Journal articles: 'Traumatic exposure'

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Stoddard, Frederick J. "Outcomes of Traumatic Exposure." Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 23, no. 2 (April 2014): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2014.01.004.

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Bleich, Avraham, Barry Siegel, Ronald Garb, and Bernard Lerer. "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Following Combat Exposure:." British Journal of Psychiatry 149, no. 3 (September 1986): 365–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.149.3.365.

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Post-traumatic stress disorder may follow combat stress or civilian psychological traumata. In 25 retrospectively studied patients, symptoms were severe in terms of number of DSM–III items fulfilled, chronicity, and severity of psychosocial disability. Antidepressants had good or moderate results in 67% of cases treated, but major tranquilisers were much less effective; response to drug treatment was not clearly related to somatisation symptoms, significant depression, or panic attacks. Pharmacotherapy appeared to have had a positive impact on psychotherapy in 70% of cases.

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Brunet, Alain, Richard Boyer, Pascale Brillon, Esther Ehrensaft, and Randolph Stephenson. "Lifetime Exposure to Traumatic Events among a Sample of City Bus Drivers." Psychological Reports 83, no. 3_suppl (December 1998): 1155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.3f.1155.

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Lifetime exposure to traumatic events was assessed retrospectively among a representative sample of city bus drivers (228 men and 54 women) from Montreal, Canada. Among them, 68.1% reported at least one exposure to a traumatic event of any type. Among the 68% exposed, 70.4% reported multiple traumatic exposures ( M = 2.6, SD = 1.67), with ratings ranging from 0 to 12. This report underlines the fact that the prevalence of traumatic events is not yet well known. Epidemiological research should devote more effort to assess fully the lifetime prevalence of traumatic events and not only cases of PTSD.

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Benjet, C., E. Bromet, E. G. Karam, R. C. Kessler, K. A. McLaughlin, A. M. Ruscio, V. Shahly, et al. "The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 2 (October 29, 2015): 327–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715001981.

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BackgroundConsiderable research has documented that exposure to traumatic events has negative effects on physical and mental health. Much less research has examined the predictors of traumatic event exposure. Increased understanding of risk factors for exposure to traumatic events could be of considerable value in targeting preventive interventions and anticipating service needs.MethodGeneral population surveys in 24 countries with a combined sample of 68 894 adult respondents across six continents assessed exposure to 29 traumatic event types. Differences in prevalence were examined with cross-tabulations. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to determine whether traumatic event types clustered into interpretable factors. Survival analysis was carried out to examine associations of sociodemographic characteristics and prior traumatic events with subsequent exposure.ResultsOver 70% of respondents reported a traumatic event; 30.5% were exposed to four or more. Five types – witnessing death or serious injury, the unexpected death of a loved one, being mugged, being in a life-threatening automobile accident, and experiencing a life-threatening illness or injury – accounted for over half of all exposures. Exposure varied by country, sociodemographics and history of prior traumatic events. Being married was the most consistent protective factor. Exposure to interpersonal violence had the strongest associations with subsequent traumatic events.ConclusionsGiven the near ubiquity of exposure, limited resources may best be dedicated to those that are more likely to be further exposed such as victims of interpersonal violence. Identifying mechanisms that account for the associations of prior interpersonal violence with subsequent trauma is critical to develop interventions to prevent revictimization.

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Regehr, Cheryl, Vicki LeBlanc, R. Blake Jelley, Irene Barath, and Joanne Daciuk. "Previous Trauma Exposure and PTSD Symptoms as Predictors of Subjective and Biological Response to Stress." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 52, no. 10 (September 1, 2007): 675–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370705201008.

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Objective: The immediate and long-term effects of traumatic exposure and subsequent posttraumatic stress reactions in people in high-risk occupations are well-documented. What is less evident is the impact of this traumatic exposure and subsequent traumatic stress symptoms on workers' response to acute stress situations. This study aimed to examine the association between prior traumatic exposure related to policing, current posttraumatic stress symptoms and biological markers of stress, and subjective appraisal of stress before, during, and after exposure to acutely stressful stimuli. Method: A stressful policing situation was created through the use of a video simulator room. Participants' responses to the simulated emergency were evaluated by monitoring heart rate, collecting salivatory samples for cortisol analysis, and repeated administration of a subjective measure of anxiety. Results: Biological indicators of stress, as measured by cortisol level and heart rate, were not associated with previous trauma exposure or trauma symptoms; however, biological response was associated with subjective anxiety. Vulnerability to psychological stress responses during an acute stress situation was also associated with lower levels of social support, previous traumatic exposures, and preexisting symptoms of traumatic stress. The importance of these factors became more pronounced as time progressed after the event. Conclusion: Previous trauma exposure did not put individuals at increased risk of biological distress during an acute stress situation. However, previous trauma and reduced social supports were associated with continuing psychological distress, confirming previous research and raising concerns about the cumulative negative effects of traumatic exposure on psychological health in emergency responders.

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Carlson, Eve B., Donn W. Garvert, Kathryn S. Macia, Josef I. Ruzek, and Thomas A. Burling. "Traumatic Stressor Exposure and Post-Traumatic Symptoms in Homeless Veterans." Military Medicine 178, no. 9 (September 2013): 970–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-13-00080.

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Campo, Pierre, Malini Subramaniam, and Donald Henderson. "The effect of ‘conditioning’ exposures on hearing loss from traumatic exposure." Hearing Research 55, no. 2 (October 1991): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5955(91)90104-h.

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Dorrington, Sarah, Helena Zavos, Harriet Ball, Peter McGuffin, Fruhling Rijsdijk, Sisira Siribaddana, Athula Sumathipala, and Matthew Hotopf. "Trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder and psychiatric disorders in a middle-income setting: prevalence and comorbidity." British Journal of Psychiatry 205, no. 5 (November 2014): 383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.141796.

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BackgroundMost studies of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have focused on ‘high-risk’ populations defined by exposure to trauma.AimsTo estimate the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a LMIC, the conditional probability of PTSD given a traumatic event and the strength of associations between traumatic events and other psychiatric disorders.MethodOur sample contained a mix of 3995 twins and 2019 non-twins. We asked participants about nine different traumatic exposures, including the category ‘other’, but excluding sexual trauma.ResultsTraumatic events were reported by 36.3% of participants and lifetime PTSD was present in 2.0%. Prevalence of non-PTSD lifetime diagnosis was 19.1%. Of people who had experienced three or more traumatic events, 13.3% had lifetime PTSD and 40.4% had a non-PTSD psychiatric diagnosis.ConclusionsDespite high rates of exposure to trauma, this population had lower rates of PTSD than high-income populations, although the prevalence might have been slightly affected by the exclusion of sexual trauma. There are high rates of non-PTSD diagnoses associated with trauma exposure that could be considered in interventions for trauma-exposed populations. Our findings suggest that there is no unique relationship between traumatic experiences and the specific symptomatology of PTSD.Copyright and usage© Royal College of Psychiatrists 2014. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence.

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Boudoukha, Abdel H., Ornella Ouagazzal, and Nelly Goutaudier. "When traumatic event exposure characteristics matter: Impact of traumatic event exposure characteristics on posttraumatic and dissociative symptoms." Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 9, no. 5 (September 2017): 561–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/tra0000243.

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Becker, Carolyn Black, Keesha Middlemass, Clara Johnson, Brigitte Taylor, Francesca Gomez, and Autumn Sutherland. "Traumatic event exposure associated with increased food insecurity and eating disorder pathology." Public Health Nutrition 21, no. 16 (August 15, 2018): 3058–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018001738.

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AbstractObjectiveThe primary aim was to investigate the association between food insecurity (FI) and eating disorders, which are nutrition-based public health problems, with traumatic event exposure in a low-income marginalized population. The study also investigated the association between traumatic event exposure, anxiety and weight stigma.DesignThe study used self-report surveys in a cross-sectional design.SettingFood pantries affiliated with the local food bank in a major US city.SubjectsParticipants (n 503) consisted of clients presenting to food pantries. Participants were predominantly female (76·5 %), Latino/Hispanic (64·6 %) and low-income (59 % reported earning under $US 10 000 per year).ResultsResults indicated that 55·7 % of participants had directly experienced a traumatic event; this increased to 61·6 % when witnessing was included. Higher levels of FI were associated with greater traumatic event exposure. Increased exposure to traumatic events correlated with worsened overall eating disorder pathology (r=−0·239), weight stigma (r=−0·151) and anxiety (r=−0·210).ConclusionsThe present study is the first to investigate the association of FI, eating disorders and trauma in a low-income marginalized population. Results indicate that exposure to traumatic events is common in this civilian population and that traumatic event exposure is associated with higher levels of FI and eating disorder pathology. Results indicate that further research is warranted given that traumatic event exposure, eating disorder pathology, weight stigma and anxiety may complicate effective delivery of public health interventions in those living with FI.

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Pynoos, Robert S., and Kathi Nader. "Children's Exposure to Violence and Traumatic Death." Psychiatric Annals 20, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): 334–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0048-5713-19900601-11.

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Levy-Gigi, Einat, and Gal Richter-Levin. "The hidden price of repeated traumatic exposure." Stress 17, no. 4 (June 12, 2014): 343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10253890.2014.923397.

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Brennan, James H., Stephen Bernard, Peter A. Cameron, Alexander Olaussen, Mark C. Fitzgerald, Jeffrey V. Rosenfeld, and Biswadev Mitra. "Ethanol exposure and isolated traumatic brain injury." Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 22, no. 12 (December 2015): 1928–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2015.05.034.

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Bramsen, Inge, Henk M. van der Ploeg, Leo J. Th van der Kamp, and Herman J. Adèr. "Exposure to traumatic war events and neuroticism." Personality and Individual Differences 32, no. 4 (March 2002): 747–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(01)00077-0.

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Willemsen, Jochem, Julie De Ganck, and Paul Verhaeghe. "Psychopathy, Traumatic Exposure, and Lifetime Posttraumatic Stress." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 56, no. 4 (April 24, 2011): 505–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x11407443.

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Michels, Robert. "Exposure to Traumatic Images: Symptom or Cause?" Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes 65, no. 4 (December 2002): 304–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/psyc.65.4.304.20243.

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Alisic, Eva, Marissa Bus, Wendel Dulack, Lenneke Pennings, and Jessica Splinter. "Teachers' experiences supporting children after traumatic exposure." Journal of Traumatic Stress 25, no. 1 (February 2012): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.20709.

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Richards, David A., and John S. Rose. "Exposure Therapy for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 158, no. 6 (June 1991): 836–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.158.6.836.

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Hwang, Chang-Ui. "The Influence of Unconditional Self-Acceptance and Self-Exposure on Post-traumatic Growth of Firefighters." Fire Science and Engineering 34, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.b4c727ef.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of unconditional self-acceptance and self-exposure of trainees on the post-traumatic growth and to develop a program to achieve post-traumatic growth beyond the previous level without suffering from psychopathological consequences such as post-traumatic stress disorder I wanted to help. For this purpose, unconditional self-acceptance, self-exposure, and Korean post-traumatic growth scale were used. First, it was confirmed that unconditional self-acceptance and self-exposure of firefighters are correlated with post-traumatic growth. Second, hierarchical regression analysis showed that unconditional self-acceptance has more influence on self-acceptance and post-traumatic growth than self-acceptance of firefighters. Based on the results of this study, we propose the program development and therapeutic intervention strategies to promote post-traumatic growth of firefighters.

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Lassemo, Eva, and Inger Sandanger. "Potentially traumatic events as predictors of disability pension: A 10-year follow-up study in Norway." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 46, no. 3 (August 2, 2017): 340–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494817722925.

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Aims: Are potentially traumatic events associated with subsequent disability pension? Traumatic exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may represent a disabling state with both personal and professional consequences for the affected individual. Despite this, there is a scarcity of research studying the effects of traumatic exposure on disability pension. This study examined the differences in risk for disability pension among unexposed, exposed to trauma and PTSD cases. Methods: An ambidirectional Norwegian cohort study, consisting of 1238 individuals aged 18–66 years who were at risk of disability pension, were interviewed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, and linked with registry data on disability pension. Registry follow-up in the Norwegian Insurance Database lasted ten years following interview in 2000–01. The risk of disability pension after traumatic exposure, divided into accidental and premeditated, was assessed by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Results: In 10 years, 9.5% of the cohort had been granted disability pension. Overall exposure to traumatic events did not alter the risk of disability pension. However, among women, exposure to premeditated traumas did increase the risk (HR 2.96 (95% CI 1.54–5.68)), and was an independent risk factor. Fulfilling criteria for PTSD caseness further increased the risk (HR 4.69 (95% CI 1.78–12.40)). There was no increased risk found between traumatic exposure and disability pension for men. Conclusions: Exposure to trauma, particularly premeditated trauma, seems to be an independent risk factor for disability pension in women.

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Elal, Guliz, and Peter Slade. "Traumatic Exposure Severity Scale (TESS): A measure of exposure to major disasters." Journal of Traumatic Stress 18, no. 3 (2005): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.20030.

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Bagley, Robert W. "Trauma and Traumatic Stress among Missionaries." Journal of Psychology and Theology 31, no. 2 (June 2003): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009164710303100202.

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Research was conducted to determine the extent and nature of traumatic events experienced by missionaries and the extent to which missionaries reported Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms due to traumatic exposure on the mission field. Ninety-four percent of missionaries reported having been exposed to trauma on the field, with 86% reporting exposure to multiple incidents. This was considerably higher than their exposure when off the field and could be attributed primarily to an increased risk of exposure to civil unrest and violent crime. Less than half of the missionaries reported symptoms at a level necessary for a diagnosis of PTSD at their most difficult period of adjustment to their most distressing traumatic experience. No missionaries reported current symptoms at a level necessary for a diagnosis of PTSD. The data suggests that missionaries from North America have a greater resilience to trauma than is found in the general North American population.

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Shamia, N. A., A. A. M. Thabet, and P. Vostanis. "Exposure to war traumatic experiences, post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic growth among nurses in Gaza." Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 22, no. 10 (August 17, 2015): 749–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12264.

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Dorrington, S., H. Zavos, H. Ball, P. McGuffin, A. Sumathipala, S. Siribaddana, F. Rijsdijk, S. L. Hatch, and M. Hotopf. "Family Functioning, Trauma Exposure and PTSD in a Middle-income Community Sample." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.2025.

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IntroductionOnly a minority of trauma-exposed individuals go on to develop post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Previous studies in high-income countries suggest that maladaptive family functioning adversities (MFFA) in childhood may partially ex-plain individual variation in vulnerability to PTSD following trauma. We test in a lower middle income setting (Sri Lanka) whether: (1) MFFA moderates the association between exposure to trauma and later (a) PTSD (b) other psychiatric diagnoses; (2) any moderation by MFFA is explained by experiences of interpersonal violence, cumulative trauma exposure or other psychopathology.MethodsWe conducted a population study of 3995 twins and 2019 singletons residing in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Participants completed the composite international diagnostic interview, including nine traumatic exposures and a questionnaire on MFFA.ResultsIn total, 23.4% of participants reported exposure to MFFA. We found that (1) MFFA moderates the association between trauma exposure and both (a) PTSD and (b) non-PTSD diagnosis. (2) This was not explained by interpersonal violence, cumulative trauma exposure or other psychopathology.ConclusionsIn our sample MFFA moderates the association between trauma and PTSD, and the association between trauma and non-PTSD psychopathology.

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Hasin, D. "S.17.05 Alcohol and exposure to traumatic stress." European Neuropsychopharmacology 18 (August 2008): S181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(08)70181-0.

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Schild, Sven, and Constance J. Dalenberg. "Trauma exposure and traumatic symptoms in deaf adults." Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 4, no. 1 (2012): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0021578.

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Ogle, Christin M., David C. Rubin, and Ilene C. Siegler. "Cumulative exposure to traumatic events in older adults." Aging & Mental Health 18, no. 3 (September 6, 2013): 316–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2013.832730.

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Peirce, Jessica M., Ken Kolodner, Robert K. Brooner, and Michael S. Kidorf. "Traumatic Event Re-exposure in Injecting Drug Users." Journal of Urban Health 89, no. 1 (October 12, 2011): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11524-011-9619-9.

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Jordans, Mark J. D., Maya Semrau, Graham Thornicroft, and Mark van Ommeren. "Role of current perceived needs in explaining the association between past trauma exposure and distress in humanitarian settings in Jordan and Nepal." British Journal of Psychiatry 201, no. 4 (October 2012): 276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.102137.

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BackgroundAttention is increasingly shifting towards the role of daily stressors in explaining mental health outcomes in humanitarian emergencies.AimsTo assess the role of current perceived needs in explaining the association between past traumatic exposure and distress in humanitarian settings.MethodA series of mediator analyses were conducted, using data from Jordan (displaced Iraqi people) and Nepal (Bhutanese refugees). The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), the newly developed Humanitarian Emergency Settings Perceived Needs Scale (HESPER) and the traumatic events list of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) were used as measures of distress, current perceived needs and past traumatic events respectively.ResultsCurrent perceived needs were found to mediate the association between past traumatic exposure and distress in Jordan and, less strongly, in Nepal.ConclusionsAn integrated approach that includes a focus on daily stressors should be adopted to mitigate the impact of traumatic exposure in humanitarian settings.

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Boden, Joseph M., David M. Fergusson, L. John Horwood, and Roger T. Mulder. "The role of peri-traumatic stress and disruption distress in predicting post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms following exposure to a natural disaster." BJPsych Open 1, no. 1 (June 2015): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.001180.

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BackgroundFew studies have examined the contribution of specific disaster-related experiences to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms.AimsTo examine the roles of peri-traumatic stress and distress due to lingering disaster-related disruption in explaining linkages between disaster exposure and PTSD symptoms among a cohort exposed to the 2010–2011 Canterbury (New Zealand) earthquakes.MethodStructural equation models were fitted to data obtained from the Christchurch Health and Development Study at age 35 (n=495), 20–24 months following the onset of the disaster. Measures included: earthquake exposure, peri-traumatic stress, disruption distress and PTSD symptoms.ResultsThe associations between earthquake exposure and PTSD symptoms were explained largely by the experience of peri-traumatic stress during the earthquakes (β=0.189,P<0.0001) and disruption distress following the earthquakes (β=0.105,P<0.0001).ConclusionsThe results suggest the importance of minimising post-event disruption distress following exposure to a natural disaster.

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Punamäki, Raija-Leena, Abbas Hedayiet Muhammed, and Hemen Ahmed Abdulrahman. "Impact of traumatic events on coping strategies and their effectiveness among Kurdish children." International Journal of Behavioral Development 28, no. 1 (January 2004): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250344000271.

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The aims were, first, to identify behavioural, cognitive, emotional, and social coping responses to traumatic and stressful situations, and second, to examine how the nature and severity of traumatic events are associated with coping dimensions. Third, the effectiveness of coping dimensions was evaluated for their ability to buffer the children’s mental health from negative trauma effects. The participants were 153 Kurdish girls and boys (Mean age 12.26 0.14) from Northern Iraq living in both orphanages and family homes. Coping strategies were measured by a cartoon test depicting traumatic and stressful situations to which children responded in their own words. Factor analyses identified Reconstructing, Active Affiliation, Passivity, and Denial as the coping dimensions. The nature of traumatic events determined their impact on coping strategies. Family-related hardships were associated with low Reconstructing, and economic hardships with low Active Affiliation, while military violence was not associated with coping dimensions. The effectiveness of coping dimensions was symptom specific. Active Affiliation moderated between exposure to traumatic events and post-traumatic symptoms and sleeping difficulties, and Denial between exposure to traumatic events and aggressive symptoms. Reconstructing was marginally directly associated with low levels of post-traumatic and aggressive symptoms, but showed no buffering effect. The results failed to substantiate the hypothesis of a wide coping repertoire buffering between exposure to traumatic events and psychological symptoms.

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Quan, Lijuan, Rui Zhen, Benxian Yao, and Xiao Zhou. "Traumatic exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder among flood victims: Testing a multiple mediating model." Journal of Health Psychology 25, no. 3 (May 3, 2017): 283–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105317707568.

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A total of 187 flood victims from Wuhu, a Chinese city affected most severely by a flood during July 2016, were selected to complete self-report measures of traumatic exposure, feelings of safety, fear, posttraumatic negative cognition, and posttraumatic stress disorder. The results found that traumatic exposure could directly predict posttraumatic stress disorder. Besides, traumatic exposure had indirect prediction on posttraumatic stress disorder through three ways, including a one-step path of negative self-cognition, a two-step path from feelings of safety to fear, and a three-step path from feelings of safety to negative self-cognition via fear. Implications and future directions are correspondingly discussed.

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Knipscheer, Jeroen W., Marieke Sleijpen, Trudy Mooren, F. Jackie June ter Heide, and Niels van der Aa. "Trauma exposure and refugee status as predictors of mental health outcomes in treatment-seeking refugees." BJPsych Bulletin 39, no. 4 (August 2015): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.114.047951.

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Aims and methodThis study aimed to identify predictors of symptom severity for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression in asylum seekers and refugees referred to a specialised mental health centre. Trauma exposure (number and domain of event), refugee status and severity of PTSD and depression were assessed in 688 refugees.ResultsSymptom severity of PTSD and depression was significantly associated with lack of refugee status and accumulation of traumatic events. Four domains of traumatic events (human rights abuse, lack of necessities, traumatic loss, and separation from others) were not uniquely associated with symptom severity. All factors taken together explained 11% of variance in PTSD and depression.Clinical implicationsTo account for multiple predictors of symptom severity including multiple traumatic events, treatment for traumatised refugees may need to be multimodal and enable the processing of multiple traumatic memories within a reasonable time-frame.

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Vandeusen, Karen. "Secondary Traumatic Stress: The Impact of Exposure to Indirect Trauma on Helping Professionals and Students in Training." Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science 6, no. 3 (June 30, 2016): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/bijiems.8125.

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Léonard, Marie-Jeanne, Daniel Saumier, and Alain Brunet. "When the Lawyer Becomes Traumatized: A Scoping Review." SAGE Open 10, no. 3 (July 2020): 215824402095703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020957032.

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Lawyers can be exposed to cases involving traumatic elements of crimes. Such exposure may result in symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and have adverse effects on the lawyers’ capacities to work. A scoping review was conducted to summarize original investigations of work-related PTSD among lawyers in terms of (a) trauma exposure conceptualization and operationalization, (b) symptom severity, (c) prevalence, and (d) risk factors. The scoping review also aimed to highlight potential directions for future studies and clinical implications. Literature searches were conducted in PsycINFO, Embase, Pubmed, MEDLINE, PILOTS, and Google Scholar. Of 341 initial publications, 9 were included. A majority conceptualized the impact of work-related trauma exposure as secondary traumatic stress and operationalized work-related trauma exposure as the number of cases or clients involving traumatic material. Levels of PTSD symptoms reported by lawyers were positively related to levels of work-related trauma exposure.

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D’Andrea, Wendy, Ritu Sharma, Amanda D. Zelechoski, and Joseph Spinazzola. "Physical Health Problems After Single Trauma Exposure." Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association 17, no. 6 (November 2011): 378–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078390311425187.

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Research has established that chronic stress, including traumatic events, leads to adverse health outcomes. The literature has primarily used two approaches: examining the effect of acute stress in a laboratory setting and examining the link between chronic stress and negative health outcomes. However, the potential health impact of a single or acute traumatic event is less clear. The goal of this literature review is to extend the literature linking both chronic trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder to adverse health outcomes by examining current literature suggesting that a single trauma may also have negative consequences for physical health. The authors review studies on health, including cardiovascular, immune, gastrointestinal, neurohormonal, and musculoskeletal outcomes; describe potential pathways through which single, acute trauma exposure could adversely affect health; and consider research and clinical implications.

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McFarlane, Alexander Cowell. "The Aetiology of Post-traumatic Stress Disorders Following a Natural Disaster." British Journal of Psychiatry 152, no. 1 (January 1988): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.152.1.116.

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The onset of post-traumatic stress disorders in a group of firefighters who had an intense exposure to a bushfire disaster was investigated using a longitudinal research design. Contrary to expectation, the intensity of exposure, the perceived threat, and the losses sustained in the disaster, when considered independently, were not predictors of post traumatic stress disorder. By contrast, introversion, neuroticism, and a past history and family history of psychiatric disorder were premorbid factors significantly associated with the development of chronic post-traumatic stress disorders.

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Terock, Jan, Anke Hannemann, Deborah Janowitz, Harald J. Freyberger, Stephan B. Felix, Marcus Dörr, Matthias Nauck, Henry Völzke, and Hans J. Grabe. "Associations of trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder with the activity of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone-system in the general population." Psychological Medicine 49, no. 5 (June 18, 2018): 843–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718001496.

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AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies suggested that exposure to traumatic events during childhood and adulthood and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are associated with a dysregulation of different neuroendocrine systems. However, the activity of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone-system (RAAS) in relation to trauma/PTSD has been largely neglected.MethodsTraumatization, PTSD, and plasma concentrations of renin and aldosterone were measured in 3092 individuals from the general population. Subgroups according to the status of traumatization (‘without trauma’; ‘trauma, without PTSD’, ‘PTSD’) were formed and compared regarding renin and aldosterone concentrations. Additionally, we calculated the associations between the number of traumata, renin, and aldosterone concentrations. Finally, associations of PTSD with renin/aldosterone levels were controlled for the number of traumata (‘trauma load’).ResultsLevels of renin, but not aldosterone, were increased in traumatized persons without PTSD (p = 0.02) and, even stronger, with PTSD (p < 0.01). Moreover, we found a dose–response relation between the number of traumata and renin levels (β = 0.065; p < 0.001). Regression analyses showed PTSD as a significant predictor of renin (β = 0.38; p < 0.01). This effect was only slightly attenuated when controlled for trauma load (β = 0.32; p < 0.01).ConclusionsOur results suggest that traumatization has lasting and cumulative effects on RAAS activity. Finding elevated renin levels in PTSD independent from trauma load supports the concept of PTSD as a disorder with specific neuroendocrine characteristics. Alternatively, elevated renin levels in traumatized persons may increase the risk for developing PTSD. Our findings contribute to explain the relationship between traumatic stress/PTSD and physical disorders.

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Shaar, Khuzama Hijal. "Severe war trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder in adolescents with sensory impairments: a cross-sectional study." Health Psychology Research 1, no. 2 (April 23, 2013): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/hpr.2013.686.

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A paucity of studies of the psychological status of adolescents with sensory impairments in political conflict areas is noted. This study was set up to examine the exposure of adolescents with sensory impairments (ASIs) to severe war trauma and development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as compared to their able-bodied peers (ABPs). It also answers the question whether their impairments have made them more resilient in facing traumatic events. A cross-sectional study of all ASIs attending special schools in three administrative districts in Lebanon (n=166) as well as a group of 166 age and sex-matched ABPs from neighboring schools was conducted. The Post Traumatic Stress Reaction Checklist for children (PTSRC) was used to assess exposure to severe trauma, PTSD and their determinants. ASIs reported a lower exposure to severe traumatic events (24.1%) as compared to their ABPs (69.9%), and risk factors for their exposure were an older age group, a fatherless family, and severe visual impairment. Prevalence rates for PTSD were similar in the two study groups (17.5% and 16.4%). Younger ASIs were at a significantly higher risk of developing PTSD. Lower exposure to trauma among ASIs points to the more sheltered life that they lead. Given the same exposure as ABPs, similar rates of PTSD are noted among the two study groups. This may indicate that having a sensory impairment may protect from PTSD due to decreased exposure to severe trauma and not due to increased resilience of subjects.

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Wessely, S., C. Unwin, M. Hotopf, L. Hull, K. Ismail, V. Nicolaou, and A. David. "Stability of recall of military hazards over time." British Journal of Psychiatry 183, no. 4 (October 2003): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.183.4.314.

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BackgroundWartime traumatic events are related to subsequent psychological and physical health, but quantifying the association is problematic. Memory changes over time and is influenced by psychological status.AimsTo use a large, two-stage cohort study of members of the UK armed forces to study changes in recall of both traumatic and ‘toxic’ hazards.MethodA questionnaire-based follow-up study assessed 2370 UK military personnel, repeating earlier questions about exposure to military hazards.ResultsThe κ statistics for reporting of hazards were good for some exposures, but very low for others. Gulf veterans reported more exposures over time (no significant rise in the Bosnia cohort). In the Gulf cohort only, reporting new exposures was associated with worsening health perception, and forgetting previously reported exposures with improved perception. We found no association between physical health, psychological morbidity or post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and endorsement or non-endorsement of exposures.ConclusionsReporting of military hazards after a conflict is not static, and is associated with current self-rated perception of health. Self-report of exposures associated with media publicity needs to be treated with caution.

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Ballard, E. D., K. Van Eck, R. J. Musci, S. R. Hart, C. L. Storr, N. Breslau, and H. C. Wilcox. "Latent classes of childhood trauma exposure predict the development of behavioral health outcomes in adolescence and young adulthood." Psychological Medicine 45, no. 15 (July 7, 2015): 3305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715001300.

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BackgroundTo develop latent classes of exposure to traumatic experiences before the age of 13 years in an urban community sample and to use these latent classes to predict the development of negative behavioral outcomes in adolescence and young adulthood.MethodA total of 1815 participants in an epidemiologically based, randomized field trial as children completed comprehensive psychiatric assessments as young adults. Reported experiences of nine traumatic experiences before age 13 years were used in a latent class analysis to create latent profiles of traumatic experiences. Latent classes were used to predict psychiatric outcomes at age ⩾13 years, criminal convictions, physical health problems and traumatic experiences reported in young adulthood.ResultsThree latent classes of childhood traumatic experiences were supported by the data. One class (8% of sample), primarily female, was characterized by experiences of sexual assault and reported significantly higher rates of a range of psychiatric outcomes by young adulthood. Another class (8%), primarily male, was characterized by experiences of violence exposure and reported higher levels of antisocial personality disorder and post-traumatic stress. The final class (84%) reported low levels of childhood traumatic experiences. Parental psychopathology was related to membership in the sexual assault group.ConclusionsClasses of childhood traumatic experiences predict specific psychiatric and behavioral outcomes in adolescence and young adulthood. The long-term adverse effects of childhood traumas are primarily concentrated in victims of sexual and non-sexual violence. Gender emerged as a key covariate in the classes of trauma exposure and outcomes.

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Ragsdale, Katie A., Michael A. Gramlich, Deborah C. Beidel, Sandra M. Neer, Emily G. Kitsmiller, and Krystal I. Morrison. "Does Traumatic Brain Injury Attenuate the Exposure Therapy Process?" Behavior Therapy 49, no. 4 (July 2018): 617–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2017.09.008.

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NEWMAN, ELANA, SAMINA R. CHRISTOPHER, and JUDY O. BERRY. "Developmental Disabilities, Trauma Exposure, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 1, no. 2 (April 2000): 154–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838000001002003.

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Krinsley, Karen E., James G. Gallagher, Frank W. Weathers, Catherine J. Kutter, and Danny G. Kaloupek. "Consistency of retrospective reporting about exposure to traumatic events." Journal of Traumatic Stress 16, no. 4 (August 2003): 399–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1024474204233.

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Blumenthal, Heidemarie, Ellen W. Leen-Feldner, Ashley A. Knapp, Christal L. Badour, and Adriel Boals. "Traumatic Event Exposure and Alcohol Use Expectancies among Adolescents." Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 24, no. 6 (June 10, 2015): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1067828x.2013.839407.

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Korgaonkar, Mayuresh S., Cassandra Antees, Leanne M. Williams, Justine M. Gatt, Richard A. Bryant, Ronald Cohen, Robert Paul, Ruth O’Hara, and Stuart M. Grieve. "Early Exposure to Traumatic Stressors Impairs Emotional Brain Circuitry." PLoS ONE 8, no. 9 (September 20, 2013): e75524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075524.

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Schaubroeck, John M., Laura T. Riolli, Ann Chunyan Peng, and Everett S. Spain. "Resilience to traumatic exposure among soldiers deployed in combat." Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 16, no. 1 (January 2011): 18–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0021006.

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Newman, Elana, Roger Simpson, and David Handschuh. "Trauma exposure and post‐traumatic stress disorder among photojournalists." Visual Communication Quarterly 10, no. 1 (January 2003): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15551390309363497.

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Skotnicka, Justyna. "Exposure to traumatic experiences among people addicted to alcohol." Psychiatria Polska 52, no. 3 (June 30, 2018): 487–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.12740/pp/74559.

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STOVALL-MCCLOUGH, K. CHASE, and MARYLENE CLOITRE. "Reorganization of Unresolved Childhood Traumatic Memories Following Exposure Therapy." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1008, no. 1 (December 2003): 297–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1301.036.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Traumatic exposure'

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