Academic literature on the topic 'Trasmission'

FIR spectroscopy is an alternative way of collecting spectra of many inorganic pigments and corrosion products found on art objects, which is not normally observed in the MIR region. Most FIR spectra are traditionally collected in transmission mode but as a real novelty it is now also possible to record FIR spectra in ATR (Attenuated Total Reflectance) mode. In FIR transmission we employ polyethylene (PE) for preparation of pellets by embedding the sample in PE. Unfortunately, the preparation requires heating of the PE in order to produces at transparent pellet. This will affect compounds with low melting points, especially those with structurally incorporated water. Another option in FIR transmission is the use of thin films. We test the use of polyethylene thin film (PETF), both commercial and laboratory-made PETF. ATR collection of samples is possible in both the MIR and FIR region on solid, powdery or liquid samples. Changing from the MIR to the FIR region is easy as it simply requires the change of detector and beamsplitter (which can be performed within a few minutes). No preparation of the sample is necessary, which is a huge advantage over the PE transmission method. The most obvious difference, when comparing transmission with ATR, is the distortion of band shape (which appears asymmetrical in the lower wavenumber region) and intensity differences. However, the biggest difference can be the shift of strong absorbing bands moving to lower wavenumbers in ATR mode. The sometimes huge band shift necessitates the collection of standard library spectra in both FIR transmission and ATR modes, provided these two methods of collecting are to be employed for analyses of unknown samples. Standard samples of 150 pigment and corrosion compounds are thus collected in both FIR transmission and ATR mode in order to build up a digital library of spectra for comparison with unknown samples. XRD, XRF and Raman spectroscopy assists us in confirming the purity or impurity of our standard samples. 24 didactic test tables, with known pigment and binder painted on the surface of a limestone tablet, are used for testing the established library and different ways of collecting in ATR and transmission mode. In ATR, micro samples are scratched from the surface and examined in both the MIR and FIR region. Additionally, direct surface contact of the didactic tablets with the ATR crystal are tested together with water enhanced surface contact. In FIR transmission we compare the powder from our test tablet on the laboratory PETF and embedded in PE. We also compare the PE pellets collected using a 4x beam condenser, focusing the IR beam area from 8 mm to 2 mm. A few samples collected from a mural painting in a Nepalese temple, corrosion products collected from archaeological Chinese bronze objects and samples from a mural paintings in an Italian abbey, are examined by ATR or transmission spectroscopy.

FIR spectroscopy is an alternative way of collecting spectra of many inorganic pigments and corrosion products found on art objects, which is not normally observed in the MIR region. Most FIR spectra are traditionally collected in transmission mode but as a real novelty it is now also possible to record FIR spectra in ATR (Attenuated Total Reflectance) mode. In FIR transmission we employ polyethylene (PE) for preparation of pellets by embedding the sample in PE. Unfortunately, the preparation requires heating of the PE in order to produces at transparent pellet. This will affect compounds with low melting points, especially those with structurally incorporated water. Another option in FIR transmission is the use of thin films. We test the use of polyethylene thin film (PETF), both commercial and laboratory-made PETF. ATR collection of samples is possible in both the MIR and FIR region on solid, powdery or liquid samples. Changing from the MIR to the FIR region is easy as it simply requires the change of detector and beamsplitter (which can be performed within a few minutes). No preparation of the sample is necessary, which is a huge advantage over the PE transmission method. The most obvious difference, when comparing transmission with ATR, is the distortion of band shape (which appears asymmetrical in the lower wavenumber region) and intensity differences. However, the biggest difference can be the shift of strong absorbing bands moving to lower wavenumbers in ATR mode. The sometimes huge band shift necessitates the collection of standard library spectra in both FIR transmission and ATR modes, provided these two methods of collecting are to be employed for analyses of unknown samples. Standard samples of 150 pigment and corrosion compounds are thus collected in both FIR transmission and ATR mode in order to build up a digital library of spectra for comparison with unknown samples. XRD, XRF and Raman spectroscopy assists us in confirming the purity or impurity of our standard samples. 24 didactic test tables, with known pigment and binder painted on the surface of a limestone tablet, are used for testing the established library and different ways of collecting in ATR and transmission mode. In ATR, micro samples are scratched from the surface and examined in both the MIR and FIR region. Additionally, direct surface contact of the didactic tablets with the ATR crystal are tested together with water enhanced surface contact. In FIR transmission we compare the powder from our test tablet on the laboratory PETF and embedded in PE. We also compare the PE pellets collected using a 4x beam condenser, focusing the IR beam area from 8 mm to 2 mm. A few samples collected from a mural painting in a Nepalese temple, corrosion products collected from archaeological Chinese bronze objects and samples from a mural paintings in an Italian abbey, are examined by ATR or transmission spectroscopy.

Résumé : La biologie évolutive permet de comprendre et de retracer l'origine des espèces ou des populations, de comprendre leurs dispersions dans différentes zones et d'analyser les différentiations résultant de ces évolutions. L'invasion biologique et les espèces envahissantes en général sont de bons modèles pour étudier et comprendre l'adaptation à de nouveaux environnements. Plasmodium falciparum, un protozoaire parasite agent du paludisme, a envahit de nouvelles populations hôtes et de nouvelles espèces de vecteurs à plusieurs reprises. Notre objectif était d'étudier (i) l'introduction, l'origine et la distribution de P. falciparum dans des environnements radicalement différents : dans une nouvelle aire géographique tout d'abord (en Amérique du Sud) puis dans une nouvelle espèce hôte (chez les primates) et (ii) de déterminer les gènes potentiellement impliqués dans l'adaptation à ces nouveaux environnements. Ces questions ont été abordées à travers différentes approches réunissant des analyses de génétique des populations, de phylogéographie ainsi que des analyses phylogénétiques. Les résultats obtenus démontrent pour la première fois que, P. falciparum a été introduit par l'homme au moins à deux reprises en Amérique du Sud à partir de l'Afrique. Cette thèse a aussi permis de démontrer pour la première fois que ce parasite circule naturellement chez les primates non-humains. L'analyse des patrons de sélection sur des gènes candidats jouant un rôle dans l'invasion des hématies par le parasite a été réalisée afin de déterminer si des évolutions adaptatives particulières avaient opérées sur ces gènes dans ces nouveaux environnements. L'ensemble de nos résultats démontrent que P. falciparum peut être considéré comme une espèce envahissante et que ce parasite n'est en fait pas spécifique à l'homme. L'ensemble de notre travail nous a permis d'avancer dans la connaissance de ce modèle biologique en termes de stratégie d'émergence ou de réémergence dans différents environnements. Nos résultats soulignent les changements qui ont opéré dans la distribution géographique et l'émergence du spectre d'hôte utilisé par P. falciparum au cours de son histoire évolutive passée et présente ce qui peut laisser craindre d'autres évolutions à l'avenir.Mots clés : Invasion biologique, espèce invasive, parasite, origine, adaptation, sélection, maladies émergente, Plasmodium falciparum, Amérique du Sud, génétique des populations, phylogéographie, marqueurs moléculaires, singes<br>Abstract: The evolutionary biology allows to understand and to trace the origin of species or populations, to understand their dispersions in different areas and analyse the resulting differentiation of these developments. The biological invasion and invasive species, in general, are good models to study and understand the adaptation to new environments. Plasmodium falciparum, a protozoan parasite, agent of the malaria, invades a new host and new vector species at several times. The objective of this thesis was to analyse (i) introduction, origin and distribution of P. falciparum in radically different environments; first, a new geographical area (South America); second, a new host species (in primates); and (ii) identify genes potentially involved in adaptation to new environments. I addressed these questions using different approaches, including population genetics, phylogeographic analyses, and also phylogenetic analyses. The results demonstrate for the first time, P. falciparum has been introduced by humans at least twice in South America from Africa. This thesis has also demonstrated for the first time that this parasite circulates naturally in nonhuman primates. The analysis of the patterns of the selection on candidate genes play a role in the invasion of erythrocytes by the parasite was performed to determine if adaptive evolutions were occur on these specific genes in these new environments. Overall, our results demonstrate that P. falciparum can be considered an invasive species and that parasite is not specific to humans. All of our work allowed us to advance in the knowledge of the biological model in terms of strategy emergence or reemergence in different environments. Our results highlight the changes that have taken place in the geographical distribution and the emergence of host range used by P. falciparum during its evolutionary history, past and present which may raise concerns of other developments in the future. Keywords : Biological invasion, invasive species, parasite, origin, adaptation, selection, emerging infectious diseases, Plasmodium falciparum, South America, population genetics, phylogeography, molecular markers, apes

(Introdução): La rédaction de ce document entre dans le cadre de la dernière étape du parcours du Master TPTI (Technique, Patrimoine, territoire de l’industrie). Piloté par l’université Paris 1 panthéon Sorbonne, en partenariat avec les universités de padou (Italie) et d’Evora (Portugal), le Master TPTI forme à l’expertise des environnements techniques, à la muséalisation du patrimoine et des paysages culturels. Ce parcours (France, Italie et Portugal) nous à permis de découvrir de nouvelles approches dans le domaine de la culture et du patrimoine en général et industriel en particulier. Ces approches nouvelles concernent surtout l’histoire des techniques dispensée à l’université Paris 1 panthéon Sorbonne et sur les paysages culturels de l’industrie dispensés au Portugal. L’histoire des techniques qui paraissait au début confuse nous a permis d’avoir une lecture claire sur la notion anthropologique de la culture. Les régimes de la pensée opératoire caractérisée par le régime de la pratique, de la technique et de la technologique, nous ont permis de comprendre les fondements de l’innovation technique mais aussi le passage de l’oralité à l’écrit. C’est en effet la compréhension des ces régimes qui nous a aidé à mieux saisir la manière dont la technique se manifeste dans les sociétés orales, se maintien et se transmet. Le senegal, qui fait l’objet de notre étude présente une diversité ethnique assez complexe. Chacune de ses ethnies a su, a sa manière inventer sa technique lui permettant de maitriser son environnement, dons une technique bien différente des autres. Si les « lebou » du cap vert ont su inventer l’une des plus anciennes traditions artisanales dans la pêche et les al poulhar, sur l’élevage, les sereer qui font le point focal de notre étude ont marqué le paysage par l’une des civilisations agraires les plus anciennes venues des civilisations du Nil.

The transition to parenthood is a phase of the family development, in which the individual’s organization, couple’s and intergenerazitional’s relationships need to be renegotiated on representational and interactive level. On this way, it is necessary to adopt a contextual perspective to investigate the family development: partner’s satisfactions of the couple, the construction of relationship in the adult age and the acquisition of parent role. The study has two main aims: a) the degree of marital satisfaction perceived by the couple and the quality of triadic family interactions; b) the associations between triadic family interactions, the degree of marital satisfaction and the quality of attachment’s representation. Method: 49 non-referred primiparous families were recruited at child-birth courses took part to the research at 7 month of pregnancy at 4 and 9 and 12 month after child’s birth. The measures used are the Losanna Trilogue Play (Fivaz-Depeursige, Corboz-Warnery, 1999) in pre and post-natal version, Dyadic Adjustment Scale (Spanier, 1976), Attachment Style Questionnaire (Feeney, Noller, Hanrahan, 1994) and Adult Attachment Interview (George, Kaplan & Main, 1985). Results: Aim 1. The preliminary analysis from pregnancy to 9th month of infant show that: a) couples perceive themselves satisfied on the relation’s quality. During the observational phases there is an effect of time in the degree of marital satisfaction perceived by the couple (F(4.54, 3), p< .005) ; b) there is an increase of 15,5 point in each observational phases of the quality of triadic interaction from pregnancy to 9 months of the infant. Aim 2. The quality of triadic interaction, in pregnancy, are associated with high levels of marital satisfaction. Significant correlation between Coherence of mind mean scores and Cooperation score during LTP prenatal (r = .384; p = .006). Conclusions: the marital relationship perceived as satisfactory is linked with a good quality of co-parenting interactions, from pregnancy to 9 months of infant. Forthcoming analyses will provide a comprehensive model to understand the developmental trajectories of family life in the first year of the infant.

La tesi tratta in primo piano la personalizzazione di un sistema Android utilizzata come piattaforma per la seconda parte del lavoro. Quest'ultima consiste nell'installazione sul sistema operativo Android, personalizzato, un modulo e un'applicazione, il primo denominato Transmission Error Detector (TED), che estende il funzionamento della tecnologia WiFi e la seconda denominata Wvdial che estende invece il funzionamento della tecnologia 3G(o UMTS). Entrambi fanno parte di una architettura per il supporto alla mobilità in contesti eterogenei.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Dissertação (Mestrado)<br>IPEN/D<br>Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

La présente thèse porte sur les modalités “violentes” de représentation dans le social vécues par des jeunes de la classe moyenne haute. Ayant comme point de départ un ensemble de faits divers extraits de journaux et de magazines en circulation au Brésil (1997-2007), qui associaient ces groupes de jeunes à des faits violents, ainsi que des films abordant ce type de tensions, nous posons les questions suivantes: quels seraient les vecteurs de ces épisodes violents protagonisés par des jeunes des classes aisées? Qu’ est-ce que la brutalité des actes pratiqués pourraient montrer à propos de leurs références symboliques? Quelles conditions sociales des temps actuels peuvent contribuer à l´émergence de telles attitudes et conduites? Pourquoi privilégier la violence au détriment d’ autres formes de manifestation lors de leurs tentatives d’inscription? Pour soulever le problème et pour réfléchir sur ces questions, nous nous servons des outils conceptuels fournis par la Psychanalyse et les écrits de Walter Benjamin, et aussi des lectures de penseurs comme Hannah Arendt, Slavoj Zizek, Maria Rita Kehl et Contardo Calligaris qui remettent en cause les conditions du lien social contemporain. Nous soulignons que nous avons choisi l´essai comme forme de rédaction et de production de connaissances. Pour le travail d´analyse, nous avons cherché la perspective du flâneur de Baudelaire: celui qui se laisse interpeller par les petits détails de la vie de tous les jours et qui voit dans les insignifiances du quotidien la matière des modes de subjectivation. En pariant sur la fragmentation et sur le “reste” de faits et événements, comme possibilité pour cueillir des vérités produites dans un temps et dans un espace déterminés, nous avons créé le terme “ essai-flânerie”. L´étude a permis de penser que la violence présente dans les actes de ces jeunes révèle un rapport étroit entre l´évidement de la dimension de l´expérience et de sa transmission – selon Walter Benjamin – et ce que Zizek conceptualise comme la passion pour le réel. Ces jeunes, rendraient donc, à travers leurs actes, le malaise ressenti face au vide de l´expérience, aussi bien dans le domaine social que dans celui des transmissions familiales. La demande pour confirmer l´inscription de soi par les différentes formes de se faire représenter dans le social – opération psychique typique de l´adolescence –, ajoutée à l´appauvrissement des conditions de construction de l´expérience et à l´évidement de l´espace publique en tant qu´espace légitime de représentation, mène à incrémenter la dimension de la violence et, par conséquent, à ce que nous appelons la passion pour le réel. Tout indique que les conditions de notre temps social – données par la science, par les médias et par les nouvelles technologies – semblent ne pas fournir aux jeunes des ressources pouvant les aider à l´élaboration de la rencontre avec le réel. Bien au contraire, en produisant l´anonymat du sujet, d´une certaine façon, elles rendent difficile la reconnaissance symbolique, en incitant à l´impersonnalité et à l´anonymat du Désir et de l´autre. De façon que les jeunes, ayant des difficultés pour franchir ce qu´il y a de non – représentable dans ce moment de leurs vies, finissent par chercher à travers actes extrêmes , une manière de se faire représenter dans le lien social.<br>Esta tese trata de modos “violentos” de representação no social vividos por jovens de classe média e alta. A partir de um grupo de notícias de jornais e revistas em circulação no Brasil (1997-2007), que associavam tais jovens a episódios de violência, bem como de produções cinematográficas, cujos temas abordavam essas tensões, formulamos as seguintes interrogações: quais seriam os vetores de episódios violentos protagonizados por jovens que não padecem de privações sociais extremas? O que a brutalidade dos atos praticados poderia retratar acerca de suas referências simbólicas? Que condições sociais do tempo atual contribuem para a emergência de condutas como essas? Por que o privilégio da violência quando de suas tentativas de inscrição? Para problematizar e pensar tais questões, valemo-nos das ferramentas conceituais da Psicanálise e dos escritos de Walter Benjamin, bem como de teóricos que problematizam as condições do laço social contemporâneo, entre eles Hannah Arendt, Slavoj Zizek, Maria Rita Kehl e Contardo Calligaris. Destacamos que escolhemos a inspiração do ensaio como forma de escrita e de produção de conhecimentos. Para o trabalho de análise, buscamos a perspectiva do flâneur de Baudelaire: aquele que se deixa interpelar pelos pequenos detalhes do cotidiano e que vê nas insignificâncias diárias a matéria maior dos modos de subjetivação. Apostando na fragmentação e no “resto” dos fatos e acontecimentos, como possibilidade de colher verdades produzidas num tempo e espaço determinados, cunhamos o termo “ensaio-flânerie”. O estudo permitiu pensar que a violência presente nos atos desses jovens revela estreita relação entre o esvaziamento da dimensão da experiência e de sua transmissão – conforme Walter Benjamin – e aquilo que Zizek conceitualiza como paixão pelo real. É como se esses jovens devolvessem, através de seus atos, o mal-estar que sentem ao se depararem com o vazio de experiência, tanto na esfera social quanto nas transmissões familiares. A demanda por confirmar a inscrição de si no social – típica da operação psíquica da adolescência –, somada ao empobrecimento das condições de construção da experiência e ao esvaziamento do espaço público como espaço legítimo de representação, tende a incrementar a dimensão da violência e, portanto, do que estamos chamando de paixão pelo real. Tudo indica que as condições de nosso tempo social – dadas pela ciência, pela mídia e pelas novas tecnologias – não parecem oferecer aos jovens recursos passíveis de ajudar na elaboração do encontro com o real. Pelo contrário, ao produzirem o anonimato do sujeito, de algum modo, incrementam a dificuldade do reconhecimento simbólico, incitando à impessoalidade e ao anonimato do Desejo e do outro, de modo que os jovens, ao terem dificuldade em transpor o que há de irrepresentável neste momento de suas vidas, acabam buscando, através de atos extremos, um modo de fazer-se representar no laço social.