Journal articles: 'Transverse tensile test'

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Petersen, DR, RE Link, H. Wang, R. Bouchard, R. Eagleson, P. Martin, and WR Tyson. "Ring Hoop Tension Test (RHTT): A Test for Transverse Tensile Properties of Tubular Materials." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 30, no. 5 (2002): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte12328j.

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Jia, Juan, Shuang Xin Liu, and Dierk Rabbe. "Fracture Behaviors of the Rolled Isotactic Polypropylene." Applied Mechanics and Materials 529 (June 2014): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.529.237.

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The mechanical properties of the rolled isotactic polypropylene and the morphology of fracture surfaces were measured and observed by tensile tests and the scanning electron microscopy. And then the tensile fracture behaviors along the rolling and transvers directions of the rolled samples were analyzed. After rolling, strong anisotropy mechanical properties occurred along the rolling and transverse directions: high tensile strength with low total elongation along the rolling direction and low tensile strength with high total elongation along the transverse direction. After tensile test, three characteristic structures were found on the fracture surfaces. The tensile fracture behavior of the rolled samples is: stress concentration happens on the edge of tensile sample and then fracture develops to the center part of the tensile sample. When the fracture is big enough, the tensile sample will be failed very quickly.

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Schüller, T., W. Beckert, B. Lauke, and K. Friedrich. "Single-fibre transverse debonding: tensile test of a necked specimen." Composites Science and Technology 60, no. 11 (August 2000): 2077–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-3538(00)00100-7.

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Li, Li, and Michel Aubertin. "A crack-induced stress approach to describe the tensile strength of transversely isotropic rocks." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 39, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t01-069.

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Rocks are generally more or less anisotropic, depending on their structure at the scale of interest. In engineering applications, the magnitude of such anisotropy must often be determined for compressive as well as tensile loading conditions. In this paper, the authors present the results of an investigation on tensile failure of transversely isotropic rocks, based on Inglis' analytical solution for the stress at the boundary of an elliptical flaw. The strength of transversely isotropic rocks is assumed to be controlled by the maximum tensile local stress along the crack boundary. Equations are developed and compared with tensile test data taken from the literature. The results show that the proposed formulations represent well the direct and indirect tensile strength of anisotropic rocks as a function of bedding plane orientation. It is also shown that the proposed physical model correlates well with the results obtained from more empirical formulations.Key words: rock mechanics, anisotropy, transverse isotropy, tensile strength, Brazilian test, crack.

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Wroński, Sebastian, Krzysztof Wierzbanowski, Mariusz Jędrychowski, Jacek Tarasiuk, Marcin Wronski, Andrzej Baczmański, Brigitte Bacroix, and Alain Lodini. "Microstructure and Residual Stress in T40 Titanium after Tensile Test." Materials Science Forum 905 (August 2017): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.905.17.

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The goal work of this work is to describe the qualitative and quantitative behaviour of titanium T40 during tensile test. Material characteristics were determined using EBSD and X-ray techniques. Textures, twin boundary fractions, residual stresses and coherent domain size were determined. It was found that deformation mechanisms and microstructure characteristics are different in the samples stretched along rolling and transverse directions. For example the average grain size, as determined from EBSD measurements, is higher in the sample stretched along rolling direction. Also smaller coherent domains form and residual stress is more easily relaxed in this sample. A strong appearance of tensile twins was observed in the samples deformed along transverse direction. In the present paper a complex study of material characteristics and deformation mechanisms is presented. A special emphasis is done on residual stress characteristics determined in the samples stretched in two perpendicular directions.

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Adnan R. Al Assal, Abdalbaset A Fatalla, Mohammed Moudhaffar, and Ghasak H Jani. "The effect of polyamide microparticles addition on some mechanical prop-erties of light-cured acrylic resin." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 2 (April 23, 2019): 1464–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.719.

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The general upgrading of polymer denture base material and research continuously looking for ideal restorative dental material with better properties, adequate esthetic properties, less expensive and easier to handle material to develop photo polymerization dental materials. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of addition polyamide on mechanical microparticle properties light cure denture base material. One hindered sixty specimens from light-cured acrylic resin (Aurora). The divided mainly into four groups according to test used (Transverse strength test, impact strength test, hardness test and tensile strength test) with 40 specimens for each group. The results show an increase in Transverse strength, impact strength, hardness and tensile strength in all experimental group when compared to control group the highest mean values for all tests included in the study appeared in group B 1% polyamide. The addition of polyamide microparticle improves transverse, tensile, impact strength and hardness properties of denture base material.

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Gurova, T., J. R. Teodòsio, J. M. A. Rebello, and V. Monin. "Variation of the residual stress state in a welded joint during plastic deformation in a 5.0%Cr and 0.5%Mo steel." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 32, no. 6 (August 1, 1997): 455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0309324971513553.

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The aim of the present work is to verify the variation of the initial residual compressive stress induced by shot-peening, during plastic deformation under uniaxial tension, in a steel with 5.0%Mo and 0.5%Cr, employing test pieces taken from a welded joint where, due to the welding process, there are regions with different mechanical properties (yield strength and tensile strength). The regions of the joint, the base metal, the heat-affected zone and the weld bead exhibited different behaviour. In the heat-affected zone the residual compressive stresses in the longitudinal direction changed to tensile stresses with 0.5-1 per cent plastic deformation. At 3 per cent the stresses attain a maximum tensile value, decreasing in an oscillating manner up to 6 per cent plastic deformation. Beyond this point the test pieces reached a constant tensile value until the fracture. The transverse residual stress values were also modified during the tensile test but no full stress relaxation was observed. Indeed, the initial compressive stress values changed under small applied plastic deformation and after 4 per cent plastic deformation they changed weakly until the test piece fracture. The weld bead was weakly deformed and no effective stress relaxation was observed. In both the longitudinal and the transverse directions, the residual compressive stresses are brought sharply from an initial value of — 470MPa to a minimum of — 250MPa for only 0.5 per cent plastic deformation. No further changes were observed until the fracture of the test piece.

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Hivet, Gilles, Emmanuelle Vidal-Sallé, and Philippe Boisse. "Analysis of the Stress Components during the Forming of a Textile Composite Reinforcement." Key Engineering Materials 554-557 (June 2013): 492–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.492.

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When a continuum approach is considered for textile reinforcements, the internal loads are described by a stress tensor. The mechanical behaviour of the textile material is very much dependent on the fiber directions, and the frames defined from warp and weft directions are preferred to write the stress components. The exterior loads in these frames permit to define tensile and pure shear states. Nevertheless these frames are generally not orthogonal. The relationships between the exterior loads and the different stress components are analyzed in the present paper, and, in particular, the relationship between direct stress components and longitudinal loads on one hand, and shear stress components and transversal loads on the other hand. When dealing with textile materials, the exterior loads in the direction of the fibres and transverse to the fibres define the pure tensile and pure shear state. It will be shown that the covariant stress component matrix is diagonal in a pure tensile loading and that the first mixed direct stress components are equal to zero in a pure shear loading. In these cases, the direct relationship between the stresses and the loadings are given. This will be applied to the cases of the picture frame test, the biaxial tensile test or of a combined tension-shear test.

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Hivet, Gilles, Emmanuelle Vidal-Sallé, and Philippe Boisse. "Analysis of the stress components in a textile composite reinforcement." Journal of Composite Materials 47, no. 3 (March 13, 2012): 269–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998312439222.

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When a continuum approach is considered for textile reinforcements, the internal loads are described by a stress tensor. The mechanical behaviour of the textile material is very much dependent on the fiber directions, and the frames defined from warp and weft directions are preferred to write the stress components. The exterior loads in these frames permit to define tensile and pure shear states. Nevertheless, these frames are generally not orthogonal. The relationships between the exterior loads and the different stress components are analyzed in the present paper, and, in particular, the relationship between direct stress components and longitudinal loads on one hand, and shear stress components and transversal loads on the other hand. When dealing with textile materials, the exterior loads in the direction of the fibres and transverse to the fibres define the pure tensile and pure shear state. It is shown that the covariant stress component matrix is diagonal in a pure tensile loading and that the first mixed direct stress components are equal to zero in a pure shear loading. In these cases, the direct relationship between the stresses and the loadings are given. This is applied to the cases of the picture frame test, the biaxial tensile test or of a combined tension-shear test.

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Wang, S. R., H. G. Xiao, Z. S. Zou, C. Cao, Y. H. Wang, and Z. L. Wang. "Mechanical Performances of Transverse Rib Bar During Pull-Out Test." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 11, no. 05 (June 2019): 1950048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825119500480.

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To evaluate mechanical performances of the transverse rib bar and reveal anchoring mechanism between the grout and steel bar, a series of pull-out tests were carried out, the numerical simulations and theoretical analysis of grout failure modes were also analyzed. Results show that the grout in front of the transverse rib display wedge-shape damage and the simulation results verify this damage forms. The formula of the effective transverse rib angle, the grout strength and anchorage force were derived based on elastic thick-wall cylinder theory. During the pull-out tests, the radial stress of the grout lagged the tangential stress reaching the ultimate tensile strength with the inner pressure increasing. The anchoring force of the transverse rib bar increases with the increase of the grout strength, and with the increase of the effective transverse rib angle. These conclusions provide the theoretical basis and technical support for the engineering practice.

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11

Duva, J. M., E. J. Lang, F. Mirzadeh, and C. T. Herakovich. "Probabilistic Perspective on the Failure of Composite Laminae." Applied Mechanics Reviews 43, no. 5S (May 1, 1990): S288—S293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3120830.

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A probabilistic approach is presented for predicting the applied stress at failure for notched and unnotched unidirectional brittle matrix fibrous composites. It is assumed that failure is caused by the transverse normal stress alone. The mean value of the applied stress at failure can be calculated for any test coupon once the distribution of the transverse normal stress is known. Results are presented for axial and transverse tensile loading of notched coupons and transverse tensile loading of unnotched coupons. The widely observed linear ln–ln relationship between applied stress at failure and notch size is predicted.

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Samal, MK, KS Balakrishnan, J. Parashar, GP Tiwari, and S. Anantharaman. "Estimation of transverse tensile behavior of Zircaloy pressure tubes using ring-tensile test and finite element analysis." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 227, no. 6 (September 13, 2012): 1177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406212460474.

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Determination of transverse mechanical properties from the ring type of specimens directly machined from the nuclear reactor pressure tubes is not straightforward. It is due to the presence of combined membrane as well as bending stresses arising in the loaded condition because of the curvature of the specimen. These tubes are manufactured through a complicated process of pilgering and heat treatment and hence, the transverse properties need to be determined in the as-manufactured condition. It may not also be possible to machine small miniaturized specimen in the circumferential direction especially in the irradiated condition. In this work, we have performed ring-tensile tests on the un-irradiated ring tensile specimen using two split semi-cylindrical mandrels as the loading device. A three-dimensional finite element analysis was performed in order to determine the material true stress–strain curve by comparing experimental load–displacement data with those predicted by finite element analysis. In order to validate the methodology, miniaturized tensile specimens were machined from these tubes and tested. It was observed that the stress–strain data as obtained from ring tensile specimen could describe the load–displacement curve of the miniaturized flat tensile specimen very well. However, it was noted that the engineering stress–strain as directly obtained from the experimental load–displacement curves of the ring tensile tests were very different from that of the miniaturized specimen. This important aspect has been resolved in this work through the use of an innovative type of 3-piece loading mandrel.

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13

Wang, Yi, Xiao Xia Chen, and Zhi Qiang Jiang. "The Damage Evolution of the Flange Repaired Reinforcement Laminates." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 3180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.3180.

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The Finite Element Model (FEM) study of the flange repaired cut-out laminates were carried out in this work. The FEM studies on the reinforcement and unrepaired structure is focused on simulation of the tensile test, damage evolution and the predicted failure loading. The test results indicated that the strain value decreased as the size of load is. The simulation results show that the tensile strength of the reinforcement is larger than that is unrepaired. Compared the results of damage evolution with four kinds damage criterion, the major failure model is matrix cracking under transverse tension appeared in the layers.

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Zhu, Fei Fei, Zhi Li Zhong, Hua Wu Liu, and Zong Fu Guo. "The Influence of Basalt Fiber Orientation on the Mechanical Property of Composite Board." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.283.

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The composite board was made of chopped basalt and polypropylene fibers. The manufacturing process included blending, carding, web formation, laminating and compression molding. The tension and bending properties were investigated experimentally. The load - displacement curve of the tensile test revealed that the elastic modulus and maximum vertical load in the longitudinal were far greater than these in the transverse direction; and tensile strengths were far apart in the longitudinal and transverse direction as well. In comparison with the tensile tests, the effect of basalt fiber orientation on the bending modulus and strength were relatively insignificant. In addition, from the micro fibril angle, we also verify that the orientation angle of basalt fiber is an important factor of influence to the mechanical property. In the similar study, the influence hadn’t been seen sufficiently, so this paper provides reference to the actual application of the composite board.

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Post, Paul-Philipp, Christian Berger, Klaus Villforth, Heinz-Joachim Schaffrath, and Samuel Schabel. "Optical measurement of deformation of paper under tensile load." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 27, no. 2 (May 1, 2012): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2012-27-02-p313-317.

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Abstract A test method for simultaneous contactless measurement of lateral contraction and change in thickness of paper in tensile testing is presented. All the investigated paper samples showed transverse shrinkage as well as an increase in thickness during loading. Consequently, in-plane Poisson’s ratios for different tested papers were positive, whereas Poisson’s ratios in thickness direction had negative values. In general, the transverse shrinkage proved to be detectable while the resolution and accuracy of the thickness determination in some cases still requires optimization.

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Colin, Leia, Antoine Chevallier, Satoru Tsugawa, Florian Gacon, Christophe Godin, Virgile Viasnoff, Timothy E. Saunders, and Olivier Hamant. "Cortical tension overrides geometrical cues to orient microtubules in confined protoplasts." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 51 (December 7, 2020): 32731–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008895117.

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In plant cells, cortical microtubules (CMTs) generally control morphogenesis by guiding cellulose synthesis. CMT alignment has been proposed to depend on geometrical cues, with microtubules aligning with the cell long axis in silico and in vitro. Yet, CMTs are usually transverse in vivo, i.e., along predicted maximal tension, which is transverse for cylindrical pressurized vessels. Here, we adapted a microwell setup to test these predictions in a single-cell system. We confined protoplasts laterally to impose a curvature ratio and modulated pressurization through osmotic changes. We find that CMTs can be longitudinal or transverse in wallless protoplasts and that the switch in CMT orientation depends on pressurization. In particular, longitudinal CMTs become transverse when cortical tension increases. This explains the dual behavior of CMTs in planta: CMTs become longitudinal when stress levels become low, while stable transverse CMT alignments in tissues result from their autonomous response to tensile stress fluctuations.

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Arndt, Caitlin M., Nelson V. de Carvalho, and Michael W. Czabaj. "Experimental reexamination of transverse tensile strength for IM7/8552 tape-laminate composites." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 23 (March 24, 2020): 3297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320914065.

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Due to the observed dependence of transverse-tensile strength, Y T, on test geometry and specimen size, there is no consensus regarding a test method that can uniquely measure Y T. This study reexamines the characterization of Y T by comparing results from established flexure tests with results from a new tensile test that exhibits consistent failure in the gage region. Additionally, the effects of surface preparation and direction of transverse fracture are investigated. Results show that Y T is inversely proportional to specimen volume and surface roughness and is insensitive to direction of transverse fracture. The relationship between specimen volume and Y T is adequately captured by Weibull strength-scaling theory, except at the tails of the Y T distributions. However, specimens exhibited microcracking prior to failure, which violates the “weak-link” assumption of the Weibull theory. These findings highlight the challenges of using deterministic Y T values in progressive damage analysis.

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Wang, Shuai, Kun Jiang, and Hui Jun Ning. "Preparation and Tensile Properties of Gasbag with Textile Reinforced Composite Lining." Applied Mechanics and Materials 271-272 (December 2012): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.271-272.357.

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Introducing an gasbag made of novel textile reinforced composite, investigating the tensile properties of this composite through comparison with different directions and speeds tensile test. The research indicates that this composite has preferable tensile properties, and the tensile properties are the same between transverse and longitudinal direction. The tensile fracture is brittle fracture. This result supplies necessary base for application of this new type textile reinforced composite.

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Chen, AS, J. Smith, RS Bushby, MG Phillips, and VD Scott. "Tensile Property Evaluation of Continuous Fibre MMC." Advanced Composites Letters 3, no. 3 (May 1994): 096369359400300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369359400300304.

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A tensile test method is described for continuous fibre metal matrix composites and used to evaluate the properties of aluminium alloy reinforced with Altex fibre. The composite, which was manufactured to a high quality using liquid-metal infiltration, was shown to possess high longitudinal modulus and strength and to have a transverse strength comparable with that of unreinforced alloy.

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Liang, Chen, Haowen Li, Hoda Mousavi, Guolin Wang, and Kangying Yu. "Evaluation and improvement of tire rolling resistance and grip performance based on test and simulation." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 12, no. 12 (December 2020): 168781402098117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814020981173.

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In order to clarify the contradictory mechanism between tire rolling resistance and grip performance, ten (10) 205/55 R16 radial tires with different tread patterns were selected as the research objects. Using VIC-3D non-contact strain measurement system, the pattern deformation in the contact area under vertical load was tested and the relevant deformation parameters of the contact area were extracted. Correlation analysis was used to establish the relationship between the identified deformation parameters and tire performance indicators. Then the contradiction mechanism between tire rolling resistance and grip performance was identified. The mechanism is such that, in order to improve the grip performance of the tire, it is necessary to reduce the transverse tensile strain of the tread in the contact area and increase the longitudinal tensile strain of the tread, but with the increase of the longitudinal tensile strain, the rolling resistance of the tire will also increase, which leads to the contradiction between tire rolling resistance and grip performance. In order to better understand and solve this contradiction, a finite element model of 205/55R16 tire with complex pattern was established. The influence of the number and width of transverse grooves in outer shoulder area on tire rolling resistance and grip performance was analyzed by numerical simulation, where it was identified that, the longitudinal tensile deformation of the tread is the main cause of contradiction between the two performances. An optimized design of concave transverse groove with narrow groove in the middle and wide groove at both ends was proposed in the outer shoulder area to resolve the contradiction. Compared with the original scheme, the rolling resistance of the optimized scheme was reduced by 2.112 N, and the grip force saw an increase of 10.196 N, and thus delivering a cooperative improvement of tire rolling resistance and grip performance.

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Quapp, K. M., and J. A. Weiss. "Material Characterization of Human Medial Collateral Ligament." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 120, no. 6 (December 1, 1998): 757–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2834890.

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The objectives of this study were to determine the longitudinal and transverse material properties of the human medial collateral ligament (MCL) and to evaluate the ability of three existing constitutive models to describe the material behavior of MCL. Uniaxial test specimens were punched from ten human cadaveric MCLs and tensile tested along and transverse to the collagen fiber direction. Using load and optical strain analysis information, the tangent modulus, tensile strength and ultimate strain were determined. The material coefficients for each constitutive model were determined using nonlinear regression. All specimens failed within the substance of the tissue. Specimens tested along the collagen fiber direction exhibited the typical nonlinear behavior reported for ligaments. This behavior was absent from the stress–strain curves of the transverse specimens. The average tensile strength, ultimate strain, and tangent modulus for the longitudinal specimens was 38.6 ± 4.8 MPa, 17.1 ± 1.5 percent, and 332.2 ± 58.3 MPa, respectively. The average tensile strength, ultimate strain, and tangent modulus for the transverse specimens was 1.7 ± 0.5 MPa, 11.7 ± 0.9 percent, and 11.0 ± 3.6 MPa, respectively. All three constitutive models described the longitudinal behavior of the ligament equally well. However, the ability of the models to describe the transverse behavior of the ligament varied.

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22

Ho, Ming Hsiung, Ping Kun Lee, Pin Ning Wang, Chih Yi Chang, and Ping Chen Shen. "The Study of Electromagnetic Steel Sheet High Cycle Fatigue Properties." Advanced Materials Research 1052 (October 2014): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1052.127.

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In this study, the brand name 35CS300 and 50CS400 electromagnetic steel with tensile and high cycle fatigue properties were investigated. The specimens were prepared in rolling and transverse directions. In the first, the material basic properties were built from tensile test. The high cycle fatigue was performed under stress ratio 0.1 and two sampling direction. The tensile result showed that the specimens in rolling direction (L) are slight greater than in transverse direction (T). About the fatigue test results, the 35CS300 and 50CS400 sampling direction had less effect in fatigue limit. The fracture mechanism was showed that 35CS300 has void and brush like pull out under ductile failure. But the results showed in the 50CS400 specimens had splitting fracture surface with brittle fractograph. The electromagnetic steel surface of the insulating layer under dynamic fatigue loading would cause fragmentation; if the electromagnetic steel for long-term use will reduce the efficiency.

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Carniel, Thiago André, Ana Bárbara Krummenauer Formenton, Bruno Klahr, Jakson Manfredini Vassoler, Carlos Rodrigo de Mello Roesler, and Eduardo Alberto Fancello. "An experimental and numerical study on the transverse deformations in tensile test of tendons." Journal of Biomechanics 87 (April 2019): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.02.028.

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Bidhendi, Amir J., Hongbo Li, and Anja Geitmann. "Modeling the nonlinear elastic behavior of plant epidermis." Botany 98, no. 1 (January 2020): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2019-0058.

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Cell growth and organ development in plants are often correlated with the tensile behavior of the primary cell wall. To understand the mechanical behavior of plant material, various mechanical testing techniques have been employed, such as tensile testing of excised tissue samples. The onion (Allium cepa L.) epidermis has emerged as a model system for plant tissue mechanics. In this study, we performed tensile tests on strips of adaxial onion epidermis. While the tissue appeared stiffer in the direction along the major growth axis compared with the transverse direction, the tensile strength of tissue was not significantly different between the two orientations, indicating a nontrivial link between the cell wall and tissue mechanical anisotropy. Importantly, we observed the stress–strain behavior of the onion epidermis under tension to be highly nonlinear. Several hyperelastic models were fitted to the test data to evaluate their capacity to describe the nonlinear deformation of onion epidermis. The Yeoh hyperelastic model could successfully simulate the uniaxial tensile test data. This study suggests that accounting for nonlinearity in the deformation of the primary tissue may be essential for the accurate interpretation of mechanical test data, and a better understanding of the mechanics of the primary plant cell wall.

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Brnada, Snježana, Željko Šomođi, and Stana Kovačević. "A new method for determination of Poisson’s ratio of woven fabric at higher stresses." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 14 (January 2019): 155892501985622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925019856225.

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Determination of Poisson’s ratio and shear module of complex, nonlinear elastic material, such as woven fabric, is a challenge for researchers in the field of textile mechanics. In the standard method of determining the Poisson’s ratio, the transverse fabric strain is measured by a 1% tensile extension. In this way, there is no information about changing the Poisson’s ratio at higher tensile extensions, and the methodology itself is unsuitable for larger extensions because of woven fabric buckling. In this research, a device has been designed, which can be built on a dynamometer and which has the ability to measure transverse forces in fabric during tensile test. A mechanical model is developed from which it is possible to calculate Poisson’s ratio throughout the fabric stress–strain curve.

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Kim, Do Sik, Sang Bok Ahn, Wan Ho Oh, Byung Ok Yoo, Yong Sun Choo, Kwon Pyo Hong, and Sun Kee Kim. "Tensile Test Techniques for a Nuclear Fuel Cladding in a Hot Cell." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 1561–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.1561.

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Modified transverse and longitudinal tensile test techniques are proposed to evaluate the mechanical properties of nuclear fuel cladding materials under a hoop and axial loading condition in a hot cell. The ring specimen with a gage length of 3 mm and a width of 2 mm is designed to limit a deformation within the gage section and to maximize the uniformity of a strain distribution at the gage section. The loading grip is designed such that a constant curvature of a specimen is maintained during a deformation. The contact surface is lubricated with a graphite lubricant (Model P-37, Molykote Co.). A dogbone specimen with a gage length of 25 mm and a gage width of 2.5 mm has been designed for the longitudinal tensile test. The grip is designed such that any slippage at the gripping section does not occur during a test. Through the tensile test of an unirradiated Zircaloy-4 cladding tube and an SUS 316 steel seamless tube, it is found that the proposed techniques are appropriate for an estimation of the tensile properties of an irradiated nuclear fuel cladding in a hot cell.

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Itabashi, Masaaki. "Development of an Output-Bar Supporting Stand to Suppress Transverse Vibration in Dynamic Tensile Test of Sheet Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 566 (June 2014): 530–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.566.530.

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In the one bar method, one of the standardized high velocity tensile testing techniques for thin steel plate, sometimes it shows an apparent effect of transverse vibration of an output bar on dynamic behavior of the plate. Suppressing the lateral vibration of the loading end of the bar is the most important factor to decrease the apparent effect, as pointed by Yoshida, Kuriyama, Uenishi and Takahashi in 2002, and the present author in 2011. He proposed an output-bar supporting technique with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) collar. In the former work, the lateral vibration was not fully suppressed, because the collar had some clearance to the output bar. He convinced that, in order to eliminate the clearance, it was worthy to give some transverse pre-load on the bar from the outer surface of the collar. However, the output bar is a load-sensing elastic body with strain gages adhered on it. The axial strain signal is a source of load detection. If such transverse compression is applied to the output bar, the axial skin strain of it is reduced to some extent. The key factor is the collar material, PTFE. This solid polymer possesses the lowest coefficient of friction in the situation of PTFE on steel, typically 0.05-0.10. The present author has modified an output-bar supporting stand to apply the lateral compressive load to the output bar with the divided PTFE collars which allow the smooth axial movement of the bar. The transverse compressive load is varied as 0, 70, 200 and 420 N. Obtained dynamic stress-strain curves at the strain rate of 500 s-1are compared each other to indicate the effect of the lateral compression on the bar. As a result, the lateral compression of 200 N is found as the most suitable condition.

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Dai, Guangming, Lihua Zhan, Chenglong Guan, and Minghui Huang. "Optimization of molding process parameters for CF/PEEK composites based on Taguchi method." Composites and Advanced Materials 30 (January 1, 2021): 263498332110018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26349833211001882.

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In this article, nine groups of laminates were prepared according to the Taguchi L9(33) test array to study the influence of three process parameters, including molding pressure, molding temperature, and holding time on the performance of unidirectional carbon fiber/polyetheretherketone (CF/PEEK) laminates. A differential scanning calorimetry test was employed to select a reasonable process parameters range. The transverse tensile strength of the laminates was measured, and the fiber–matrix interfacial bonding behavior of the tested samples was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the significance of factors to transverse tensile strength were molding temperature, holding time, and molding pressure in sequence. The optimal molding process parameters for CF/PEEK composite laminate were molding temperature of 400°C, molding pressure of 3 MPa, and holding time of 30 min. The optimization results were meaningful for the extension and application of thermoplastic composites.

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Materna, Aleš, Jiri Nohava, Petr Haušild, and Vladislav Oliva. "Determination of the Elastic-Plastic Properties of 15Kh2MFA Steel with Austenitic Cladding." Key Engineering Materials 586 (September 2013): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.586.43.

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The spherical indentation response of pressure vessel reactor steel with austenitic cladding is investigated both experimentally and numerically. The instrumented indentation test was performed for both materials at a sufficient distance from the bi-material interface, thus the results can be compared with the bulk data obtained from the standard tensile and compression tests. The stress – plastic strain curve for austenitic cladding estimated by a simplified inverse analysis of the indentation load – penetration curve is shifted to a harder response compared with that determined from the tensile test. One of the possible reasons, anisotropy of the cladding metal, was experimentally observed during the compression tests performed in the longitudinal orientation of the tensile test specimens and in the transverse orientation identical with the direction of the material indentation.

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He, Bin, Dongyi Tan, Tao Liu, Zexing Wang, and Hengshu Zhou. "Study on the Preparation and Anisotropic Distribution of Mechanical Properties of Well-Aligned PMIA Nanofiber Mats Reinforced Composites." Journal of Chemistry 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8274024.

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Well-aligned PMIA nanofiber mats were fabricated by electrospinning and then hot-pressing was used to produce PMIA nanofiber mats reinforced PLA matrix by layer-by-layer with the interlayer angles of 0, 45, and 90°. Orthogonal experimental design was employed to fix the effect of the hot-pressing parameters on the tensile strength of nanocomposites, and SEM was used to characterize the broken sections of the nanocomposites after tensile test. The optimized process parameters were achieved of pressure as 1000 Pa, temperature as 180°C, and time as 30 min. The SEM images of broken sections showed that the different laminate forms and the state of bearing load of nanofibers resulted in the different morphologies of broken sections. The break strength of PMIA/PLA nanocomposites with any of interlayer angles at different tensile testing directions was revealed as follows: axial > oblique > transverse, and the initial modulus also showed the same except the angle of 90° with the approach initial modulus at the axial and transverse directions. The maximum tensile strength and modulus of the nanocomposites were 17.12 MPa and 1642.17 MPa, respectively, of the axial tensile testing directions of the interlayer angle of 0°.

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Read, D. T., and J. W. Dally. "Electron Beam Moire´ Study of Fracture of a Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic Composite." Journal of Applied Mechanics 61, no. 2 (June 1, 1994): 402–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2901458.

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Using the method of electron beam moire´, a small region at an interface of a [O2/ 90]s glass fiber reinforced plastic composite has been examined during tensile testing. The tensile test was conducted inside a scanning electron microscope, with a high spatial frequency line grating (10,000 lines/mm) at the interface between a longitudinal ply and a transverse ply. During the test, this region was observed at a magnification of 1900 × . Local strain measurements were made by interpreting the moire´ fringe patterns over gage lengths that varied from 10 to 30 μm. The magnitude and distribution of the local strains depended on the damage that occurred with monotonically increasing load. Load shedding by the transverse ply was evident from the fringe patterns. Extremely high local strains were observed: longitudinal fiber strains up to three percent, normal strains up to three percent, and shear strains up to 40 percent in the epoxy matrix.

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Jiang, Ke Bin, Yong Ding, Ya Wen Liu, and Feng Zheng. "Research on Strength Calculation Model of 7A05 Aluminum Alloy Welding Heat-Affected Zone." Advanced Materials Research 217-218 (March 2011): 880–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.880.

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In order to research the mechanic performance of 7A05 aluminum alloy, a series of tests, including tensile test about aluminum alloy substrate, tensile test about aluminum alloy butt welded joint, tensile test about transverse partition of aluminum alloy welded joint and hardness test were conducted. The results of these tests indicate that the strength and hardness of HAZ of this material exhibit a W-shaped reduction. There are an symmetrical softened area at 10~20mm from the center of weld. Due to ageing effect, the strength and hardness of HAZ can resume to 80%of the substrate one month after welding. Based on the analytical deduction and experimental data fitting, the theoretical strength model for HAZ of aluminum alloy is proposed. For the purpose of engineering design, the HAZ is transformed into a uniform strength reduction zone, the width and strength value is determined according to the principle of equal strength.

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Gautam, Vijay, Digavalli Ravi Kumar, and Ashish K. Shukla. "Effect of Punch Profile Radius on Springback in V-Bending of Tailor Welded Blanks Welded in Transverse Direction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 1045–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.1045.

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Tailor welded blank (TWB) is an advancement in the field of sheet metal forming in which multiple blanks are welded together to create a single blank prior to forming process. Springback behaviour of TWBs in bending is complex due to thickness or material combination. In this research, the effect of punch profile radius on the springback of transversely welded strips has been investigated in V-bending operation with included bend angle of 90° and using punches with three different punch profile radii of 7.5, 10and 12.5 mm. TWBs were prepared by laser welding of interstitial-free steel blanks with a thickness combination of 0.6 and 1.2mm. The Tensile properties of parent materials and tailored blanks were evaluated by Tension test as per ASTM-E8M standard. The bend samples with transverse weld line were prepared to a size of 20X150mm to ensure plane strain bending. Finite element (FE) simulations were performed using Abaqus and were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results.

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Wulandari, Pramesti A. D., and M. Noer Ilman. "Corrosion rate of AA 7050 in 3.5% NaCl environment with sodium chromate (Na2CrO4) inhibitor variation." MATEC Web of Conferences 197 (2018): 12002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819712002.

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Aluminium alloy 7050 is widely used for aerospace applications due to its excellent mechanical properties. However, when the airplane is operated and exposed by the corrosive environment, alumina layer of aluminium is not thick enough to provide protection. Therefore, corrosion protection method in the airplane needs to be improved. In the recent experiments, corrosion process in the airplane could be inhibited by corrosion inhibitors that are mixed with a protective coating. In this current study, the effect of sodium chromate inhibitor on the corrosion rate of aluminium alloy AA 7050 has been investigated. The 7050 aluminium alloys in this experiment were machined into specimens for the tensile test, hardness test, corrosion test and metallographic examination. The corrosion test was performed in 3.5% NaCl solution containing 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7% sodium chromate inhibitor and the results have been compared with the corrosion rate in 3.5% NaCl solution as reference. The tensile test results showed that the ultimate and yield strength were 527.36 MPa and 481.42 MPa. Hardness test results were 175.36 VHN on the short transverse plane, 164.43 VHN on the long transverse plane, and 164.23 VHN on the longitudinal plane. This experimental study can be concluded that the corrosion rate of material decreases with increasing of Na2CrO4 concentration in the solution.

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NISHIYABU, Kazuaki, Atsushi YOKOYAMA, and Masaru ZAKO. "Composite Materials. Effect of Interphase Properties on Initial Damage in Embedded Single Fiber Transverse Tensile Test." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 48, no. 5 (1999): 446–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.48.446.

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LI, Quan, Ai-ping WU, Yue ZHAO, Guo-qing WANG, Dong-yang YAN, and Hui-qiang WU. "Fracture behavior of double-pass TIG welded 2219-T8 aluminum alloy joints under transverse tensile test." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 25, no. 6 (June 2015): 1794–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(15)63785-2.

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Zhou, Guangpan, Aiqun Li, Jianhui Li, Maojun Duan, Zhiyuan Xia, Li Zhu, Billie F. Spencer, and Bin Wang. "Test and numerical investigations on the spatial mechanics characteristics of extra-wide concrete self-anchored suspension bridge during construction." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 15, no. 12 (December 2019): 155014771989156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147719891561.

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This work is aimed at studying the mechanics characteristics of the self-anchored suspension bridge with extra-wide concrete girder during girder erection and system transformation. First, the determination and implementation processes of reasonable completion state were introduced briefly, taking the Hunan Road Bridge as the background project, which is the widest concrete self-anchored suspension bridge in China currently. Then, the ANSYS beam-type finite element model and field monitoring data were integrated to investigate the cable system evolutions during system transformation. Finally, the global refined finite element model was established using solid element to consider the shear lag effects in extra-wide girder. The measured data show that the cable displacements in tensioned domains were characterized by weak coherence and contraflexure characteristics. The longitudinal and transverse stresses of extra-wide girder distributed unevenly along transverse direction. The maximum shear lag coefficients of girder at completion state reached to 1.3. Moreover, small transverse compressive stress, or even the transverse tensile stress reaching to 1.80 MPa, appeared in the top plate segments. The measures including the arrangement optimization of transverse prestressed tendons and monitoring point redistribution were given. The research can provide references for the structural designing and safety control of the similar bridges.

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Wang, Y. M., and G. J. Weng. "Transient Creep Strain of a Fiber-Reinforced Metal-Matrix Composite Under Transverse Loading." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 114, no. 3 (July 1, 1992): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2904167.

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Based on the combination of Mori-Tanaka’s mean-field concept and Luo-Weng’s solution of a three-phase cylindrically concentric solid, a local-field theory is developed to study the evolution of stress distribution in the ductile matrix and the time-dependent creep strain of a fiber-reinforced metal-matrix composite. Due to the nonlinear stress dependence in the creep rate and the highly heterogeneous nature of the transverse deformation, this local theory is shown to provide a more accurate estimate for the overall transverse creep of the composite than the simpler meanfield theory (the difference between the two however is not significant in the axial tensile creep). The disclosed transverse stress field in the matrix is truly heterogeneous, with the 45 deg region exhibiting a substantially higher effective stress than the 0 deg and 90 deg regions. The stress in the higher stress region is found to decrease continuously; it is passed on to the fibers and thereby serves as an important creep-strengthening mechanism for the composite. The interfacial tensile stress at the pole, which is the highest stress point around the interface, is seen to grow continuously and becomes a potential site for a later creep debonding. The developed micromechanical theory is finally applied to predict the transverse tensile creepstrain of a Borsic/aluminum composite, and the result is found to be in close agreement with the test data.

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Weng, Fei, Yingying Fang, Mingfa Ren, Jing Sun, and Lina Feng. "High Strain Rate Effect on Tensile and Compressive Property of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites." Science of Advanced Materials 13, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 310–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2021.3867.

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With high strength and stiffness-to-weight ratios, Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composite has been applied to the separation device of the rocket by shaped charge jet. But dynamic tensile and compressive properties of CFRP under high rate strain are still unclear. In the article, tensile testing along transverse direction are conducted. The quasi-static tests (10-3 s-1) use a universal testing machine and high dynamic loadings of 800 s-1 and 1600 s-1 tests adopt a high-speed tensile testing machine. Meanwhile, dynamic compressive tests of unidirectional and cross-ply laminated specimen under the thickness direction loading are implemented by a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) from dynamic loading 500 s-1 to 2500 s-1. Test results show that compared with static tests data, both transverse tensile modulus and strength of CFRP composites materials at dynamic loadings are sensitive to tensile tests. The compressive peak stress and stiffness of specimens also have an increasing tendency with the increases of the strain rate. Furthermore, for failure mode of tensile specimens, the crack propagation of the specimen fracture is along the interface of the fiber/matrix under all loading conditions. The failure modes of compressive specimens are different as the strain rate changes. The higher the strain rate, the more severe the crushing.

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Setiawan, Widia, Djarot B. Darmadi, Wahyono Suprapto, and Rudy Sunoko. "Friction Stir Welding on Corner Joint with New Surface Preparation Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 836 (June 2016): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.836.208.

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Aluminium 6061 was joined by friction stir welding (FSW) with new surface preparation on corner design. The distribution micro structure in Corner-joints was tool welded rotation (rpm), and travel speed (mm/mnt) observed and analyzed. The welding parameters observing the tensile strength, micro structure and micro hardness it can be said. The result structure micro are homogen whilst from tensile test the strength joint is quilt good even better from preview publihsed papers. The obtained with the transverse speed 15 mm/menit, and 1500 rpm.

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41

Satheeshkumar, V., and R. Ganesh Narayanan. "Influence of Pre-Generated Infinite Adhesive Defects on the Forming Behaviour of Adhesive Bonded Steel Sheets." Advanced Materials Research 939 (May 2014): 328–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.939.328.

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In the present investigation, the forming behaviour of adhesive bonded sheets with the pre-generated infinite defects in the adhesive layer is studied. The infinite defects are generated with different orientations like longitudinal, transverse and at an angle of 45°. The base sheet materials used are deep drawing quality steel and SS 316L sheets, and two part epoxy adhesive is used for bonding the base sheet materials. The formability is quantified by monitoring the load-extension behaviour, and limit strain, evaluated through tensile tests and in-plane plane strain (IPPS) formability tests. It is observed that there is a significant decrease in formability because of the presence of infinite defects in the adhesive layer. While comparing the formability of adhesive bonded blanks with respect to different orientations, transversely oriented defect shows more reduction than 45° and longitudinal cases. There is not much difference between the transversely oriented and 45° oriented infinite defects in tensile tests, whereas in the IPPS formability test results, there is no considerable difference between 45° and longitudinally oriented defect.

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Lian, Jun He, Deok Chan Ahn, Dong Chul Chae, Sebastian Münstermann, and Wolfgang Bleck. "A Comparative Study on the Formability Prediction of Steel Sheets by Anisotropic Models Based on Associated Flow Rule and Non-Associated Flow Rule." Key Engineering Materials 651-653 (July 2015): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.651-653.150.

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A comparative study on the formability prediction of a ferritic steel sheet by anisotropic models based on associated flow rule and non-associated rule is carried out. The uniaxial tensile tests along seven directions of the sheet from rolling direction to transverse direction with an interval of 15° are performed for the anisotropic yield stress and r-value. For the biaxial stress state, both bulge test and punch test are performed. The BBC2003 based on the associated flow rule is employed and its anisotropic parameters are calibrated to the yield stresses and r-values from the tensile tests along rolling direction, transverse direction and diagonal direction and the biaxial test. The non-associated quadratic Hill48 model is also calibrated to the same set of experimental data. Similar level of the predicative capability on the yield and plastic deformation directionality by the associated and non-associated based models is observed. With the common basis on the anisotropic plasticity characteristics, they are combined with the Marciniak–Kuczynski (MK) model to predict the formability of the steel sheet and distinct difference in the prediction is observed between the two models.

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43

Gao, Jiangang, Qilin Zhao, Jinchun Liu, and Li Chen. "Effect of transverse clamping force on the tensile behavior of a novel pultruded carbon fiber–reinforced polymer joint: Fatigue test." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 7 (December 25, 2019): 1413–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219895913.

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A novel pultruded carbon fiber–reinforced polymer connection technique for civil engineering that is called pre-tightened single tooth joint has been proven to have good static properties. To investigate the fatigue behavior of the joint, a series of laboratory experiments were carried out. The effects of load level and transverse clamping force on the fatigue behavior were estimated. Experimental results of this work implied that a fatigue life of 1 million as the maximum cyclic load is equal to approximately 83% of the static tensile ultimate bearing capacity. The transverse clamping force could slow down the propagation rate of fatigue crack and significantly improve the fatigue life. Based on the analysis of the hysteresis loops, a small increase in stiffness during the initial loading stage and only about 1%–4% stiffness degradation until fracture were found.

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Pszczola, Marek, and Cezary Szydlowski. "Influence of Bitumen Type and Asphalt Mixture Composition on Low-Temperature Strength Properties According to Various Test Methods." Materials 11, no. 11 (October 28, 2018): 2118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11112118.

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In regions with low-temperatures, action transverse cracks can appear in asphalt pavements as a result of thermal stresses that exceed the fracture strength of materials used in asphalt layers. To better understand thermal cracking phenomenon, strength properties of different asphalt mixtures were investigated. Four test methods were used to assess the influence of bitumen type and mixture composition on tensile strength properties of asphalt mixtures: tensile strength was measured using the thermal stress restrained specimen test (TSRST) and the uniaxial tension stress test (UTST), flexural strength was measured using the bending beam test (BBT), and fracture toughness was measured using the semi-circular bending test (SCB). The strength reserve behavior of tested asphalt mixtures was assessed as well. The influence of cooling rate on the strength reserve was investigated and correlations between results from different test methods were also analyzed and discussed. It was observed that the type of bitumen was a factor of crucial importance to low-temperature properties of the tested asphalt concretes. This conclusion was valid for all test methods that were used. It was also observed that the level of cooling rate influenced the strength reserve and, in consequence, resistance to low-temperature cracking. It was concluded that reasonably good correlations were observed between strength results for the UTST, BBT, and SCB test methods.

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Silva, Cleiton Carvalho, Hélio Cordeiro de Miranda, Marcelo Ferreira Motta, Daniel Correia Freire Ferreira, Ricardo Marinho Reppold, and Giovani Dalpiaz. "A Study on the Effect of the Interpass Temperatures in Properties and Microstructures of the Alloy 625 Dissimilar Fusion Zone." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 2816–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.2816.

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness in the contribution of the interpass welding in the microstructures and properties of the dissimilar fusion zones produced with an alloy 625 and API 5L X65 steel pipes. Three multipass welded joints with v-groove, were made under the same welding parameters, therefore, changing only the interpass temperatures at: 150°C, 250°C and 450°C. The microstructural characterization was performed using the light microscopy and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The hardness test, charpy-V impact test and the transverse tensile test were conducted according to specific standards. The results have shown that all ruptures in the tensile tests occurred in the base metal. Both yield strengths and ultimate tensile strengths, have dropped to the 450°C interpass temperature. It was also observed a slight drop in the hardness with increasing interpass temperature. The Charpy-V impact test results showed no significant differences among the interpass temperatures. These said results indicated that the maximum interpass temperature for the alloy 625/X65 steel dissimilar welding is limited by the steel properties.

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46

Jupri, Jupri, Jon Affi, Devi Chandra, and Mochamad Asrofi. "Mechanical and Microstructure Properties on Al-Cu Joint processed by Friction Stir Welding: The effect of Tilt Angle Tool." Material Science Research India 16, no. 1 (February 25, 2019): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/160108.

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The tilt angle tool on Aluminum A5083 and Copper C11000 joint processed by Friction Stir Welding (FSW) was observed in this study. The rotation speed and transverse speed were used as a parameter process for 2500 rpm and 30 mm/min, respectively. The tensile test and microstructure observation were carried out to determine the tensile strength and metal flow on Al-Cu joint, respectively. The result shows that the highest tensile strength was in 2o tilt angle tool for 105 MPa. Its fracture surface was more close to Al and formed brittle formation.The metal flows of Al-Cu with 0o and 2o were not homogeneous and formed an agglomeration of Cu particle to Al surface.

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47

Galerie, Alain, M. Dupeux, Yves Wouters, and F. Toscan. "Quantitative Adhesion Energy Values of Chromia-Rich Thermal Oxides on Stainless Steels Determined by Blister and Tensile Tests." Materials Science Forum 522-523 (August 2006): 441–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.522-523.441.

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Adhesion energy values for thermal oxide scales cyclically grown at 850 and 950°C in air on ferritic and austenitic stainless steels were obtained using an inverted blister test and a tensile test working in the SEM chamber. The blister test used water pressure for debonding the metalscale interface, whereas the tensile test led to transverse compression generating scale spallation by buckling. Adhesion energy, defined by energy for interface crack propagation by unit area, was shown to be in the range 10 to 650 J.m–2 for the chromia-rich scales with thickness in the micrometer range. Ferritic grades gave less adherent scales than austenitic ones, and a great influence of titanium was evidenced, greatly increasing scale adhesion; niobium was less operative. Adhesion was well connected with nature and morphology of Ti and/or Nb-containing precipitates at the metal-scale interface.

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Xin, Renlong, Dejia Liu, Bo Li, Liyun Sun, Zheng Zhou, and Qing Liu. "Mechanisms of fracture and inhomogeneous deformation on transverse tensile test of friction-stir-processed AZ31 Mg alloy." Materials Science and Engineering: A 565 (March 2013): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.12.053.

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Liebig, Wilfried V., Christian Leopold, Thomas Hobbiebrunken, and Bodo Fiedler. "New test approach to determine the transverse tensile strength of CFRP with regard to the size effect." Composites Communications 1 (October 2016): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2016.09.003.

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Fletcher, Lloyd, Jared Van-Blitterswyk, and Fabrice Pierron. "Combined shear/tension testing of fibre composites at high strain rates using an image-based inertial impact test." EPJ Web of Conferences 183 (2018): 02041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818302041.

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Testing fibre composites off-axis has been used extensively to explore shear/tension coupling effects. However, off-axis testing at strain rates above 500 s-1 is challenging with a split Hopkinson bar apparatus. This is primarily due to the effects of inertia, which violate the assumption of stress equilibrium necessary to infer stress and strain from point measurements taken on the bars. Therefore, there is a need to develop new high strain rate test methods that do not rely on the assumptions of split Hopkinson bar analysis. Recently, a new image-based inertial impact test has been used to successfully identify the transverse modulus and tensile strength of a unidirectional composite at strain rates on the order of 2000 -1. The image-based inertial impact test method uses a reflected compressive stress wave to generate tensile stress and failure in an impacted specimen. Thus, the purpose of this study is to modify the image-based inertial impact test method to investigate the high strain rate properties of fibre composites using an off-axis configuration. For an off-axis specimen, a combined shear/tension or shear/compression stress state will be obtained. Throughout the propagation of the stress wave, full-field displacement measurements are taken. Strain and acceleration fields are then derived from the displacement fields. The kinematic fields are then processed with the virtual fields method (VFM) to reconstruct stress averages and identify the in-plane stiffness components G12 and E22.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Transverse tensile test'

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