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Books on the topic 'Traumatic exposure'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Ann, Hembree Elizabeth, and Rothbaum Barbara Olasov, eds. Prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD: Emotional processing of traumatic experiences : therapist guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

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2

Foa, Edna B. Prolonged exposure therapy for adolescents with PTSD: Emotional processing of traumatic experiences : therapist guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

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3

Schauer, Maggie. Narrative exposure therapy: A short-term intervention for traumatic stress disorders after war, terror, or torture. Toronto: Hogrefe & Huber, 2005.

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4

Thomas, Elbert, and Neuner Frank, eds. Narrative exposure therapy: A short-term intervention for traumatic stress disorders after war, terror, or torture. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: Hogrefe, 2011.

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5

author, Holyan David, and Wismer Bruce author, eds. Recovering from un-natural disasters: A guide for pastors and congregations after violence and trauma. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 2017.

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6

Brown, Lily A., David Yusko, Hallie Tannahill, and Edna B. Foa. Prolonged Exposure Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0030.

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This chapter presents an overview of prolonged exposure therapy (PE), a highly efficacious and effective treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). First, emotional processing theory is reviewed, which provides the theoretical basis for PE and the key mechanisms underlying PTSD symptom reduction. Next, a synthesis of the robust evidence for the efficacy and effectiveness of PE is provided. The chapter reviews evidence that in addition to ameliorating PTSD symptoms, PE reduces secondary symptoms such as depression, suicidal ideation, anger, and substance use disorders. The chapter describes evidence supporting the extension of PE with unique samples, including individuals with psychosis, persons with self-injurious behavior, and war veterans. The chapter concludes with a review of the status of PE dissemination and implementation efforts.
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7

Shalev, Arieh Y., Anna C. Barbano, Wei Qi, and Charles R. Marmar. Prevention of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0037.

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) follows an exposure to traumatic events and as such its onset and early development are better charted then those of most other mental disorders. It is not surprising, therefore, that major efforts have been dedicated to preventing its occurrence before, during and after trauma exposure. This chapter discusses the rationale, desirability, feasibility and outcome of interventions designed to prevent PTSD. Several efficient interventions have been documented. Barriers to their early implementations, however, greatly reduce their effectiveness and require urgent attention.
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8

Foa, Edna, Elizabeth A. Hembree, Barbara Olasov Rothbaum, and Sheila Rauch. Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190926939.001.0001.

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This therapist guide of prolonged exposure (PE) treatment is accompanied by the patient workbook, Reclaiming Your Life from a Traumatic Experience. The treatment and manuals are designed for use by a therapist who is familiar with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and who has undergone an intensive training workshop for prolonged exposure by experts in this therapy. The therapist guide instructs therapists to implement this brief CBT program that targets individuals who are diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or who manifest PTSD symptoms that cause distress and/or dysfunction following various types of trauma. The overall aim of the treatment is to help trauma survivors emotionally process their traumatic experiences to diminish or eliminate PTSD and other trauma-related symptoms. The term prolonged exposure (PE) reflects the fact that the treatment program emerged from the long tradition of exposure therapy for anxiety disorders in which patients are helped to confront safe but anxiety-evoking situations to overcome their unrealistic, excessive fear and anxiety. At the same time, PE has emerged from the adaption and extension of Emotional Processing Theory (EPT) to PTSD, which emphasizes the central role of successfully processing the traumatic memory in the amelioration of PTSD symptoms. Throughout this guide, the authors highlight that emotional processing is the mechanism underlying successful reduction of PTSD symptoms.
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9

Roy, Michael J., Albert Rizzo, JoAnn Difede, and Barbara O. Rothbaum. Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for PTSD. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190205959.003.0013.

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Expert treatment guidelines and consensus statements identified imaginal exposure therapy as a first-line treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) more than a decade ago. Subsequently, an Institute of Medicine report concluded that cognitive–behavioral therapy with exposure therapy is the only therapy with sufficient evidence to recommend it for PTSD. Imaginal exposure has been the most widely used exposure approach. It requires patients to recall and narrate their traumatic experience repeatedly, in progressively greater detail, both to facilitate the therapeutic processing of related emotions and to decondition the learning cycle of the disorder via a habituation–extinction process. Prolonged exposure, one of the best-evidenced forms of exposure therapy, incorporates psychoeducation, controlled breathing techniques, in vivo exposure, prolonged imaginal exposure to traumatic memories, and processing of traumatic material, typically for 9 to 12 therapy sessions of about 90 minutes each. However, avoidance of reminders of the trauma is a defining feature of PTSD, so it is not surprising that many patients are unwilling or unable to visualize effectively and recount traumatic events repeatedly. Some studies of imaginal exposure have reported 30% to 50% dropout rates before completion of treatment. Adding to the challenge, some patients have an aversion to “traditional” psychotherapy as well as to pharmacotherapy, and may find alternative approaches more appealing. Younger individuals in particular may be attracted to virtual reality-based therapies.
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10

Rothbaum, Barbara Olasov, Edna Foa, Elizabeth A. Hembree, and Sheila Rauch. Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD: Emotional Processing of Traumatic Experiences - Therapist Guide. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2019.

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11

Rothbaum, Barbara Olasov, Edna B. Foa, Elizabeth A. Hembree, and Sheila A. M. Rauch. Reclaiming Your Life from a Traumatic Experience. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190926892.001.0001.

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This workbook, written for patients, is part of a brief cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) program for individuals who are diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or who manifest PTSD symptoms that cause distress and/or dysfunction following various types of trauma. The overall aim of the treatment is to help trauma survivors emotionally process their traumatic experiences to diminish or eliminate PTSD and other trauma-related symptoms. The term “prolonged exposure” (PE) reflects the fact that the treatment program emerged from the long tradition of exposure therapy for anxiety disorders in which patients are helped to confront safe but anxiety-evoking situations to overcome their unrealistic, excessive fear and anxiety. PE is designed to get the patient in touch with these emotions and reactions. This workbook is a companion to the Therapist’s Guide, Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD.
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12

Reclaiming Your Life from a Traumatic Experience: A Prolonged Exposure Treatment Program - Workbook. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2019.

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13

North, Carol S. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Associated with Disaster. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0011.

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This chapter provides an overview of disaster-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The chapter begins by examining the special role that disasters have in contributing to our general understanding of PTSD. It further explores the critical roles played by both disaster trauma and exposure to it toward the development of PTSD, by applying nosology of the disorder and understanding the construction of criteria for its diagnosis. The chapter explains procedures and methods for assessment of disaster-related PTSD in individuals and in populations, reviews risk factors for PTSD after disasters, and describes the post-disaster course of PTSD. Finally, the chapter provides an operational approach with a mental health framework to address PTSD associated with exposure to disaster.
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14

Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET). Muenchen: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers, 2006.

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15

Rothbaum, Barbara, Edna Foa, and Elizabeth Hembree. Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD: Emotional Processing of Traumatic Experiences Therapist Guide (Treatments That Work). Oxford University Press, USA, 2007.

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16

Rothbaum, Barbara Olasov, Edna B. Foa, and Elizabeth A. Hembree. Reclaiming Your Life from a Traumatic Experience: Workbook. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195308488.001.0001.

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Best used in combination with treatment with a mental health professional, this online workbook will help patients work through PTSD regardless of the type of trauma experienced. This program will reduce anxiety and distress as patients learn to face memories of trauma, while processing emotions about the event using a scientifically tested and proven technique called Prolonged Exposure Therapy (PE). It provides a guide for patients to learn how to confront these situations and begin to re-evaluate feelings and beliefs in order to think differently about the experience. It covers how to participate in exposure exercises as well as any real-life situations that bring about feelings of fear in a step-by-step controllable way. Breathing retraining exercises, information on PTSD, case examples, self-assessment tools, and homework assignments are also included.
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17

Rothbaum, Barbara, Edna Foa, and Elizabeth Hembree. Reclaiming Your Life from a Traumatic Experience: A Prolonged Exposure Treatment Program Workbook (Treatments That Work). Oxford University Press, USA, 2007.

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18

Perkins, Elizabeth C., Shaun P. Brothers, and Charles B. Nemeroff. Animal Models for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0024.

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Animal models of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) provide a wellspring of biological information about this complex condition by providing the opportunity to manipulate trauma exposure and measure biological outcomes in a systematic manner that is not possible in clinical studies. Symptoms of PTSD may be induced in animals by physical (immobilization, foot shock, underwater stress) and psychological stressors (exposure to predator, social defeat, early life trauma) or a combination of both. In addition, genetic, epigenetic and transgenic models have been created by breeding animals with a behavioral propensity for maladaptive stress response or by directly manipulating genes that have been implicated in PTSD. The effect of stressors in animals is measured by a variety of means, including observation of behavior, measurement of structural alterations in the brain and of physiological markers such as HPA axis activity and altered gene expression of central nervous system neurotransmitter system components including receptors. By comparing changes observed in stress exposed animals to humans with PTSD and by comparing animal response to treatments that are effective in humans, we can determine the validity of PTSD animal models. The identification of a reliable physiological marker of maladaptive stress response in animals as well as standard use of behavioral cutoff criteria are critical to the development of a valid animal model of PTSD.
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19

Foa, Edna B., Kelly R. Chrestman, and Eva Gilboa-Schechtman. Prolonged Exposure Therapy for Adolescents with PTSD Therapist Guide. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195331745.001.0001.

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Traumatic events, including sexual abuse, experiencing or witnessing violence, and natural disasters, are common among adolescents, and this online therapist guide presents a proven treatment for PTSD that has been adapted for the adolescent population. It applies the principles of Prolonged Exposure (PE) to help adolescents emotionally process their traumatic experiences and follows a four-phase treatment where the patients complete each module at their own rate of progress. It includes modules on motivational interviewing, case management, the rationale for treatment, information-gathering about the trauma, common reactions to trauma, and explains that by systematically confronting situations associated with the trauma, adolescents can overcome avoidance and fear. It covers how memory of the traumatic event can help distinguish the past from the present and promote feelings of mastery, and also includes modules on relapse prevention and treatment termination. It covers the importance of the adolescent's age and developmental level while in therapy, and includes developmentally appropriate materials and guidance on tailoring the treatment to each client's unique situation, including trauma type and family structure.
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20

Baum, Nehami. Mental Health Professionals Working in a Shared Traumatic Reality. Edited by Sara Maltzman. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199739134.013.46.

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Professionals working in a shared traumatic reality—that is, in a disaster in their home community—are doubly exposed: both as individuals who experienced the disaster at first hand and as professionals who treat people traumatized by it. This chapter opens with a discussion of the development of the concept of “shared traumatic reality” and a presentation of the five key features of professionals’ double exposure: intrusive anxiety, lapses of empathy, immersion in professional role, role expansion, and changes in place and time of work. It then presents the findings of studies of Israeli mental health professionals who lived and worked near the Gaza border during the 2009 Gaza War. The findings of the quantitative study of 63 professionals, highlight the unique contribution that lapses of empathy made to the professionals’ distress and that their immersion in their professional role made to their personal growth. The qualitative study presents two cases, one of an emergency worker, the other of a clinician in the course of ongoing work, both of whom were confronted with the need to choose between attending to their children or to their clients. The cases convey something of the process by which the choice was made and the professionals’ feelings about their choice afterwards. They suggest that some of the widespread distress reported by professionals working in the wake of communal disasters derives not solely from exposure to their clients’ traumatic experience or even from their primary exposure to the disaster, but from their conflict of roles and loyalties.
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21

Chrestman, Kelly R., Eva Gilboa-Schechtman, and Edna B. Foa. Prolonged Exposure Therapy for Adolescents with PTSD Therapist Guide (Treatments That Work). Oxford University Press, USA, 2008.

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22

Chrestman, Kelly R., Eva Gilboa-Schechtman, and Edna B. Foa. Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD: Teen Workbook. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195331738.001.0001.

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This online treatment program adapts the principles of Dr. Foa's proven effective Prolonged Exposure Therapy for adolescents suffering from Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and is based on the principles of prolonged exposure and emotional processing for use with those individuals who suffer from PTSD. The treatment is presented in modules that can be individually tailored to fit the needs of each patient. Because many adolescent PTSD sufferers do not initiate therapy on their own, but are referred to therapy by social workers, parents, or other authority figures, their willingness to participate in their treatment can vary widely. The first element of this treatment, serves to assess the client's attitude, and increase motivation to change. Other modules introduce psychoeducation, real-life exposure, emotional processing, and relapse prevention. This online workbook provides additional information, monitoring forms, and worksheets to help clients take control of their treatment.
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23

Trauma and Health: Physical Health Consequences of Exposure to Extreme Stress. American Psychological Association (APA), 2003.

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24

P, Schnurr Paula, and Green Bonnie L, eds. Trauma and health: Physical health consequences of exposure to extreme stress. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2004.

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25

Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure (COPE). Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2015.

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26

Concurrent Treatment of Ptsd and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure (COPE). Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2015.

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27

Sakauye, Kenneth, and James E. Nininger. Trauma in Late Life. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0009.

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This chapter focuses on the prevalence of trauma exposure and posttraumatic problems in the elderly and reviews information on resilience and suggested treatment approaches. While posttraumatic stress disorder in the elderly has been studied, less is known about other common trauma- and stressor-related disorders including adjustment disorder, acute stress disorder, and traumatic grief. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fifth edition) defines trauma as “exposure or actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence.” It must be directly experienced, witnessed, or occur to a family member or friend, or it could be a repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of a traumatic event. No event is always traumatic, and, conversely, even a seemingly mild negative event can be traumatic to some individuals. Two presumed variables are (a) appraisal of the situation (whether a person feels in control) and (b) individual biological differences in responsiveness.
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28

Rauch, Sheila A. M., Barbara Olasov Rothbaum, Erin R. Smith, and Edna B. Foa. Prolonged Exposure for PTSD in Intensive Outpatient Programs (PE-IOP). Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190081928.001.0001.

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Trauma can leave a lasting impact on survivors. Some survivors are haunted by intrusive memories; avoid people, places, and situations related to the trauma; and feel constantly on edge due to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related posttrauma reactions. Effective treatment can help survivors suffering with PTSD to process the trauma and no longer feel haunted by traumatic experiences from their past. Prolonged exposure (PE) therapy is a highly effective, flexible, individualized psychotherapy that reduces the symptoms of PTSD. PE is the most widely studied treatment for PTSD, with more than 100 studies showing its efficacy and effectiveness in PTSD and comorbid patient populations affected by single-incident and multiple-incident traumas of all types (e.g., combat, sexual assault, etc.). This manual presents a PE protocol for use in residential and massed programs to provide an innovative new model of care that provides excellent retention and transformational symptom outcomes. Providers are presented with the elements of the PE protocol along with all the logistics for how to provide PE in an intensive outpatient program. Variations and considerations for implementation are presented to allow providers designing programs to consider what best fits their patient population and setting. Patient and provider forms are included for use.
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29

Trautmann, Sebastian, and Hans-Ulrich Wittchen. Trauma and PTSD in Europe. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0008.

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The chapter gives an overview about the epidemiological studies of traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in European countries with a focus on data from recent cross-national research initiatives. About two-thirds of the European population have experienced at least one traumatic event in their lifetime. Between 1% and 3% of the European population, however, have developed PTSD suffering from symptoms during the past year; this corresponds to about 7.7 million people. The PTSD prevalence varies considerably between European countries, with differences regarding trauma exposure, exposure to war and combat events, cultural factors, and health care utilization. The chapter highlights significant research gaps, the need for more complete and nationally representative data for many European countries, and in-depth examination of reasons for the apparent large prevalence differences.
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30

Chrestman, Kelly R., Eva Gilboa-Schechtman, and Edna B. Foa. Reclaiming Your Life from PTSD: Teen Workbook (Treatments That Work). Oxford University Press, USA, 2008.

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31

Heim, Christine, and Charles B. Nemeroff. Neurobiological Pathways Involved in Fear, Stress, and PTSD. Edited by Israel Liberzon and Kerry J. Ressler. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190215422.003.0012.

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The symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are believed to reflect an inadequate adaptation of neurobiological systems to exposure to severe stressors. A vast number of studies have revealed multiple alterations in neuroendocrine and neurochemical systems in patients with PTSD. It is now evident that certain neurobiological changes in PTSD actually reflect preexisting vulnerability factors that contribute to maladaptive physiological and behavioral responses to traumatic exposure, as well as altered learning and extinction of fear memories. These results suggest the development of novel pathophysiology-driven strategies for intervention that directly target the neurobiological mechanisms that lead to stress sensitization, increased fear memories, and arousal.
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32

Klengel, Torsten, Lauren A. M. Lebois, Sheila Gaynor, and Guia Guffanti. Genetics and Gene–Environment Interaction. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0017.

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Trauma and stress-related disorders make an excellent case for gene-environment interactions because although exposure to trauma and stress is a well-established risk factors toward their development, such factors alone are not sufficient to explain etiopathogenesis. Exposure to traumatic events is a prerequisite of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis, but the majority of individuals who are exposed to even a severe traumatic event do not develop PTSD. Why some individuals are vulnerable and others are resilient remains an open question. While genetic factors may play a significant role, it is conceivable that the complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors contribute to the observed interindividual variability.
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33

Perpetrator Introjects: Psychotherapeutic Diagnostics and Treatment Models. Asanger Verlag GmbH, 2012.

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34

Espinel, Zelde, and Jon A. Shaw. PTSD in Children. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0012.

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This chapter reviews the psychobiological effects on children and adolescents upon exposure to a traumatic happening where there is a real or imaginary threat of bodily harm or death to the self and/or others. Morbidity may involve the classic symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder such as a readiness to re-experience the psychological and physiological effects of trauma exposure, autonomic arousal, somatic ills and subsequent avoidant behavior as well as a host of other psychological morbidities such as depression, mood dysregulation and other internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Multimodal treatment approaches implementing family and social supports, psychoeducation, and cognitive behavioral techniques have the strongest evidence base. Psychopharmacologic interventions are not generally used, but may be necessary as an adjunct to other interventions for children with severe reactions or coexisting psychiatric conditions.
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35

Hainline, Brian, Lindsey J. Gurin, and Daniel M. Torres. Concussion. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190937447.001.0001.

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Concussion is a type of mild traumatic brain injury, is common, and occurs both in sport and as a result of falls or accidents. Concussion has become an increasingly recognized public health concern, largely driven by prominent media coverage of athletes who have sustained concussion. Although much has been written about this condition, its natural history is still not well understood, and practitioners are only now beginning to recognize that concussion often manifests in different clinical domains. These may require targeted treatment in and of themselves; otherwise, persistent post-concussive symptoms may develop. Although most individuals who sustain a concussion recover, and although concussion is a treatable condition, it is important that concussion be managed early and comprehensively to avoid a more prolonged clinical trajectory. A relatively recent term often used in the setting of concussion is repetitive head impact exposure—a biomechanical force applied to the head that does not generate a clinical manifestation of concussion, but may result in structural brain changes. Although it is often assumed that repetitive head impact exposure leads to long-term neurological sequelae, the science to document this assumption is in its infancy. Repeated concussions may lead to depression or cognitive impairment later in life, and there is an emerging literature that repeated concussion and repetitive head impact exposure are associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy or other neurodegenerative diseases. Currently there is no known causal connection between concussion, repetitive head impact exposure, and neurodegeneration, although this research is also still in its infancy.
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36

McNally, Richard J. The Meaning of Psychological Trauma. Edited by Metin Başoğlu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374625.003.0007.

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The concept of trauma is integral to the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) because exposure to a stressor qualifying as “traumatic” is a prerequisite for diagnosing someone with the disorder. Yet clarifying the meaning of trauma and specifying what kinds of stressors count as “traumatic” is no easy task. Indeed, many people who experience unquestionably traumatic events (e.g., combat) do not develop PTSD, whereas others who experience seemingly less severe stressors do suffer from symptoms of PTSD. Moreover, stressors triggering PTSD can vary across cultures and within a culture throughout history. Debates about trauma have relevance to whether interrogation practices now falling under the rubric of cruel, inhumane, or degrading treatment (CIDT) constitute torture. This chapter reviews the arguments and scientific evidence on the meaning and measurement of psychological trauma and shows how these findings can clarify the conceptualization of CIDT, its psychiatric consequences, and whether it qualifies as torture.
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37

Copeland-Linder, Nikeea, Edore Onigu-Otite, Jennifer Serico, Mariflor Jamora, and Harolyn M. E. Belcher. Neurobiology of Child Maltreatment and Psychological Trauma. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0181.

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Trauma is defined as exposure to an event or situation that overwhelms one’s capacity to cope, and threatens or causes harm to mental and physical well-being. This may include direct exposure, witnessing events, or learning about distressing experiences that happened to a loved one. Trauma can have deleterious consequences for children including increased risk for psychopathology, physical health problems, and impairment in several domains of functioning including emotion regulation, academic abilities, and social relationships. Examples of acute or short-lived traumatic experiences include natural disasters, sudden death of a loved one, a terrorist attack, or a number of other one-time occurring distressing events. Children also may experience trauma that is chronic in nature, such as witnessing frequent community violence or exposure to daily war-related violence.
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38

Markowitz, John C. Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780190465599.001.0001.

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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent, debilitating public health problem. It is a treatable condition, but the predominant approach to treatment has involved exposing patients to their worst fears, the reminders of their traumas. Many patients and therapists find this process unpleasant, and exposure-based treatment does not help everyone. We recently studied Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT), a non-exposure treatment that focuses on restoring the numbed emotions of patients with PTSD and helping patients use them to reconstruct a sense of safety in their environment. IPT focuses on patients’ feelings as helpful signals in current interpersonal encounters, not on reconstructing past traumatic events. IPT worked as well as Prolonged Exposure, the best-tested exposure-based treatment, in a randomized controlled trial for patients with chronic PTSD. Moreover, IPT had advantages for the half of patients who suffered both from PTSD and from major depression. This book describes for clinicians the use of IPT and its emotion- and attachment-based approach.
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39

Roy-Byrne, Peter, and Murray B. Stein. PTSD and Medical Illness. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0005.

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There has been increasing recognition of the important and reciprocal relationship between medical illness and depressive and anxiety disorders. This chapter examines the interrelationship between medical illness and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a unique disorder with features of depression and anxiety, from multiple perspectives. Medical illness, especially acute, unexpected illness and injury, can serve as a life-threatening traumatic stressor that precipitates PTSD through multiple mechanisms. PTSD, and even traumatic exposure without subsequent PTSD, may increase the risk of a variety of medical illnesses, with the most-studied illness being cardiovascular disease. PTSD may also worsen the course and outcome of already existing medical illness. Extant research has not addressed the possibility that medical Illness may worsen the course or outcome of PTSD, but similar research has shown only limited effects of medical illness on depression and anxiety outcomes. These reciprocal relationships are thought to exert their effects through mutually reinforcing neurobiological mechanisms as well as through effects on health behaviors.
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40

Benedek, David M., and Gary H. Wynn. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190205959.003.0002.

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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may develop after exposure to a traumatic event (or events) such as interpersonal violence, disasters, war, or terrorism. PTSD is characterized by specific symptoms organized into core clusters, including reexperience, hyperarousal, avoidance, and negative alterations in mood and cognition. Although these symptoms may resolve without any intervention, they may also progress to a chronic, debilitating state. The characteristics of the disorder as described, as are the incidence and prevalence of PTSD and subgroups that may be at greater risk. The fact that many persons exposed to traumatic events do not develop lasting symptoms of PTSD (or PTSD at all) is explained through a discussion of risk and protective factors. Last, brief reviews of diagnostic assessments and current noncomplementary/nonalternative treatments supported by practice guidelines and clinical consensus are described.
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41

Douaihy, Antoine, Melanie Grubisha, Maureen Lyon, and Mary Ann Cohen. Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder—The Special Role in HIV Transmission. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0017.

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The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in persons with HIV is higher than in the general population. Adults with HIV are likely to have experienced traumatic events that place them at risk for developing PTSD. Among women with HIV, PTSD may be more common than depression, suicidality, and substance use. The high prevalence of PTSD is related to increased exposure to traumatic experiences such as physical violence and sexual assault, including intimate partner violence and childhood sexual abuse. The co-occurrence of PTSD and HIV creates complex challenges for both the management of HIV and treatment of PTSD. Individuals with PTSD and HIV experience more rapid illness progression and poorer health-related quality of life, with health-compromising behaviors such as substance use, high-risk sexual behavior, poor utilization of services, and low adherence to antiretroviral therapy. This chapter addresses the complexities of HIV, trauma, and PTSD and recommends trauma-informed care in the treatment of people living with HIV and AIDS.
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42

Benedek, David M. Epidemiology of Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0007.

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This chapter begins with a review of the epidemiology of traumatic exposure (i.e., what is known about the prevalence of traumatic experience in the general population and other more specific subpopulations). It goes on to highlight the epidemiology of the specific Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fifth edition [DSM-5]) trauma and stressor-related disorders (TSRDs) that may be diagnosed in adults: posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), acute stress disorder (ASD), and adjustment disorder. Most epidemiologic studies of TSRD have been based on pre-DSM-5 diagnostic definitions. But these studies must inform current clinical practice until new data emerges. In addition, much more attention has been devoted to the epidemiology of PTSD than to ASD—and even less has been devoted to the epidemiology of adjustment disorder or its specific subtypes. After highlighting the results of epidemiologic studies to date, the chapter concludes with a discussion of areas for further inquiry.
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43

De Young, Alexandra C., and Michael S. Scheeringa. PTSD in Children 6 Years and Younger. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0008.

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This chapter is an overview of the new Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fifth edition; DSM-5) subtype “posttraumatic stress disorder for children 6 years and younger” and what is known about posttraumatic stress disorder during early childhood. It outlines issues that complicate the accurate assessment of trauma-related problems in young children and reviews the new DSM-5 category, instruments currently available, and evidence for different treatment options. Young children are a high-risk population for exposure to traumatic events and are likewise at risk of developing trauma- and stressor-related disorders following trauma exposure. Early childhood is associated with unique vulnerabilities that may put young children at risk of poor outcomes and rapid maturational growth that may enhance resilience. Early and accurate assessment and treatment of posttrauma reactions in very young children can be challenging, but, because of these factors, it is critical.
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McCart, Michael R., and Kristyn Zajac. Victims of Violence. Edited by Phillip M. Kleespies. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352722.013.12.

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This chapter provides a brief overview on the prevalence and common consequences of violent victimization among adults. It also summarizes practice guidelines for the evaluation and management of victims in the acute aftermath of an assault. Guidelines argue against delivery of debriefing interventions in the days following a traumatic event and advocate instead for the provision of Psychological First Aid or early, exposure-based protocols. Symptom-based assessments are recommended for tracking victims’ distress levels over time. In addition, for individuals who continue to experience significant distress symptoms several weeks postincident, it may be advisable to deliver an evidence-based, early cognitive-behavioral intervention.
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45

Wise, Matt, and Paul Frost. Hypothermia. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0078.

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Hypothermia is defined by a core body temperature of <35.0°C, and may be further characterized as mild (32.0°C–34.9°C), moderate (28.0°C–31.9°C), or severe (<28.0°C). Primary hypothermia is the result of environmental exposure, while in secondary hypothermia there is an underlying medical condition which perturbs thermoregulation. Mild hypothermia (32.0°C–34.0°C) is used as a therapeutic modality in intensive care for traumatic brain injury (to lower intracranial pressure) and following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (to improve neurological outcomes). Hypothermia and even hypothermic circulatory arrest are also used during cardiac surgery and aortic root replacement surgery.
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46

Pinchevski, Amit. Transmitted Wounds. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190625580.001.0001.

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In Transmitted Wounds, Amit Pinchevski explores the ways media technology and logic shape the social life of trauma both clinically and culturally. Bringing media theory to bear on trauma theory, Pinchevski reveals the technical operations that inform the conception and experience of traumatic impact and memory. He offers a bold thesis about the deep association of media and trauma: media bear witness to the human failure to bear witness, making the traumatic technologically transmissible and reproducible. Taking up a number of case studies--the radio broadcasts of the Eichmann trial; the videotaping of Holocaust testimonies; recent psychiatric debates about trauma through media following the 9/11 attacks; current controversy surrounding drone operators' post-trauma; and digital platforms of algorithmic-holographic witnessing and virtual reality exposure therapy for PTSD--Pinchevski demonstrates how the technological mediation of trauma feeds into the traumatic condition itself. The result is a novel understanding of media as constituting the material conditions for trauma to appear as something that cannot be fully approached and yet somehow must be. While drawing on contemporary materialist media theory, especially the work of Friedrich Kittler and his followers, Pinchevski goes beyond the anti-humanistic tendency characterizing the materialist approach, discovering media as bearing out the human vulnerability epitomized in trauma, and finding therein a basis for moral concern in the face of violence and atrocity. Transmitted Wounds unfolds the ethical and political stakes involved in the technological transmission of mental wounds across clinical, literary, and cultural contexts.
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Karpova, Nina N. Pharmacological Adjuncts and Evidence-Supported Treatments for Trauma. Edited by Sara Maltzman. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199739134.013.32.

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A large proportion of humans experienced a traumatic event in their lifetime, with more than 10% developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, phobias, and other fear/anxiety disorders. The neural circuitry of fear responses is highly conserved in humans as well as rodents, and this allows for translational research using animal models of fear. Fear/anxiety disorders in humans are most efficiently treated by exposure-based psychotherapy (i.e., cognitive behavioral therapy; CBT), the main aspects of which are closely modeled by extinction training in Pavlovian fear conditioning and extinction paradigms in rodents. To improve the efficacy of psychotherapy, pharmacological agents potent for enhancing learning and memory consolidation processing should be developed to combine with exposure-based therapy. The purpose of these adjunctive pharmacological agents is to promote fear memory erasure and the consolidation of extinction memories, thus providing a combined treatment of increased effectiveness. This review discusses established pharmacological adjuncts to behavioral therapeutic interventions for fear/anxiety disorders. The mechanisms of action of these adjuncts, as well as the evidence for and against the pharmacological treatment strategies and their limitations are discussed.
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Howlett, Jonathon R., and Murray B. Stein. Novel Prevention and Treatment Approaches to PTSD. Edited by Israel Liberzon and Kerry J. Ressler. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190215422.003.0021.

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Current therapeutic and preventive interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have important limitations in terms of efficacy and tolerability. Translational research based on animal models of fear extinction and the stress response has yielded a number of new targets for investigation in clinical studies. Novel treatment approaches include new medications, psychotherapies, and the combination of exposure-based therapies with medications to enhance fear extinction. PTSD prevention represents a major opportunity, and preventive interventions can also be informed by basic neurobiology. Despite potentially useful new therapeutic and prevention approaches, the pace of clinical studies has been slow, and the evidence for most novel interventions is sparse. Given the urgent clinical need, more resources should be directed to clinical trials to fulfill the promise of translational research for this disorder.
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Pole, Nnamdi. Race and Ethnicity. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0029.

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Empirical evidence shows consistent elevations in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevalence for Black and Native American (and, to some extent, Latino American) trauma survivors in comparison to their White and Asian American counterparts. Certain subgroups within these larger groups (e.g., Caribbean Blacks and Latinos, Southeast Asians, sexual minorities) appear to show greater risk than the rest of their group members. Ethnoracial disparities in PTSD appear to be partially accounted for by disparities in trauma exposure, racial discrimination, coping style, and cultural expressive style. Ethnoracial minorities also show lower utilization of professional PTSD treatment, even though most evidence suggests that these therapies can be equally effective for all ethnoracial groups. Culturally adapted PTSD therapies have been proposed that may encourage greater utilization of evidence-based trauma treatments and thereby reduce ethnoracial disparities in PTSD.
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Burns, Tom, and Mike Firn. Depression, anxiety, and situational disorders. Edited by Tom Burns and Mike Firn. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754237.003.0018.

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Outreach workers, even if mainly concerned with severe psychoses, must regularly deal with depression, anxiety, and situational disorders. This chapter summarizes the practical approaches to these problems. In depression, the value of general support, regular structured assessments, and the use of CBT are proposed. The overlap of situational depression with bipolar depression is explored. CBT is equally indicated with anxiety disorders, but outreach workers can have a particular role in graded exposure. The judicious use of medication should not be overlooked. The two situational disorders described are post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and bereavement. The chapter ends with a brief review of what used to be loosely called ‘neurotic disorders’ such as OCD and eating disorders. The successful care of psychotic individuals is often dependent on close attention to these more general problems.
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