Relevant bibliographies by topics / Transverse tubules

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Academic literature on the topic 'Transverse tubules'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Transverse tubules"

1

Jorgensen, A. O., W. Arnold, A. C. Shen, S. H. Yuan, M. Gaver, and K. P. Campbell. "Identification of novel proteins unique to either transverse tubules (TS28) or the sarcolemma (SL50) in rabbit skeletal muscle." Journal of Cell Biology 110, no. 4 (April 1, 1990): 1173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.110.4.1173.

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Novel proteins unique to either transverse tubules (TS28) or the sarcolemma (SL50) have been identified and characterized, and their in situ distribution in rabbit skeletal muscle has been determined using monoclonal antibodies. TS28, defined by mAb IXE112, was shown to have an apparent relative molecular mass of 28,000 D. Biochemical studies showed that TS28 is a minor membrane protein in isolated transverse tubular vesicles. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopical studies showed that TS28 is localized to the transverse tubules and in some subsarcolemmal vesicles possibly corresponding to the subgroup of caveolae connecting the transverse tubules with the sarcolemma. In contrast, TS28 is absent from the lateral portion of the sarcolemma. Immunofluorescence studies also showed that TS28 is more densely distributed in type II (fast) than in type I (slow) myofibers. Although TS28 and the 1,4-dihydropyridine receptor are both localized to transverse tubules and subsarcolemmal vesicles, TS28 is not a wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-binding glycoprotein and does not appear to copurify with the 1,4-dihydropyridine receptor after detergent solubilization of transverse tubular membranes. SL50, defined by mAb IVD31, was shown to have an apparent relative molecular mass of 50,000 D. Biochemical studies showed that SL50 is not related to the 52,000-D (beta subunit) of the dihydropyridine receptor but does bind to WGA-Sepharose. Immunofluorescence labeling imaged by standard and confocal microscopy showed that SL50 is associated with the sarcolemma but apparently absent from the transverse tubules. Immunofluorescence labeling also showed that the density of SL50 in type II (fast) myofibers is indistinguishable from that of type I (slow) myofibers. The functions of TS28 and SL50 are presently unknown. However, the distinct distribution of TS28 to the transverse tubules and subsarcolemmal vesicles as determined by immunocytochemical labeling suggests that TS28 may be directly involved in excitation-contraction coupling. Our results demonstrate that, although transverse tubules are continuous with the sarcolemma, each of these membranes contain one or more unique proteins, thus supporting the idea that they each have a distinct protein composition.
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2

Dolber, P. C., R. P. Bauman, J. C. Rembert, and J. C. Greenfield. "Regional changes in myocyte structure in model of canine right atrial hypertrophy." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 267, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): H1279—H1287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1994.267.4.h1279.

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To investigate regional variation of myocyte response to atrial hypertrophy, control dogs were compared with dogs with right atrial hypertrophy created by induction of tricuspid regurgitation; after 1 yr, right atrial-to-body weight ratio increased 122% over controls. One section from the interatrial band, appendage and nonappendage roofs, and nonappendage side of each atrium of each dog was stained to reveal myocyte outlines and transverse tubules; myocyte cross-sectional areas were measured and transverse tubule prevalence was estimated. In control dogs, interatrial band myocytes were significantly larger and had more transverse tubules than other atrial myocytes. With atrial hypertrophy, right interatrial band myocytes did not increase significantly in size, whereas other right atrial myocytes nearly doubled in size, approaching the size of interatrial band myocytes without approaching the content of transverse tubules. Left atrial myocytes did not increase in size. Thus hypertrophic response of atrial myocytes to hemodynamic stress depends on the region in which the myocytes are found, and atrial hypertrophy does not demand transverse tubule proliferation.
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3

Dibb, Katharine M., William E. Louch, and Andrew W. Trafford. "Cardiac Transverse Tubules in Physiology and Heart Failure." Annual Review of Physiology 84, no. 1 (February 10, 2022): 229–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-061121-040148.

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In mammalian cardiac myocytes, the plasma membrane includes the surface sarcolemma but also a network of membrane invaginations called transverse (t-) tubules. These structures carry the action potential deep into the cell interior, allowing efficient triggering of Ca2+ release and initiation of contraction. Once thought to serve as rather static enablers of excitation-contraction coupling, recent work has provided a newfound appreciation of the plasticity of the t-tubule network's structure and function. Indeed, t-tubules are now understood to support dynamic regulation of the heartbeat across a range of timescales, during all stages of life, in both health and disease. This review article aims to summarize these concepts, with consideration given to emerging t-tubule regulators and their targeting in future therapies.
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4

Hong, TingTing, and Robin M. Shaw. "Cardiac T-Tubule Microanatomy and Function." Physiological Reviews 97, no. 1 (January 2017): 227–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00037.2015.

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Unique to striated muscle cells, transverse tubules (t-tubules) are membrane organelles that consist of sarcolemma penetrating into the myocyte interior, forming a highly branched and interconnected network. Mature t-tubule networks are found in mammalian ventricular cardiomyocytes, with the transverse components of t-tubules occurring near sarcomeric z-discs. Cardiac t-tubules contain membrane microdomains enriched with ion channels and signaling molecules. The microdomains serve as key signaling hubs in regulation of cardiomyocyte function. Dyad microdomains formed at the junctional contact between t-tubule membrane and neighboring sarcoplasmic reticulum are critical in calcium signaling and excitation-contraction coupling necessary for beat-to-beat heart contraction. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge in gross morphology and structure, membrane and protein composition, and function of the cardiac t-tubule network. We also review in detail current knowledge on the formation of functional membrane subdomains within t-tubules, with a particular focus on the cardiac dyad microdomain. Lastly, we discuss the dynamic nature of t-tubules including membrane turnover, trafficking of transmembrane proteins, and the life cycles of membrane subdomains such as the cardiac BIN1-microdomain, as well as t-tubule remodeling and alteration in diseased hearts. Understanding cardiac t-tubule biology in normal and failing hearts is providing novel diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities to better treat patients with failing hearts.
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5

Yuan, S., W. Arnold, and A. O. Jorgensen. "Biogenesis of transverse tubules: immunocytochemical localization of a transverse tubular protein (TS28) and a sarcolemmal protein (SL50) in rabbit skeletal muscle developing in situ." Journal of Cell Biology 110, no. 4 (April 1, 1990): 1187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.110.4.1187.

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To study the biogenesis of transverse tubules, the temporal appearance and distribution of TS28 (a specific marker of transverse tubules absent from the sarcolemma in adult skeletal muscle; 28,000 Mr) and SL50 (specifically associated with the sarcolemma and absent from the region of the transverse tubules in adult rabbit skeletal muscle) (Jorgensen, A.O., W. Arnold, A. C.-Y. Shen, S. Yuan, M. Gaver, and K.P. Campbell. 1990. J. Cell Biol. 110:1173-1185) were determined in rabbit skeletal muscle developing in situ (day 17 of gestation to day 15 newborn) by indirect immunofluorescence labeling. The results presented show that the temporal appearance and subcellular distribution of TS28 is distinct from that of SL50 at the developmental stages examined. TS28 was first detected in some, but not all, multinucleated myotubes on day 17 of gestation. At this stage of development, SL50 and the Ca2(+)-ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum were already present in all myotubes. TS28 first appeared in discrete foci mostly confined to the cell periphery of the myotubes. At subsequent stages of development (days 19-24 of gestation), TS28 was also found in shoft finger-like structures extending obliquely and transversely from the cell periphery towards the center of the myotubes. 1-2 d after birth, TS28 was observed in an anastomosing network composed of transversely oriented chickenwire-like networks extending throughout the cytoplasm and interconnected by longitudinally oriented fiber-like structures. As development proceeded, the transversely oriented network became increasingly dominant. By day 10 of postnatal development, the longitudinally oriented component of the tubular network was not regularly observed. At none of the developmental stages examined was TS28 observed to be uniformly distributed at the cell periphery. SL50, like TS28, first appeared in discrete foci at the cell periphery. However, shortly after its first appearance it appeared to be distributed along the entire cell periphery. Although the intensity of SL50 labeling increased with development, it remained confined to the sarcolemma and was absent from the interior regions of the myofibers, where transverse tubules were present at all subsequent developmental stages examined. Immunoblotting of cell extracts from skeletal muscle tissue at various stages of development showed that SL50 was first detected on day 24 of gestation, while TS28 was not detected until days 1-2 after birth. Comparison of these results with previous ultrastructural studies of the formation of transverse tubules supports the idea that the temporal appearance and subcellular distribution of TS28 correspond very closely to that of the distribution of forming transverse tubules in rabbit skeletal muscle developing in situ.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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6

Wang, W., P. A. Hansen, B. A. Marshall, J. O. Holloszy, and M. Mueckler. "Insulin unmasks a COOH-terminal Glut4 epitope and increases glucose transport across T-tubules in skeletal muscle." Journal of Cell Biology 135, no. 2 (October 15, 1996): 415–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.135.2.415.

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An improved immunogold labeling procedure was used to examine the subcellular distribution of glucose transporters in Lowricryl HM20-embedded skeletal muscle from transgenic mice overexpressing either Glut1 or Glut4. In basal muscle, Glut4 was highly enriched in membranes of the transverse tubules and the terminal cisternae of the triadic junctions. Less than 10% of total muscle Glut4 was present in the vicinity of the sarcolemmal membrane. Insulin treatment increased the number of gold particles associated with the transverse tubules and the sarcolemma by three-fold. However, insulin also increased the total Glut4 immunogold reactivity in muscle ultrathin sections by up to 1.8-fold and dramatically increased the amount of Glut4 in muscle sections as observed by laser confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. The average diameter of transverse tubules observed in longitudinal sections increased by 50% after insulin treatment. Glut1 was highly enriched in the sarcolemma, both in the basal state and after insulin treatment. Disruption of transverse tubule morphology by in vitro glycerol shock completely abolished insulin-stimulated glucose transport in isolated rat epitrochlearis muscles. These data indicate that: (a) Glut1 and Glut4 are targeted to distinct plasma membrane domains in skeletal muscle; (b) Glut1 contributes to basal transport at the sarcolemma and the bulk of insulin-stimulated transport is mediated by Glut4 localized in the transverse tubules; (c) insulin increases the apparent surface area of transverse tubules in skeletal muscle; and (d) insulin causes the unmasking of a COOH-terminal antigenic epitope in skeletal muscle in much the same fashion as it does in rat adipocytes.
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7

Richards, M. A., J. D. Clarke, P. Saravanan, N. Voigt, D. Dobrev, D. A. Eisner, A. W. Trafford, and K. M. Dibb. "Transverse tubules are a common feature in large mammalian atrial myocytes including human." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 301, no. 5 (November 2011): H1996—H2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00284.2011.

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Transverse (t) tubules are surface membrane invaginations that are present in all mammalian cardiac ventricular cells. The apposition of L-type Ca2+ channels on t tubules with the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) constitutes a “calcium release unit” and allows close coupling of excitation to the rise in systolic Ca2+. T tubules are virtually absent in the atria of small mammals, and therefore Ca2+ release from the SR occurs initially at the periphery of the cell and then propagates into the interior. Recent work has, however, shown the occurrence of t tubules in atrial myocytes from sheep. As in the ventricle, Ca2+ release in these cells occurs simultaneously in central and peripheral regions. T tubules in both the atria and the ventricle are lost in disease, contributing to cellular dysfunction. The aim of this study was to determine if the occurrence of t tubules in the atrium is restricted to sheep or is a more general property of larger mammals including humans. In atrial tissue sections from human, horse, cow, and sheep, membranes were labeled using wheat germ agglutinin. As previously shown in sheep, extensive t-tubule networks were present in horse, cow, and human atrial myocytes. Analysis shows half the volume of the cell lies within 0.64 ± 0.03, 0.77 ± 0.03, 0.84 ± 0.03, and 1.56 ± 0.19 μm of t-tubule membrane in horse, cow, sheep, and human atrial myocytes, respectively. The presence of t tubules in the human atria may play an important role in determining the spatio-temporal properties of the systolic Ca2+ transient and how this is perturbed in disease.
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Stephenson, Elizabeth W. "Mechanisms of stimulated 45Ca efflux in skinned skeletal muscle fibers." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 65, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 632–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y87-106.

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Excitation–contraction (E–C) coupling in skeletal muscle can be studied in skinned fibers by direct assay of 45Ca efflux and simultaneous isometric force, under controlled conditions. Recent work provides evidence that such studies can address major current questions about the mechanisms of signal transmission between transverse tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release, as well as operation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum active Ca transport system in situ. Stimulation by imposed ion gradients at constant [K+][Cl−] product results in 45Ca release with two components: a large Ca2+-dependent efflux, responsible for contractile activation, and a small Ca2+-insensitive efflux. The Ca2+-insensitive stimulation is sustained, consistent with sustained depolarization, and appears to gradate the Ca2+-dependent stimulation; this component is likely to reflect intermediate steps in E–C coupling. Several lines of evidence suggest that the depolarizing stimulus acts on the transverse tubules. It is inhibited by the impermeant glycoside ouabain applied before skinning, which should specifically inhibit polarization of subsequently sealed transverse tubules. Sealed polarized transverse tubules also are the only plausible target for stimulation of 45Ca release by monensin and gramicidin D, which can rapidly dissipate Na+ and K+ gradients; a protonophore and the K+-specific ionophore valinomycin are ineffective, lonophore stimulation is prevented by the permeant glycoside digitoxin; it is also highly Ca2+ dependent. Stimulation of 45Ca release by imposed ion gradients is potentiated by perchlorate, which potentiates charge movements and activation in intact fibers, and is inhibited selectively in highly stretched fibers, presumably by transverse tubule – sarcoplasmic reticulum uncoupling. These results relate the Ca2+-dependent sarcoplasmic reticulum efflux channel to the physiological transverse tubule – sarcoplasmic reticulum coupling pathway, which also could involve Ca2+.
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9

Laflamme, Michael A., and Peter L. Becker. "Gs and adenylyl cyclase in transverse tubules of heart: implications for cAMP-dependent signaling." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 277, no. 5 (November 1, 1999): H1841—H1848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1999.277.5.h1841.

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The transverse tubules are highly specialized invaginations of the cardiac sarcolemmal membrane involved in excitation-contraction (EC) coupling. Several proteins directly involved in EC coupling have been shown to reside either in the transverse tubular membrane or in closely associated structures. With the use of immunofluorescence microscopy, we have found that GS and adenylyl cyclase, key elements in the β-adrenergic signal transduction cascade, are essentially homogeneously distributed throughout the transverse tubular network of isolated rat ventricular myocytes. GS, in particular, was much more abundant within the transverse tubular membrane than in the peripheral sarcolemma. Furthermore, both proteins are also present in the intercalated disk region. The location of these elements of the cAMP-signaling cascade within a few micrometers of every inotropic target suggests that control and action of this second messenger are quite local. Furthermore, a similar distribution is likely for negatively inotropic receptor systems that oppose GS-linked receptors at the level of adenylyl cyclase. Thus, in addition to their role in EC coupling, transverse tubules appear to be the primary site for signaling by inotropic agents.
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Frisk, Michael, Jussi T. Koivumäki, Per A. Norseng, Mary M. Maleckar, Ole M. Sejersted, and William E. Louch. "Variable t-tubule organization and Ca2+ homeostasis across the atria." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 307, no. 4 (August 15, 2014): H609—H620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00295.2014.

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Although t-tubules have traditionally been thought to be absent in atrial cardiomyocytes, recent studies have suggested that t-tubules exist in the atria of large mammals. However, it is unclear whether regional differences in t-tubule organization exist that define cardiomyocyte function across the atria. We sought to investigate regional t-tubule density in pig and rat atria and the consequences for cardiomyocyte Ca2+ homeostasis. We observed t-tubules in approximately one-third of rat atrial cardiomyocytes, in both tissue cryosections and isolated cardiomyocytes. In a minority (≈10%) of atrial cardiomyocytes, the t-tubular network was well organized, with a transverse structure resembling that of ventricular cardiomyocytes. In both rat and pig atrial tissue, we observed higher t-tubule density in the epicardium than in the endocardium. Consistent with high variability in the distribution of t-tubules and Ca2+ channels among cells, L-type Ca2+ current amplitude was also highly variable and steeply dependent on capacitance and t-tubule density. Accordingly, Ca2+ transients showed great variability in Ca2+ release synchrony. Simultaneous imaging of the cell membrane and Ca2+ transients confirmed t-tubule functionality. Results from mathematical modeling indicated that a transmural gradient in t-tubule organization and Ca2+ release kinetics supports synchronization of contraction across the atrial wall and may underlie transmural differences in the refractory period. In conclusion, our results indicate that t-tubule density is highly variable across the atria. We propose that higher t-tubule density in cells localized in the epicardium may promote synchronization of contraction across the atrial wall.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Transverse tubules"

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Kaakinen, M. (Mika). "Functional microdomains in the specialized membranes of skeletal myofibres." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2011. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514295171.

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Abstract The function of skeletal muscle is to generate force and produce movement. These tasks are carried out by long multinucleated cells, the skeletal myofibres. The membrane system and the cytoskeleton of these cells are uniquely organized to respond rapidly to neuronal stimuli and to achieve efficient contraction. In the present study the organization and distribution of selected protein/lipid based microdomains that reside in the plasma membrane and sarcoplasmic reticulum of isolated rat skeletal myofibres, were investigated. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) water channels are arranged as higher order oligomers of several sizes in the sarcolemma and in the T tubules. These oligomers, however, were absent from many specialized micro- and- macrodomains. The distribution of AQP4 coincided with that of a highly organized protein assembly, the dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC), in the sarcolemma. A chimaeric venus-AQP4 was equally mobile in the T tubules and sarcolemma, but the anchoring mechanisms of the protein appeared to be different. In contrast to AQP4, the proteins resident in cholesterol and sphingolipid-based microdomains, known as rafts, also occupied DGC deficient areas, which surround the T tubule openings. Indeed, flotillin-1 rafts were located in the neck portions of the T tubules. The rafts defined by the influenza haemagglutinin (HA) also resided in DGC deficient areas, but at the borders of the DGC area. Importantly, of the raft proteins, only the localization of caveolin 3 (CAV3) was dependent on the cholesterol enriched lipid environment, as evidenced by cholesterol depletion experiments and localization studies on a non-raft associated variant of HA. The organization and distribution of membrane associated rough ER (RER) proteins were also analysed. Biochemical detergent extraction analyses and immunofluorescence staining indicated that the ER proteins were assembled as microdomains within the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The microdomains were distributed throughout the SR network and they were capable of protein translocation. Taken together, skeletal myofibres comprise visually distinct microdomains both in the plasma membrane and in the SR. In the plasma membrane, different types of microdomains are not homogenously distributed and function in diverse locations. This may have important physiological implications concerning, among other things, local regulation of ion concentrations and cell signalling cascades. Different constraints ranging from protein-protein interactions to the surrounding lipid environment are important for dictating the observed distribution patterns
Tiivistelmä Luustolihaksen toimintojen perustana ovat supistumiskykyiset lihassolut, joiden kalvorakenne on järjestynyt erityisellä tavalla ohjaamaan supistusta. Tässä tutkimuksessa analysoitiin proteiini- ja lipidiperustaisten mikroalueiden järjestäytymistä ja tähän vaikuttavia tekijöitä luustolihassolun solukalvolla sekä lihassolun sisäisessä kalvojärjestelmässä, sarkoplasmisessa verkossa (SR). Ensin analysoitiin vesikanavatyyppiä 4 (AQP4), joka oligomerisoituessaan muodostaa erikokoisia mikroalueita. Havaittiin, että AQP4-mikroalueita esiintyy kaikkialla solukalvolla lukuun ottamatta eräitä erilaistuneita mikro- ja makroalueita. AQP4-oligomeerien jakauma solukalvon lateraalisessa osassa, sarkolemmalla, noudatti dystrofiini-glykoproteiinikompleksin jakaumaa. Fluoresoivan venus-AQP4-proteiinin avulla osoitettiin, että proteiinin liikkuvuus oli samanlainen solun sisään ulottuvissa poikkiputkistoissa ja sarkolemmalla, mutta liikkuvuutta rajoittavat tekijät olivat erilaisia näissä solukalvon osissa. Toiseksi analysoitiin kolesteroli- ja sfingolipidipitoisia mikroalueita, kalvolauttoja. Flotilliini-1- ja influenssaviruksen hemagglutiniini (HA) -proteiinia sisältäviä lauttoja esiintyi vain poikkiputkien suuaukkojen alueella, mutta lauttojen jakauma oli erilainen. Lauttojen lipidiympäristöllä ei ollut vaikutusta proteiinien sijaintiin. Tämä osoitettiin kolesterolin poistokokeilla sekä kokeilla, joissa käytettiin mutatoitua HA-proteiinia, joka ei hakeudu kolesteroliympäristöön. Kaveoliini-3-proteiinin sijainti poikkeaa edellä mainituista, ja kolesterolin poisto vaikutti merkittävästi sijainnin määräytymiseen. Kolmanneksi analysoitiin, miten karkean endoplasmakalvoston proteiinit ovat järjestäytyneet SR:ssä. Havaittiin, että endoplasmiset kalvoproteiinit eivät ole homogeenisesti levittäytyneet SR-kalvostoon vaan muodostavat pieniä mikroalueita. Detergenttiuuttoanalyysit osoittivat lisäksi, että näissä mikroalueissa on erilainen lipidikoostumus kuin SR:ssä yleensä. Huomattavaa oli myös, että mikroalueet olivat toiminnallisia kaikkialla SR-kalvostossa. Tulosten perusteella luustolihassolujen kalvojärjestelmä sisältää mikroalueita, joiden jakautuminen vaikuttaa hyvin organisoituneelta. Erityisesti solukalvon mikroalueet esiintyvät tietyillä spesifeillä alueilla, joissa niiden voidaan olettaa toimivan mm. erilaisissa solusignalointitapahtumissa ja paikallisessa ionipitoisuuksien säätelyssä. Eräissä tapauksissa lipidiympäristöllä on merkitystä mikroalueiden sijainnin määräytymisessä, mutta proteiinien sitoutuminen solukalvo- tai solukalvon alaisiin rakenteisiin saattaa myös olla määräävä tekijä
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2

Ibrahim, Michael. "Mechanical load regulates transverse-tubule structure and function in left ventricular cardiomyocytes." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/10486.

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Chronic mechanical load variation triggers a wide range of responses in the heart, a part of which includes cellular remodelling. Over the past 15 years, evidence has amassed that a part of this remodelling process involves changes to a sophisticated structure in the cell membrane, called the transverse (t)-tubule system. The t-tubules are a series of regular membrane invaginations, which contain a high density of ion channels responsible for local Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release (CICR). This thesis addresses the question of whether the t-tubule system can be said to be specifically load sensitive, the nature of that load sensitivity and its molecular regulators. Using surgical models, the influence of mechanical load variation of different durations, degrees and settings are studied. Local CICR and t-tubule structure are investigated. First, it was found that prolonged mechanical unloading induces subtle changes to the t-tubule system, which functionally uncouples the Ryanodine receptors (RyR) and L-type Ca2+ channels (LTCC) and induces a loss of whole cell Ca2+ release synchrony. Second, heart failure was found to be associated with loss of t-tubule structure and Ca2+ handling abnormalities. Following mechanical unloading, the t-tubule system recovered with enhanced LTCC-RyR uncoupling, resulting in improved Ca2+ handling. Third, the t-tubules were found to be unchanged initially during graded mechanical load variation. Prolonged myocardial unloading or overloading impaired t-tubule structure, with loss of normal CICR. Telethonin (Tcap), a member of the cardiomyocyte stretch sensing complex, is a candidate regulator of the t-tubules. In a Tcap knock-out (KO), cardiomyocytes show a primary t-tubule defect, which becomes more pronounced following mechanical overload. These results support the notion that the t-tubule system is dynamically regulated by mechanical overload and unloading, via a molecular pathway including Tcap.
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Alam, Md Iftekharul. "Behaviour of FRP strengthened steel tubular members subjected to transverse impact loading." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/105782/1/Md%20Iftekharul_Alam_Thesis.pdf.

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This PhD thesis is devoted to contributing to the existing knowledge of FRP (Fibre Reinforced Polymer) strengthened metallic structural members subjected to dynamic impacts. The outcome of this research will be beneficial to design structures for mitigating damage and failure due to lateral impact forces from transportation accidents, explosive attacks or from flying debris. A new series of laboratory tests results along with computer based structural analyses are presented to understand the effectiveness of FRP strengthening of tubular structural members. FRP strengthening found to be a promising sustainable option for minimising structural damage and human casualty due to impact loads.
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4

Rinaldi, Vagner. "Estudo de um motor linear tubular de relutância chaveado de fluxo transversal." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/5972.

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5

Zhu, Chenhong. "New insight into models of cardiac caveolae and arrhythmia." Diss., University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1945.

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Recent studies suggest that cardiomyocyte membrane microdomains, caveolae and transverse tubules, play a key role in cardiac arrhythmia. Mutation of caveolin-encoding genes CAV3, co-expressed with genes of caveolae ion channels, leads to a late persistent sodium currents and delayed repolarization stage, called LQT9 disease. A simplified three-current model is created to largely reduce the well-known Pandit rat ventricular myocyte model. The mathematical tractability of the three-current model allows us to conduct asymptotic analysis and efficiently estimate action potential duration. Improvement in the description of the mechanism for caveolae sodium current is incorporated into the three-current model utilizing a probability density approach for the four-state caveolae neck-channel coupling. The prolongation of action potentials and the formation of potential arrhythmia are shown to arise if caveolae neck open probability varies. A minimal model of the Ca2+ spatial distribution of CICR units illustrates the transverse tubule remodeling in failing myocyte causes dysfunction in the Ca2+ profile. With regards to discrimination of protein localization, which is widely used in biological experiments, the bagging pruned decision tree algorithm is tested to be one of the algorithms with best performance on the large data set, and it succeeds in extracting information to be highly predictive on test data. Parallel computation technique is applied to accelerate the speed of implementation in K-nearest neighbor learning algorithms on big data sets.
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Berry, Carolyn. "DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF TWO TEST FIXTURES TO TEST THE LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE TENSILE PROPERTIES OF SMALL DIAMETER TUBULAR POLYMERS." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/494.

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Hundreds of thousands of vascular bypass grafts are implanted in the United States every year, but there has yet to be an ideal graft material to substitute for one’s own autologous vessel. Many synthetic materials have been shown to be successful vessel replacements; however, none have been proven to exhibit the same mechanical properties as native vessels, one of the most important criteria in selecting a vascular graft material. Part of this issue is due to the fact that, currently, there is no “gold standard” for testing the longitudinal and transverse tensile properties of small diameter tubular materials. While there are ASTM and ISO standards that suggest ways to test tubes in their original form, many researchers have published tensile strength data based on cutting the tube and testing it as a flat sample. Thus, it was the aim of this thesis to understand, establish, and implement accurate tensile testing methods of small diameter polymers in their original, tubular state on Cal Poly’s campus. Two test fixtures were created based on specified design criteria in order to test materials in their tubular form in both the longitudinal and transverse directions. Both fixtures were successful in testing PLGA and ePTFE samples, and statistical data was gathered for the transverse test fixture. The new transverse test fixture was tested against the current method of testing, and a significant (α = 0.05) difference between methods was established for ultimate tensile strength. This analysis, however, cannot determine which test method is more accurate, thus more extensive testing is required to verify the design of both fixtures. By developing a method for testing small diameter polymers in tubular form on Cal Poly’s campus, it allows for more testing of various small diameter tubes and more comparative data to validate each design. It also demonstrates a need for a more detailed and widespread standardization of testing for small diameter tubes, especially in vascular substitute applications where the ideal vessel replacement has yet to be found.
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Arbore, Lucian. "Vibração em feixes tubulares." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3150/tde-28092016-101027/.

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Os resultados de uma simulação numérica são apresentados para amplitudes de vibração induzidas por um escoamento transversal num feixe tubular no regime de instabilidade fluidelástica.O feixe tubular considerado tem geometria e características iguais às de uma instalação equivalente descrita na literatura, para a qual estão disponíveis as medições experimentais das amplitudes de vibração no regime de instabilidade elástica.O arranjo tipo triângulo rodado tem uma relação passo/diâmetro de 1,375 e consiste de um tubo móvel cercado por 134 tubos rígidos.A simulação numérica foi efetuada através de um software comercial de CFD (Computational Fluid dynamics).Para a região em torno de cada tubo foi considerada uma malha com dimensões do elemento crescendo geometricamente na direção normal ao tubo com fator de crescimento 1,13 , sendo a dimensão do elemento adjacente ao tubo igual a 0,1% do diâmetro externo do tubo.Na simulação numérica o escoamento foi considerado incompressível, monofásico, turbulento e bidimensional. Os dados do escoamento foram considerados idênticos aos das experiências da instalação descrita na literatura.Os resultados obtidos para as amplitudes pela simulação numérica são comparados com os resultados obtidos experimentalmente na instalação acima citada.Os desvios da maioria dos valores calculados em relação aos valores experimentais estão numa faixa aceitável. Isto mostra que existe a possibilidade de utilização, num futuro próximo, de CFD para análise deste tipo de problemas.
Results from a numerical simulation are reported for amplitudes of cross-flow induced vibrations at the fluid elastic instability regime in a tube bank. The tube bank has identical geometry and characteristics as for an experimental facility described in the literature, for which there are experimental measurements of the amplitudes of vibrations at the fluid elastic instability regime.The rotated triangular array has a pitch ratio of 1.375 and consists of 1 movable tube surrounded by 134 rigid tubes. The numerical simulations were accomplished with a commercial CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) software. For the region around each tube, a mesh with elements dimensions growing geometrically normal to the tube was considered, with growing factor 1.13, and the dimension for the element adjacent to the tube wall was set to 0.1% of the tube external diameter. The flow was considered incompressible, monophasic, turbulent and two-dimensional for the numerical simulation. The flow data considered were the same as for the experiments at the facility. The results presented in this paper for the amplitudes obtained by numerical simulation are compared with the experimental results obtained in the above mentioned experimental facility.The differences between the calculated values and the experimental values are acceptable. This show that in the near future there is the possibility to use CFD for these kind of problems.
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Cosic, Alija. "Analysis of a novel Transversal Flux Machine with a tubular cross-section for Free Piston Energy Converter application." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Elektriska maskiner och effektelektronik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-25834.

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Constantly growing need for oil, all over the world, has caused oil price to rise rapidly during the last decade. High oil prices have made fuel economy as one of the most important factors when consumers are buying their cars today. Realizing this, many car manufacturers have developed or are looking for some alternative solutions in order to decrease fuel consumption. Combining two different technologies in a vehicle, the so called hybrid vehicle, can be seen as the first step toward a better and more sustainable development. There are several different solutions for hybrid vehicles today, among the best known are the Serie Electric Hybrid Vehicle (SEHV), the Parallel Electric Hybrid Vehicle (PEHV) and the Serie-Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle (SPEHV). By integrating a combustion engine with a linear electric machine into one unit, a system that is called Free Piston Energy Converter (FPEC) is achieved. The FPEC is suitable for use in a SEHV. Other application areas like stand alone generator are also possible. In this report a novel Transverse Flux Machine (TFM) with a tubular cross section of the translator has been investigated. Application of the machine in a FPEC has put tough requirement on the translator weight, specific power and force density. Different configurations of the winding arrangements as well as the magne tarrangement have been investigated. It has been concluded that the buried magnet design suffers from high leakage flux and is thus not asuitable TFM concept. Instead the surface mounted magnet design has been chosen for further investigation. An analytical model has been developed and a prototype machine has been built based on the analytical results. In order to have a better understanding of the machine characteristic a 3D-FEM analysis has been performed. The results from the analytical model, FEM model and measurements are analyzed and compared. The comparison between the measured and FEM-simulated results shows very good agreement. Furthermore, the results from the analytical model indicates that it can be successfully developed for further analysis and optimization of the design to give a cost-effective solution of the novel generato for mass production.
Det ständigt växande behovet av oljan runt om i världen, har fått oljepriset att stiga snabbt under det senaste decenniet. Detta har gjort bränsleekonomin till en av de viktigaste faktorer när konsumenterna väljer sina bilar i dag. Många biltillverkare har därför utvecklat eller söker efter alternativa lösningar till dagens förbränningsmotorer i hopp om att minska bränsleförbrukningen. Ett hybridfordon, ett fordon som är försedd med fler än en energiomvandlare, kan ses som ett första steg mot en bättre och mer hållbar utveckling. Det finns flera olika lösningar för hybridfordon i dag, bland de mest kända är Seriehybrid, Parallellhybrid och Serie-Parallelhybridfordon. Genom att integrera en förbränningsmotor med en linjär elektriskmaskin, erhålls ett system som kallas Frikolvsenergiomvandlare. Dennna typ av energiomvandlare lämpar sig bäst för användning i en seriehybridfordon, men andra användningsområden som fristående generator är också möjliga. I denna avhandling har en ny typ av Transversalflödesmaskin (TFM) med en cirkulärt tvärsnitt undersökts. Tillämpningen av maskinen i en Frikolvsenergiomvandlare har medfört tuffa krav på translatorvikten, specifikeffekten och kraftdensiteten. Olika lindnings- och magnetkonfiguratationer har undersökts. Forskningen har visat att designen med begravdamagneter lider av stort läckflöde och är därför inte lämplig för det nya TFM koncept. Istället har designen med ytmonterade magneter valts för vidare undersökning. En analytisk modell har utvecklats och en prototyp maskin har byggts med utgångspunkt i analysresultaten. För att få en bättre förståelse avmaskinkarakteristiken har en 3D-FEM modell tagits fram och analyserats. Resultaten från den analytiska modellen, FEM modellen och mätningar har analyserats och jämförts. Överensstämmelsen mellan de simulerade och de uppmätta resultaten är mycket bra. Dessutom, resultaten från den analytiska modellen visar på att modellen kan framgångsrikt användas för fortsatt analys och optimering av maskinen för att ge en kostnadseffektivlösning för masstillverkning.
QC 20101102
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Antunes, José. "Contribution à l'étude des vibrations de faisceaux de tubes en écoulement transversal." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066215.

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Analyses dynamiques non-linéaires pour la prédiction des risques vibratoires et d'usure des faisceaux de tubes, et tenant compte du fait que les appuis présentent des variations par rapport aux conditions nominales. Méthodologie permettant l'analyse globale du comportement dynamique non-linéaire des tubes. Simulation des sources d'excitation par l'écoulement. Application aux centrales nucléaires.
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Fiegle, Dominik [Verfasser], Tilmann [Akademischer Betreuer] Volk, and Ben [Gutachter] Fabry. "Preservation of the Transverse-Tubular System and Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Rodent and Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes – Effects of Glucocorticoids and Autophagy / Dominik Fiegle ; Gutachter: Ben Fabry ; Betreuer: Tilmann Volk." Erlangen : Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2021. http://d-nb.info/1240903499/34.

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Books on the topic "Transverse tubules"

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Mason, Catherine Amy Elizabeth. Characterization and purification of TS28, a novel protein localized to the transverse tubules of rabbit skeletal muscle. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1994.

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Olsen, Dale A. Flute Types and Stereotypes. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037887.003.0001.

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This chapter discusses flute classifications and world flute types, their uses, functions, and musical occasions. The flute is an edge-type aerophone, meaning it is any instrument whose sound is produced by an aspirated stream of air that strikes a sharp edge, creating audible sound waves. There are seven categories for aspirated edge-type aerophones, which are referred to as “Olsen categories” in this book: (i) vertical/diagonal tubular flute with ductless, rimmed mouthpiece; (ii) vertical tubular flute with ductless notched mouthpiece; (iii) certical, diagonal, or horizontal tubular flute with duct mouthpiece; (iv) transverse tubular flute with ductless single-hole cross-blown mouthpiece; (v) vertical multiple-tubular flute with ductless rimmed mouthpieces (panpipe type); (vi) globular or vessel flute with ductless, single-hole, cross-blown mouthpiece (ocarina type 1); and (vii) globular or vessel flute with duct mouthpiece (ocarina type 2).
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Book chapters on the topic "Transverse tubules"

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Dohm, G. Lynis, and Ronald W. Dudek. "Role of Transverse Tubules (T-Tubules) in Muscle Glucose Transport." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 27–34. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1928-1_3.

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Coronado, Roberto, and Hubert Affolter. "Characterization of Dihydropyridine-Sensitive Calcium Channels from Purified Skeletal Muscle Transverse Tubules." In Ion Channel Reconstitution, 483–505. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1361-9_19.

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Moses, R. L., and W. C. Claycomb. "Ultrastructure of the Transverse Tubular System in Cultured Cardiac Muscle Cells." In Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine, 422–40. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2621-2_31.

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Evans, Rhys, Kenneth T. MacLeod, Steven B. Marston, Nicholas J. Severs, and Peter H. Sugden. "Cardiac physiology." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, 2618–27. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199204854.003.160103_update_002.

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The function of the heart is to provide the tissues of the body with sufficient oxygenated blood and metabolites to meet the moment-to-moment needs as dictated by physical activity and postural and emotional changes. Cardiac myocytes are the contractile cells of the heart and constitute the bulk of heart mass. There are differences between the myocytes of the ventricles, the atria, and the conduction system: ventricular myocytes are elongated cells, packed with myofibrils (the contractile apparatus) and mitochondria (for ATP production). Myofibrils are repeating units (sarcomeres) made up of thin actin filaments anchored at the Z-discs at either end of the sarcomere, and thick myosin filaments which interdigitate and interact with the thin filaments. Contraction results from sarcomere shortening produced by the ATP-dependent movement of the thin and thick filaments relative to one another. Transverse (T-) tubules facilitate extracellular Ca...
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"Transverse stability is tie bar." In Tubular Structures V, 89–90. CRC Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482271355-27.

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Ammons, M., and J. McCormick. "Assessment of welded transverse plate to hollow structural section connections." In Tubular Structures XVI, 665–73. CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351210843-82.

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Han, Chang Dae. "Tubular Film Blowing." In Rheology and Processing of Polymeric Materials: Volume 2: Polymer Processing. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195187830.003.0012.

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Tubular film blowing has long been used to produce biaxially oriented films using such thermoplastic polymers as low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and polypropylene (PP). Here, LDPE refers to a polymer that is synthesized by free-radical polymerization under high pressure (Fawcett et al. 1937). The discovery of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) in the 1980s via the Unipol process (Beret et al. 1986; Jones et al. 1985), which uses a low-pressure gas-phase process, has led to additions to the family of tubular blown films during the past two decades. The discovery of metallocene catalysts (Stevens and Neithamer 1991; Welborn and Ewen 1994) in the 1990s further increased the number of LLDPEs that have been used to produce tubular blown films during the last decade. To distinguish LLDPE from LDPE, LLDPE is sometimes referred to as low-pressure low-density polyethylene (LP-LDPE) and LDPE is referred to as high-pressure low-density polyethylene (HP-LDPE) (see Chapter 6 of Volume 1). In this chapter, however, we use the terminologies LDPE and LLDPE. As described in Chapter 6 of Volume 1, LDPE has a high degree of long-chain branching, while LLDPE has short-chain branching with little or no longchain branching. However, the metallocene catalysts apparently allow one to produce LLDPEs having a wide range of side chains, including a certain degree of long-chain branching. The details of the synthetic procedures for producing such a variety of LLDPEs are closely guarded industrial secrets. Biaxially oriented film can be strong and tough in all directions in the plane of the film. As in fiber spinning, the polymer melt exiting from the die flows under a mechanical tension in the direction of flow. However, in the film blowing process, the tube of molten polymer is extended in both the transverse and the axial (machine) directions. Therefore, rheologically speaking, the film blowing process may be treated from the point of view of biaxial elongational flow, whereas the fiber spinning process may be treated from the point of view of uniaxial elongational flow.
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Samal, M. K. "FE Analysis and Experimental Investigation of Cracked and Un-Cracked Thin-Walled Tubular Components to Evaluate Mechanical and Fracture Properties." In Modeling and Simulation Techniques in Structural Engineering, 266–93. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0588-4.ch009.

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For investigation of fracture behavior and assessment of remaining life of critical thin-walled tubular components in industry, the transverse mechanical property and the axial fracture properties are essential. However, evaluation of these properties by machining suitable standard specimens from these components directly and subjecting them to standard tests is usually not feasible. In this chapter, the nonlocal version of the Rousselier's damage model has been used to predict the fracture resistance behavior of double-edged-notched-tensile specimens made from Zircaloy-4 material. Initially, the micro-mechanical parameters have been determined from the testing of ring-type specimens. Subsequently, these parameters were used in finite element analysis of the double-edged-notched-tensile specimen in order to predict the crack growth behavior and the crack path under applied displacement-controlled loading conditions. The fracture resistance behavior obtained in terms of J-R curve was also compared with the corresponding J-R curves of axially-cracked pin-loading-tension specimens.
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Spranger, Jürgen W., Paula W. Brill, Christine Hall, Gen Nishimura, Andrea Superti-Furga, and Sheila Unger. "Dense Bone Dysplasias with Normal Bone Shape." In Bone Dysplasias, 575–620. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190626655.003.0016.

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This chapter discusses dense bone dysplasias with normal bone shape and includes discussion on osteopetroses, Raine dysplasia, infantile osteopetrosis, osteopetrosis (intermediate), osteopetrosis (late onset forms), osteopetrosis with renal tubular acidosis, dysosteosclerosis, pyknodysostosis, osteomesopyknosis, osteopetrosis (lymphedema, ectodermal dysplasia, immune defect), osteopoikilosis, melorheostosis, and osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis. Osteoclasts play important roles during bone growth and in maintaining bone health and bone homeostasis. Dysfunction or lack of osteoclasts is under the control and interaction of many genes and leads to increased bone mass and osteopetrosis phenotypes. Increased bone density in osteopetrosis is also accompanied by some loss of modelling resulting in widening of the affected sclerotic transverse striations. The intermittent nature of the sclerosis results in areas of normal bone density and normal modelling in between the sclerotic bands. The mechanisms related to the apparent “switching off” of the abnormal osteoclastic activity has not yet been elucidated. Most of the conditions in this section are related to a failure of osteoclast function. Each condition discussed includes major radiographic features, major clinical findings, genetics, major differential diagnoses, progress, complications and potential therapies, and a bibliography.
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Samal, M. K., and K. S. Balakrishnan. "Experiments on a Ring Tension Setup and FE Analysis to Evaluate Transverse Mechanical Properties of Tubular Components." In Modeling and Simulation Techniques in Structural Engineering, 91–115. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0588-4.ch004.

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Determination of transverse mechanical properties from ring specimens machined from tubular components is not straightforward due to presence of combined tension and bending stresses. Zircaloy tubes as used in nuclear reactors are manufactured through a complicated process of pilgering and heat-treatment and hence, the properties need to be determined in the as-manufactured condition. In this work, the authors perform ring-tensile tests on specimens of Zircaloy pressure tubes of Indian pressurized heavy water reactor in order to carry out integrity assessment of these tubes. As the loading condition in this test imposes both membrane and bending stresses in the cross-section of the ring, 3-D finite element analysis of the test setup was carried out in order to determine material stress-strain curve using an iterative technique. The effect of the design of the loading mandrel on the experimental stress-strain data has been investigated in detail. To validate the methodology, miniature tensile specimens have been tested and the data has been compared to those of ring specimens.
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Conference papers on the topic "Transverse tubules"

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Viorel, I. A., K. Hameyer, and Larisa Strete. "Transverse flux tubular switched reluctance motor." In 2008 11th International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (OPTIM). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/optim.2008.4602399.

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ZHU, JI-HUA, and BEN YOUNG. "EFFECTS OF TRANSVERSE WELDS ON ALUMINUM TUBULAR COLUMNS." In Tall Buildings from Engineering to Sustainability - Sixth International Conference on Tall Buildings, Mini Symposium on Sustainable Cities, Mini Symposium on Planning, Design and Socio-Economic Aspects of Tall Residential Living Environment. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812701480_0098.

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Torres, Miguel Urbaneja, Anna Sitek, and Andrei Manolescu. "Transverse polarization light scattering in tubular semiconductor nanowires." In 2019 21st International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icton.2019.8840569.

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Kuhn, Jens. "Numerical Study OF Full-width, RHS-TO-RHS, Xconnections Under Transverse Compression." In Proceedings of the 17th International Symposium on Tubular Structures(ISTS17). Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-11-0745-0_065-cd.

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Al Meselmani, M. A., and N. A. Glinskaya. "ANALYSIS OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF TESTES AFTER γ- IRRADIA-TION." In NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE, BIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY AND ECOLOGY. Institute of information technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47501/978-5-6044060-2-1.183-184.

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We studied the effects of radiation in small doses (0.5 Gy) on the spermatogenic epithelium of white rats, counted the number of transversely cut convoluted seminiferous tubules, and de-termined the types of tubules. A decrease in the number of seminiferous tubules was noted, with damage to the cells of the spermatogenic epithelium.
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Shuheng, Qiu, and Wang Haifeng. "Simulation of Tubular Transverse Flux Permanent Magnet Linear Generator." In 2018 21st International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/icems.2018.8548997.

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7

Popa, Dan-Cristian, Vasile-Ioan Gliga, Lorand Szabo, and Vasile Iancu. "Tubular transverse flux variable reluctance motor in modular construction." In 2012 13th International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (OPTIM). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/optim.2012.6231875.

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Perera, Tharushi. "Transverse-tubule remodelling in remote and border regions following myocardial infarction." In Microscience Microscopy Congress 2021 incorporating EMAG 2021. Royal Microscopical Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22443/rms.mmc2021.53.

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9

Hao, Chen, and Nie Rui. "A Transverse Flux Single-Phase Tubular Switched Reluctance Linear Motor." In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Applied Superconductivity and Electromagnetic Devices (ASEMD). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asemd49065.2020.9276256.

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Perera, Tharushi, Christian Pinali, Emma Radcliffe, Barbara Niort, Charlene Pius, and Andrew Trafford. "BS9 Regional alterations to the transverse-tubule network in an ovine model of myocardial infarction." In British Cardiovascular Society Virtual Annual Conference, ‘Cardiology and the Environment’, 7–10 June 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Cardiovascular Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2021-bcs.207.

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