Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'TRASH'

El presente trabajo de investigación fue creado y diseñado por alumnos de la facultad de Negocios de la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas. Este tiene como finalidad determinar un análisis general y la viabilidad de la comercialización de un tacho compresor de basura de material de acero inoxidable. Este producto, nombrado TRASH COMPRESS, es la solución al problema de utilizar en exceso bolsas plásticas y sobretodo tener contacto directo con la basura. Esta idea de negocio elegida se obtuvo a partir de una generación de ideas y evaluación de diferentes alternativas, llegando a elegir el proyecto tacho compresor de basura y de retención de malos, para su elaboración y comercialización. Hoy en día, es importante cuidar el medio ambiente y ser responsables con nuestra comunidad, cuidando nuestro entorno y el planeta en el que vivimos, es así como la tendencia ecológica está tomando mayor poder, lo que genera mayor conciencia en la población. No solo es importante separar nuestros desechos sino también reducir el uso de plásticos. De esta forma, este tacho ayuda a reducir el uso de bolsas, pues su sistema de compresión de residuos, ocasiona que haya mayor espacio en el tacho. No obstante, este sistema evita que el individuo tenga contacto directo con su basura al momento de comprimir, pues la palanca compresora es la genera esta función. Además, es importante mencionar que este producto será implementado en el mercado peruano, específicamente en la ciudad de Lima Metropolitana a las personas con poder adquisitivo elevado.<br>This research work was created and designed by students of the Business faculty of the Peruvian University of Applied Sciences. This is intended to determine a general analysis and the feasibility of marketing a trash compressor of stainless steel material. This product, named TRASH COMPRESS, is the solution to the problem of excessively using plastic bags and, above all, having direct contact with the garbage. This chosen business idea was obtained from a generation of ideas and evaluation of different alternatives, choosing the trash compressor and bad retention project, for its elaboration and commercialization. Nowadays, it is important to take care of the environment and be responsible with our community, taking care of our environment and the planet in which we live, this is how the ecological trend is taking greater power, which generates greater awareness in the population. It is not only important to separate our waste but also reduce the use of plastics. In this way, this container helps reduce the use of bags, because its waste compression system causes more space in the container. However, this system prevents the individual from having direct contact with their garbage when compressing, as the compressor lever is generated by this function. In addition, it is important to mention that this product will be implemented in the Peruvian market, specifically in the city of Metropolitan Lima to people with high purchasing power.<br>Trabajo de investigación

Master of Science<br>Department of Landscape Architecture Regional and Community Planning<br>Huston Gibson<br>The provision of services in a community is often taken for granted, or done the way things have always been done. It is sensible to examine those practices to see if the system in place is advantageous to all parties involved. This paper examines the forms of municipal trash collection used in the United States and specifically Manhattan, Kansas. This examination includes a literature review of forms of solid waste collection and how informed vs. uninformed consumers act when purchasing goods and services. The specific traits of seven municipal trash service providers in Manhattan are analyzed. The findings of this project include a spread in prices that economic theory alone may not explain. These finding, supported by literature, would suggest that there is a breakdown in the transfer of information between service providers and consumers.

La tesi intende esaminare la Trash Art risalendo storicamente ai movimenti artistici che l'hanno interpretata attraverso differenti chiavi di lettura. Oltre alle testimonianze artistiche, la tesi è supportata da uno studio estetico che sfocia nell'estetica del rottame. La peculiarità della Trash art a livello artistico risale dai primi anni del Novecento sino ai giorni d'oggi, dove la parola Trash è generalmente impiegata in diversi contesti utilizzando svariati significati. È bene poter fare chiarezza ‘smistando’ il temine secondo l’appartenenza ai vari campi semantici, ponendo particolare attenzione agli studi antropologici, psicologici e sociologici, i quali influiscono maggiormente. Questo perché il Trash si impossessa dei movimenti sottocutanei della società, degli slittamenti di gusto, dei cataclismi antropologici e in questo campo ha addirittura anticipato l’economia, la politica e il business ecologico.

These stories, essays, and beginnings of a novel draft examine the complex, many-faceted nature of legacy; propelled by the question of how we become who we eventually become, these works seek to showcase how where we come from, and who we come from, shape us as individuals. From a variety of perspectives, my characters try to discover how they can create their own safe spaces, their own lives, while still maintaining some genuine connection to their familial roots--they try to strike a balance between how to forget, and how to remember. The prose here focuses largely on the women in the places, and from these families; how does a society that favors maleness shape a female's view of her ideas and her intellect, of her body and her control over it? The characters seek answers to these questions largely in the impoverished southwest, where the characters are always trying to do the right thing, but hardly ever in the right ways.

Inspired by the work of writers Hunter S. Thompson and Tom Wolfe and motivated by celebrity prevaricator James Frey, Journey to the Scars: A White Trash Epic is a memoir that attempts to redefine the genre by applying the ideals and themes of gonzo and new journalism. The opening chapter, "The Diary of John Doe Frankenstein" tells the story of a pivotal event in the author's life. Immediately following this narrative of a near fatal motorcycle accident, the author/narrator's reliability is called into question and the remainder of the memoir is the story of the author's efforts to uncover the truth about himself, and more importantly, the events and motivating forces that led to the author's almost Near Death Experience. Starting with a nonjudgmental look at the life of his parents before he was born, our unreliable narrator/author hopes to improve the reader's opinion of himself while also uncovering the true stories behind all the fictional ones he's been telling himself and others his entire life. As he learns more about where he came from, he begins to try to understand why he has made some of the decisions in his own life. Life is one long party for James Patrick Makowski and he shares his experiences not as a victim of his choices, but as a lonely man who just doesn't want to be left off of any of Life's guest lists. In a final attempt to improve his credibility with the reader, the author retells the story of his accident with as much focus on factual detail and verifiable events as possible. His select poems reveal his attempts at emotional honesty while appending documentation is included for the purposes of veracity. Treating himself as a hostile witness, the narrator/author goes on to share the development of his literary integrity when he meets the most honest person he has ever met--the drug dealing Dog. "Tales of the Dog" summarizes the author/narrator's attempts to improve his credibility and why this quest has been so important to him. Journey to the Scars: A White Trash Epic is the gonzo story of one man's efforts to be his own messiah. The author/narrator, after realizing that his life to date has been in large part the result of his efforts to forget his past, J Patrick Rader begins his efforts to remember his.<br>M.F.A.<br>Department of English<br>Arts and Humanities<br>Creative Writing MFA

Thesis: M. Arch., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2016.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (page 13).<br>Each year, we produce 9,000 metric tons of high-level nuclear waste to add to the other 250,000 that have accumulated over the last few decades. While there are no clear plans for its permanent storage, one thing remains certain: it will outlive us all and everything we know. Current laws stipulate that "permanent storage solutions" must contain nuclear waste and its deadly radioactivity for 10,000 years though other estimates say 100,000 is probably more accurate. We are now living in the Anthropocene-the self-proclaimed Age of Man. We have dubbed ourselves a "geological force" but lack the ability to comprehend the implications of our actions at geological scales of time. Some may perceive this as persistent form of recklessness. The challenge of nuclear waste directly confronts us with our own chronotopic inadequacies. Architecture is directly implicated here-challenged with the need for permanence-permanence in terms of both materiality and meaning. This thesis investigates the nature of permanence. It will look far into the past and far into the future, recalibrating our sense of time, space and scope in order to examine how architecture can reconcile scales of geologic and human time. This thesis asks: Amidst the dramatic, inevitable changes our world will see over the next 10-100 thousand years-changes more fantastic than any piece of science fiction could describe-is there a way for architecture to last? To communicate a consistent message across millenia?<br>by Alexis Sablone.<br>M. Arch.

This paper addresses the collusion with and contradiction to patriarchal power structures of race and femininity in Yamada Eimi's Bedtime Eyes and Trash. In moments of Bedtime Eyes, particularly the final novella "Jesse," and Trash, Yamada contradicts her irresponsible portrayals of Japanese female and black male identity often found in her fiction. This paper will discuss ideological shifts in Yamada's narratives through a textual analysis of Bedtime Eyes and Trash, arguing that through changes in narrative that affect character development, "Jesse" and Trash begin to deconstruct some of the detrimental power structures that shape much Yamada's fictional works.

La tesi di laurea analizza la presenza del rifiuto e del riciclo nelle arti visive contemporanee partendo da un breve excursus storico che ne identifica la comparsa nei primi anni del Novecento e le prime operazioni di inserimento nelle opere fino agli anni Settanta, proseguendo poi con un’analisi circoscritta all’arte contemporanea più recente e all’area europea e statunitense. Nella seconda parte della tesi l’attenzione si sposta sull’utilizzo del rifiuto e del riciclo nell’area africana e sudamericana, sottolineandone punti di contatto e differenze rispetto all’Occidente e dando uno sguardo non solo all’arte ma anche al design e al cinema.

Thesis (M.A. )--Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, 2006.<br>Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2924. Typescript. Abstract precedes thesis as 2 leaves (iii-iv). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-102).

Mia och Klara- karaktären Tabita Karlsson är den ideala White trash-stereotypen. Hon är en deltidisarbetslös ensamstående mamma med tre barn med tre olika män. Hon är sexuellt promiskuös, röker och dricker alkohol i tid och otid, pratar dialekt och bor på landet. Ovårdad och odisciplinerad, sedeslös, vulgär och agerar helt utan tanke på vad som anses passande av den rådande medelklassnormen. Med Tabita Karlsson som material presenteras de diskurser vilka utgör White trash-stereotypen med hjälp av diskursanalys enligt Laclau och Mouffe. För att bredda sammanhangen gjordes en kontextualisering av diskursanalysen i uppsatsen där debatter, fenomen och aktörer vilka använder White trash- begreppet och fyller det med mening, analyserats.                       Norbert Elias och John L Scotsons analys av en ojämn maktfördelning mellan etablerade och outsiders användes för att presentera relationen mellan den grupp etablerade som använder ordet White trash och den grupp outsiders vilka föreställs vara White trash. Genom en klassanalys argumenteras det i uppsatsen för att de etablerade har en gemensam kultur vilken strakt präglas av medelklassnormer.                       Med Mary Douglas teori om rituell orenhet analyseras White trash som en social funktion där etiketten smuts appliceras på de fenomen vilka inte passar in i den förväntade ordningen. Den föreställda underklassen med White trash-stereotypen som representant ses i det ljuset som brott mot medelklassnormen och den goda samhällsandan. Dessa normbrottsliga handlingar stigmatiserar brottslingen som vitt skräp, White trash.                       En bakgrund till uppsatsen var att öka förståelsen och innebörden av White trash-stereotypen i Sverige eftersom det inledande visade sig finnas väldigt få vetenskapliga publikationer på ämnet.

The study investigates disposability as a uniquely modern ontological mode of existence. A disposable is something a priori wasted, a phenomenon whose presence in the world presupposes its absence. Consequently, from a phenomenological perspective, the essence of a disposable includes its non-existence, or more strongly, its essence excludes its more than instantaneous existence. Trash is taken as an ontological category that extends over all disposable beings. An historical interpretation is ventured that traces the current predominance of this category to the original metaphysical denigration of the sensuous human body. Only through the sensitive body do we experience the materiality, impenetrability and integrity of physical things. As technology and metaphysics continue to disengage our sensual capacities for perception, our understanding of physical things becomes increasingly tenuous and abstract. In the absence of tactile commerce with resilient and resistant things, we fail to encounter their physical, independent existence. Their being thus seems ever more thoroughly to depend on how we rationally conceive, determine and design them. However, the undeniable evidence of trash, and the threat it poses to our own continued existence demonstrate a fatal flaw in our exclusively rationalized relation with the physical world. If we desire to avoid the "throw-away society's" dangerous excesses, we must secure metaphysics and technology to a sensitive, physical participation with the world that takes care to preserve the being of things, by the generosity of which our own being is preserved.

Opera fantasias have been denigrated as insufficiently intellectual or serious, as derivative, as merely popular or sentimental. However, many of the perceived flaws were, if not hallmarks, at least accepted realities of Italian opera composing. Like opera itself, the opera fantasia is a popular art form, stylistically predictable yet formally flexible, based heavily on past operatic tradition and prefabricated materials. I approach opera fantasias, instrumental works that use themes from a single opera as the body of their virtuosic and flamboyant material, both historically and theoretically, concentrating on compositions written for and by woodwind-instrument performers in Italy in the second half of the nineteenth century. Important overlapping strands in my theoretical framework include the concept of virtuosity and its gradual demonization, the strong gendered overtones of individual woodwind instruments and of virtuosity, the distinct Italian context of these fantasias, the presentation and alteration of opera narratives in opera fantasias, and the technical and social development of woodwind instruments. I have uncovered a large body of compositions and composers, many of whom have not been written about in English, through archival research in Milan, Naples, Parma, Bologna, and Palermo. This reveals trends in operas used for fantasias, temporally, spatially, and between instruments, as well as further trends in the use of specific melodies. I use contemporary reviews of performances and compositions to attest to the popularity of the opera fantasia throughout the second half of the nineteenth century in Italy, including oboist Antonio Pasculli as a case study. This often overlooked genre is intimately tied to the central canon and deeply connected to its social and musical contexts. Approaching the opera fantasia as a coherent and meaningful group of works clarifies a genre that has been consciously stifled and cultural resonances that still impact music reception and performance today.

Sugarcane cultivation is a major source and sinks of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). In 2019, approximately 30.04 x 106 t of sugarcane was harvested from 364,428 ha of land. Of the total cane harvested, sugarcane bagasse (SB) and sugarcane trash (ST) accounted for 30.1% and 14.9%, respectively. Further, fossil fuel consumption in the transport of cane to mills was 29.15 ML and is equivalent to 221.5 Mt CO2-equivalent GHG emissions. Anaerobic digestion (AD) of sugar industry wastes for biomethane production and use as vehicle fuel (bioCNG) would reduce the fossil fuel consumption and the associated GHG emissions in cane transportation to mill. The study aims to optimize biogas production and upgrade the produced biogas to vehicle fuel. For that the study is divided into different objectives. To determine the substrate characteristic and suitable AD parameters viz biodegradability (Experiment I), particle size (Experiment II), acid/base thermal pretreatment (Experiment III), C:N ratio (Experiment IV), and trace nutrient supplementation (Experiment V), to generate the maximum methane yield from ST with respect to SB was designed as objective I. At first, chemical composition and methane yields of ST and SB were determined through bench-scale biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests (Experiment I). Buswell’s equation predicted a theoretical methane yield of 291.0 and 349.4 mL CH4 g-1VSadded for ST (C107.8H179.1O101.4N1S0.08) and SB (C86.7H134.3O64.9N1S0.07), respectively. The corresponding methane yields with Modified Dulong’s equation were 266.3 and 298.7 mL CH4 g-1VSadded, respectively. The calculated energy value was 14.1 MJ for ST and 12.6 MJ for SB. However, experimental methane yields obtained were 161.8 and 187.9 mL CH4 g-1VSadded for ST and SB, respectively. First-order kinetic model revealed that experimental data fitted well (R2 = 0.99) with the modelling data and the hydraulic rate constant (khyd) values of 0.04 and 0.06 day-1 were obtained for ST and SB, respectively. However, modified Gompertz model had a lag phase () of 2.1 and 1.7 day, for ST and SB, respectively indicating hydrolysis was the rate limiting step for the studied lignocellulosic feedstocks. Thus, the effect of mechanical (Experiment II)., thermal and chemical pretreatments (Experiment III) on chemical composition and methane yields of ST and SB were evaluated. The effect of particle size of <0.25, 0.25-0.50, 0.50-1 and 1-2 mm on chemical composition and methane yields were determined. Results showed that particle size reduction had a profound effect on methane yields, especially for SB than for ST. For ST, particle size of 1-2 mm showed an improvement in methane yields by 19.1% over control (161.8 mL CH4 g-1 VSadded). For SB, the increase in methane yields over control (189.7 mL CH4 g-1 VSadded) were by 23.6%, 20.3%, 18.1% and 6.4% respectively at particle sizes of 1-2, 0.5-1, 0.25-0.5, 0.13-0.25 mm, respectively. These results suggest that the optimal particle size for anaerobic digestion of ST and SB will be 1-2 mm for maximum methane yield. Further, mechanical pretreatment through milling did not solubilise hemi-cellulose and/or improve delignfication but improved the surface area of the holocellulose. Therefore, the effect of chemical catalysts (dilute NaOH, H2SO4, HNO3) with and without steam explosion on chemical composition and methane yields was evaluated (Experiment III). Pretreatment conditions used for the steam explosion were 130 °C for 5 minutes at acid/base concentration of 2.5% catalyst loading. Results showed that the studied pretreatments had a profound effect on chemical composition and methane yields of ST. On comparison to control, dilute H2SO4, followed by NaOH and HNO3 addition with steam explosion improved the methane yields of ST by 63.5%, 52.1% and 45.6%, respectively. Steam explosion alone also improved the methane yields of ST by 40% over control. Biomass composition analysis showed that dilute H2SO4, HNO3, NaOH and steam explosion alone had improved the glucan content by 13.7%, 11.7%, 9.3% and 3% respectively than control. Dilute H2SO4 pretreatment improved the glucan availability by 45.2% and hemicellulose (xylan and arabinan) solubilisation by 63.7%-66.9%. Lignin depolymerisation in pretreated ST was improved (16.7%) over untreated ST. In Experiment I, chemical composition of ST and SB showed that the studied substrates were deficit in trace elements and contained high carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio of 92.4and 146.5 respectively. Therefore, the effect of C/N ratios of 15:1, 20:1, 25:1, 30:1, 35:1 and 40:1 with urea addition on methane yields of ST and SB was investigated (Experiment IV). Results showed that methane yields improved by 13.6% and 11.3% for ST when the C/N ratio was at 20:1 and 25:1, respectively. The corresponding values for SB were 14.2% and 14.3% at 20:1 to 25:1 C/N ratio, respectively. Both these results indicate that the optimal C/N was 20-25:1 for AD of lignocellulosic residues such as ST and SB. On the other hand, the effect of trace nutrients nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), molybdenum (Mo), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) on methane yields during AD of ST and SB (Experiment V) showed that trace elements supplementation influenced the methane yields and both substrates responded differently. With ST, methane yields of 68.1% and 68.7% increase over control were noticed with addition of Co and Mo, respectively. For SB, methane yields increased by 48.6%, 63.9% and 4.8% with Co, Mo and Mn dosing at 2, 3, 90 mg kg-1 respectively. All other TE addition resulted in lower methane yields than control or inhibited the biogas production at different stages of incubation. All the batch BMP tests were conducted in triplicates at inoculum to substrate (ISR) ratio of 2 in serum glass bottles with a working volume of 100 mL and incubated statically at 37 °C. All the results were analysed for variance using LSD and Dunnett-t test giving methane yield as dependent variable (p<0.05). Second objective was designed to study the effect of organic loading on process performance and methane yields in four lab-scale stainless reactors (10 L working volume) and operated at an initial organic loading rate (OLR) of 1.5 gVS L-1 d-1 with hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 35 days for 225 days. Reactors were fed with untreated ST (ST), untreated SB (SB), pretreated SB (TB) and pretreated ST (TT). Dilute H2SO4 followed by steam explosion (Experiment II) was used for pretreatment of ST and SB. OLR was increased in a stepwise manner from the initial rate of 1.5 to 2.5 and 3.5 gVS L-1 d-1. OLR was changed upon achieving steady-state condition and/or operating for 2 consecutive HRTs. Methane production rates and yields responded with increase in OLR from 1.5 to 2.5 gVS L-1 d-1. Mean methane yields of 138, 173, 248 and 252 ml g-1VSfed were obtained at an OLR 1.5 gVS L-1 d-1 in ST, SB, TT and TB reactors, respectively. Increase in OLR to 2.5 gVS L-1 d-1 showed decrease in methane yields. Mean methane yields obtained for TB, TT, SB and ST were 121, 148, 226, 236 ml g-1VSfed with a VS removal rate of 48.5, 51.4, 51.5 and 52.4%, respectively. Process parameters such as pH, total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) were shown to be stable and were 7.3-7.5, 0.36-0.54 g L-1 and 0.79-0.98 g L-1 respectively during operational OLR’s. Further increase in OLR from 2.5 to 3.5 gVS L-1 d-1 resulted in further decrease in methane yields and unstable AD process. At OLR 3.5 gVS L-1 d-1, methane yields were 119, 139, 189 and 199 ml g-1VSfed for substrates ST, SB, TT and TB respectively. TVFA accumulation was noticed (1.55-2.49 g L-1) , pH was 7.4-7.5 and lower methane concentration (50.5-51.9%). Residual methane production (RMP) test after each OLR indicated the process efficiency. At OLR 2.5 gVS L-1 d-1, TT and TB reactors had the lowest RMP (32.1% and 30.2% respectively) with relatively high VS removal compared with SB and ST reactors. These results indicate that steam explosion with dilute sulphuric acid improved the biodegradability and methane yields of ST and SB. The results obtained from the lab-scale reactors were used to design and optimise process performance and methane yields from pretreated sugarcane trash in pilot-scale reactors (date not presented). Third objective was designed to evaluate detailed biogas composition and to develop and optimise high pressure water scrubbing technology (HPWS). For that, the biogas composition, energy content, siloxanes and trace volatile organic compounds in biogas generated from lab-scale biogas reactors were determined and compared with the pilot-scale. Laboratory biogas samples were collected during the steady-state condition when the reactors were operated at an OLR of 2.5 gVS L-1 d-1. Results showed that biogas collected from ST, SB, TT and TB reactor had methane concentration of 52.3, 52.2, 52.7, 52.7 %, respectively. The corresponding lower calorific values (LCV) were 18.4, 18.1, 18.9 and 19.2 MJ m-3 respectively. The wobbe index values in the biogases were 18.3, 18.2, 18.7 and 19.0 MJ m-3, respectively. Volatile organic compounds were noticed in the biogas samples. Organic silicon compounds (siloxanes) were in the range of 0-0.4 mg m-3. The reduced sulphur compounds and benzene and toluene content in the biogases were in the range of 0.7-1.3 mg m-3 and 0.2-0.7 mg m-3, respectively. Among the studied siloxanes, the proportion of cyclic siloxane (D3:D4:D5) viz., hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3), octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) were noticed. The ratio of D3:D4:D5 in biogases produced from lab-reactors were 68.5:5.7: 22.4 for ST, 33.9:4.9: 60.1 for SB, 25:8.6:69.3 for TT and 14.8:3.7:81.8 for TB. Trimethylsilanol, linear siloxanes and decamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) content in the biogases were below the detection limits. Volatile organic compounds, reduced sulphur compounds and siloxanes cause environmental impact and affect biomethane quality for vehicle fuel use. Biogas composition from pilot-scale biogas reactors (1.2 m3 reactor with 0.8 m3 working volume) fed with steam exploded ST at an OLR of 1.5 kgVS m-3 d-1 and HRT of 35 d was analysed to optimise the process parameters to achieve the desired biomethane quality and evaluate the energy requirements of pilot-scale biogas upgrading unit (10 m3 h-1) for biogas upgrading and bottling. Results showed that the biogas had 54.1% CH4 and 39.7% CO2 and the produced biogas was upgraded to 96.7% biomethane purity by using high pressure water scrubbing process. Experimental data from the biogas upgrading process was used to optimise biogas upgrading by using Aspen Plus software. The influence of process parameters such as absorber column pressure, water to gas flow rate, temperature on biomethane purity and percentage of H2S and CO2 removal were evaluated. Experimental results showed that at liquid flow rate of 3 m3/hr, fluid temperature of 20°C, at absorption column pressure of 8 bar with 4 m random packing material with redistributor at 2 m with 25 mm plastic pall ring packing material; biogas can be upgraded to biomethane of 96.8% CH4, 2.9% CO2, < 1 ppm H2S. These model results were validated with software simulation.<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>School of Eng & Built Env<br>Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology<br>Full Text

The aim of my diploma thesis is to design a construction of a mechanical fine rack cleaner machine including an appropriate design of gear mechanism and its attachment to the frame. The cleaner machine is located in the inflow system of a turbine in front of the object of small hydro power station. The design of the construction of the cleaner machine will be based on a drawing documentation and a report with needed analytic and FEM calculations.

The importance of the object as a means of understanding the human world is an area of enquiry in Academic and Arts Practice. It spans a range of disciplines, particularly the new cross disciplinary area of Material Culture Studies, which reflects the increasing interest in the object and its role in our lives. The aim of this study is to identify the qualities of the souvenir that give it value, in order to add to the discourse surrounding the role of objects in understanding our world. This thesis considers the qualities of souvenirs in the light of critical theory, case studies, my Fine Art practice and exhibitions, and contemporary Fine Artists. I posit that the souvenir is an object with particular distinguishing features and that these distinct qualities are what give it its value. I will argue that the ‘narrative of origins’ of souvenirs (Stewart, 2007) is what gives them their value and I use the term ‘value’ in relation to their emotional, material, cultural and personal currency. The souvenir is often regarded as a ‘fallen object’ (MacCannell, 1976), but I will argue that in terms of personal narrative and social resonance the souvenir is a neglected area of study that enters value systems at every level. My practice comprises painting and film making, and through this I have investigated and articulated my relationship with my own souvenirs. During the case study interviews I devised the terms Object Plus, Souvenir Moment and Souvenir Dynamic to encode our relationship to souvenirs. These are important new terms which help to articulate the unique qualities of souvenirs. The study of the souvenir, as an object in its own right, has mainly been confined to its relationship with tourism and fictional writing and, with the exception of Susan Stewart’s work, has been largely neglected. This thesis argues that souvenirs, despite their associations with cheapness, ubiquity and kitsch, are our most potent objects and are therefore deserving of greater attention.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Mississippi, 2006.<br>Typescript. Vita. Dissertation director: Dr. Donald Kartiganer "December 2006." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 189-210). Also available online via ProQuest to authorized users.

Burning trash should not be considered “renewable energy.” However, the federal government and as many as twenty-three states classify waste-to-energy recovery (WTE), or the incineration of garbage, as a renewable energy source that is eligible for a host of financial incentives. This paper discusses how WTE qualifies as an energy source that can be included in a state’s Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS), or regulations that require energy producers to source a specific percentage of energy production from renewable energy sources, claiming the same benefits as cleaner, more sustainable energy sources such as solar, wind, and geothermal power. Upon evaluating incentives and programs for which WTE is eligible, I will argue that WTE is neither an environmentally nor economically viable energy solution. By analyzing WTE policy in the state of Maryland, I examine how RPSs contribute to the longevity of this unsustainable practice, calling for an elimination of WTE from RPS policy and federal incentive programs.

This project is the systematic study on how to utilise sugarcane trash for biogas production using an integrated process. A suitable pretreatment for sugarcane trash preparation was successfully developed and a key microbial response was identified during anaerobic digestion of the pretreated sugarcane trash. Moreover, the pretreatment and anaerobic digestion process was designed to integrate with hydrothermal carbonisation to utilise anaerobic digestion residue for further improvement of process performance. Biogas production was improved via the proposed integrated process, which has the ability to be developed further as a commercial fuel source.

A criação de dramaturgia e performance de um autor brasileiro, à luz do estudo de elementos do trágico e da tragédia. O aprofundamento e a radicalização da dissertação de mestrado Trash Theater, um manual de sobrevivência para o fazedor de teatro contemporâneo, defendida em 2001. Exclusão. Violência. Solidão. Loucura. Este trabalho pretende enfrentar esses quatro elementos da sociedade brasileira contemporânea com dramaturgia e encenação. Uma pesquisa que contrasta temas e formas da cultura urbana e popular com um estudo do trágico. Afirmação da felicidade no excesso, da alegria na exclusão, da poética selvagem, da revolta em cena.<br>A brazilian author view of his drama creation and acting performance seen through elements of tragedy and the tragic. The deepening and radicalization of his Master of Arts dissertation: trash theater, a guide to survival for a contemporary theather maker, presented in 2001. Exclusion.Violence. Loneliness. Insanity. This work intends to relate these four current brazilian society elements to dramaturgy and acting. A search that contrasts urban and popular culture themes and forms with a study of the tragic. Statement of hapiness in the excess, joy in the exclusion, wildness in poetics, anger on stage.

<p> Waste as a topic for anthropological investigation has enjoyed a recent resurgence in interest, mirroring burgeoning discussion among policy-makers and the general public about questions of environmental impacts, economic costs, and social detriments of contemporary waste management paradigms. While waste management in the United States has largely focused on technical and organizational solutions typically considered the domain of environmental planning and engineering (such as source reduction, recycling, and reuse), anthropology and the social sciences have become more prominently involved in efforts to inform policy-makers and researchers about the social and behavioral factors influencing waste norms and habits, particularly in educational institutions and municipal governments.</p><p> The central questions to this research were as follows: (1) What are some of the perceptions and practices concerning food waste at an environmental charter elementary school in Florida? (2) What do self-reported data on food waste behaviors suggest about disposal habits and norms? (3) What is the extent to which food is discarded relative to other types of refuse? and (4) From the perspectives of school staff and students, what are some of the factors influencing food waste?</p><p> To answer these questions, I employed both "garbological" and ethnographic methods at an environmental charter school, Learning Gate Community School, over a period of nine months, including (1) participant observation, (2) garbological audits of the cafeteria waste stream, (3) key informant interviews with students and staff, and (4) log sheets sent home to a random sample of parents to gauge the fraction of leftovers taken home that are ultimately discarded in order to gain a more holistic understanding of the waste stream of the school cafeteria. </p><p> The results of this project support the following conclusions: (1) students at Learning Gate tend to agree that food waste is a detriment, but these concerns are subordinate to factors such as the degree of hunger at lunchtime and the perceived palatability of certain food items and (2) lunch periods are an important block of unstructured time, which Learning Gate students use for a far broader variety of activities than merely nourishment </p>

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>As opções de geração de energia no Brasil de forma sustentável estão fortemente relacionadas às fontes de energia alternativa, em especial a biomassa. Neste estudo é analisada a viabilidade econômico-financeira de um projeto de recolhimento da palha da cana de açúcar em uma usina no Brasil que tem a flexibilidade de expandir a venda de energia, ao investir na utilização da palha como insumo na cogeração. O preço da energia elétrica é modelado como um processo geométrico de reversão à média e é aplicada a teoria de opções reais para determinar o valor das flexibilidades gerenciais. Uma vez que a decisão de recolhimento da palha é tomada, a empresa tem a opção de investir na produção de briquetes, e a partir daí, realizar o switch entre o fluxo de caixa da energia e o fluxo de caixa de briquetes. O modelo é então resolvido utilizando uma árvore binomial recombinante não censurada de reversão à média. Os resultados indicam que a flexibilidade de escolher entre a venda de energia e a venda de briquetes agrega 9,7 milhões de reais, ou 38 por cento ao valor do projeto determinístico de 25,6 milhões de reais, o que é significativo, considerando que a cogeração não é a atividade principal da usina de cana. Assim, o recolhimento da palha da cana pode ainda incentivar projetos de retrofit em usinas que de outra forma poderiam não se mostrar viáveis.<br>Options for sustainable power generation at competitive prices in Brazil are strongly related to alternative energy sources, in particular, sugar cane biomass. In this study we analyze a cane trash recovery project for a sugarcane mill in Brazil that has the option to expand sales of surplus bioelectricity by introducing the sugarcane trash as feedstock for cogeneration. We model electricity prices as a geometric mean reverting process, and apply the real options approach to determine the value of this managerial flexibility. Once the decision to recover the cane trash has been made, the firm has the option to invest in briquetting production, that will allow it to switch between energy and briquette sales depending on the relative prices of energy and briquettes. The model is then solved using a non censored binomial mean reverting lattice. The results indicate that the flexibility to choose between energy and briquette production adds 9.7 million of reais in value, or 38 per cent to the project value of 25.6 million of reais, which is significant, considering cogeneration is not the core business of the sugarcane mill. This indicates that recovery of cane trash, which is currently wasted in the field, may represent a significant source of value for further development of bioelectricity cogeneration or briquetting production, when retrofitting older sugarcane mills.

This thesis investigates the shifting representation of trash and trifles in the literature and art of sixteenth and early seventeenth century England. It connects previously disparate critical fields – religion, politics, national identity, travel, literary criticism – in order to offer new perspectives on the period. The investigation of the terms ‘trash' and ‘trifles' at the centre of this project reinstates a crucial literary perspective to the historical study of early modern England's crises in spiritual and material value, whilst retaining a keen awareness of the importance of interconnected historical contexts ranging from the mercantile to the spiritual and the cultural. I have traced the connected development of the terms trash and trifles across the period 1519-1614, and closely examined their use in response to various crises in value, whether spiritual or mercantile. How writers of polemic and drama develop a language in which to articulate such crises, and the ways in which that language necessarily combines elements of both the spiritual and the mercantile, is a central theme. Key elements of this development are marked by Queen Katherine Parr's invective about the mercantile corruption of spiritual treasure with material papal ‘tryfles'; Sir Thomas Smith's assertion of the spiritual immorality of material ‘trifles'; Thomas Harriot and John White's presentation of the mercantile and spiritual benefit of exporting trash and trifles to the New World; and in the staging of trash and trifles in a series of late sixteenth and early seventeenth century plays which, I argue, were in part designed to mount a defense against anti-theatrical allegations regarding the effeminate valuelessness of playing. This thesis illustrates how the deployment of the terms trash and trifles in early modern England can be productively used to trace the shaping of the Protestant English commonwealth as a destinct, secure and valuable entity in an unstable and increasingly global post-Reformation world.

The research presented in this thesis was developed as part of DIBANET, an EC funded project aiming to develop an energetically self-sustainable process for the production of diesel miscible biofuels (i.e. ethyl levulinate) via acid hydrolysis of selected biomass feedstocks. Three thermal conversion technologies, pyrolysis, gasification and combustion, were evaluated in the present work with the aim of recovering the energy stored in the acid hydrolysis solid residue (AHR). Mainly consisting of lignin and humins, the AHR can contain up to 80% of the energy in the original feedstock. Pyrolysis of AHR proved unsatisfactory, so attention focussed on gasification and combustion with the aim of producing heat and/or power to supply the energy demanded by the ethyl levulinate production process. A thermal processing rig consisting on a Laminar Entrained Flow Reactor (LEFR) equipped with solid and liquid collection and online gas analysis systems was designed and built to explore pyrolysis, gasification and air-blown combustion of AHR. Maximum liquid yield for pyrolysis of AHR was 30wt% with volatile conversion of 80%. Gas yield for AHR gasification was 78wt%, with 8wt% tar yields and conversion of volatiles close to 100%. 90wt% of the AHR was transformed into gas by combustion, with volatile conversions above 90%. 5volO2%-95vol%N2 gasification resulted in a nitrogen diluted, low heating value gas (2MJ/m3). Steam and oxygen-blown gasification of AHR were additionally investigated in a batch gasifier at KTH in Sweden. Steam promoted the formation of hydrogen (25vol%) and methane (14vol%) improving the gas heating value to 10MJ/m3, below the typical for steam gasification due to equipment limitations. Arrhenius kinetic parameters were calculated using data collected with the LEFR to provide reaction rate information for process design and optimisation. Activation energy (EA) and pre-exponential factor (ko in s-1) for pyrolysis (EA=80kJ/mol, lnko=14), gasification (EA=69kJ/mol, lnko=13) and combustion (EA=42kJ/mol, lnko=8) were calculated after linearly fitting the data using the random pore model. Kinetic parameters for pyrolysis and combustion were also determined by dynamic thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), including studies of the original biomass feedstocks for comparison. Results obtained by differential and integral isoconversional methods for activation energy determination were compared. Activation energy calculated by the Vyazovkin method was 103-204kJ/mol for pyrolysis of untreated feedstocks and 185-387kJ/mol for AHRs. Combustion activation energy was 138-163kJ/mol for biomass and 119-158 for AHRs. The non-linear least squares method was used to determine reaction model and pre-exponential factor. Pyrolysis and combustion of biomass were best modelled by a combination of third order reaction and 3 dimensional diffusion models, while AHR decomposed following the third order reaction for pyrolysis and the 3 dimensional diffusion for combustion.

Recycling and solid waste management are a serious problem in the Russian North. The necessary infrastructure, as well as the awareness of the citizens is missing to resolve this problem efficiently. Artists and environmental activists have therefore looked for a way to make people aware of the need for recycling and initiate social change in this regard. The medium that has been chosen by activists and artists alike is art. By involving people in creating an art object or by presenting art to them, the activists and artists hope to initiate awareness concerning our consumption patterns and, like this, show them that recycling is one of many solutions. This thesis should demonstrate how intertwined the connections between the different groups of people, but also with the (art) objects are. This is done by drawing on the actor-network-theory by Bruno Latour as an analytical tool to understand these connections. Key component in this theory, as well as the artist-activist- collective is reassembling. By constantly reassembling people into new projects, as well as household items into art objects, the collective manages to remain visible to the public and to be flexible enough to react to changing needs.

<p> This dissertation explores the social history and cultural meanings associated with mullet (<i>Mugil cephalus</i>), a common inshore fish, in southwest Florida from the early nineteenth century to the late twentieth century. Centuries of harvesting, trading, and eating mullet allowed diverse populations of people to adapt to a challenging environment, generating a commonweal that connected common folk&mdash;harvesters and consumers&mdash;to the state&rsquo;s inshore waters. Systems of production and social relations based on the low-cost fish contributed to place-based notions of identity and collective allegiance to inshore waterways dedicated to provision rather than proceeds. As Americanization of the region progressed, conflicts widened between environmentally situated modes of life in the region and imperial abstractions of the terrain designed to render its inhabitants&mdash;human and otherwise&mdash;into resources capable of fueling capitalist growth. During the twentieth century, mullet widely came to be considered a &ldquo;trash&rdquo; fish, of little value as a food and expendable as a commodity. This downward shift in social status corresponded with the rising economic and political stature of Florida&rsquo;s seascapes as sites of leisure production. Promoted through conservation rhetoric, a successful 1994 citizens&rsquo; ballot initiative banned statewide use of gill nets, the primary mullet-harvesting gear, a move that confirmed the success of instrumentalist logic that correlated social worth with capitalist potential. </p><p> Analysis of the history and symbolic significance of mullet production and consumption provides insight into the power relations that shape the ecological, economic, and political structure of waterways as social domains. This dissertation argues that the classification of mullet and the people associated with it as species of American &ldquo;trash&rdquo; grew out of longstanding efforts by federal and state officials to integrate Florida into the cultural boundaries of the nation, which eventually placed an accessible, food-producing seascape outside the rubric of the public good. Mullet-dependent people's defense of the species as a commodity, alongside their opposition to the commoditization of the seascape as a playground, offers valuable critiques of the social injustices and class bias that infuse contemporary rhetoric and practices regarding sustainability and conservation.</p>

This is an ethnography of waste in the streets of urban Hong Kong and a curatorial inquiry into the significance of its visuality. Presented in the form of a triptych, the dissertation probes and portrays fragments of urban life in Hong Kong, consequently opening up a new vista for intellectual and social engagement at the juncture of aesthetics, lived experiences, and power. While urban density provides for its equivalent in trash, much of Hong Kong’s refuse first lands in the streets. It is thereupon regulated to be rendered invisible through government organisation which corresponds with what Gay Hawkins (2007) calls “the modern imaginary of the tidy city” where order and hygiene are brought together towards a ‘smooth running of things’ (Žižek 2006 in Moore 2012). Hawkins (2007) also states, however, that no city 'can hide the excesses of consumption'. Indeed, no matter the attempts at the ridding of rubbish in the modern city, trash keeps reappearing. Also Hong Kong has a waste problem that goes beyond its exhausting landfills. ‘It’s everywhere!’, as its collectors indicate. Both formal and informal collectors continuously pick up trash. This conflicting location between desired tidiness, persistent trash, and constant collection, it is argued here, is a political sphere that is largely negotiated visually. Taking on the collectors’ views of “trash in place” (in the streets; the city), I therefore rethink what is commonly understood as “matter out of place” (Douglas 2002) in the modern city. Emphasising the significance of the visuality of trash – understanding visuality as “an embodied process of situation, positioning, re-memory, encounter, cognition and interpretation” (Rose and Tolia Kelly 2012) – I advance the ethnographic project with curatorial practices, putting the collectors’ perspectives on trash and those of local artists in dialogue. From this dialogue, this thesis presents three “panels” on waste in urban Hong Kong. The “panels” engage in matters of order and duty, social networks and places, and the visuality and instantaneous of the everyday, to then reconsider the aesthetics of trash and the politics of urban life more generally. The thesis presents a range of different stories, therefore, about the instant undoing of disorder in the modern city, the (re)valuing of discards via social networks of excess, and the “unordering of the sensible” by means of a repositioning of trash. The triptych in its entirety, finally, manifests possibilities for methodological innovations on everyday matters of aesthetics and power.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-01-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:11:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 innocente_af_me_botfca.pdf: 2542879 bytes, checksum: d005db12b024ed727700a0ff01e6dabb (MD5)<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>Os resíduos do processamento da cana-de-açúcar (bagaço e palhiço) são uma importante fonte energética. O palhiço pode ser adicionado ao bagaço e ambos podem ser queimados nas caldeiras das usinas, como fonte para cogeração de energia elétrica no setor sucroalcooleiro. A usina sucroalcooleira “São Manoel”, situada no município de São Manuel – SP, em seu sistema de cogeração, utiliza o bagaço como combustível para as caldeiras, gerando energia para suas operações. O bagaço produzido não é totalmente consumido e o excedente é vendido para usinas e outras empresas da região. Este trabalho buscou verificar o potencial de cogeração desta usina, considerando o uso da biomassa residual (bagaço e palhiço) de cana-de-açúcar disponível. Assim determinou-se a produtividade do palhiço (20 t.ha-1), que foi separado em folhas verdes (14,9%), folhas secas (71,3%), e material restante (colmos, ponteiros e matéria estranha) (8,3%). O teor médio de impurezas minerais presentes nas amostras de palhiço recolhidas foi de 5,4%. O teor de umidade do palhiço foi medido 3 dias após a colheita para cada constituinte e o valor médio final foi de 28,7%. O bagaço apresentou umidade média de 49,81%. O poder calorífico superior (PCS) foi determinado para o bagaço (19,27 MJ.kg-1), palhiço (17,90 MJ.kg-1) e misturas de bagaço+palhiço em diferentes proporções. Para o poder calorífico inferior (PCI), observou-se que no palhiço a energia liberada (12,11 MJ.kg-1) foi maior que para o bagaço (8,55 MJ.kg-1), resultado esperado considerando-se o maior teor de umidade do bagaço. Das misturas analisadas, a de 50%-50% apresentou maior potencial energético (PCI de 10,08 MJ.kg-1), mostrando que o palhiço pode ser eficiente para produção de energia misturado ao bagaço desde que sejam feitas as adaptações necessárias nos processos e maquinários. A energia que poderia...<br>Waste from processing sugar cane (bagasse and trash) has become an important energy source. Trash can be added to the bagasse and both can be burned in the boilers of the mills, as source for the cogeneration of electricity in the sugar cane industry. “São Manoel” sugarcane mill, located in São Manuel – São Paulo state, uses trash as fuel for boilers in its cogeneration system, generating energy for its operations. The bagasse produced is not completely used, and the surplus is sold to mills and other companies in the region. This study aimed at checking the cogeneration potential of such mill by considering the use of the residual biomass (bagasse and trash) of the available sugar cane. This way, trash productivity was determined (20 t/ha), which was separated into green leaves (14.9%), dry leaves (71.3%), and remaining material (stalks, pointers and extraneous matter) (8.3%). The content of mineral impurities present in the samples of trash collected was 5.4%. The content of trash humidity was measured for each constituent and the average final score was 28.7%. The bagasse presented average humidity of 49.81%. The higher heating value (HHV) was determined for the bagasse (19.27 MJ.kg-1), trash (17.90 MJ.kg-1) and mixings of bagasse+trash in different proportions. For lower heating value (LHV), it was noted that for the trash, the energy released (12.11 MJ.kg-1) was higher than for the bagasse (8.55 MJ.kg-1), which was expected once bagasse has a higher humidity content. From the mixings analyzed, the 50%-50% one presented a higher energy potential (LHV of 10.08 MJ.kg-1), which shows that trash can be efficient in energy production when mixed to bagasse once necessary adaptations have been made both in the procedure and machinery. In the 2008 crop, the energy which could be created using the residual biomass, supposing that all the sugar cane was picked raw, would be 227,989 MWh,... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Submitted by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-09T12:48:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 NAKASHIMA_Gabriela_2016.pdf: 18948386 bytes, checksum: c4adf2165784091a5371108a8c2bd529 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-09T12:48:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 NAKASHIMA_Gabriela_2016.pdf: 18948386 bytes, checksum: c4adf2165784091a5371108a8c2bd529 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-09T12:48:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 NAKASHIMA_Gabriela_2016.pdf: 18948386 bytes, checksum: c4adf2165784091a5371108a8c2bd529 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-09T12:48:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NAKASHIMA_Gabriela_2016.pdf: 18948386 bytes, checksum: c4adf2165784091a5371108a8c2bd529 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-29<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>In the sugarcane plantation it was common to use fire to facilitate the cutting and harvesting of sugarcane. However, Law 11,241 / 02 in São Paulo State provides the gradual elimination of this straw burning of sugarcane. The largest producer of sugarcane in Brazil is the São Paulo State, which has about 4.7 million hectares of planted area. It is estimated that one hectare produces about 14 tons of trash. Therefore, the mills have been trying to incorporate this trash in burning with the bagasse for power generation. However, high concentrations of mineral impurities are impossible its use for energy purposes. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of storage time and particle size in the physicochemical characterization of the sugarcane trash. It was used the sugarcane trash inside and outside of the bale collected at different storage time (0, 1 and 2 years). The collected material was separated into four different particle sizes (> 0.420mm, 0.250-0.420mm, < 0.250mm and mix). The analyzes involved particle size distribution, proximate analysis, the high heating value (HHV), the chemical analysis of the components of the ashes, the images in the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), the Klason lignin content, the holocellulose content and extractives. There were variations in the results of the ash content with different particle sizes. It was observed a higher concentration of mineral impurities in smaller particles (< 0.250mm). The HHV varied from 15.9 to 18.3 MJ.kg-1 and showed no statistical difference for the treatments. The results indicate that the sugarcane trash presents problems related to mineral impurities which constrain its use as a solid fuel in the industry. The particle size interferes in their physicochemical characteristics. The trash can be stored in field and the time storage did not affect the quality for use as solid biofuel.<br>No manejo da cana-de-açúcar era comum a utilização do fogo para facilitar o corte e colheita da cana. No entanto, a Lei 11.241/02 do estado de São Paulo prevê a eliminação gradual da queima da palha da cana-de-açúcar. O maior produtor de cana-de-açúcar do Brasil é o estado de São Paulo, que possui aproximadamente 4,7 milhões de hectares de área plantada. É estimado que 1 hectare produza cerca de 14 toneladas de palha. Logo, as usinas vêm tentando incorporar esta palha na queima para geração de energia, juntamente com o bagaço. Porém, as altas concentrações de impurezas minerais estão impossibilitando seu uso para fins energéticos. O trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo da influência do tempo de estocagem e da granulometria na caracterização físico-química do palhiço da cana-de-açúcar. Foi utilizado o palhiço de canade-açúcar da superfície e do interior do fardo coletados em diferentes períodos de estocagem, 0, 1 e 2 anos. O material coletado foi separado em 4 granulometrias diferentes (> 0,420mm, 0,250-0,420mm, < 0,250mm e mix). As análises realizadas foram a distribuição granulométrica, a análise imediata, o poder calorífico superior (PCS), a análise química dos componentes das cinzas, as imagens no Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura (MEV), o teor de lignina Klason, a holocelulose e os extrativos. Houve variações nos resultados do teor de cinzas com as diferentes granulometrias. Observou-se maior concentração de impurezas minerais nas partículas mais finas (< 0,250mm). O PCS variou entre 15,9 a 18,3 MJ.kg-1 e não apresentou diferença estatística para os tratamentos. Os resultados indicam que a palha de cana-de-açúcar apresenta problemas relacionados às impurezas minerais, que dificultam e restringem seu uso como combustível sólido na indústria. A granulometria da palha interferiu nas suas características físico-químicas. O palhiço pode ser estocado no campo e o tempo de estocagem não interferiu na qualidade para o uso como combustível sólido.

I denna uppsats studeras realismens framställning i filmskapandet, dels genom visuella tekniker men även genom handling- och ämnesmässiga val. Studien fokuserar på tre filmer som alla är regisserade och skrivna av filmskaparen Harmony Korine, dessa filmer är: Gummo (1997), Julien Donkey-Boy (1999) och Trash Humpers (2009). För att studera filmernas framställning av realism utifrån syftet med studien diskuteras och appliceras teorier angående ämnet från bland annat John Orr, Robert Stam och Geoff King. Eftersom syftet med studien är att studera realismen utifrån de specifika val som Korine har gjort i filmskapandet diskuteras även idén om en auteur. Både teorierna ifrån Orr och King är grundade i auteurteorin. King har även en utgångspunkt i den amerikanska independentfilmen som Harmony Korine är en aktiv filmskapare inom. I analysen diskuteras sedan Gummo, Julien Donkey-Boy och Trash Humpers separat och med hjälp av de framlagda teorierna om realism argumenterar analyserna olika sätt som filmerna framställer realism genom de visuella samt de handling- och ämnesmässiga valen.

Resumo: Os resíduos do processamento da cana-de-açúcar (bagaço e palhiço) são uma importante fonte energética. O palhiço pode ser adicionado ao bagaço e ambos podem ser queimados nas caldeiras das usinas, como fonte para cogeração de energia elétrica no setor sucroalcooleiro. A usina sucroalcooleira "São Manoel", situada no município de São Manuel - SP, em seu sistema de cogeração, utiliza o bagaço como combustível para as caldeiras, gerando energia para suas operações. O bagaço produzido não é totalmente consumido e o excedente é vendido para usinas e outras empresas da região. Este trabalho buscou verificar o potencial de cogeração desta usina, considerando o uso da biomassa residual (bagaço e palhiço) de cana-de-açúcar disponível. Assim determinou-se a produtividade do palhiço (20 t.ha-1), que foi separado em folhas verdes (14,9%), folhas secas (71,3%), e material restante (colmos, ponteiros e matéria estranha) (8,3%). O teor médio de impurezas minerais presentes nas amostras de palhiço recolhidas foi de 5,4%. O teor de umidade do palhiço foi medido 3 dias após a colheita para cada constituinte e o valor médio final foi de 28,7%. O bagaço apresentou umidade média de 49,81%. O poder calorífico superior (PCS) foi determinado para o bagaço (19,27 MJ.kg-1), palhiço (17,90 MJ.kg-1) e misturas de bagaço+palhiço em diferentes proporções. Para o poder calorífico inferior (PCI), observou-se que no palhiço a energia liberada (12,11 MJ.kg-1) foi maior que para o bagaço (8,55 MJ.kg-1), resultado esperado considerando-se o maior teor de umidade do bagaço. Das misturas analisadas, a de 50%-50% apresentou maior potencial energético (PCI de 10,08 MJ.kg-1), mostrando que o palhiço pode ser eficiente para produção de energia misturado ao bagaço desde que sejam feitas as adaptações necessárias nos processos e maquinários. A energia que poderia... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: Waste from processing sugar cane (bagasse and trash) has become an important energy source. Trash can be added to the bagasse and both can be burned in the boilers of the mills, as source for the cogeneration of electricity in the sugar cane industry. "São Manoel" sugarcane mill, located in São Manuel - São Paulo state, uses trash as fuel for boilers in its cogeneration system, generating energy for its operations. The bagasse produced is not completely used, and the surplus is sold to mills and other companies in the region. This study aimed at checking the cogeneration potential of such mill by considering the use of the residual biomass (bagasse and trash) of the available sugar cane. This way, trash productivity was determined (20 t/ha), which was separated into green leaves (14.9%), dry leaves (71.3%), and remaining material (stalks, pointers and extraneous matter) (8.3%). The content of mineral impurities present in the samples of trash collected was 5.4%. The content of trash humidity was measured for each constituent and the average final score was 28.7%. The bagasse presented average humidity of 49.81%. The higher heating value (HHV) was determined for the bagasse (19.27 MJ.kg-1), trash (17.90 MJ.kg-1) and mixings of bagasse+trash in different proportions. For lower heating value (LHV), it was noted that for the trash, the energy released (12.11 MJ.kg-1) was higher than for the bagasse (8.55 MJ.kg-1), which was expected once bagasse has a higher humidity content. From the mixings analyzed, the 50%-50% one presented a higher energy potential (LHV of 10.08 MJ.kg-1), which shows that trash can be efficient in energy production when mixed to bagasse once necessary adaptations have been made both in the procedure and machinery. In the 2008 crop, the energy which could be created using the residual biomass, supposing that all the sugar cane was picked raw, would be 227,989 MWh,... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Orientador: José Roberto Corrêa Saglietti<br>Coorientador: Adriano Wagner Ballarin<br>Banca: Marco Lorenzzo Cunali Ripoli<br>Banca: Osmar de Carvalho Bueno<br>Mestre

The construction of a culvert within a river channel alters the local hydraulic characteristics which often increases upstream water elevation as a result of the volume of water being constricted as it enters the culvert. This effect can be exacerbated if there is a build up of debris either at the inlet or trapped within the culvert. As a consequence culverts, especially those which are prone to becoming blocked, may considerably increase the potential for out of channel flows and therefore the risk of serious flooding. While trash screens may be fitted at a culvert inlet to prevent debris from entering, unless they are well designed and maintained they may increase the potential for flooding if they become blocked by trapping debris that would have passed unrestricted through the culvert. Guidelines for screen design focus mainly on ensuring sufficient screen area is provided to handle the expected debris load, while recommendations for individual screen elements, such as bar spacing, are generally based on anecdotal evidence and site specific environmental or safety concerns. However, many different trash screen configurations can influence blockage potential. To gain a better understanding of how blockage, and therefore any potential associated flood risk, of culvert trash screens is influenced by screen geometry and position, a Froude-scaled physical model was developed to facilitate assessment of the efficiency of different trash screen configurations. To minimize scaling issues related to complex geometry, and to ensure the focus of the research remained on the influence of screen design rather than on factors specific to the debris, wooden dowel was used to represent different debris lengths. Detailed analysis based on 147,000 debris passes is used to show that, as would be expected, potential for screen blockage by debris increases as the ratio of debris length to bar spacing increases. However, in addition, a key finding has been that the screen position relative to the zone of flow acceleration created as the flow is constricted on approach to the culvert inlet is a significant driving factor in the blocking potential of the screen. Detailed statistical analysis was used to define blockage potential in terms of all contributing factors. The derived model was used to develop end user focussed tools, a nomograph and an interactive spreadsheet, to aid estimation of blockage at a screen for a given geometry and position.