Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Travail de nuit – Aspect physiologique'
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Sasseville, Alexandre. "Faciliter l'adaptation au travail de nuit : l'utilisation des courtes longueurs d'onde sur l'horloge biologique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29700/29700.pdf.
Full textMauvieux, Benoit. "Effets d’un entrainement physique et sportif régulier, chronique ou temporaire, sur les rythmes biologiques du travailleur de nuit." Caen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CAEN2063.
Full textFontaine, Charlotte. "Contrôle de l'horloge biologique par stimulus lumineux artificiel : application pour l'adaptation des opérateurs au travail de nuit." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25971.
Full textBastille-Denis, Emmanuelle. "La nature et le rôle des variables psychologiques comme facteurs de maintien du trouble lié à l'horaire de travail." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26289.
Full textSt-Hilaire, Patrick. "Mésestimation du sommeil et effet de première nuit en laboratoire." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28223.
Full textCortical hyperarousal, mainly found in insomnia, could be influenced by the sleep quality and the degree of objective sleep misperception. The first night effect allows to observe a decrease in the quality of sleep during the first recording night in the laboratory. The objectives of this research are to examine cortical arousal differences according to sleeper types between nights and to assess if cortical arousal varies according to degree of misperception. Results suggest presence of a first night effect observable by a decrease in the objective and subjective sleep quality for all participants. However, despite this exacerbation of the sleep difficulties, cortical arousal is similar for the different types of sleepers. Finally, it seems that a cortical hypoarousal, represented by an increase in Delta power, would promote an overestimation of sleep quantity compared to what is observed with polysomnography. Until now, only few studies have been interested in the relationship between the slow waves sleep and the overestimation of the sleep quality. Although this could be a promising avenue for the treatment of insomnia, which is foremost a complaint of subjective sleep difficulties.
Moukinda-Mbomo, Ulric. "Les influences réciproques entre l'activité, la vigilance et la pause au sein d'équipes de nuit : cas du service d'hospitalisation cardiologie du CHRU de Lille." Thesis, Amiens, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AMIE0037.
Full textThis research questions the links between activity, vigilance and breaks during night shift in a healthcare environment. The night shift is tiresome and difficult because the worker must fight against somnolence and perform in a state of nocturnal deactivation of his or her organism (circadian rhythm). This double effort is the cause of the over tiredness, which can cause errors and potential risks of accidents and incidents. To face this state of fatigue, the employee on the night shift needs a break. However, in an environment characterized by how much work is done collectively as in hospital taking a break is influenced by this collective activity. Thus, after analysis of the activity of the night shift of personnel of French cardiology hospital, this thesis recommands that collecty performance allow not only to take collective breaks but also to make them longer. Morever, breaks depending on their duration have a distinct impact on vigilance. Indeed, longer breaks improve vigilance and shorter breaks stabilize vigilance. Besides, a break is a mean interpersonal regulation og rehability on a team
Ansiau, David. "Effets modérateurs des expériences cognitives et non-cognitives de travail sur le vieillissement cognitif." Toulouse 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU20084.
Full textThe work deals with the moderator effects of cognitive and non-cognitive job experiences on cognitive ageing. It includes 4 empirical studies from which 3 are based on data coming from the VISAT study (n=3237 ; ageing, health and work). The first two investigate the effects of cognitive stimulation at work or test the maintenance hypothesis (cognitive experiences). The other two are about the short -and long- term effects of shift work, sleep troubles and other work conditions on cognitive efficiency. Several results show that some job experiences may either impair the cognitive functioning in the long term (shift work) or moderate the ageing effects (cognitive stimulation at work). The discussion emphasizes the need of improving working conditions as a way of contributing to successful ageing
Barthe, Béatrice. "Gestion collective de l'activité de travail et variation de la vigilance nocturne : le cas d'équipes hospitalières de travail en postes de nuit longs." Toulouse 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOU20004.
Full textPérusse-Lachance, Émilie. "Le travail mental exigeant : caractérisation des effets biologiques et comportementaux." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29390/29390.pdf.
Full textCardiovascular diseases, as well as obesity and its associated co-morbidities, are the leading causes of death in the world and a major economic burden. Accordingly, it is essential to find ways to slow their progression. This thesis aims to describe the biological and behavioural impact of mental work in healthy men and women. First, this work demonstrates that mental work increases blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) in young adults through a reduction in cardiac parasympathetic modulation. This result is observed in men and women when the objective and subjective mental work intensity is similar between both sexes. The second study shows that this effect seems to be acute and of short duration as HR, BP and heart rate variability return to baseline levels at the end of a mental work condition in healthy males. Finally, results from this thesis showed that women tend to eat more after mental work while men have the opposite behaviour. However, physical activity has the same effect on men and women, suggesting a decrease in food intake relative to expenditure. The appetite sensations’ markers are not different between sexes when submitted to different stimuli such as mental work and physical activity.
Gaoua, Nadia. "Étude de l’effet de l’exposition à un environnement chaud sur les fonctions cognitives chez l’homme." Paris 8, 2012. http://octaviana.fr/document/178307572#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Full textThe aim of this thesis was to investigate the effects of exposure to a hot environment on cognitive performance. Methods: A series of four experiments were performed in an environmental chamber under both hot (HOT: 50°C, 30% RH) and control (CON: 24°C, 30% RH) conditions, with varied exposure times ranging from 15 minutes to 4h30min. Under different levels of thermal strain, subjects performed both simple and complex computerised cognitive tasks. Central (Tcore) and skin (Tskin) temperatures were continuously recorded. Subjective measures of thermal comfort and thermal sensation were also registered. During the forth study EEG was registered over the frontal lobe. Results: Hyperthermia had no impact upon reaction time and accuracy of responses of simple tasks, however, impulsivity increased during tasks that required sustaining attention over prolonged periods of time. Significant increases in Tcore beyond 38. 7oC were associated with impaired complex cognitive task performance. In addition, rapid and substantial variations in Tskin (≈3oC in 15min of exposure to HOT), independent of any change in Tcore, had a similar detrimental effect upon complex cognitive tasks. The elevation in theta and alpha power showed a higher cognitive load in HOT during simple tasks but not during the complex tasks. Discussion & conclusion: The results suggest that these reductions in complex cognitive performance with heat exposure originate from an additional cognitive load imposed by the thermal strain associated to the increase in Tcore or the alliesthesial Tskin variations; with both these factors acting as competing variables to the limited cognitive processes. EEG recordings confirm that attempts to reallocate additional cognitive resources to perform complex tasks are unavailable given the load imposed by passive hyperthermia
Chaput, Jean-Philippe. "Obésité et modernité : l'émergence de nouveaux stimuli nous amène-t-elle à redéfinir la notion de sédentarité?" Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25425/25425.pdf.
Full textGilbert-Ouimet, Mahée. "Effets d'une exposition cumulée au déséquilibre efforts-reconnaissance au travail sur la tension artérielle : une étude prospective chez 1 612 hommes et femmes." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26929/26929.pdf.
Full textLeal, Ferreira Leda. "Les travailleurs postés et leur sommeil : une étude dans l'industrie brésilienne." Paris 13, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA131025.
Full textMarquié, Jean-Claude. "Vieillissement cognitif, expérience, et contraintes de l'environnement. Perspectives théoriques et ergonomiques." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30235.
Full textParent, Mark, and Mark Parent. "Diagnosticité des mesures physiologiques périphériques de la charge mentale." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33770.
Full textLa charge mentale est un concept très utile dans les domaines dont l’objet d’étude et d’analyse est le travail et la performance humaine. Typiquement, la charge mentale est mesurée à l’aide des mesures subjectives (c.-à-d. des questionnaires) ou par des mesures comportementales (c.-à-d. les actions des individus). La charge mentale peut également être mesurée à l’aide de l’activité physiologique périphérique (p.ex. l’activité cardiaque). Il est cependant difficile de déterminer la source de la charge mentale à l’aide des mesures physiologiques périphérique. En effet, les sous-dimensions de la charge mentale, comme l’exigence, l’effort, le stress et la fatigue, provoquent souvent des manifestations physiologiques similaires. En plus de cette problématique, les mesures physiologiques de la charge mentale sont trop souvent étudiées dans des contextes de laboratoire et trop rarement étudiées dans des milieux de travail réels. Il est donc crucial d’investiguer leur potentiel dans des contextes réels. Cette thèse vise donc à investiguer le potentiel diagnostique (le potentiel à déterminer la source) des mesures physiologiques périphériques de la charge mentale. Pour y arriver, une méthode combinant l’approches cognitive traditionnelle et l’apprentissage automatique est utilisée. La thèse rapporte les résultats de deux expériences : une première menée en contexte de laboratoire et une seconde menée dans une simulation de commandement et contrôle reproduisant un milieu de travail réel. Les résultats montrent que les mesures physiologiques périphériques peuvent prédire, avec une bonne précision, la sousdimension qui est à l’origine de la charge mentale en contexte de tâche simple. Bien que moins précise, il reste possible de faire cette prédiction dans des contextes de tâche réelle. Dans l’ensemble, cette thèse apporte plusieurs contributions essentielles afin de rendre possible les mesures physiologiques périphériques de la charge mentale dans les milieux de travail réels.
Mental workload stands out as a key concept as soon as human work and human performance is discussed. Mental workload is often measured using subjective questionnaires or behavioral cues. Peripheral physiological measures (e.g. heart rate) can also be used to measure workload. However, it is particularly difficult to determine the source of workload using peripheral physiological measures. Sub-divisions of mental workload, such as task load, mental effort, stress and fatigue, often trigger similar physiological reactions, blurring the diagnostic potential of physiological measures. Furthermore, physiological measures are too often investigated in laboratory settings, making it hazardous to determine their performance in real world settings. This thesis aims at investigating the diagnostic potential of peripheral physiological measures. A mixed methodology, combining traditional cognitive approach as well as machine learning techniques, is used. This thesis presents results of both a laboratory setting experimental as well as an ecological command and control simulation. Results show that peripheral measures can be used to predict, with high accuracy, the source of workload in laboratory settings. While not as accurate, results also show that it is possible to perform a diagnostic measure of workload in an ecological work simulation. This thesis contribute to improve the potential of peripheral physiological measures in real work settings.
Mental workload stands out as a key concept as soon as human work and human performance is discussed. Mental workload is often measured using subjective questionnaires or behavioral cues. Peripheral physiological measures (e.g. heart rate) can also be used to measure workload. However, it is particularly difficult to determine the source of workload using peripheral physiological measures. Sub-divisions of mental workload, such as task load, mental effort, stress and fatigue, often trigger similar physiological reactions, blurring the diagnostic potential of physiological measures. Furthermore, physiological measures are too often investigated in laboratory settings, making it hazardous to determine their performance in real world settings. This thesis aims at investigating the diagnostic potential of peripheral physiological measures. A mixed methodology, combining traditional cognitive approach as well as machine learning techniques, is used. This thesis presents results of both a laboratory setting experimental as well as an ecological command and control simulation. Results show that peripheral measures can be used to predict, with high accuracy, the source of workload in laboratory settings. While not as accurate, results also show that it is possible to perform a diagnostic measure of workload in an ecological work simulation. This thesis contribute to improve the potential of peripheral physiological measures in real work settings.
Dupont, Mariève. "Étude des comportements alimentaires consécutifs à un travail intellectuel exigeant selon une perspective d’autorégulation du comportement humain." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26194.
Full textKnowledge-based work (KBW) has been recently identified as a potential factor that might induce overeating, especially for women, which may contribute to the epidemic obesity. However, the reasons underlying this association are partially known. This master’s thesis further investigates the results of a randomized controlled study on KBW. Based on self-regulation theory, the objective is to explore the relationships between mental effort, psychological characteristics and food intake in order to explain overeating. The results show that motivation variables and restraint variables are not significant factors mediating the relationship between KBW and food intake. Nevertheless, the controlled form of motivation is associated to eating behaviour traits related to overeating. Additional studies are needed to understand the complex interactions between psychological characteristics, KBW and ad libitum food intake.
Zérillo, Florence. "Les effets du travail posté alternant en 3x8 sur les processus attentionnels et la mémoire." Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR20861.
Full textThe aim of this research is to study the consequences of a specific social context, the 3x8 alternating shiftwork, on the cognitive processes of the subject, more particularly on attentional processes with memory test. After having listed the data of the literature on the consequences of alternating shiftwork on social and familial life, then on physical and psychic health of the worker. This complaint is corroborated by a number of psychological and physiological data and is expressed by sleepiness. The purpose of this research is to show that visible attentional falls have consequences on the cognitive competence. The results have shawn that there were attentional decreases (. . . )
Paumès, Cau-Bareille Dominique. "Effets modulateurs de l'expérience professionnelle sur l'expression du vieillissement dans des tâches cognitives." Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30066.
Full textMartinez, Jean-Luc. "Etude des principales réactions biologiques chez des adolescentes pratiquant une semaine de course et de nage : travail réalisé dans le cadre d'un projet d'action éducative mené sur les rives de la Dordogne." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2M041.
Full textDrouin-Maziade, Christine. "Influence des processus motivationnels sur la mémoire de travail chez les enfants TDA/H avec ou sans anxiété comorbide." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26618/26618.pdf.
Full textMartin, Jeanne Sophie. "Relation entre le chronotype, le sommeil, la fatique et l'exposition à la lumière chez les jeunes adultes travailleurs aux études." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30045/30045.pdf.
Full textThe objective of this master thesis was to evaluate the relationship between chronotype, exposure to light, work-related fatigue and sleep problems in 97 young adults aged 19-21 years who combine their studies with participation in paid work. The research question is based on the fact that several students combine school and work and that many of them report cutting on sleep in order to complete their daily tasks and activities efficiently. Also, the transition to adulthood brings significant changes in sleep patterns and circadian rhythms. Although sleep needs reportedly remain unchanged throughout adolescence, the onset of puberty is characterized by a propensity to delay wake times and bed times. These changes are caused by biological and social processes and can lead to the build-up of a sleep debt and, consequently, sleepiness and fatigue. One may thus advance that an intensification of school and work activities for this population may increase this sleep debt and concomitant symptoms of sleep deprivation. In this study, the chronotype (or "circadian preference") is evaluated as a factor that can influence sleep problems of student workers. Several publications have highlighted that students who have evening chronotype (or having a later circadian preference) have more problems related to sleep and daytime functioning than other students. It is therefore relevant to assess chronotype in student workers for its potential protective or deleterious effect on sleep and fatigue. The level of environmental light exposure was also evaluated, since light is the most important exogenous synchronizer of the circadian system. In summary, the results of this study underline that young adults are likely to exhibit a significant sleep debt when they work while studying. Furthermore, the results indicate that student workers with an evening chronotype is associated with lower sleep quality, higher level of work-related chronic fatigue and distinct patterns of light exposure such as lower light exposure during the morning and the afternoon.
Riedel, Marc. "Approche chronobiologique et chronopsychologique de la profession de sapeur-pompier : vers une chronoprévention des risques." Thesis, Tours, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUR2009.
Full textThe aim of this study was to assess the impact of biological and psychological rhythms on the firefighters (FF) activity. The 1st part of our study was performed on FF’s interventions databases. 24-h pattern of lag time (LT), duration in min between a call and departure of service vehicle for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), and 24 pattern of relative risk of work-related injuries (WRIRR) of FF (which takes into account the number of at-risk FF/unit time), were assessed on a 4y span.. This analysis revealed a 24-h variation in LTOHCA and in WRIRR, with both a nocturnal peak. The stability of the LTOHCA rhythm between years and seasons and its weak relationship with the OHCA 24-h pattern favored the hypothesis of an endogenous component or origin. Moreover, for the same FF population, LTOHCA and WRIRR patterns were positively correlated : the hypothesis of a common mechanism linking performance and accidents seemed to be validated. The 2cd part assessed the differences in τ, of 16 coexisting rhythms of 30 healthy FF of mostly comparable average age, body mass index, career duration, chronotype—morningness/eveningness. Data of the self-assessed 16 circadian rhythms were gathered continuously throughout two 8-d spans, in winter and in summer. The desynchronization ratio (DR: nb of variables with τ≠24.0h/nb of variables x100) served to ascertain coexistence of rather strong and weak circadian oscillators, fro which the gradient reflects interindividual differences in FF’s DR. These différences are consistent with the hypothesis of an inherited origin of a differential propensity to circadian desynchronization. It pointed also the fact that, although a nocturnal trough of WRIRR and LTOHCA was confirmed, the rhythms of performance were inexistants for most of the FF of our study, refuting the classical hypothesis of a standalone link between variations of performance and accidents. These results also put into perspective new possible explanations of black time. We propose the 24 h pattern of WRIRR, particularly of FFs and other highly skilled self-selected cohorts, is more strongly linked to circadian rhythms of fatigue and sleepiness than cognitive performance. Other possible explanations –suppressed expression of circadian rhythms and/or unmasking of ultradian periodicities in cognitive performance in specific circumstances, e.g., highly stressful work, competitive, or life-threatening settings, are also discussed. Furthermore, the whole study allows to consider new paths in chronoprevention of risks in the FF profession, based upon the study of biological, psychological and social rhythms. This study was supported by the Fire Departement of Saône et Loire (France), the French National Fund for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases of the French National Pension Fund for Administrative Division Officials, and was approoved by a regular ethics comittee
Vaconsin, Myriam. "Mobilier ergonomique et contraintes biomécaniques subies par le système musculo-squelettique en posture assise." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2596/.
Full textIt has been shown that the biomechanical stress sustained by the musculo-skeletal system depends on the characteristics of the seated posture and that the workstation (table and chair) is likely to influence the posture. The objective of this thesis was to assess the effect of the workstation parameters on the biomechanical stress sustained by the musculo-skeletal system while seated. To this aim, surface EMG of the main postural muscles and angular position of the osteo-articular chain were recorded under different conditions of height and slope of the seat and table top. The first series of experiments, which investigated the effect of table top height and slope, revealed that a backward slope of the table top induced a weaker flexion of the head and a greater activity of deltoideus pars clavicularis. It also showed that a higher table top was associated with a decrease of head flexion and a greater activity of trapezius pars descendens. The second series of experiments, which was devoted to seat height and slope, showed that a sloping seat induced a lower flexion of thigh, but required a more significant activity of the lower limbs extensor muscles (soleus, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis). The third series of experiments, which focused on table top and seat slope, did not show any significant interaction between these two parameters. Based on these results, it was assumed that sloping surfaces, which are a main feature of ergonomic furniture, favours a more erect posture of the spine, but entails additional loading on the lower (sloping table top) and upper (sloping seat) limbs. As a consequence, their systematic use could not be recommended. In addition, the high inter-individual variability of the results within each experimental condition, suggests that posture is not only a matter of workstation parameters
Balaguier, Romain. "D'une analyse ergonomique en situation réelle de travail à la mise en place d'un programme d'activités physiques adaptées pour la prévention des troubles musculosquelettiques de salariés viticoles." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAS005.
Full textWork related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) affecting the low back do represent one of the most pressing health problems and a major issue among workers in Europe including vineyard workers. It is noteworthy that the negative effects at the individual, employer and societal levels make the prevention of WMSDs affecting the low back a priority target in the viticulture sector. Within this context, the aim of this PhD thesis was to build an effective action to prevent WMSD symptoms of the low back among vineyard-workers.A field ergonomic work exposure analysis was first conducted (i) to question the location and severity of WMSD symptoms and (ii) to objectively quantify the kinematics during pruning activity. Of note, this winter activity was chosen because it represents six months of the annual physical workload. To reach this first sub-objective, two complementary studies were conducted (Studies I and II). In Study I, self-reported musculoskeletal pain ratings confirmed the existing literature that the low back was the most painful anatomical region among vineyard-workers. In addition, two-dimensional video-recordings of pruning activity revealed that vineyard-workers frequently adopt trunk forward bending postures considered as ‘extreme’. In Study II, the use of wireless tri-dimensional inertial sensors further demonstrated that pruning activity was also associated with trunk postures combining forward bending and rotation. On the whole, these two field studies indicated that vineyard-workers adopted trunk postures known to increase the risk of WMSD symptoms over the low back during the performance of pruning activity.Based on these findings, a workplace supervised APA program was subsequently conceived, implemented and evaluated to specifically prevent WDMS symptoms of the low back among vineyard-workers. The APA program was supplementary to classical ergonomic interventions. To achieve this second objective, two complementary studies (Studies III and IV) were conducted in which volunteer vineyard-workers were invited to follow supervised warm-ups and training APA sessions targeting trunk muscle endurance and flexibility, known to decrease in case of WMSD symptoms over the low back. Results of Study III showed the effectiveness of this workplace supervised APA program to increase trunk muscle endurance and flexibility and to decrease pressure pain sensitivity over the low back, hence demonstrating the positive effects of APA on pain mechanisms. Results of Study IV further provided a comprehensive view on how and to what extent the context of the implementation of the APA program and the collaboration between stakeholders were decisive to reach a high compliance rate and were likely to increase the program’s effectiveness.As a whole, this PhD thesis demonstrated that, based on an ergonomic work exposure field analysis, a supervised workplace APA program can help to prevent WMSD symptoms of the low back among vineyard workers. Interestingly, even though the question of sustainability still remains to be assessed, these promising results have convinced other wine-producing companies to integrate this APA program as one component of their health policies already including ergonomic approaches
Malard, Lucile. "Evolution des facteurs psychosociaux au travail et de la santé mentale en période de crise économique dans les populations au travail en France et en Europe." Thesis, Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VERS036V.
Full textSince 2008, the developed countries have had to face a severe economic crisis which could have affected psychosocial working conditions and mental health. The aim of this thesis was to assess the changes in psychosocial work factors and in mental health in the working populations in Europe and in France in times of the 2008 economic crisis, and to study whether these changes were different according to various subgroups of population.Data from European periodical cross-sectional surveys in 30 European countries in 2005 and 2010 (73496 employees) and a national prospective French survey in 2006 and 2010 (5600 workers) were used.Psychosocial work factors displayed mixed changes among European employees between 2005 and 2010, with both deteriorations and improvements, and worsened in France between 2006 and 2010, especially among women. Workers in the countries highly hit by the crisis, younger workers, low-skilled workers and public sector workers were more likely to be affected by these negative changes. No change in mental disorders was found in the French working population. Nevertheless, behaviours and indicators of mental health (alcohol use, smoking, sleep problems and self-reported health) worsened between 2006 and 2010, in particular among younger workers and workers with permanent contract.Prevention policies could be useful to reduce the deterioration of psychosocial working conditions and mental health especially among some subgroups of population most affected by this deterioration
Durrive, Barthélemy. "Usage et fonctionnement d’un corps sans mode d'emploi. Que se joue-t-il entre l’intérieur et l’extérieur du corps dans la constitution d’une "physiologie du travail" (de l’Âge classique à la Belle Époque) ?" Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEN080.
Full textThe phrase “work physiology” (referring to professional work) appeared during the International Hygiene and Demography Congresses between 1900 and 1904. It was first used to call for a brand new research program applying the methods and results of experimental physiology to the study of the body at work in several definite occupations. Creating its first official state-funded laboratory in 1913, this “professional work physiology” tried to launch – by means of well publicized case studies and declarations – a large-scale scientific enterprise for the scientific analysis of human work. The self-proclaimed aim was to rationalize legislation regarding fatigue, settle arguments (between employers and employees) on scientific grounds, and most of all optimize the organization of work. This specific kind of “work physiology” developed t first without the knowledge of Taylor’s research, but as soon as the beginning of the 1910’s, “work physiologists” started announcing that their own studies tended to improve taylorism – as they confirmed its principles while adapting its applications to the specificities of the living organism.This thesis takes the “1900 period” as a starting point in order to show how the scientific debates resulting in the formation of “work physiology” actually have roots in distant history – for the working body has been an object for scientific study since at least the late 17th century. Our hypothesis is as follows: the formation of a “work physiology” raises an important epistemological issue, namely that experts in the organic functioning suddenly analyze the way workers are using their own bodies. Thus, while changing their object, scientists claim that it is possible to evaluate and optimize this use of one’s body from a purely physiological standpoint. This thesis tries to shed light on the source and the evolution of this peculiar idea, throughout the 17th, 18th and 19th century. Focusing on a few famous cases studies in the scientific analysis of human work, we try to show how the modeling practices tend to mix statements about what happens inside the body with what is at stake outside the body, in the real-world work situation.While the facts analyzed here are historical in nature, the question asked to carry out the analysis is philosophical in nature: what can we learn from the motives developed by and the difficulties encountered by these physiologists of a new kind, regarding the claim to dictate a “correct use” of the body solely based on physiological knowledge ? The issue that this dissertation tries to raise boils down to this question: can one assign something like an instruction manual to the living body? – a question fully renewed in the fifties and sixties by the newly formed ergonomics
Dubois, Romain. "Effets de la charge de travail sur la performance et les caractéristiques physiologiques de rugbymen professionnels. Etude longitudinale." Thesis, Pau, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PAUU3029/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis was to quantify the workload (WL) and its evolution over the course of a competitive season, as its influence on performance, physical abilities, injury risk, biochemical and psychological characteristics of professional Rugby union (RU) players. Firstly, we were interested in the quantification of metabolic demands during elite RU games. The main results showed that metabolic power approach represents an interesting alternative to traditional approach to quantify the high-intensity running efforts during RU games. Secondly, preliminary study (study 2) allow to quantify changes in WL (GPS & RPE), physical abilities and biochemical characteristics, throughout a season in back players. Another experimental (studies 3 & 4) protocol allow to complete the results of the 2nd study by integrating the analysis of the changes in psychological characteristics, in injury rates and in game performance. The studies 2, 3 and 4 showed that WL was significantly (p < 0.05) higher during the first part of the season. These studies also demonstrated that competitive WL and the number of severe impacts (>8G) are the main WL parameters that most influence the physiological adaptations in elite RU players. These parameters affect the psychological characteristics, markers of muscle damages (CK) et the number of offensive duels won during the games. These studies also showed that a high volume combined to low-intensity of training contribute to decrease neuromuscular performance (CMJ, DJ tests). Finally, the combination of training including contacts and accumulation of competitive WL may contribute to the appearance of overreaching states (or non-functional overreaching), illustrating by significant decrease in T/C and IGF-1/C ratios
Lebon, Florent. "Efficience du travail mental sur le développement et le recouvrement des capacités motrices : force musculaire et imagerie motrice." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00570124.
Full textLecoeur, Guillaume. "De la gestion des maux au "travail des mots" : contribution à une sociologie historique d'un répertoire sémantique des maux du travail (XVIIème siècle à nos jours)." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CNAM1184/document.
Full textIn recent years, following a period during which suffering occupied a predominant space as a category shaping French public debate, new words have begun to move to the fore when it comes to denouncing workplace ills. Fatigue, stress, burn out, and phsycho-social risks are examples of new categories used today to name worker-experienced harm. While public debate over worker suffering is regularly revisited, the question of the origin of this new repertoire of concepts is problematic. Do these words really reflect the social conditions in which people work? What is at stake discursively and epistemologically when these concepts are used ? To answer these questions, this thesis endeavors to analyze the genealogy of the semantic repertoire of workplace suffering, by bringing particular focus upon the social trajectories of the people who promoted some of its different constituent concepts. By identifying some of the different possible historical and epistemological causes of this repertoire, this thesis offers new methodological and theoretical tools to stabilize and harmonize our commun thinking about work. In this way, it also helps shed light upon the conditions under which a peculiarly sociological approach to work, along with a more general social-science approach, have been able to emerge
Perron, Jean-Sébastien. "Les marqueurs osseux d'activités physiques : une étude des restes humains du cimetière St. Matthew à Québec (XVIIIe et XIXe siècles)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18706.
Full textRecent bioarchaeological research managed to reconstruct physical activities of certain individuals on the basis of traces left on their skeleton. The integration of two indicators gives a good picture of the physical stress applied on the tissues. Consequently, we integrated bone structural adaptation and muscular modification in order to determine the level of physical stress and to establish the dominant limb implied in certain specialized tasks. We selected eighteen mature men out of the skeletal collection from the St. Matthew protestant cemetery in Quebec city. We recorded twelve muscular and tendinous insertions on a four point scale and measured medio-lateral and antero-posterior diameters to produce four activity related markers on the upper and lower limbs. Variations between the group suggest different models of physical behavior, which can be related to broad social categories of workers.
Robin, Francoise. "Pratiques didactiques familiales et scolarisation en milieu populaire : enquête sur le traitement des devoirs scolaires dans des familles précarisées." Thesis, Paris 8, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA080003.
Full textFrom various theoretical models (sociology, psychology, philosophy), this thesis questioned the relationship between socialization patterns and social classes. More specifically, the study concerns the possibility of identifying specific features of written culture and dissemination of school form gathered under the name of "scripturo-scolaires" features, in remote families of the school world. In view of the important academic failure of students from the working-class and of the gradually shared responsibility for this failure to families, we observed parents assisting their child's homework. To go forward in the knowledge of parenting practices in this role attributed to them, the choice fell on the study of the time homework located at the interface of school and family. Analyses allowed to study what parents do with their children homework and what light this support brings in terms of resistance to school domination. The study covers the follow-up of six less stable popular families in French speaking Belgium during a school year. The research allowed to show different modalities of “relation to school” and “relation to learning” arranged in multiple ways in the families. They enable us to not qualify working classes assignment to the single mode of “oralo-pratique” socialization and, thus, to progress in the knowledge of these ones
Palomèque, Christina. "Didactique de l'espagnol dans l'enseignement supérieur : analyse d'un dispositif et évaluation des résultats : l'enseignement/apprentissage entre déterminisme et liberté." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL12015.
Full textWhat are the means that need be put in place for the leaming of Spanish for beginner adults in higher education who receive 12, 15 or 20 hours of face-to-face teaching and who will be evaluated at a B2 level of the Common European Framework of Referencefor Languages ? Within the field of Education Sciences, our approach provides a novel insight into knowledge domains and related disciplines that contribute to the empirical dimensions of the dldactIc sItuatIon. The ensuing theoretical joumey of integrating language lessons into an anthropologIcal. perspectIve, fed by phllosophlcal and neurological science principles, opens up the posslblhtIes for pragmatlc practlces. These include the construction of a language "theory" with empirical aims that incorporates a "probabilist model" of the theory. ln so doing, it constitutes a model of reference for leamers / teachers wanting to establish identifiable strategies for actors in the didactic situation. The linguistic dimension of our research is based on the hypothesis that personal meaning produced by a locutor is an integral part of the individual' s vital Space-Time experience. Based on this common vital experience, we put forward a didactic framework, we cali LA.S.T.R.A.S. (LAnguage, Space, Time, Representation, Autonomy, Strategy). The three initial sequences of LA.S.T.R.A.S. set up the link between the new conventions of a foreign language and its target contexts. Our study evaluated this framework. ln encouraging the construction of foreign language leaming, leamers are offered an explicit representation of constraints that constitutes the knowledge domain they seek to acquire in an authentic awareness of their essential freedom as locutors. This "existential paradox of language production" is a lived situation within an institution concemed with the "knowledge domain of living languages"
Strenna, Laetitia. "Etude des tracas quotidiens des étudiants de Grandes Ecoles : liens avec la santé perçue, la qualité de vie et importance de la prise en compte de l'influence des traits de personnalité et de l'estime de soi." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00836471.
Full textLamargot, Laurent. "L'évolution du contrat psychologique d'une cohorte de jeunes professionnels infirmiers en France : une étude de cas longitudinale." Thesis, Angers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANGE0024/document.
Full textThe health sector has experienced many changes over the last decades which entails a loss of caregivers’ bearings affecting their employment relationship. This thesis is placed along the avenues of research suggested by the literature which highlight the focus put on the consequences of the breach and violation of the psychological contract, neglecting its construction and dynamics. This doctoral work is intended to be a contribution to these less studied aspects through a longitudinal qualitative approach. A year-long case study was carried out with a cohort of 40 newly-graduated nurses who were recruited in 18 French health facilities nationally. The reciprocity of the contract is also considered from the perspective of the management representatives. The data resulting from 219 interviews conducted were complemented with observations and documentary analysis. On the theoretical level, the approach adopted enables the dynamics of the psychological contract to be understood and a model to be proposed; from the anticipated creation, during nursing studies, up to a stabilized phase after a year of professional activity in a care service. On the managerial level, this work suggests possible reasoning for the construction of a sustainable and satisfying employment relationship between the hospital structure and caregivers
Bellefeuille, Sophie. "Évaluation des paramètres biomécaniques qui différencient les manutentionnaires experts et novices durant un transfert de caisses." Mémoire, 2009. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/2630/1/M11190.pdf.
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