutions; however these are not primary criteria to companies when selecting a carrier partner, emphasizing issues related to price and efficiency.

This thesis aims to give a holistic description of logistics service providers’ environmental management, which has been lacking in literature. The aim is also to analyse how the logistics service providers’ environmental management provides value to their business, and to discuss its role in their business. This research contributes to the literature on green logistics, which regard the environmental sustainability related to logistics systems but largely lacks the logistics service providers’ perspective. The results support logistics service providers, who meet increasing demands on environmental sustainability, by providing a basis for discussion of how to work towards increased environmental sustainability in their business. It can contribute to discussions, evaluations and understanding of the role of environmental management as value-creating and strategic for the company. In order to explore what logistics service providers’ environmental management actually is, case studies of three different types of logistics service providers are carried out, and the environmental management of these companies are described in separate appended reports. This research is of an explorative nature and the research design has been developed in parallel with conducting the research. The researcher’s personal background thinking behind the research questions and purpose is also presented in addition to describing the research process, as it has impacted the research process. The analysis is inspired by the resource-based view. A literature framework on corporate environmental management and the resource-based view has been formed to provide a background for performing the case studies and to help structure the descriptions and analyses. The logistics service providers’ environmental management is related to compliance, internal efficiency and competitiveness. The analysis results show that environmental management to a great extent seems to be only of implicit interest for competitiveness at present and more to concern future competitiveness. A large part of meeting customers’ environmental demands today involves logistics service providers proving to their customers that they have an environmental effort, more or less regardless of what it actually includes. In order to further explore the value of environmental management, to show it more explicitly, the logistics service providers’ ability to cope with change regarding increased environmental demands is analysed. In this analysis, elements of dynamic capabilities in the companies’ environmental management are identified and presented. This research has generated several ideas for future research, first and foremost relating to organizational development of environmental management among logistics service providers and the development of more environmentally sustainable logistics services.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Safety Transport Mirrors is a vehicle component manufacturer. The company is situated in Atlantis on the West Coast of South Africa. It manufactures rear view mirrors for the seven vehicle manufacturers in South Africa. The effect of the weakening Rand, low productivity ratios, the lowering of import duties and active union activities are some of the factors and causes, which decreases the profit margins and in some instances resulted in Safety Transport Mirrors not being competitive in the local market. The company has a vague vision and mission, and the personnel are not always aware of the internal problems that could have been prevented. There is no structured strategic plan that can be followed to ensure that requirements are adhered to. Therefore, crisis management is part of daily management. The opportunity existed to change and improve on the existing ideas and plans, which could improve the effectiveness of the company. This study project is aimed at using analytical tools to analyse the external and internal environment of the industry as well as the company. Using a situation analysis and the information gathered, a strategic plan will be developed, which will indicate the steps to be used to enable Safety Transport Mirrors to become a competitive and effective organisation. Furthermore, an attempt will be made to make a paradigm shift to management to enable them to look into the future with a new vision for Safety Transport Mirrors.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Safety Transport Mirrors is 'n motorvoertuigkomponent vervaardigingsmaatskappy wat geleë is in Atlantis aan die Weskus van Suid Afrika. Die maatskappy vervaardig tru-spieëls vir die sewe motorvervaardigingsmaatskappye in Suid Afrika. Lae produktiwiteitsverhoudings, die verswakking van die Rand, die verslapping van invoertariewe en aktiewe unies in die industrie is van die oorsake en faktore wat aanleiding gee tot laer winsmarges en in sommige gevalle is Safety Transport Mirrors nie meer kompeterend in die plaaslike markte nie. Die maatskappy het ook nie 'n duidelike visie en missie nie en personeel is nie altyd op hoogte van die inherente probleme wat verhoed kon word nie. Daar is ook nie 'n gestruktureerde strategiese plan wat gevolg kan word om die maatskappy doeltreffend te bestuur nie, en sodoende word daar daagliks krisis bestuur toegepas. Daar was dus geleentheid vir verbetering en implimentering van nuwe idees en planne, wat die maatskappy weer in die regte rigting kan stuur. Hierdie studie projek sal gebruik maak van verskeie analitiese metodes om die eksterne en interne omgewing van die industrie asook die maatskappy te ontleed. Situasie analise sal toegepas word en gepaardgaande met hierdie inligting sal 'n strategiese plan ontwikkel word, wat die stappe sal aandui wat gevolg moet word om Safety Transport Mirrors in 'n kompeterende en effektiewe onderneming te verander. Daar sal ook gepoog word om 'n paradigma verandering onder die bestuur te bewerkstellig, om sodoende te verseker dat hulle met 'n nuwe visie die toekoms van Safety Transport Mirrors sal ingaan.

This bachelor thesis is about a stochastic inventory theory and how changes in different parameters affect the cost system. The inventory is based on a stochastic version of an economic quantity order (EOQ) model with planned shortages. For the deterministic EOQ-model with planned shortages there is a convenient formula for optimal order quantity $Q$ minimizing the cost per time unit. For the stochastic version an ($R$,$Q$)-policy is applied where $R$ is a reorder point such that if the inventory level is below $R$ and order is sent and the ordered products arrive after a lead time $L$. Since a formula for the stochastic inventory is not known, optimal choice of $Q$ is numerically obtained by simulations and compared with the optimal $Q$ for the deterministic EOQ with planned shortages. The demand is for simplicity described by a Poisson process. Since having a stochastic inventory model the basic mathematical EOQ formula is inadequate and is replaced with an approximate EOQ formula with planned shortages. By the simulations the accuracy of the EOQ model with planned shortages approximation is investigated and optimal values for some of the  parameters are obtained.

With greater policy emphasis on encouraging sustainable transport modes, this research probes into issues associated with the governance and delivery of sustainable transport policies for the management of car dependency. The research uses a multi-method case study based approach in three UK city-regions, namely Belfast, Glasgow and Manchester. Both qualitative (focus groups and in-depth interviews) and quantitative (Q-methodology) methods are used to explore the perceptions of four categories of transport actors, including (1) transport experts, users and interest groups (2) officials ,,..,, from public bodies (3) public transport operators and (4) politiCians. The experiences of these actors are discussed with regard to the inefficiencies of the existing governance and the barriers to effective policy implementation. The use of Q-methodology indicates the perceptions of key players in terms of the similarities and differences in viewpoints. . The key findings of this research illustrates that respondents are supportive of the sustainable transport system; however, the opinions show that the implementation of policies is neither effective, nor a priority for the authorities who implement them. The reliability and quality of public transport services, integration between transport and land-use activities, better funding and effective parking enforcement are the required interventions to influence existing travel patterns, which are dominated by private cars across three city-regions. The results suggest that the effectiveness of a deregulated bus policy, competition between private bus operators, a lack of political will, coordination between transport actors, parking policy, accountability and the level of stakeholders' participation in the policy processes are controversial issues amongst the transport actors. The Q-methodology results clearly indicate a need for the effective implementation of transport policies to manage car dependency in Belfast. The findings strongly suggest that participatory policy style would improve transport governance in Northern Ireland. The major problem of transport governance in both Glasgow and Manchester is the limited decision-making capacity of city-region governments in local rail, highway and transport funding. A particular emphasis on the needs of real competition between operators along with a smart card ticketing system is the way to promote affordable, IX integrated and reliable public transport system. From a policy implementation perspective, it is crucial to address the split between the policy objectives and funding priorities. Finally, the findings of this research can be used to inform policy-makers as well as implementers in order to facilitate positive outcomes for sustainable transport policies. x

Esta dissertação propõe um modelo de gestão da cadeia de transporte multimodal. O modelo de gestão oferece uma solução para a coordenação e integração da cadeia de transporte, sendo aplicado no estudo de caso referente à empresa Transportes ABC. A empresa em questão estuda a possibilidade de atuar como Operador de Transporte Multimodal - OTM em uma operação visando o escoamento de etanol. O modelo proposto foi construído a partir dos fatores críticos de sucesso. Os fatores foram identificados a partir das características extraídas dos trabalhos sobre transporte multimodal, logística integrada e gestão da cadeia de suprimentos e dos eventos de risco que foram baseados nos mesmos trabalhos e no estudo de caso. É possível observar na estratégia de gestão de risco o foco no desempenho de forma a minimizar os riscos recorrentes da operação contribuindo para reduzir também os riscos de ruptura da operação. Alguns fatores críticos de sucesso devem ser atendidos diretamente pelo OTM, enquanto que outros devem ser atendidos pelos elos operacionais, com a devida coordenação do OTM. Na aplicação do modelo ao estudo de caso, foi confirmada a necessidade de coordenação e integração de toda cadeia pelo OTM no tocante ao caso estudado. Algumas lacunas foram identificadas no sentido sobre o que a empresa visualiza como operações integradas de transporte e como efetivamente deve atuar como OTM na cadeia de transporte multimodal.
This thesis proposes a management model of multimodal transport chain. The management model offers a solution to the coordination and integration of the transport chain, being applied in the case study regarding the fictitious company Transportes ABC. The company in question studies the possibility of acting as Multimodal Transport Operator - OTM in an operation aiming the flow of ethanol. The proposed model was constructed based on the critical success factors. The factors were identified from the extracted features of the work on multimodal transport, integrated logistics and supply chain management and risk events that were based on the same work, and in the case study. It is possible to observe in the risk management strategy the focus on performance in order to minimize risks of recurring operation also contribute to reduce the risk of rupture of the operation. Some critical success factors must be met directly by OTM, while others must be met by operational links with the due coordination of the OTM. In applying the model to the case study, it was confirmed the need for coordination and integration of the entire chain by OTM regarding the case studied. Some gaps were identified in the sense of what the company sees as integrated transport operations and how to effectively must act as OTM in the multimodal transport chain.

Qualifying master's thesis is devoted to the study of logistics in Ukraine and in the world. Theoretical bases of research of logistic activity are considered. The activity of the logistics company "Nova Poshta" is analyzed. The efficiency and practicality of work, the impact of the logistics services market and the efficiency of the company are studied. The analysis of activity is carried out and recommendations on improvement of work process are given.
Робота присвячена дослідженню діяльності логістичної сфери в Україні та у світі. Розглянуто теоретичні основи дослідження логістичної діяльності. Проаналізовано діяльність логістичної компанії «Нова Пошта». Досліджено ефективність та практичність роботи, вплив ринок логістичних послуг та ефективність діяльності компанії. Проведено аналіз діяльності та надано рекомендації щодо вдосконалення процесу роботи.

The Morro Bay Watershed, which is located inSan Luis Obispo County,California, covers more than 48,000 acres of land and discharges intoMorroBaythrough the Morro Bay National Estuary (MBNE). The Chorro Creek Subwatershed consists of approximately 30,000 acres of the overall watershed. The MBNE provides an ecosystem that supports a variety of wildlife from the common sea gull to the endangered sea otter. The estuary is also home to over 200 species of birds. The operational waterfront of theMorroBayHarborwas and continues to be a strong supporter to the local economy of the City of Morro Bay. Numerous studies were conducted since the 1990s throughout the watershed to study the sedimentation of the estuary and bay and identified accelerated erosion and subsequent sedimentation as a major threat to sustainability of the bay. As a result, various Best Management Practices (BMPs) were implemented in the watershed to reduce sediment loading and transport to the bay. Localized evaluations of various BMPs have been performed to investigate effectiveness of individual BMPs. This paper consolidates this information and develops a comprehensive spatially distributed watershed simulation model (1) for detailed understanding of the erosion and sedimentation processes in the watershed; (2) to evaluate a watershed scale effectiveness of the conservation practices that were installed in the watershed; (3) to identify optimal BMP types and sites that may be used in the future to further reduce sedimentation of the bay at minimal cost; (4) to organize and document the various sources of data and studies that have been performed to date in the Chorro Creek subwatershed. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to develop the model and to evaluate the pre- and post-BMP implementation characteristics in the subwatershed. Combining the data and efforts of past BMP evaluations, land use, soil type, climate data, and streamflow data, statistical evaluations, and model sensitivity analysis will help build and calibrate a robust SWAT model that can be used to track BMP evaluation efforts, as well as other watershed management tasks. Through the evaluation of BMPs in the watershed, efforts can be made to implement the more successful BMPs in the watershed or in other similar watersheds. Sensitivity analysis was performed using a global sensitivity analysis method and streamflow and sediment yield was calibrated using the Shuffled Complex Evolution-University ofArizona.

Research has proven that we need to reduce our environmental impact. Sweden has set a goal to become fossil free by 2045. The increasing amount of transport and the need to reduce its environmental effects has put pressure on the companies of the road freight transport sector. Therefore, this business sector needs research actions to find tools that will assist in the greening of its services and operations. My research is a contribution to these efforts from a managerial point of view. Process management is a methodology taken from Total Quality Management (TQM) that has been used in several business sectors to improve business performance. Its process orientation and focus on customers allow companies to identify and satisfy the current and latent needs of their customers. Until now, TQM has targeted customer needs. However, it is experiencing a shift towards incorporating societal needs into the equation. Environmental sustainability is becoming a societal requirement for companies in all sectors. Hence, the purpose of my research is to explore the possibilities of using process management to support the greening of small and medium-sized companies within the road freight transport sector. The frame of reference for my study is based on three well-established domains in academia and their intersections. These domains are: process management, road freight transport and environmental sustainability. I have used qualitative methods for my research. Specifically, I performed a case study at two medium-sized Swedish companies within the road freight transport business sector. The data collection methods involved document studies, observations and interviews at each case company. The case study was performed using an action research approach, which involved setting up meetings, seminars and workshops with each case company. Additionally, joint workshops were performed, which allowed me to observe and obtain results from the interactions between the companies. The analysis is presented for each case separately and then for their interactions. The results are compared with the existing literature from the three domains. I based my research on three research questions. The first was intended to identify the principles and tools within process management that may be applied to road freight transport companies interested in implementing this methodology to enhance their environmental sustainability. I concluded that these principles were present in the companies and are needed for the implementation of process management. The tools included in this methodology can be associated with environmental initiatives performed by the companies in support of their greening. The second research question refers to the benefits and challenges that companies in this business sector may face when implementing process management methodology. I conclude that most of the expected benefits of process management were confirmed. Additionally, a new benefit was observed: reducing the environmental effect of their services can interest current customers and attract new customers to road freight transport companies. The challenges identified during the case study include: resistance to change, lack of knowledge and resource allocation limitations. I also confirmed that a stepwise implementation of process management increases the likelihood of the success of the methodology. Hence, underdeveloped management systems are also a challenge when this methodology is used in freight transport companies. The third and final research question involves the adaptations required for process management to enhance environmental sustainability in companies in this business sector. I refer to each of the challenges found and suggest certain requirements for the companies to apply this methodology. Clear communication from top management, the training of employees and the involvement of all employees are some of these requirements. Moreover, to incorporate the environmental aspects clearly, I suggest environmental efforts for each step in the implementation of process management. By including these efforts in the process maturity model, I conclude that road freight transport companies could use process management as a means of enhancing environmental sustainability.
Forskning har visat att vi måste minska vår miljöpåverkan. Sverige har som målsättning att vara fossilfritt 2045. Den ökade mängden transporter och behovet av att sänka miljöpåverkan har en direkt påverkan på godstransportsföretag. Därför behövs forskningsåtgärder riktade mot dessa för att hitta verktyg som hjälper till att minska miljöpåverkan av dess verksamhet och tjänster. Min forskning är ett bidrag till dessa ansträngningar ur ett ledningsperspektiv. Processledning är en metodik inom Total Quality Management (TQM) som har använts i flera branscher för att förbättra affärsresultat. Processorientering och fokus på kunderna gör att företag kan identifiera och tillfredsställa aktuella och latenta behov ifrån deras kunder. Fram tills idag så har TQM siktat in sig på kundbehov., men just nu pågår en förflyttning inom TQM mot att även inkludera samhällsbehov i ekvationen. Miljömässig hållbarhet håller på att bli ett samhälleligt krav för företag inom alla branscher. Därför är syftet med min forskning att utforska möjligheterna av att använda processledning som ett verktyg för att minska miljöpåverkan av små och medelstora företag inom godstransportbranschen. Min studie baseras på tre väletablerade områden inom akademin och deras överlapp. Områdena är processledning, godstransporter och miljömässig hållbarhet. Jag har använt kvalitativa metoder för min forskning. Specifikt så genomfördes en fallstudie vid två medelstora svenska företag inom godstransportbranschen. Datainsamlingsmetoder som användes var dokumentstudier, observationer samt interjuver hos båda företagen. Fallstudien genomfördes med en aktionsforskningsapproach. Aktionsforskningen genomfördes som möten, seminarier och workshops hos varje företag. Dessutom genomfördes gemensamma workshops med företagen vilket gjorde det möjligt att observera och få resultat utifrån samspelet mellan företagen. Analysen presenteras för varje företag separat och därefter utifrån deras samspel, resultaten jämförs med existerande litteratur ifrån de tre områdena. Min forskning utgår ifrån tre frågeställningar. Syftet med den första var att identifiera principerna och verktygen inom processledning som kan appliceras på godstransportföretag som är intresserade av att implementera metodiken för att öka sin miljömässiga hållbarhet. Jag drog slutsatsen att principerna från processledning fanns inom företagen och dom behövs för implementeringen av processledningen. Verktygen inom den här metodiken kan associeras med miljöinitiativ utförda av företagen och minska deras miljöpåverkan. Den andra frågeställningen avser fördelarna samt utmaningarna som företag inom det här affärsområdet möter när de implementerar processledningsmetodiken. Min slutsats är att de flesta av de förväntade fördelarna med processledning bekräftas samt att ytterligare en ny fördel upptäcktes. En minskad miljöpåverkan av deras tjänster kan intressera nuvarande kunder och dra till sig nya. De identifierade utmaningarna från fallstudien inkluderar motstånd mot förändring, avsaknad av kunskap samt resursbegränsningar. Jag bekräftade även att en stegvis implementering av processledning ökar möjligheterna för att metodiken ska bli framgångsrik. Därför är också underutvecklade ledningssystem en utmaning för att kunna använda den här metodiken inom godstransportföretag. Den tredje och sista frågeställningen berör de anpassningarna av processledning som krävs för att kunna öka miljömässig hållbarhet hos företag inom det här affärsområdet. Jag refererar till var och en av de utmaningar som hittades och föreslår vissa krav för företagen att applicera den här metodiken. Tydlig kommunikation ifrån ledningen, utbildning av anställda och involvering av alla medarbetare är några av dessa krav. Dessutom, för att integrera miljöaspekten tydligt, så föreslår jag miljöarbete för varje steg av implementeringen av processledning. Jag drar slutsatsen att godstransporföretag skulle kunna använda processledning som ett sätt att öka miljömässig hållbarhet.

This thesis expands on the literature in the under-researched field of airline risk management by exploring organisational structures and practices of airline risk management systems and their technical and institutional drivers. In particular, it focuses on the phenomenon of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) and its alignment to the requirements of airline business contexts. The theoretical framework informing this study combines structural contingency theory with two strands of institutional theory, namely old institutional economics and new institutional sociology. In this thesis, the phenomenon of risk management is investigated in situ as an organisational practice through a two-stage empirical study. Firstly, an exploratory field study was undertaken in a panel of ten international airlines. Secondly, the field study was complemented with findings from two explanatory case studies. This study explains how in developing risk management systems airlines balance the sometimes conflicting technical and institutional demands of their respective task and institutional environments. The adoption and implementation of ERM in airlines are found to be driven primarily by coercive and normative pressures, and expectations of improved organisational effectiveness and efficiency. This study additionally improves general understanding of the nature of ERM and its coupling and fluidity in the organisational settings of airlines. It lends evidence for systematic variations in roles, uses, and organisational design choices of ERM systems. It shows the interdependent nature of airlines’ ERM systems and other management systems. The study also demonstrates that the adoption of ERM in airlines drives development of new institutions, rules, and routines for comprehensive management of risks. Consistent with the tenets of contingency theory, this study conveys lack of a universally appropriate design of an airline ERM system. The main contribution of this thesis is to assess airline risk management systems, identify core drivers of effective risk management practice, and provide a framework with the aim of guiding airlines in the development of enterprise-wide risk management approaches aligned with the requirements of their institutional and technical contexts. Furthermore, this research overcomes the limitations of previous, mostly quantitative studies of ERM coupling and dynamics in organisations, as it explores and explains the structures, practices, and rationales of airline risk management systems within wider organisational contexts through the use of qualitative methodologies.

Avui dia un considerable nombre d’infraestructures del transport aeri tenen problemes de congestió. Aquesta situació es veu empitjorada amb l’increment de trànsit existent i amb la seva densitat deguda al sistema de hub i spoke utilitzat per les companyies aèries. Aquesta congestió es veu agreujada puntualment per disminucions de capacitat per causes com la meteorologia. Per mitigar aquests desequilibris, normalment són implementades mesures de gestió del flux de transit aeri (ATFM), sent el retard a l’aeroport d’origen una de les més utilitzades. Assignant retard previ a l’enlairament, el trànsit d’arribada és repartit durant un interval de temps superior i les arribades es distribueixen. Malgrat això, la predicció de quan aquestes reduccions de capacitat es solucionaran una tasca dificultosa. Això comporta que es defineixin regulacions que són més llargues del necessari i per tant, porta a la realització de retard innecessari i al desaprofitament de capacitat. La definició de trajectòries precises ofereix noves oportunitats per gestionar aquests desequilibris. Una tècnica prometedora és la utilització de variacions de velocitat durant el creuer. Generalment, es considera que volar més lent que la velocitat de màxim abast (MRC) no és eficient. En aquesta tesis es presenta una nova aproximació. Quan les aerolínies planifiquen els seus vols, consideren el cost del temps junt amb el del combustible. Per tant, és habitual seleccionar velocitats més ràpides que MRC. Així és possible volar més lent de la velocitat de MRC tot mantenint el mateix consum inicialment planificat. Aquest retard realitzat a l’aire pot ser considerat a la fase pre-tàctica per dividir el retard assignat a un vol en retard a terra i retard a l’aire durant el creuer. Amb aquesta estratègia, el retard és absorbit de manera gradual durant el vol fent servir el mateix combustible que inicialment planificat. Si la regulació es cancel•la abans del que estava planificat inicialment, els vols que estan a l’aire es troben en una situació més favorable per tal de recuperar part del retard. La present tesis es centra en l’estudi d’aquest concepte. En primer lloc, s’ha realitzat un estudi de la relació entre el combustible utilitzat i el temps de vol quan es modifica la velocitat nominal de creuer. A continuació, s’ha definit i analitzat el retard que pot ser realitzat sense incorre en un consum extra de combustible en l’absència i en la presencia de vent. També s’ha considerat i analitza la influència de triar un nivell de vol diferent del planificat inicialment i la utilització de combustible extra per tal d’obtenir major quantitat de retard. Els resultats mostren que per vols de curt i mitja distància, la quantitat de retard realitzable és d’entorn a 5 minuts, aquesta quantitat augmenta a uns 25 minuts per vols de llarg recorregut. El nivell de vol s’ha identificat com un dels paràmetres principals que afecten a la quantitat de retard que pot ser absorbit a l’aire. A continuació es presenta l’aplicació de la tècnica a regulacions d’ATFM realistes, i particularment a ground delay programs (GDP). Per tal de mostrar resultats que siguin significatius, els GDPs implementats en 2006 en el espai aeri nord-americà han sigut analitzats. Han sigut detalladament estudiats escenaris als aeroports de San Francisco, Newark i Chicago. Aquests tres aeroports van ser els que van declarar més GDPs durant el 2006 i per la seva situació geogràfica presenten trànsits amb diferents característiques. Per tal de considerar el trànsit s’ha utilitzat dades de la Federal Aviation Administration i característiques aerodinàmiques i de consum realistes provinents d’Airbus. Finalment, la tesis presenta l’efecte d’utilitzar radis d’exempció en els programes de regulació de trànsit i l’ ús de polítiques de priorització de vols diferents a la utilitzada actualment (ration-byschedule). Per concloure, s’ha realitzat una breu discussió sobre l’impacte d’aquesta estratègia en la gestió del trànsit aeri.
Nowadays, many air transport infrastructures suffer from congestion. This situation is worsened by a continuous increase in traffic, and, traffic density due to hub and spoke systems. Weather is one of the main causes which leads to punctual capacity reduction. To mitigate these imbalances, air traffic flow management (ATFM) initiatives are usually undertaken, ground delay at the origin airport being one of the main ones used. By assigning delay on ground at the departure airport, the arrival traffic is spread out and the arrivals are metered at the congested infrastructure. However, forecasting when these capacity drops will be solved is usually a difficult task. This leads to unnecessarily long regulations, and therefore to the realisation of unnecessary delay and an underuse of the capacity of the infrastructures.The implementation of precise four dimension trajectories, envisaged in the near future, presents new opportunities for dealing with these capacity demand imbalances. In this context, a promising technique is the use of speed variation during the cruise. Generally, it is considered that flying slower than the maximum range speed (MRC) is neither efficient nor desirable. In this dissertation a new approach is presented. When airlines plan their flights, they consider the cost of time along with the cost of fuel. It is therefore common practice to select speeds that are faster than MRC.Thus, it is possible to fly slower than MRC while maintaining fuel consumption as initially planned. This airborne delay can be considered at a pre-tactical phase to divide the assigned air traffic flow management delay between ground and airborne delay. With this strategy, the delay is absorbed gradually during the flight using the same fuel as initially planned, but with the advantage that, if the regulation is cancelled before planned, the flights which are already airborne are in a better position to recover part of their assigned delay.This dissertation focuses on the study of this concept. Firstly, a study of the trade-off existing between fuel consumption and flight time, when modifying the nominal cruise speed, is presented. Secondly, the airborne delay that can be realised without incurring extra fuel consumption is defined and assessed in the absence and presence of wind. The influence of selecting a different flight level than initially planned, and the use of extra fuel consumption to obtain higher delay, are also considered and analysed. Results show that for short and mid-range flights around 5 minutes of airborne delay can be realised, while for longer flights this value increases up to around 25 minutes. The flight level is identified as one of the main parameters which affect the amount of airborne delay realisable.Then, the application of the suggested cruise speed reduction on realistic ATFM initiatives, and, in particular, on ground delay programs (GDP) in the United States, is presented. In order to obtain significant results, the GDPs implemented in North American airspace during 2006 are analysed. Scenarios for San Francisco International, Newark Liberty International and Chicago O'Hare International are studied in detail, as these airports were the ones where the most GDPs were implemented in 2006. In addition, due to their location, they present different traffic behaviours. In order to consider the traffic, Federal Aviation Administration data and the aerodynamics and fuel consumption characteristic form Airbus are used.Finally, the use of radius of exemption in the GPDs and the use of ration policies different from the operative ration-by-schedule, are also analysed. To conclude, a brief discussion about the impact of this speed reduction strategy on the air traffic management is presented.
Hoy en día un número considerable de infraestructuras del transporte aéreo tienen problemas de congestión. Esta situación se ve empeorada por el incremento de tráfico existente y por su densidad producida por el sistema de hub y spoke utilizado por las compañías aéreas. Esta congestión se ve agravada puntualmente por disminuciones de capacidad debidas a causas como la meteorología. Para mitigar estos desequilibrios, normalmente se implementan medidas de gestión del tráfico aéreo (ATFM), siendo el retraso en el aeropuerto de origen una de las más utilizadas. Asignando retraso en tierra previo al despegue, el tráfico de llegada se distribuye durante un intervalo mayor de tiempo y se controlan las llegadas. Pese a esto, la predicción de cuando estas reducciones de capacidad se solventarán es generalmente una tarea compleja. Por esto, se suelen definir regulaciones durante un periodo de tiempo superior al necesario, comportando la asignación y realización de retraso innecesario y el desaprovechamiento de las infraestructuras. La definición de trayectorias precisas permite nuevas oportunidades para gestionar estos desequilibrios. Una técnica prometedora es el uso de variaciones de velocidad durante el crucero. Suele considerarse que volar más lento que la velocidad de máximo alcance (MRC) no es eficiente. En esta tesis se presenta una nueva aproximación. Cuando las aerolíneas planifican sus vuelos consideran el coste del tiempo junto con el del combustible. Por consiguiente, es una práctica habitual seleccionar velocidades mas rápidas que MRC. Así es posible volar mas lento que la velocidad de MRC manteniendo el mismo consumo que el inicialmente planificado. Este retraso realizable en el aire puede ser considerado en la fase pre-táctica para dividir el retraso asignado entre retraso en tierra y retraso durante el crucero. Con esta estrategia, el retraso es absorbido de manera gradual durante todo el vuelo utilizando el mismo combustible que el planificado inicialmente por la compañía. Esta estrategia presenta la ventaja de que los vuelos que están en el aire se encuentran en una situación mas favorable para recuperar parte del retraso que tenían asignado si la regulación se cancela. En primer lugar se ha realizado un estudio de la relación existente entre el combustible usado y el tiempo de vuelo cuando la velocidad de crucero es modificada. A continuación, se ha definido y analizado el retraso que se puede realizar sin repercutir en el consumo en la ausencia y en la presencia de viento. También se ha considerado la influencia de elegir un nivel de vuelo diferente al planificado y el uso de combustible extra para incrementar el retraso. Los resultados muestran que para vuelos de corto y medio alcance, la cantidad de retraso es de en torno a 5 minutos, esta cantidad aumenta a unos 25 minutos para vuelos de largo recorrido. El nivel de vuelo se ha identificado como uno de los parámetros principales que afectan a la cantidad de retraso que puede ser absorbido. Seguidamente se presenta la aplicación de esta técnica en regulaciones de ATFM realistas, y en particular de ground delay programs (GDP). Con el objetivo de mostrar resultados significativos, los GDPs definidos en 2006 en el espacio aéreo norteamericano han sido analizados. Han sido estudiados en detalle escenarios en los aeropuertos de San Francico, Newark y Chicago. Estos tres aeropuertos fueron los aeropuertos que implementaron m´as GDPs en 2006 y por su situación geográfica presentan tráficos con diferentes características. Para considerar el tráfico se han utilizado datos de la Federal Aviation Administration y características aerodinámicas y de consumo provenientes de Airbus. Finalmente, se presenta el efecto de usar radios de exención en los GDPs y el uso de políticas de priorización de vuelos diferentes a la utilizada actualmente (ration-by-schedule). Para concluir se ha realizado una breve discusión sobre el impacto de esta estrategia en la gestión del tráfico aéreo.

The continuous implementation of highly technological functions and specifically intelligent transport systems in public transport highlights the need of highly efficient, accurate and reliable bus operations network. Intelligent transport systems can support a variety of functions, including dynamic bus fleet management which has yet to be established in most bus fleets in the UK in a systematic way. In order to support dynamic bus fleet management by detecting the fundamental role of bus and traffic incidents in bus-based public transport, a microscopic simulation model capable of modelling the impact of the individual incidents‟ characteristics on bus operations has been developed and applied to a variety of scenarios. This research draws on a review of existing literature on bus fleet management and available computer software in this field. It investigates research gaps in modelling the impact of traffic incidents on overall bus performance; it describes the design and development of the new simulation model, SIBUFEM (Simulating Incidents for Bus Fleet Management) for modelling bus operations during whole day periods in which incidents of different types can occur. The model simulates a high frequency bus service using existing field data and incorporates the continuous circulation of buses along the bus route. It uses journey time profiles, passenger-dependent bus stop dwell times and deterministic time-dependent queuing theory to model traffic incidents and the impact of their characteristics on the bus performance parameters. The model results, presented in this thesis, focus on performance measures including but not limited to bus journey times, passenger waiting times and bus delays resulting from various bus and traffic incidents. Incidents vary from bus breakdowns, to traffic incidents such as road-works, traffic accidents, burst water mains, disabled vehicles and illegal parking; in SIBUFEM they are specified in terms of their location, duration and severity (i.e. loss of capacity). The model has been applied to a main bus corridor in Southampton, UK, with a base case of „normal‟ operations established, for comparison with results from 24 different incident scenarios, and using key model performance parameters of average bus journey time, bus speed and excess waiting time. This PhD demonstrates the functionality of SIBUFEM with model results demonstrating the extent to which passenger waiting times increase with increasing incident severity and duration. The overall comparison of the simulation results showed that the more severe the level of severity or the longer the duration of an incident, the higher the expected impact of the event on the overall bus performance was. In terms of the incident location parameter, the effect is greater when the incident occurs in the middle of the bus route than when it occurs at the end. The effect of incident location is especially evident in the case of traffic incidents such as roadworks, traffic accidents and illegal parking. Findings from this research also demonstrated that these incidents are usually more severely affected by a change in an incident parameter than by bus breakdown incidents. The thesis concludes with a discussion on potential dynamic bus fleet management strategies and how SIBUFEM can be further developed to allow these strategies to be evaluated. SIBUFEM is capable of modelling traffic incidents to support dynamic bus fleet management and, thus, encourage the use of intelligent transport systems applications in bus operations. This offers great potential in the field of bus-based public transport as part of a guidance tool for bus operators, as well as the way to increase bus level service thereby increasing customer satisfaction and thus the development of a sustainable transport system.

Mixed sand and gravel beaches are an important means of sea defence. The majority of beaches in the south coast of the UK are of the mixed type and beach replenishment is generally needed in order to maintain the effectiveness of these beaches against storm wave attacks. Despite vigorous research efforts in recent years, coastal engineers still do not have a reliable method to estimate the sediment budget in their designs. In addition, there is also a lack of understanding of the impacts of beach maintenance activities, such as recycling and re-profiling, on the performance of the beach and on the economics in maintaining the beach system. This thesis is mainly focused on establishing the relationships between sediment transport of a mixed beach and the wave climate, and between the beach performance and beach maintenance activities. The thesis also aims to establish essential considerations coastal engineers need to give when planning beach maintenance operations.

Cette thèse traite de la manipulation de l'énergie dans trois systèmes quantiques ouverts différents dans la limite de couplage faible système-environnement, et leurs dynamiques respectives sont décrites par une équation maîtresse quantique markovienne. Dans le premier chapitre, le calcul d'une telle équation est réalisé pour un système particulier, et diverses notions de thermodynamique quantique sont introduites. Pour le premier système physique, on analyse le transport d'énergie le long de chaînes atomiques (entre 2 et 7 atomes) soumises à un rayonnement de corps noir proche de la température ambiante. Il est montré que l'efficacité du transport peut atteindre des valeurs remarquables, surpassant 100% et atteignant jusqu'à 1400% dans certaines configurations. De plus, lorsque l'efficacité est amplifiée, la portée du transport est également considérablement augmentée. Le chapitre suivante traite aussi du transport d'énergie dans des chaînes atomiques. Le système quantique est placé à l'interface d'un isolant topologique photonique (ITP), qui supporte un plasmon polariton de surface (PPS) insensible à la réflexion. Le PPS se propage le long de la chaîne atomique et assiste le transport d'énergie. La comparaison est faite entre PPSs réciproque et unidirectionnel en termes d'efficacité du transport, et il est démontré que ce dernier produit une meilleure efficacité, de plus d'un ordre de grandeur. De surcroît, divers aspects pratiques dus aux propriétés des ITPs sont mis en avant, notamment la robustesse du transport d'énergie en présence de défauts sur le parcours du PPS. Enfin, un système quantique immergé dans un champ électromagnétique hors équilibre thermique est étudié. Il est composé d'un système à trois niveaux d'énergie, jouant le rôle de machine thermique quantique à absorption, ainsi que de N atomes à deux niveaux ("qubits") qui sont affectés par l'action de la machine. Il est montré que la machine est capable de délivrer des tâches thermiques d'intensité significative sur les qubits, y compris lorsque leur nombre augmente. De plus, il est mis en évidence qu'en raison d'interactions qubit-qubit, les tâches réalisées par la machine sont distribuées parmi l'ensemble du système des qubits en interaction, de sorte que dans certains cas, même les qubits complètement découplés de la machine subissent une modification de température considérable. Ce mécanisme de distribution des tâches est analysé à travers les corrélations entre différentes partitions du système quantique. Par ailleurs, le contrôle des tâches thermiques est également discuté
This thesis deals with energy management in open quantum systems. Three different systems are under study in the limit of weak system-environment coupling, and their dynamics is described by Markovian quantum master equations. In the first chapter, the complete derivation of such equation is performed in a specific case, and several notions of quantum thermodynamics are introduced. In the first system, energy transport is investigated along atomic chains (between 2 and 7 atoms) embedded in blackbody radiation around room temperature. It is shown that the transport efficiency can reach remarkable values, exceeding 100% and reaching 1400% in some configurations. Moreover, when the efficiency is amplified, the transport range is also considerably increased. The following chapter also deals with energy transport in atomic chains. The quantum system is located at the interface of a photonic topological insulator (PTI), supporting a unidirectional surface-plasmon-polariton (SPP) immune to backscattering. The SPP propagates along the chain and assists energy transport. Comparison is made between reciprocal and unidirectional SPPs in terms of transport efficiency, and it is shown that the latter can yield an efficiency larger by one order of magnitude. In addition, several practical aspects stemming from PTIs are highlighted, including the robustness of energy transport in the presence of defects on the SPP path. In the last chapter, a quantum system embedded in an out-of-thermal-equilibrium electromagnetic field is investigated. It is composed of a three-level atom playing the role of an absorption quantum thermal machine, as well as N two-level atoms ('qubits'), with N=1,...,6, which are the target bodies. It is demonstrated that the machine is able to perform significant thermal tasks on the qubits, even when their number is increased. Moreover, it is pointed out that due to qubit-qubit interactions, the tasks delivered by the machine are distributed throughout the system of interacting qubits, such that in some cases the temperature of the qubits which are completely decoupled from the machine can still be considerably affected by it. This task-distribution mechanism is investigated by means of the correlations between different subparts of the system. In addition, the tuning of thermal tasks is discussed

Magistro darbe, analizuojant metodinę literatūrą, aprašomuoju metodu pateikiama automobilinio transporto techninės būklės vaidmuo eismo saugumo ir aplinkosaugos teorijose, bei analizuojami automobilinio transporto priemonių techninę būklę sąlygojantys veiksniai. Taip pat remiantis metodine literatūra, norminiais aktais atskleista automobilinio transporto priemonių techninės būklės kontrolės sistema bei nagrinėjami reikalavimai institucijoms, kurios užtikrina kelių transporto priemonių tvarkingą techninę būklę, atlikta Šiaulių TAC kokybės vadybos sistemos (KVS) analizė bei Šiaulių TAC atsakomybės, įgaliojimų ir ryšių analizė. Darbe pateikiami Lietuvos gyventojų nuomonės apie korupciją automobilių techninių apžiūrų centruose tyrimo rezultatai. Magistro darbo pabaigoje pateikiamos išvados bei rekomendacijos.
In this master’s paper the role of motoring transport technical condition in the fields of road safety and environment control by analyzing methodical literature and using descriptive method is given as well as the factors, conditioning motoring vehicles’ technical condition, are analyzed. Also with reference to methodical literature, there is a motoring vehicles’ technical condition inspection system revealed by the means, based on the normative acts and the requirements for institutions, ensuring road vehicles orderly technical condition is under consideration as well as analysis of Šiauliai TAC (technical inspection center) quality management system (KVS) and Šiauliai TAC responsibility, authorities and communications performed. There are given the opinions of Lithuanian citizens about corruption that takes in technical inspection centers concerning test results. The conclusions and recommendations are given in the end of the Master’s work.

Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, System Design and Management Program, Engineering and Management Program, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 161-165).
Commercial flight operations have seen the consistent reduction of flight crew from five to two over the past several decades. As technology improves and airplanes become increasingly capable of flying themselves, this trend of crew reduction can be expected to continue. Single pilot operations in commercial air transport presents a range of benefits and challenges, some of which are explored in this thesis. While there has been some discussion of the concept of having a single pilot operate a complex aircraft, including an announcement by a regional jet manufacturer of their intent to realize the concept in the first half of the next decade, it is seen that there is a need to define architectures and compare them in different operational contexts. This examination of architectures is conducted by identifying high level concepts or architectural decisions mentioned in the literature reviewed thus far, and creating an architectural space containing the possible constrained combinations of architectural divisions. The architectural space is represented as a safety versus cost trade space, wherein different architectural combinations are compared against present day operations. An attempt is also made to identify possible off nominal situations and the ability of the different architectures to deal with them. Safety is studied primarily as a function of pilot workload, which is identified by studying the movement of flight operations processes from the first officer, who is eliminated. Cost in this context is regarded as a combination of acquisition costs and operating costs. The former is quantified by identifying likely changes in system complexity, while the latter is a combination of crew and new infrastructure costs. Moving to SPO requires taking into account the operating context. The analysis indicates that different classes of aircraft - widebodies, narrowbodies, and regional jets - have different levels of benefits and costs in moving to SPO. Capabilities of automation needs to improve drastically before the second human in the flight deck can be replaced, and this is borne out by the dominance of human centered concepts in the trade space. The analysis also indicates that regional aircraft may be prime candidates to move to SPO first, as most regional architectures generate positive savings.
by Aravind Asokan.
S.M. in Engineering and Management

O trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para o planejamento empresarial do serviço de transporte urbano por ônibus. A metodologia foi concebida a partir de três pontos: a fundamentação metodológica, a revisão bibliográfica e a aplicação de uma técnica de análise de múltiplos critérios de apoio à tomada de decisão. A fundamentação metodológica do trabalho está no entendimento de que as variáveis relacionadas com a cultura, com a sociedade e com o poder político e econômico têm uma forte influência no processo de planejamento. Portanto, precisam ser consideradas na definição do produto completo da empresa, na gama de serviços a ser ofertado, na configuração da empresa e de suporte externo da oferta dos serviços e de insumos de produção. O desempenho empresarial é avaliado pela forma de gestão implementada na organização. A revisão bibliográfica permitiu selecionar e sistematizar os critérios de apoio à tomada de decisão e as alternativas para estruturar o planejamento, contemplando a organização interna, a avaliação e regulamentação do mercado de serviço do transporte urbano por ônibus. O método de múltiplos critérios de apoio à tomada de decisão adotado foi o Analytic Hierarchy Process - AHP. Sua aplicação prioriza, em escala de importância, os critérios adotados de apoio à tomada de decisão e as alternativas de atuação contendo ações a serem implementadas para consolidar o planejamento empresarial. A metodologia permite ao empresário de transporte urbano por ônibus adotar um procedimento sistemático para consolidar o planejamento empresarial como um processo contínuo de gestão e de avaliação de resultados, ponderando inclusive as restrições de atuar em um mercado regulamentado.
The work presents a methodology for the managment planning of the urban bus passenger transportation service. The methodology was conceived three starting points: the methodological basis, a bibliographical review and the implementation of an analysis technique of different support criteria for decision making. The methodological basis of the work assumes that the variables related to the culture, society and to the political and economical power have a strong influence upon the planning process. Therefore, they must be taken into account when defining the total product of the enterprise, the range of services offered, the format of the enterprise and the external support of production services and assets available. The enterprise performance is evaluated by the type of management implemented in the organization. The bibliographical review allowed the selection and systematization of supporting criteria in decision making as well as the alternatives to structure the planning, taking into consideration the internal organization, the evaluation and regulation of the market in relation to urban bus transportation services. The different criteria of support to decision making adopted was the Analytic Hierarchy Process - AHP. Its application, by priority, is in order of importance, the criteria adopted and the alternatives of performance containing actions to be implemented in order to consolidate the planning process. The methodology allows the entrepreneur to use the enterprise planning as a continuous process of performance and of evaluation of results, including considerations on restrictions of performance in a regulated market.

Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division; in conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 146-148).
The M28 is a Polish short-takeoff-and-landing (STOL) light cargo aircraft developed in 1984 and currently built by PZL Mielec, a subsidiary of United Technology Corporation (UTC). There has been renewed interest in the product from military and commercial markets due to its impressive STOL capabilities. However, in order to become price-competitive, its cost would need to be reduced significantly. Multiple cost-reduction concepts have been proposed by the manufacturing and procurement groups. An Optimization Team was also formed to lead the cost-reduction effort. However, a more systematic approach is required in order to achieve the ambitious reduction goals. The proposed solution is to create a top-down systematic cost-reduction framework used to coordinate and prioritize the team's current bottom-up approach. A top-down cost reduction strategy was developed based on UTC Otis' Octopus Fishing concept. Such methodology, heavily finance driven, systematically breaks M28 into sub-systems, and prioritizes improvement recommendations based on cost-reduction potentials. It also leverages on the wealth of knowledge from global cross-functional teams to generate explosive amount of improvement recommendations. The sub-systems were benchmarked against competitors cost structures. The framework will be linked to concepts generated from the database to create a process that combine top-down and bottom-up approaches. After tasks were prioritized using the outlined framework, a three-prong approach was implemented to enhance cost reduction capability. Manufacturing of labor intensive parts such as nacelle deflection cover was automated using CNC machines. A set of commodity purchasing strategies were formulated for forgings, avionics, raw materials, interior and composite materials. Lastly, a discrete Kaizen event was described to aid redesign-for-manufacturing.
by Yuxin Xia.
S.M.
M.B.A.