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1
Stykalin, Alexander S. "The Hungarian Community of Transylvania in Its Relations With the Romanian Communist Authorities From the 1950s to the 1980s." Central-European Studies 2020, no. 3 (12) (2021): 134–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2619-0877.2020.3.7.
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The historical experience of Hungarian-Romanian relations in previous eras affected the relations of the Hungarian national minority of Transylvania with the Romanian communist authorities from the 1950s to the 1980s. The concept of Romania as a unitary national state excluded the idea of Hungarian territorial autonomy even within its narrowest borders; Transylvanian Hungarians were declared an integral part of the Romanian political nation. This caused growing resistance from the consolidated Hungarian minority with a highly developed national identity and with the intelligentsia, which perceived itself as the guardian of the 1000-year-old Hungarian state and cultural traditions in Transylvania. The reaction of the Transylvanian Hungarian intelligentsia to the growing Romanian nationalist challenge changed as the Ceauşescu regime evolved, giving rise to different behavioral strategies. In the late 1960s, when Romania’s independent policy was internationally recognised the dominant attitude was to influence the situation through dialogue with the authorities. Later, from the end of the 1970s, the participation of Transylvanian Hungarians in the Romanian dissident movement intensified. The policy of the K.d.r regime concerning the Hungarians in Romania also changed depending on the state of Hungary–Romania relations.
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Dudoi, Marian-Alin. "The Transylvanian issue: Swedish perspectives (1944-1945)." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 9, no. 1 (August 15, 2017): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v9i1_3.
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The study refers to the approaches of the Transylvanian issue expressed by the Swede Gustav Bolinder in a “Svensk Tidskrift” article, volume XXXI, no. 9 of 1944. The Armistice Agreement between Romania and the United Nations, signed on September 12/13, 1944, admitted that Transylvania or most of this province to be reassigned to Romania. Suddenly, the Transylvanian issue had become one of the headlines in the world. Gustaf Bolinder, who had traveled in Romania in 1943, supported the Romanian rights in a book and press articles, both in Swedish (the article referred to in this paper dates from Autumn 1944). Another Swede, namely Arvid Fredborg, wrote comments that mostly criticized Bolinder’s approaches. Bolinder’s views and Fredborg’s comments were dispatched by the USA Legation in Sweden to the State Department, in Washington DC, and studied by the author at the Central National Historical Archives of Romania, within the USA Microfilm Collection. As the Armistice Agreement between Hungary and the United Nations, signed on January 20, 1945, forbade any Hungarian claims on Transylvania only two choices remained: an independent Transylvania, an unrealizable project according to the United Nations but present in the international media, or its reintegration into Romania. The author considers that Bolinder’s synthesis mastered, among non-Romanians and non-Hungarians, the truth about Transylvanian interethnic relations at the end of World War II.
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Miklósné Zakar, Andrea. "Transylvanian Autonomy: Romanian and Saxon Models between the Two World Wars." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, European and Regional Studies 17, no. 1 (October 1, 2020): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auseur-2020-0002.
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Abstract The establishment of Greater Romania between 1918 and 1920 induced several social, political, administrative, and economic problems in the new state. The differences between the history and traditions of the diverse parts of the country impeded the unifying centralization efforts. The peculiarities of Transylvania and the issue of the autonomous Transylvania appeared in the writings of several intellectuals and politicians between the two world wars. In addition to the Hungarian plans, Romanian and Saxon ideas were also born, emphasizing the importance and possibilities of Transylvanian autonomy. The study tries to present some aspects of the special regionalism of Transylvania between the two world wars and to analyse some Romanian and Saxon models.
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Mehedinți-Beiean, Mihaela. "From a multi-ethnic empire to a national state: the contribution of Romanian officers in the Habsburg army to the creation of Greater Romania as presented by Transylvanian journalists." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 10, no. 1 (August 15, 2018): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v10i1_5.
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Greater Romania was created at the end of World War I as a result of both top-down and bottom-up processes that involved all social layers from Transylvania and the Old Kingdom. The present study focuses on a particular category of actors that took part in the Great Union of 1 December 1918, namely Romanian officers from the Austrian army, and on a specific set of sources, i.e. Transylvanian periodicals issued around this date. In order to answer a number of research questions centered on Romanian officers’ contribution to the historical act that took place in Alba Iulia, I used articles that appeared throughout 1918 in four Transylvanian periodicals, namely Biserica și Școala, Drapelul, Transilvania and Unirea. The study’s chief aim is to provide a clear picture of the manner in which Romanian officers from the Austrian army were depicted by the press shortly before and after Transylvania’s union with Romania was proclaimed, as well as of the nature of their participation in the events: as delegates of the National Guards or as agents whose goal was to ensure order during the meeting.
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Bezsán, Noémi. "Az erdélyi táncszínház előzményei a 20. században." Theatron 14, no. 2 (2020): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.55502/the.2020.2.92.
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The development of the contemporary Romanian dance scene and the emergence of the network of Transylvanian dance theatre are two unrelated series of events. In my paper, in addition to examining the precedents in the field of dance arts, I will conduct a comparative analysis of the appearance, the spread and in some cases, the suppression of modern dance in Romania and Transylvania.
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Drecin, Mihai D., and Nicoleta STANCA. "We „ourselves” vs. “Ourselves alone” – a single economic doctrine for all Romanians at the beginning of the 20th century?" Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on History and Archaeology 13, no. 2 (2021): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.56082/annalsarscihist.2021.2.30.
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As several generations of politicians successively acted as leaders of the Romanian National Party (PNR) in Transylvania, particularly the tribunists (1884-1892) and the new activists or “steel-hardened young men” (1903-1914), the economic, cultural, and political life of Romanians in Transylvania became more similar to that of Romanians in the Kingdom of Romania. From an economic perspective, both theorists in Transylvania and Romania were fostering the idea of a liberal “Ourselves alone” doctrine after 1900. Economic policies were established based on the resolutions adopted following the proceedings of the Economic Congresses in Iași, between 1882 and 1884. Fundamental assumptions were derived from banking and financial arguments based on the numerous and meaningful business relationships established between the National Bank of Romania and the Solidaritatea Banking Union in Sibiu, comprising almost all the Romanian banks in Transylvania.
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Șipoș, Sorin. "Revue de Transylvanie (1934-1944): Creation, Structure and Research Themes." Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Historica 25, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 299–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.29302/auash.2021.25.1.15.
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Revue de Transylvanie appeared in May 1934 in Cluj, at the initiative of Transylvanian intellectuals and with the financial support of Astra, its pages containing studies of good scientific quality, aiming at disseminating the results of Romanian historical research to the European scientific and public opinion. Our paper intends to outline the context in which the journal appeared, its editorial structure, its main contributors and topics throughout the years, as well as the context in which it ceased its activity. In the Foreword of its first issue, its initiators stated the reasons for starting the journal, as well as the objectives its founders had set for themselves. Silviu Dragomir, the director of the journal, and D.D. Roşca, its first editor-in-chief, intended the Revue de Transylvanie “to be a means of informing its Western readers on Transylvania through various aspects of life in a major province of post-1918 Romania”. The founders of the publication wished for the journal to be “an objective and accurate means of information” on the ethnic issues in Transylvania and particularly on minorities. Revue de Transylvanie also aimed at investigating the relations of minorities in Romania with its majority Romanian population. The journal also appeared as a reaction to the Hungarian external propaganda, which was trying to accredit the idea that, after having become a Romanian province, Transylvania experienced a regress. The journal was not founded immediately after 1918, but in 1934, when it became increasingly obvious that the political changes that had occurred in the states defeated during WWI were threatening Europe’s configuration. Even in this difficult political context, the Romanian State took a long time to get involved in financially supporting the publication. The journal achieved only some of the goals set by its founders, namely informing scientists and decision-makers in the Western states on the political and ethnic realities in Transylvania. This was due to the professionalism of the authors and their published studies on a great variety of topics, namely history, historical demography, cultural history, ethnography, linguistics etc., as well as to the 1200 free copies distributed to specialists in the country and abroad. Regarding the contributors to the issues of the journal, although their number was over 60, only a few of them were permanent contributors, i.e. Silviu Dragomir, with 9 published studies, George Sofronie, with 8 published studies, Laurian Someșan, with 6 published studies, Coriolan Petranu, with 5 studies, Ioachim Crăciun, with 5 published studies, Ioan Lupaș, with 4 studies. The journal was also a true training workshop for younger specialists who made their apprenticeship especially in the Notes and Reviews sections. Worth mentioning among the younger historians are Ioachim Crăciun, Aurel Decei, Ioan Moga, Andrei Oţetea, P.P. Panaitescu, Ştefan Pascu, Aurelian Sacer¬doţeanu, David Prodan, Virgil Vătăşianu. The journal contained good quality studies on a variety of topics, especially contributions on contemporary history, minority issues, international law, historical demography, language history, historical geography etc. Revue de Transylvanie proved to be an interdisciplinary journal in terms of both published studies and articles, and of its contributors’ formation. Disputes and polemics occurred mainly in Notes and Reviews. The political factor in Romania used only to a small extent the pertinent information provided by the specialists, and its editing team set itself difficult objectives, unachievable without political support.
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Huszthy, Bálint. "“Transylvanian Hunglish” Phonological Properties of Hungarian Accented English in Transylvania." Hungarian Studies Yearbook 4, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 131–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hsy-2022-0007.
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Abstract Hunglish is a term for Hungarian native speakers’ English pronunciation. It is a well recognisable and quite homogeneous accent, which is thoroughly described in the literature of second language acquisition. However, this paper proposes that Hungarian speakers living in Romania use a phonologically different Hunglish compared to those living in Hungary. The study is built on direct speech recordings made with 30 Hungarian speakers descending from various parts of Transylvania. Their accent is confronted with the pronunciation of 15 speakers from Hungary, who participated in the same reading experiment. Results indicate that the English pronunciation of the two groups mostly share the same phonetic and phonological features. Only a few persistent phonological differences can be identified; for instance, English open back vowels [ʌ, ɒ, ɑ] are replaced with Hungarian [ɒ] by the Transylvanian informants, and with [a] by the speakers from Hungary; Transylvanian informants preserve more English schwas and diphthongs due to their L2 Romanian, etc. The differences basically originate in the fact that Transylvanian speakers’ interlanguage is much more heterogeneous than that of Hungarians’, i.e. Transylvanians speak a substandard version of Hungarian as L1, they speak a Transylvanian dialect, they speak Romanian at high level as L2, and they usually speak further foreign languages as well beyond English; these varieties all affect their foreign accent. The paper takes account of the most important characteristics of Transylvanian Hunglish, with a synchronic phono-logical analysis, and a contrastive analysis with the general phonological properties of Hunglish found in the literature.
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Csata, Zsombor, and László Károly Marácz. "Prospects on Hungarian as a Regional Official Language and Szeklerland’s Territorial Autonomy in Romania." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 23, no. 4 (November 18, 2016): 530–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02304005.
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This article analyses two options the Hungarian ethno-linguistic community in the Transylvanian region of Romania has in order to preserve its ethno-linguistic identity. Firstly, there is the option of unrestricted language use in the public domain. At present the Romanian legal framework assigns members of the Hungarian speaking community in Transylvania individual linguistic and cultural rights only. The Romanian language policy is further restricted by a threshold rule. The ratio of minority must number 20 per cent of the total inhabitants of a certain administrative-territorial unit in order to have their language recognised officially. The second possibility is that historical territories where Transylvanian Hungarians statistically form a dominant majority (i.e. Szeklerland) are granted territorial autonomy. The territoriality principle would secure linguistic minority rights. We will conclude that the prospects for Hungarian as a regional language in Romania are more realistic than the recognition of Szeklerland’s territorial autonomy.
10
Veress, Emőd. "Integration of Transylvania into Romania from the Perspective of Private Law (1918−1945)." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae Legal Studies 9, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 347–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47745/ausleg.2020.9.2.07.
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In the following study, we present the legal history of Transylvania following the unification of this territory with Romania at the end of the First World War, and until the installation in Romania of the Soviet-type dictatorship. The heterogeneity of the Romanian legal system resulting from the country’s territorial gains is discussed as well as the various attempts at integrating Transylvanian law into the nascent legal order of Greater Romania. We also present the short interregnum in which Hungarian private law was again applied between 1940 and 1944. The Romanian legislator, facing the imperative necessity of creating a unified national legal order, had the choice of two paths: extend the already outdated laws of the Old Kingdom of Romania to the newly acquired territories or adopt new unitary laws. Both paths were taken depending on the field of law and the historical period concerned, as presented. Finally, the legislator opted for the extension of the laws of the Old Kingdom at the end of the Second World War, even in fields where better-quality norms were enacted during the reign of King Carol II but were never implemented.
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Pop, Laura Cristina. "Romulus Vuia - om de imagine a României." Anuarul Muzeului Etnograif al Transilvaniei 32 (December 20, 2018): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47802/amet.2018.32.13.
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Romulus Vuia, the founder of Transylvanian Museum of Ethnography (founded in 1922) is a famous personality of the begining of the 20th century’s in Transylvania. As a museum founder and director, as a university professor, he was very active in academic life. He represented Romania at international congresses and conferences between 1924 and 1944 and his whole activity was, in a way, aimed to create a good image of Romanian traditional culture abroad, fact that is shown also in the German language press from Germany, in 1944.
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Stykalin, Alexander S. "The fate of one university in the context of changing borders in Central Europe (Kolozsvár — Cluj — Szeged)." Slavic Almanac, no. 3-4 (2021): 353–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2021.3-4.5.01.
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An example of how epoch-making historical events in Central Europe affected the fate of an elite educational institution is the history of the second Hungarian university, founded in 1872 in the main city of Transylvania, Kolozsvár. This university was forced to leave Transylvania as a result of its reunification with the Kingdom of Romania in December 1918 following the First World War. Romanian professors from the “Old Kingdom” entered the university buildings built in the era of Austro-Hungarian dualism, located in the same city that changed its name from Kolozsvár, to Cluj. They were tasked by the new authorities to facilitate the integration of the region into Romania. The Hungarian University moves within the new borders of Hungary, to the city of Szeged. The creating of this powerful center of elite Hungarian culture became one of the essential directions of the cultural policy of the conservative regime. Its representatives saw the transformation of Hungary into a bastion of high European culture on the threshold of the Balkans as one of the ways to compensate for the enormous national infringement that the Trianon Peace Treaty of 1920 was for millions of Hungarians. The resettlement to Szeged, however, by no means put an end to the history of the Hungarian University of Transylvania. After the second Vienna arbitration for the transfer of Northern Transylvania to Hungary (August 1940), the Hungarian university in Cluj was restored, and the Romanian one moved within the narrowed borders of Romania. In the post-war Romania, under the left-wing authorities, and later the communist regime, which was not interested in aggravating the Hungarian-Romanian contradictions, both Romanian and Hungarian universities functioned in Cluj for a decade and a half, until in 1959, amid the rise of Romanian nationalism, an independent Hungarian university was closed.
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Mária, Péter H. "The effects of the Treaty of Trianon on the pharmaceutical network." Bulletin of Medical Sciences 93, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orvtudert-2020-0004.
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Abstract The consequences of the border adjustments resulting from the Treaty of Trianon affected the entire Hungarian pharmaceutical network. Transylvania, Maramureș and East Banat became part of Romania and Hungary lost 102.813 km2 of its former territory. A Hungarian population of 1,662,000 (based on the 1910 census), 31.78% of the total population, came under Romanian rule. 477 Hungarian pharmacies were lost in 327 locations. Later, in the areas given to Romania, several pharmacies ceased to function due to the emigration of their owners and their staff. Romanian authorities issued 174 new pharmacy rights in the gained territories, bringing 65.5% of the pharmacies into Romanian hands. The Pocket Calendar of Pharmacists, published in Budapest in 1918 still lists the Transylvanian pharmacists, mentioning the name of their pharmacy and the place where they worked. Pharmacist almanacs (pocket calendars) published in later years no longer provided this information.
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Papp, Nóra, Dragica Purger, Szilvia Czigle, Dóra Czégényi, Szilvia Stranczinger, Mónika Tóth, Tünde Dénes, Marianna Kocsis, Anna Takácsi-Nagy, and Rita Filep. "The Importance of Pine Species in the Ethnomedicine of Transylvania (Romania)." Plants 11, no. 18 (September 6, 2022): 2331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11182331.
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The geographical and ecological features of Transylvania enable the wide ethnobotanical use of pine species. The aim of this study was to survey the current ethnomedicinal and other traditional use of pine species of Hungarian-speaking ethnic groups in Transylvania and to compare them with earlier reports performed in Transylvania and from other countries related to the Carpathian Basin. Information on pine species was obtained using semi-structured interviews with 515 Transylvanian informants from 18 villages in the period 2007–2019. The young shoots of Abies alba Mill., Picea abies (L.) H. Karst., Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold, and Pinus sylvestris L. were applied to treat respiratory diseases, while the resin was used for dental problems. Syrup and decoction were made from the cones of all species, except Abies alba. Picea abies was the most frequently documented with seven preparations from different parts (even needles), and this species was mentioned in the treatment of 21 diseases. The least recorded was Abies alba, which was applied for coughs and decayed teeth. We recorded the use of the cones and needles of Picea abies for dyspnoea, thyroid glands, and kidney disorders, previously unknown in ethnomedicinal literature. Our data on the pine species confirm their current use and significance in Transylvania.
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Ioanid, Radu. "The Holocaust in Romania: The Iasi Pogrom of June 1941." Contemporary European History 2, no. 2 (July 1993): 119–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300000394.
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In 1930, the Romanian Jewish community, one of the largest in Europe, numbered 756,930 members. Of these, about 150,000 lived in Northern Transylvania, which was occupied by Hungary in the summer of 1940; the remaining 600,000 Jews remained in territories ruled by Romania. In 1944, the Jews from Northern Transylvania shared the fate of the Hungarian Jews; only about 15,000 of them survived the deportations.
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Nagy, Dorottya. "Minorities Within Minority: The Contribution of Lutheranism to the Richness of Inter-Ethnic Living Together in Transylvania (Romania)." Exchange 36, no. 4 (2007): 397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157254307x225052.
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AbstractThis paper is a follow-up to a presentation given at the study-day 'Religion and Ethnicity in Transylvania' on the 17th of October 2006, organized by the section Kerkinactie of the Protestant Church in the Netherlands and Centrum IIMO (University of Utrecht). The article aims to present the positions and the functions of Lutheranism in the contemporary Transylvanian society. It formulates the thesis that Lutheranism in Transylvania has the potential for offering a major theological forum where inter-ethnic living together could be evaluated and explored with a responsibility and mission for the people of Transylvania which considers ethnic diversity not as maius malum but as maius bonum.
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Granville, Johanna. "“Ask for Bread, not Peace”." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 24, no. 4 (July 30, 2010): 543–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325410376790.
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In contrast to restless students in Bucharest, Cluj, Iasi, Timiş oara, and other cities, who tried to organize rallies calling for government reforms in the fall of 1956 but failed, Romanian workers and peasants expressed their feelings about the revolution in nearby Hungary by going on feverish shopping sprees; stockpiling food staples; writing anonymous leaflets and graffiti; spreading rumors; and engaging in arson, vandalism, and physical brawls. The Hungarian crisis aroused in some citizens fears of a World War III, for others a war over Transylvania, and for still others a Hungarian-style revolt in Romania. A survey of published Securitate reports written between 26 October and 23 November 1956 shows that the three most frequent oral comments recorded were those complaining about the economy, those predicting that “what happened in Hungary will happen in Romania,” and those asking “why was the Soviet intervention necessary?” The economic complaints outnumbered the other two types of comments. Political messages, oral and written, spanned the spectrum, from fascist, Iron Guard songs, monarchist comments, to procapitalist slogans. Although most irredentist comments, oral and written, originated from cities in Transylvania, more than half of the incidents of physical aggression, including arson and other acts of sabotage, occurred in non-Transylvanian regions. Although the Securitate sometimes exploited ethnic tensions to gain recruits, Romanian citizens expressed more rage toward the communist dictatorship than against ethnic Hungarians.
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Knigth, Gregory D. "The Nationality Question in Contemporary Hungarian-Romanian Relations." Nationalities Papers 15, no. 2 (1987): 215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905998708408056.
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The historical feud between Hungary and Romania over Transylvania has escalated in proportion and intensity in recent years. Territorial dispute is no longer central to the present debate. Rather, it is the treatment of approximately two million ethnic Hungarians residing in Transylvania that has generated considerable tension between the governments of Janos Kadar and Nicolae Ceausescu. Transylvania's ethnic Hungarians represent an obstacle to Ceausescu's policy of “national communism,” which promotes “Romanianism” to the detriment of the country's minority populations. In Hungary, reformists both within and outside the Kadar government have pressed the regime for a satisfactory solution to the perceived mistreatment of Hungarians living in neighboring socialist countries. By complicating relations between the two countries, the nationality question also effectively limits the degree to which Hungary and Romania can cooperate succesfully on regional endeavors. Finally, particularly in the case of Romania, exacerbation of the nationality question has attracted increased concern among “external” players, including the Soviet Union and the United States.
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Deac, Liana. "Study of infectious diarrheas, in Transylvania-Romania." International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews 6, no. 5 (April 6, 2021): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-4861/113.
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“Diarrhea” is an alteration in a normal bowel movement characterized by an increase in the water content, volume, or frequency of stools. Acute diarrhea of infectious etiology, often referred to as gastroenteritis and is typically associated with clinical signs and symptoms including: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and cramps, bloating, flatulence, fever, passage of bloody stools, tenesmus, and fecal urgency. Infectious diarrheal diseases are the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is the diarrhea we have also found out, during a large 3 yeas study 2017-2020 in Transylvania – Romania. 3577 number of cases were transmitted during this time by the 12 territory sanitary polices, to the Epidemiology Department from the Public Health Center Cluj. These were mostly diagnosed by the territorial family doctors in the region and more then 20%, have need hospitalization, for several days, because of the mentioned disease disorders 3 children died during this time, because of severe complications. The detected infectious microbial etiology, were determined in authorized laboratories, in which it was identified: Shigella spp, Salmonella spp Campylobacter spp, and Yersinia spp or Rotavirus Giardia, and Fungi species. Most number of cases appeared in children, followed by elderly or adult people, as quantified number of determination. In light of these data, acute diarrheal illness had to be considered a major public health issue against which control efforts are needed. Public health surveillance and response in the field of infectious acute diarrhea include obligatory strategies of infection control.
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Kim, Jiyoung. "Quo vadis Transylvania?: Hungarian and Romanian resolution for Transylvania during World War II." East European and Balkan Institute 47, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 113–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.19170/eebs.2023.47.1.113.
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World War I and World War II were the most important inflection points in Hungarian history. As a result of World War I, historical Hungary was annihilated with the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. In particular, as Transylvania, the cause of the conflict between Hungary and Romania, belonged to Romania, Hungary and Romania have maintained uncomfortable relations until now. The defeat of Germany's alliance with Hungary in World War II brought territorial gains to Romania's alliance with the Soviet Union. In this article, we looked at the various measures and discussions that Hungary and Romania had during and after World War II regarding the Transylvania issue. In the end, the interests of the great powers were the decisive factor that separated the fate of the two countries.
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Vofkori, László. "Regional Development in Transylvania, Romania." Society and Economy 26, no. 1 (June 1, 2004): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/socec.26.2004.1.3.
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Ványolós, Endre, Imola Anna Henning, Ildikó Lihăt, and Beáta Csilla Szabó. "The Ecological Perspective in Nowadays’ Urban Landscape Planning in Transylvania." Acta Biologica Marisiensis 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2023): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/abmj-2023-0011.
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Abstract Nowadays’ (Transylvanian) urban landscape as a complex, built and natural, social and economic environment is undergoing a sudden and accelarated transformation. Urbanization is a defining feature of current spatial/urban metamorphosis in Transylvania, too, yet the current model of urban development profoundly alters the natural environment, often reducing biodiversity and ultimately threatening human wellbeing. Present not only in academic theory, but in a broader sense in the daily public debate for the past decades, ecological perspective has become one of the leading design principles in nowadays’ professional practice and theory in urban and spatial planning, a compulsory attribute of the contemporary mindset and (urban) landscape. Proposed research on ecological perspective in current urban (landscape) planning in Transylvania, Romania is focusing specifically on the role ecological perspective can play in understanding, the applying the more general and complex phenomenon of sustainability in the planning and management of landscapes. The idea of sustainability, the ecoregional approach are not only traditional attributes of the historical landscape, but also generators in present day development of cities around Transylvania, Romania. The ecological approach can enhance finding solutions in urgent social and environmental challanges regarding efficient management of resources, sustainable urban and spatial planning.
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Cosma, Călin. "Fast Wheel Gravel-tempered Coarse Ware Found in 7th–10th-Century Cemeteries from Western Romania." Ephemeris Napocensis 31 (February 10, 2022): 283–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.33993/ephnap.2021.31.283.
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Sometime in the 7th century, pottery made with a potter’s wheel reaching a medium rotation speed appeared in the Carpathian Basin. This particular pottery, generically referred to as “Danubian-type pottery”, evolved in different ways from one region to another until it was generalized in the 8th century as a specific type that characterizes large areas in central and south-eastern Europe. Owing to the technical innovations that led to the improvement of the potter’s wheel, pottery also began to be produced on the fast-rotating wheel. However, 7th–10th-century fast wheel pottery from Transylvania should not be regarded as an ethnic attribute. Early Medieval wheel-thrown pottery is recorded not only in settlements but also in inhumation and bi-ritual cemeteries from Transylvania, north-western Romania and Crișana (centralwestern Romania), constantly appearing from the Middle Avar period (AD 650/670) until the end of the 10th century (Tab. 1–2). The list of finds thus demonstrates that all population groups archaeologically attested in Transylvania by material evidence and, especially, spiritual activities knew fast wheel pottery. These are mainly Avar and Slavic populations, represented in the group of Avar cemeteries at the Mureș river bend in central Transylvania and the Mediaș Group, which can be attributed to the Slavic and Slavo-Avar populations of the Transylvanian Plateau.
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Kim, Ji Young. "Territorial Recovery of Hungary through the 2nd Vienna Award: 1940. 8. 30." East European and Balkan Institute 46, no. 4 (November 30, 2022): 91–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.19170/eebs.2022.46.4.91.
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In the Second World War, Hungary was an ally of Germany, joining the Axis powers in August 1940 under the Second Vienna Award. Joachim von Ribbentrop, Germany’s Foreign Minister, and Italian Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano met with Hungarian and Romanian representatives in the Belvedere Palace in Vienna. There they began negotiations on Hungary recovering the territory of Transylvania that it had ceded to Romania as a consequence of World War One. The confrontation between Hungary and Romania meant that Hungary’s demands were not accepted. As a result of Ribbentrop and Ciano’s mediation, the two sides agreed to redraw the boundaries of the territory to account for population composition and historical claims to sovereignty. Hungary failed to realize their ambitious dream of recovering the entire territory of Transylvania, and they had to be content with taking back the region of Székelys, where Hungarians were in the majority. Romania’s sovereignty over the rest of Transylvania, which Romania had taken control over post-World War One, was recognized. However, this deal would ultimately hurt Hungary. Because it was brokered by Germany and Italy, Hungary was treated as a defeated state in the post-World War Two peace negotiations.
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Tóth-Batizán, Emese Emőke, Szeréna Gáspár, Zsombor Csata, and Gergő Barna. "Health Services and Causes of Death in Transylvania, Romania." Erdélyi Társadalom 18, no. 2 (2020): 177–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.17177/77171.253.
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The study briefly presents the major changes that have taken place in the Romanian health care system in recent decades, as well as the strategies and legislative reforms that shaped these transformations. We examine time series data with primary relevance for the public health situation in the country. First, we compare national data with those from the other EU countries, then – with a special focus on Transylvania – we will highlight the regional differences within the country. Keywords: health services, healthcare reforms, regional disparities, causes of death, Transylvania – Romania
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Vică, Mihaela L., Horea V. Matei, Cosmina I. Bondor, Gheorghe Z. Nicula, Costel V. Siserman, Luminița Loga, and Lucia Dican. "HLA Polymorphisms and Haplotype Diversity in Transylvania, Romania." Journal of Immunology Research 2019 (December 30, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1342762.
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Transylvania is a historical region in the northwestern part of Romanian with a rather heterogeneous population. Our study is the first to determine human leukocyte antigen (HLA) profiles in a large population sample from this region and to compare them with other European population groups. HLA genes were examined in 2,794 individuals using the Single Specific Primer-Polymerase Chain Reaction (SSP-PCR) and Polymerase Chain Reaction Sequence-Specific Oligonucleotide (PCR-SSO) methods. All samples were tested for the HLA-A locus, 2,773 for HLA-B, 1,847 for HLA-C, and 2,719 for HLA-DRB1 loci. HLA gene frequency data from several European population groups (as presented in studies involving more than 1,000 individuals) served as reference in comparison with the local sample. The distribution of HLA genes in the studied population group was heterogeneous, as the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was statistically significant (P value < 0.01). The most common genes found in our sample group were A∗02 (0.27%), B∗35 (0.14%), C∗07 (0.25%), and DRB1∗11 (0.19%). The most common haplotype was A∗01~B∗08~C∗07~DRB1∗03 (1.26% in 1,770 individuals with complete data). This analysis confirmed the known heterogeneity of the Transylvanian population. The study indicates that the European population groups located in close vicinity (those from Serbia, Hungary, Wallachia, and Croatia) are genetically closest to the Transylvanian population.
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Gogâltan, Florin. "TRANSYLVANIA AND THE OF INDO-EUROPEAN MIGRATION PROBLEM. THE ROMANIAN PARADIGM." Lietuvos archeologija Lietuvos archeologija T. 47 (December 31, 2021): 187–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.33918/25386514-047009.
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In this article, I discuss the manner in which the model proposed by Marija Gimbutas regarding the Indo-European migration in Europe was perceived by Romanian specialists. The article is also an extension of my efforts to understand the relations between prehistoric Transylvania and the North-Pontic steppe. Approached from this historiographic perspective, the subject illustrates a situation symptomatic of Romanian archaeology: the lack, with few exceptions, of serious debates on this controversial subject, the frequent repetition of unverified opinions, statements supported by invalid arguments, etc. Keywords: Marja Gimbutas, Indo-Europeanization, North-Pontic steppe, Transylvania, Romania.
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Kovács, J. István. "Brecht recepciója az erdélyi magyar színházakban 1960 és 1965 között." Symbolon 24, special (2023): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46522/s.2023.s1.09.
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This study is a review of the first performances of Brecht’s plays in the Hungarian theatres between 1960 and 1965, which period is delimited by the very first show and a time gap that occurred after a few years with Brecht on those stages. Given that Transylvanian theatres are in the focus, the study also presents the situation of Romanian and German theatres regarding Brecht shows in the same period in Transylvania, and briefly in Romania, offering a review of the very first Brecht performance in Romania that took place in 1958, in Sibiu, and was also the first show that the local German theatre was reopened with. A general view of the brechtian epic theatre upheld by the theoretical specialists and practical craftsmen, as well as critics and directors of that period, is also summarized, and the study makes an attempt to reveal at what length the shows were able to meet those new demands.
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Herbst, Oliver. "Politik durch Lexik im Siebenbürgisch-Deutschen Tageblatt Ideologievokabular zur Zeitenwende 1918/19." Germanistische Beiträge 45, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gb-2019-0026.
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Abstract After the First World War and the Danube Monarchy, Transylvania became a part of the Kingdom of Romania on December 1, 1918. The desired minority rights played an important role for the Transylvanian Saxons. The relationships with Hungary and Romania were reflected in the media coverage by the Transylvanian newspaper Siebenbürgisch-Deutsches Tageblatt. The authors created awareness on their concerns by using ideological vocabulary. Such political lexis acts as an appeal to the recipients. There is a clearly identifiable dichotomy: On the one side, negatively connoted lexis arises for the former political conditions in the Dual Monarchy. On the other side, positively connoted lexis appears for the needs and for the behavior of the Transylvanian Saxons and for the concepts of new political conditions that were published in the newspaper. This dichotomy consists of ideological vocabulary and lexis in common language.
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Hovi, Tuomas. "Dracula tourism as pilgrimage?" Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 22 (January 1, 2010): 211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67368.
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This article is about Dracula tourism in Romania and how it may be seen as pilgrimage. The author approaches this connection especially through the place myth of Transylvania and through the status Transylvania has in Western popular culture. The subject is approached purely from a ‘Western’ point of view, that is, in this article Romania, although a member of the EU and NATO, is treated not as part of the West but part of the East. This is due to the fact that in Western popular culture Romania and especially Transylvania have always been portrayed as the Other in relation to the West. Western popular culture plays a significant role in Dracula tourism.
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Székely, János. "A Historical Outline of the Development of Civil Procedure in Transylvania as Part of Romania." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae Legal Studies 9, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 397–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.47745/ausleg.2020.9.2.09.
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The following study constitutes a historical outline of the evolution of Romanian civil procedure in the period between 1918 and 2013 from the perspective of the norms applicable in Transylvania as part of Romania. Romanian civil procedure in the period immediately after 1918 presented a diverse picture, with several procedural regimes applicable in the same country at the same time. This raised the necessity of unifying procedural norms, at first attempted by recodification and later accomplished by the extension of the Code of Civil Procedure of the Kingdom of Romania to Transylvania in 1943. As the Soviet-type totalitarian regime was consolidated in the late 1940s, a reform (much rather a recodification) of civil procedure occurred in the new spirit of the age, which, along with subsequent norms led to the reduction of judicial remedies and the introduction of a ‘lay element’ into the process by the presence of assessors, and it also increased the role of public prosecutors during the civil trial. Following the 1989 regime change, civil procedure in Romania at first, before a comprehensive reform, reverted to historical models, and then finally recodification was achieved.
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DRECIN, Mihai D. "NICOLAE IORGA ON THE DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF ROMANIAN NATIONALISM." Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on History and Archaeology 13, no. 1 (2021): 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.56082/annalsarscihist.2021.1.82.
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Known for his research on the elements of national unity which rose and developed in the minds of all Romanians and which eventually led to the establishment of Greater Romania, the great historian Nicolae Iorga identifies the stages through which the national sentiment of Romanians on both sides of the Carpathians had evolved from the Middle Ages to the modern era. After having researched the published works of Romanian humanists and Enlightenment writers in the archives and libraries of Romania, Bucovina and Transylvania, Nicolae Iorga identified the following stages of Romanian nationalist manifestations: primitive nationalism (9th to l0th century), enduring nationalism - the foundation of modern nationalism (17th century), definitive nationalism (18th century), and modern nationalism (the 1848/1849 generation). While Transylvanian nationalism was petitionary in nature, the nationalism that manifested south and east of the Carpathians was labelled as political, as it was accompanied by concrete own achievements. "Romanian nationalism" is seen as cultural and democratic, based on the traditional hospitality of the Romanian peasants and the sentiment of unity. These are the features of the Romanian national sentiment defined by Nicolae Iorga in 1922, which were used as a foundation for the Nationalist Democratic Party, the party he established in 1910 and whose leader he was until 1938.
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Murádin, János Kristóf. "Minority Politics of Hungary and Romania between 1940 and 1944. The System of Reciprocity and Its Consequences." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, European and Regional Studies 16, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auseur-2019-0012.
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Abstract The main objective of the paper is to highlight the changes in the situation of the Hungarian minority in Romania and the Romanian minority in Hungary living in the divided Transylvania from the Second Vienna Arbitration from 30 August 1940 to the end of WWII. The author analyses the Hungarian and Romanian governments’ attitude regarding the new borders and their intentions with the minorities remaining on their territories. The paper offers a synthesis of the system of reciprocity, which determined the relations between the two states on the minority issue until 1944. Finally, the negative influence of the politics of reciprocity is shown on the interethnic relations in Transylvania.
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Abrudan, Mircea-Gheorghe. "Ioan Lupaș – the maker and memorialist of the Union of Transylvania with Romania." Acta Musei Napocensis. Historica, no. 56 (January 15, 2021): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54145/actamn.56.08.
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A prolific historian, a professor of the Andreian Seminary in Sibiu, parish priest of Săliștea and an archpriest of Mărginimea Sibiului, a professor of the ‘King Ferdinand I’ University in Cluj, a titular member of the Romanian Academy, a talented publicist, a co-founder of the Institute of National History in Cluj, a deputy in the Parliament of Greater Romania, a minister in the Averescu and Goga-Cuza governments, a patriot and victim of the Bolshevik regime in the 1950s’ Romania, Ioan Lupaș is a scholar with the aura of a saint. Fr. Lupaș is part of the admirable generation of those who committed themselves with all their power and selflessness to the national movement of the Transylvanian Romanians, those who achieved the Union of Transylvania, Banat, Crișana and Maramureș with the Kingdom of Romania on 1 December 1918 and then fought for the consolidation of national unity during the interwar period. Lupaș is part of the leading gallery of the makers of Greater Romania, and one of the few historians-participants who later wrote relevant pages about the astral event in which they were active participants. The study provides a brief biography of Ioan Lupaș, focusing on the activity of the archpriest at the time of the First World War, his involvement in the organization of the Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia, and the way in which he subsequently remembered the events and feelings experienced in the year of the ‘fortunate fulfilling of long-awaited goals’ and of ‘thoroughly well-deserved triumph’.
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Cosma, C., M. Moldovan, T. Dicu, and T. Kovacs. "Radon in water from Transylvania (Romania)." Radiation Measurements 43, no. 8 (September 2008): 1423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2008.05.001.
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Oross, Kinga, Lajos Benedek, and Ferenc Pál-Fám. "Macrofungi from Apuseni Mountains, Transylvania, Romania." Acta Biologica Plantarum Agriensis 5, no. 1 (2017): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21406/abpa.2017.5.1.38.
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Stan, Ana-Maria. "Gowns in Towns. University Extensions in Transylvania (1919-1945)." CIAN-Revista de Historia de las Universidades 26, no. 2 (November 24, 2023): 153–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cian.2023.8208.
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This article provides a detailed, chronological and comparative analysis of the various forms of university extensions (adult education programmes) which functioned in Transylvania between 1919 and 1945. It highlights the contribution of the Cluj university professors to the regional socio-cultural life, as well as the importance of popularizing science to the general public. Knowledge dissemination through the so-called ‘popular lectures and courses’ was regarded as a valuable and important tool for modernizing the local society in the aftermath of the First World War and the reorganization of Transylvania as a province of the Romanian state (România Mare – Great Romania).
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Dumitru, Andreea. "Die Vermittlung von siebenbürgisch-sächsischem Kulturgut ausgehend von dem Kinderbuch Das Amenchen. Mäuseleben (2019) der rumäniendeutschen Schriftstellerin Anne Junesch." Germanistische Beiträge 49, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 122–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gb-2023-0007.
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Abstract The German minority emigrated massively from Romania after the fall of the communist regime in 1989, so the void left by it had to be filled with representatives of Romanian ethnicity. The main actors for the relations between the Saxons and the Romanians in Transylvania are the children who study in schools with German as a mother tongue. They will carry on the cultural heritage left by the Saxons. But how can we reach out for these children? The answer is given to us by the writer Anne Junesch in her book „Das Amenchen. Mäuseleben”, published in 2019. An attempt is being made to sensitize young readers to Transylvanian culture. With the help of a story centered around a fortified church and a main character from Germany, a world full of secrets and of the unknown is revealed to us. With small steps, an incursion is thus made into the almost lost world of the Transylvanian Saxons.
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Murzea, Cristinel Ioan. "“STATUS CIVITATIS” IN THE ROMANIAN SIBIU ASSEMBLY OF 1864." Agora International Journal of Juridical Sciences 8, no. 4 (November 23, 2014): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/aijjs.v8i4.1611.
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Status civitatis configured by the laws of the first Romanian Assembly held in Sibiu between 1863 and 1864 reflects a change of essence of the constitutional regime of Transylvania, by enacting, for the very first time in Romania, a principle of liberal democracy, that of representing the citizen in the chosen institutions of the state.
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Țăruș, Raisa, and Ștefan Dezsi. "The Elderly Dependency Rate in Urban Areas of Transylvania Region Between 1992 and 2021." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Geographia 66, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbgeogr.2021.2.03.
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"The Elderly Dependency Rate in Urban Areas of Transylvania Region between 1992 and 2021. Population ageing becomes a serious issue not only in developed countries, but also in a post-socialist country such as Romania. Nowadays, the demographic tendencies of ageing trends are visible in the demographic dynamics of developed countries, especially in Central and Eastern European Countries in the context of economic growth and population loss. For example, in Romania, it is noticeable in urban areas and rural areas where the demographic trajectories show the presence of a certain demographic phenomenon in age structure of population such as “population ageing”. In the last decades, Romania has entered a period of rapid and dramatic ageing demographic phase. In this respect, first we investigate the phenomenon of population ageing in Transylvania region. Secondly, the paper presents the calculation of elderly dependency rate based on demographic statistical data provided by the National Institute of Statistics. Thirdly, it drives some possible social-economic effects of the progressive process of ageing tendency. Keywords: Ageing population, elderly people, population decline, Romania, Transylvania region "
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Mailat, Damaris. "Românii şi ideea federalistă. Alexandru Vaida-Voevod." Hiperboreea A2, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/hiperboreea.2.1.0031.
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Abstract Alexandru Vaida Voevod was a supporter and promoter of the union of Transylvania (before 1918 a part of Austria-Hungary) with the Romanian Old Kingdom; he later served three terms as a Prime Minister of Greater Romania. Vaida-Voevod joined the Romanian delegation to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, and was one of its most prominent members throughout the negotiations, as an organizer of press campaigns.
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Pop, Florin-Mihai, Alexandru Aurel Ștefan-Fotin, Eugenia Petrescu, Mihai Zachi, Elena-Gabriela Negrea, and Tudor Lupu. "First record of Scythris sinensis (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875) (Lepidoptera, Scythrididae) in Romania." Entomologica Romanica 26 (November 15, 2022): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/entomolrom.26.6.
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Scythris sinensis (Felder and Rogenhofer, 1875) is reported for the first time from Romania. This species is present in four historical provinces of Romania: Transylvania, Banat, Oltenia and Muntenia.
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KISS, T., D. CADAR, F. A. KRUPACI, A. D. BORDEANU, and M. SPÎNU. "Prevalence ofAnaplasma phagocytophiluminfection in European wild boar (Sus scrofa) populations from Transylvania, Romania." Epidemiology and Infection 142, no. 2 (April 24, 2013): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813000812.
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SUMMARYBetween 2007–2008 and 2010–2012, 870 organ samples were collected from wild boars in 16 Transylvanian counties.Anaplasma phagocytophilumDNA was identified using a nested PCR protocol that amplifies a fragment of the 16S rRNA gene. Prevalence was compared between sampling periods and counties using Fisher's exact test. In total, 39 (4·48%) samples tested positive, with significantly higher values recorded in the second period, caused by an increased infection rate in boars from Sibiu county. Positive cases tended to concentrate in the central part of the country. During the second sampling period,A. phagocytophilumwas detected in two additional counties, suggesting a spatial spreading of the pathogen. The results confirm that Transylvanian wild boars are naturally infected withA. phagocytophilum, thus raising awarness concerning a potential zoonotic cycle. This is the first study to evaluate spatial and temporal variations ofA. phagocytophilumdistribution in wild boar populations from Transylvania.
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MIKULCAK, FRIEDERIKE, JENS NEWIG, ANDRA I. MILCU, TIBOR HARTEL, and JOERN FISCHER. "Integrating rural development and biodiversity conservation in Central Romania." Environmental Conservation 40, no. 2 (January 25, 2013): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892912000392.
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SUMMARYUnlike most parts of the European Union (EU), Southern Transylvania (Central Romania) is characterized by an exceptionally high level of farmland biodiversity. This results from traditional small-scale farming methods that have maintained extensive areas of high nature value farmland. Following the post-socialist transition, Southern Transylvania faces serious challenges such as under-employment and rural population decline, which put traditional farming at risk. With Romania's accession to the EU in 2007, Southern Transylvania became part of a complex multi-level governance system that in principle provides mechanisms to balance biodiversity conservation and rural development. To this end, the most important instruments are the ‘Natura 2000’ network of protected areas and EU rural development policy. Structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with town hall representatives from 30 villages in Southern Transylvania and local EU experts revealed that EU policies are often poorly aligned with local conditions. To date, the implementation of EU rural development policy is strongly focused on economic development, with biodiversity conservation being of little concern. Moreover, relevant EU funding opportunities are poorly communicated. Bridging organizations should be strengthened to foster the implementation of a rural development strategy that integrates local needs and biodiversity conservation.
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Şerban, Andreea. "Romania Seen through Foreign Eyes: Prince Charles and the Transylvanian/Romanian Connection." Romanian Journal of English Studies 15, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rjes-2018-0004.
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Abstract It is no secret that, over the past three decades, Romanian migrants have contributed to an ambivalent image of Romania and that cultural stereotypes have heavily influenced the negative portrayal of Romanians in European media, particularly so in the case of British newspapers (cf. Mădroane 2014). Among the people who have fought against such stereotypes is the Prince of Wales, who has endeavoured to promote a thoroughly positive image of Transylvania (and, by extension, of Romania) with its natural beauties, resources and traditions. What this paper aims to do is to explore this aspect as well as its effects in Romanian newspapers over a period of approximately eight years (2011-2018).
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Ionescu, Dan-Traian, and Călin Vasile Hodor. "Irregularly Migratory and Rare Waterbird Species within Two Representative Wetlands from the Central Romania (South-East Transylvania) Based on Long Term Inventory." Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research 23, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/trser-2021-0008.
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Abstract Waterbird species from the category of rare or irregular migratory, can have faunistical and conservative value, especially locally, but also regionally or nationally. This paper presents the results of long-term avifauna inventories (25 years) from two wetlands of importance for waterbirds, located in southeastern Transylvania, central Romania. 44 species of waterbirds from these phenological categories have been identified, some for the first time at national or regional level (Transylvania), others with a high number of individuals for the reference area or even records for Transylvania. Moreover, at least one of the species has bred sporadically here, as the only place inside the country and the second in Romania (Ichthyaetus melanocephalus), another is possibly breeding for several years (Grus grus).
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Pintea, Adina. "Between a Custom War and the Magyarization process in Transylvania: Romania’s tense relations with Austria-Hungary and their impact on the renewal of their alliance." Euro-Atlantic Studies, no. 4 (2021): 7–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31178/eas.2021.4.1.
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Relying on the new realities following the Treaty of Berlin (1878), Romania wished to secure its newly-won independence and consolidate its national security. Knowing the evolution of Germany under Bismarck, and being aware of the danger represented by Russia and its Balkan ambitions, Romania concluded that an alliance with the Central Powers was a necessity. This alliance, however, couldn’t be signed directly with Germany, as the Romanian leaders wished, but the treaty had to be signed with Austria-Hungary, with whom Romania didn’t have very good diplomatic relations. After the treaty was signed and Romania became part of the Central Powers alliance, the already strained relations with the Dual Monarchy worsened. Two important reasons for this were the customs war of 1886-1891 and the growing Romanian national movement in Transylvania. This paper will analyze the cumulative effects which these two actions had on Romania’s decision to renew the treaty with the Central Powers in 1892.
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Codrea, V., Al Solomon, C. Fărcaș, and O. Barbu. "On some local restricted Maastrichtian environments of the "Hațeg Island" (Transylvania, Romania)." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 47, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.10905.
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The continental Maastrichtian formations from Transylvania are notorious mainlyfor bearing peculiar fossils related to an island realm known as the "Hațeg Island". The thick piles of sedimentary rocks accumulated in fluvial environments. The "red beds" are in dominance. However, local peculiar environments are of interest for specific types of fossilization (plants, invertebrates or vertebrates), i.e. ox-bow lakes or fluvial temporary abandoned channels. In such deposits the fossil record can be different compared to the red beds, especially when the oxygen content was low. Case studies as the ones from Pui (Hațeg Basin) or Oarda de Jos (SW Transylvanian Basin) are exposed. The relationships of fossil taxa and these restricted environments are discussed.
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Floutier, Jérémy. "Laws of Education and the Minorities of Transylvania between 1867 and 1990: some considerations." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Historia 67, Special Issue (December 30, 2022): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbhist.2022.spiss.08.
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"Through the laws passed in the educationnal field, this study aims to apprehend the governments’ relation with the minorities living in Transylvania from the beginning of the Dualist era until the end of communism in Romania. If Transylvania represents a fairy land in both Romanian and Hungarian imaginaries, it was also the center of an intense national competition between Bucharest and Budapest during the last 150 years over the control of the region. Following the rise of national feeling, mother tongue education became one of the most sensitive aspects between the governments and the elite of the nationalities. Considering this fact, this paper attempts to analyze how has evolved the access to mother tongue education from the Dualist period to the regime change in 1989-1990, with the help of the laws enacted as well as the literature data written by the specialists of Hungarian and Romanian educations. Despite the profound differences between the regimes, many parallels exist in this matter. As the study tackles, the reinforcement of the “nation” came at the expense of school access in mother tongue for the minorities. Keywords: Education access, Nation-building, Nationalism, Transylvania, Hungarian-Romanian relations"
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Moraru, Pavel, and Iuliana Neagoş. "Aspects of emigration from Romania to America in 1918—1940. Case study: Transylvania and Bessarabia." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no. 9-1 (September 1, 2022): 166–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202209statyi14.
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Based on a rich documentary material, the article examines various aspects of emigration from Romania to North and South America during the interwar period. The causes of emigration, which were especially of a social-economic nature, were presented, and the problems faced by emigrants at departure, during travel, but also at destination were analysed. Disappointed, many of the emigrants returned to Romania, being helped in this regard by the Romanian authorities, because they no longer had the necessary financial means. The study is a comparative look at emigration from Transylvania and Bessarabia to America, with all the similarities and differences found.