Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Travailleuses du sexe – Bénin'
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Batona, Georges. "Promouvoir le dépistage volontaire du VIH chez les travailleuses du sexe au Bénin : développement, mise en oeuvre et évaluation d'une intervention." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27655.
Full textThis research project based on the intervention mapping framework aimed to develop, implement and evaluate an intervention that encourages female sex workers (FSW) to get regularly tested for HIV (every three months) in adapted health services (AS). The research was structured in three phases. The first phase was to identify the factors associated with the intention of FSW to get tested for HIV within the next three months based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Structural equation modeling showed that 55% of the variance in intention is explained by the theoretical model, and that the main predictors sorted in descending order of importance are as follow: perceived behavioral control (β = 0.26; P < 0.001); descriptive norms (β = 0.24; P < 0.001); behavioral beliefs (β = 0.22; P < 0.001); the habit (β = 0.20; P < 0.001); attitude (β = 0.12; P = 0.01); perceived risk (β = 0.07; P = 0.03) and the normative beliefs (β = 20.07; P = 0.03). The second phase focused on the development and implementation of an intervention based on the results from the first phase. The intervention included activities targeting changes at both the individual and environmental levels, through various methods such as motivational counseling, peer education, persuasive communication, capacity building, the reorganization of clinical services, consultation meetings, and strategies adapted to the context of the environment and needs of FSW. The third phase, which aimed to assess the implementation and the effects of the targeted intervention, showed its efficacy in increasing the proportion of FSW who adopt HIV testing every three months. The results point out to a positive and significant relationship between exposure to intervention and the adoption of the desired behavior. When exposure to the activities of the intervention increases by one unit, the odds of adoption of HIV testing among FSW increases by 13% (odds ratio: 1.13; 95 % confidence interval [1.10; 1.14]; p < 0.001). A dose-response relationship is highlighted, showing that the more FSW are exposed to promotion activities, the more likely they adopt HIV testing.
Tounkara, Fatoumata Korika. "Évaluation de l'association entre la violence, le bris du préservatif et l'infection à VIH parmi les travailleuses du sexe au Bénin, Afrique de l'Ouest." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30382/30382.pdf.
Full textObjective: To examine the relationship between violence, condom breakage and HIV prevalence among female sex workers (FSWs). Design: Data were obtained from the 2012 cross-sectional integrated biological and behavioural survey conducted in Benin. Methods: Multivariable log-binomial regression was used to estimate the adjusted prevalence ratios (APRs) of HIV infection and condom breakage in relation to violence towards FSWs. A score was created to examine the relationship between the number of violence types reported and HIV infection. Results: Among the 981 women who provided a blood sample, HIV prevalence was 20.4%. During the last month, 17.2%, 13.5% and 33.5% of them had experienced physical, sexual and psychological violence, respectively. In addition, 15.9% reported at least one condom breakage during the previous week. There was a significant association between all types of violence and HIV prevalence. The APRs of HIV were 1.45 (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.05 - 2.00), 1.42 (95%CI: 1.02 - 1.98), and 1.41 (95%CI: 1.08 - 1.41) among those who had ever experienced physical, sexual and psychological violence, respectively. HIV prevalence increased with the violence score (p=0.002, test for trend), and physical and sexual violence were independently associated with condom breakage (p values 0.010 and 0.003, respectively). Conclusion: The results show that violence is associated with a higher HIV prevalence among FSWs and that condom breakage is a potential mediator for this association. Longitudinal studies designed to analyse this relationship and specific interventions integrated to current HIV prevention strategies are needed to reduce the burden of violence among FSWs. Key words: Violence, condom failure, HIV, female sex workers, sub-Saharan Africa.
Mboup, Aminata. "Prophylaxie pré-exposition (PrEP) pour la prévention du VIH chez les travailleuses du sexe au Bénin." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68401.
Full textHIV infection continues to be a public health burden despite all the prevention and treatment efforts accomplished to date. It is therefore essential to propose new prevention methods to reduce the transmission of HIV. The use of antiretrovirals (ARVs) to prevent the transmission and acquisition of HIV infection seems promising for this purpose. Two prevention methods, early antiretroviral (E-ART) and pre exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) have proven their efficacy in clinical trials but should be evaluated in "real life" outside the framework of clinical trials. The objective of this thesis was therefore to assess the relevance and feasibility of adding these two new prevention methods to the prevention and treatment package currently offered to female sex workers (FSWs) in Benin. In this demonstration project, 361 FSWs were recruited and followed for 12 to 24 months, 105 FSWs for E-ART and 256 FSWs for PrEP. First, key indicators were measured. Uptake was 95.5% for E-ART and 88.3% for PrEP. Retention at the end of the study was 59.0% for E-ART and 47.3% for PrEP. Self-reported adherence to E-ART was higher than self-reported adherence to PrEP, which decreased significantly during follow-up. Additionally, our results do not suggest any risk compensation with PrEP. We then measured PrEP adherence using 3 different measures and compared the trends using generalized estimating equations (GEE). Tenofovir (TFV) concentration in plasma, considered as the gold standard, was compared to self-reports and pill counts. Adherence to PrEP measured by TFV concentration decreased significantly over the course of the study. The pill counts and self-reported measures overestimated adherence. The TFV concentration in plasma appears to be the most appropriate measure for adherence in this high-risk population. However, its high cost limits its systematic use. Finally, we identified the predictors of adherence to PrEP. Older age, shorter duration in the study, and high intention to take PrEP at the start of the study were the only factors associated with adherence. In conclusion, PrEP could be included as a choice in the combined HIV prevention package offered to FSWs in Benin. However, PrEP does not protect against other sexually transmitted infections. It is an individual prevention method for people at high risk of HIV infection for whom traditional means of prevention have not worked or are not adapted. E-ART, on the other hand, could have a great impact for the prevention of HIV at the population level, while significantly improving clinical care for HIV-infected FSWs. However, for the implementation of PrEP and E-ART, the interventions must take into account the reality of FSWs, particularly their mobility to ensure good adherence and retention.
Morin, Laurianne. "Cascades de prévention et de soins du VIH chez les travailleuses du sexe au Bénin, Afrique de l'Ouest." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67318.
Full textBackground & Objectives: Benin has a long-standing history of HIV prevention programs aimed atfemale sex workers (FSWs). Antiretroviral (ARV) treatment is available in Benin since 2002 and a testand-treat strategy was adopted in 2016. We used data from a national survey among FSWs (2017) toassess the prevention and care cascades in this population. Methods: FSWs were recruited through cluster sampling of sex work sites. After informed consent, a questionnaire was administered, and HIV tested with sequential rapid tests whose results were givenback to participants. After a second consent, HIV-positive participants were asked to provide driedblood spots (DBS). DBS were tested for ARV and viral load. We assessed two prevention cascades(HIV testing and safer sex) and the treatment cascade, using a combination of self-reported andbiological variables for defining HIV-positive status knowledge and being on treatment. Results: Mean age of the 1086 FSWs was 30 years. Only half of them were Beninese and two-thirdshad a primary school education level or less. Almost all FSWs had ever heard of HIV/AIDS. 79.1%had ever been tested, and 84.1% of the latter had been tested in the last year. In the previous sixmonths, 90.1% were exposed to prevention messages. Of those, over two thirds (72.8%) had seen a condom demonstration during the same period and 92% of the latter received free condoms in thelast three months. Women exposed to any HIV prevention message (last six months) reported a higherlevel of consistent condom use in the last month (69.0%) than those who were not (48.5%, p<0.0001).HIV prevalence was 7.7%. Among HIV-positive women, 60.6% knew their status; among those,90.5% were on ARV and 81.8% of the latter had a suppressed viral load.Conclusions: Despite long-standing HIV prevention programs for FSWs, the prevention indicators were often low, likely in relation to high FSW mobility, as half of them were migrants. Linkage to carewas good, viral suppression was sub-optimal, but knowledge of HIV-positive status was very low. Exposing women to prevention messages is necessary, as to increase HIV testing and improveadherence counselling towards FSWs on ARV.
Boisvert, Moreau Marianne. "Exploration des éléments influençant la mise en oeuvre, la distribution et l'utilisation des autotests du VIH chez les travailleuses du sexe à Cotonou et ses environs." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69814.
Full textIn Benin, a high burden of HIV is observed in female sex workers (FSWs). Despite the importance given totesting services in HIV control, its uptake among FSWs remains suboptimal in Benin. HIV self-testing (HIVST) may be useful for increasing testing rates in FSWs. We conducted a pilot study of the distribution of HIVST kits among FSWs in Cotonou, Benin. The HIVST distribution model included three complementary strategies: community-based, facility-based and secondary distribution. In this qualitative study, we explored the elements influencing HIVST implementation, distributionand use among FSWs. We conducted 29 semi-structured individual interviews with professional FSWs. Datawere interpreted with a thematic analysis method, using the Theoretical Domains Framework.Only two FSWs (6.9%) were aware of HIVST before participating in the study. All participants were interested inusing HIVST if available in Benin. Many advantages of HIVST were mentioned, such as: autonomy, privacy,discretion, accessibility, rapidity and the fact that it is a painless test. Barriers to the use of HIVST included: the possible unreliability, the lack of psychological support and medical follow-up and the possibility of result dissimulation. Participants thought HIV self-tests were easy to use, and were confident they could use it correctly without assistance. HIVST enabled linkage to care for a few FSW in denial of their HIV-positive status. No case of suicide or violence associated with HIVST was reported. HIV self-tests secondary distribution within FSWs social network was well received. Some FSWs reported using HIVST to practice serosorting or to guide their decisions concerning condom use. Findings indicate that HIVST use and secondary distribution are highly acceptable and feasible among FSWs in Cotonou. Results also demonstrate the feasibility of implementing HIV self-tests distribution of in Benin. HIVST should be available in Benin quickly and free of charge to all individuals at risk of HIV.
Diallo, Mamadou Aliou, and Mamadou Aliou Diallo. "Étude de faisabilité du traitement précoce comme méthode de prévention du VIH chez les travailleuses du sexe à Cotonou, au Bénin." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38095.
Full textLes travailleuses du sexe (TS) restent fortement affectées par l’infection au VIH et jouent un rôle clé dans sa propagation dans la population générale. Cependant la couverture antirétrovirale chez ces dernières reste toujours faible en Afrique en générale, et de l’Ouest et du centre en particulier. En lien avec les recommandations de l’ONUSIDA qui étendent l’accès au traitement antirétroviral à toute personne séropositive indépendamment de son taux de CD4, nous avons lancé ce projet de démonstration du traitement précoce du VIH comme méthode de prévention afin d’évaluer l’acceptabilité, la faisabilité, et l’utilité d’ajouter cette stratégie au paquet actuel de traitement et de prévention chez les TS au Bénin. Tout en évaluant l’acceptabilité et la faisabilité, nous avons mis l’accent sur la réponse au traitement notamment l’adhérence et la suppression de la charge virale, la restauration des taux de CD4 et l’émergence de résistance au traitement. L’étude a inclus 107 TS qui ont été suivies entre 12 et 24 mois. À la fin du suivi, seules 64 sont restées dans l’étude, donnant un taux de rétention de 59,8%. La restauration des taux de CD4 au-delà de 500 cells/μl a été atteinte chez plus de 70% des participantes, tandis que la moyenne géométrique de la charge virale est passée de 12372 copies/ml au début de l’étude à 105,1 copies/ml (p<0,0001) à 12 mois; 95,1 copies/ml (p<0,0001) à 24 mois et à 187,3 copies/ml à l’ensemble des visites finales (p=0,003). De plus, la charge virale supprimée (<1000 copies/ml) ou indétectable (<40 copies/ml) était fortement associée à l’augmentation du niveau d’adhésion thérapeutique auto-rapportée (p de tendance =0,048 et 0,004 respectivement). Plusieurs participantes ont montré des génotypes de résistance au début de l’étude, cependant aucune de ces dernières ayanteu une visite finale n’a montré de résistance clinique lors de cette dernière visite. Compte tenu de la mobilité de ce groupe, des efforts sur la rétention et l’adhérence au traitement, et une collaboration régionale entre les cliniques ISTs dédiées aux TS pourraient faciliter l’implantation et l’impact positif du traitement précoce comme méthode de prévention dans la sous-région.
Female sex workers (FSW) remain highly affected by HIV and play a critical roleinits spread towards the general population, however, antiretroviral treatment coverage in this group still remains very low in west and central African countries. In line with the UNAIDS recommendations extending antiretroviral treatment to all HIV-infected individuals regardless their CD4 count, we carried out this demonstration project of early HIV treatment as prevention (TasP) aiming to assess the acceptability, feasibility, and utility of adding this strategy to the current prevention and treatment packageamong FSW in Cotonou, Benin. While assessing both acceptability and feasibility, we focused on treatment response including CD4 count restoration, adherence to treatment and viral suppression, and emergence of drug resistance. The study included 107 FSW who were followed between 12 and 24 months. At the end of the follow-up 64 remained in the study giving a retention rate of 59.8%. CD4 count recovery above 500 cells/μl was reached in more than 70% of participants. The geometric mean viral load decreased from 12372 copies/ml at baseline, to 105.1 copies/ml (<.0001) at 12 months; 95.1 copies/ml (p <.0001) at 24 months and 187.3 copies/ml at all final visits (p = 0.003). In addition, both suppressed (<1000 copies/ml) and undetectable (<40 copies/ml) viral loads were strongly associated with increasing levels of adherence to treatment (p for trend =0.048 and 0.004 respectively). Resistance mutations were detected in several participants at baseline, but none of those who had a final visit showed clinical resistance. Given the mobility in this group of population, efforts on retention and adherence to treatment, and regional collaboration between FSW-dedicated clinics could facilitate the implementation and positive impact of early treatment as prevention in this population.
Female sex workers (FSW) remain highly affected by HIV and play a critical roleinits spread towards the general population, however, antiretroviral treatment coverage in this group still remains very low in west and central African countries. In line with the UNAIDS recommendations extending antiretroviral treatment to all HIV-infected individuals regardless their CD4 count, we carried out this demonstration project of early HIV treatment as prevention (TasP) aiming to assess the acceptability, feasibility, and utility of adding this strategy to the current prevention and treatment packageamong FSW in Cotonou, Benin. While assessing both acceptability and feasibility, we focused on treatment response including CD4 count restoration, adherence to treatment and viral suppression, and emergence of drug resistance. The study included 107 FSW who were followed between 12 and 24 months. At the end of the follow-up 64 remained in the study giving a retention rate of 59.8%. CD4 count recovery above 500 cells/μl was reached in more than 70% of participants. The geometric mean viral load decreased from 12372 copies/ml at baseline, to 105.1 copies/ml (<.0001) at 12 months; 95.1 copies/ml (p <.0001) at 24 months and 187.3 copies/ml at all final visits (p = 0.003). In addition, both suppressed (<1000 copies/ml) and undetectable (<40 copies/ml) viral loads were strongly associated with increasing levels of adherence to treatment (p for trend =0.048 and 0.004 respectively). Resistance mutations were detected in several participants at baseline, but none of those who had a final visit showed clinical resistance. Given the mobility in this group of population, efforts on retention and adherence to treatment, and regional collaboration between FSW-dedicated clinics could facilitate the implementation and positive impact of early treatment as prevention in this population.
Gbenafa-Agossa, Clémence. "Prévalence et facteurs de risque des infections génitales à Neisseria gonorrhoeae et Chlamydia trachomatis chez les travailleuses de sexe au Bénin en 2003-2004 et évaluation d'un test rapide dans le dépistage de la gonococcie génitale." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18455.
Full textGiguère, Katia. "Mesure objective des rapports sexuels non protégés et caractérisation du sous-rapportage des rapports non protégés chez les travailleuses du sexe au Bénin à l'aide de marqueurs biologiques de l'exposition au sperme." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34010.
Full textUnprotected sex (UPS) is a major risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and must be measured as validly as possible in HIV prevention studies. To date, the questionnaire is the most commonly used tool to assess sexual behaviours. However, self-report of sexual behaviours is subject to recall and desirability biases. The use of biomarkers of recent semen exposure might help to overcome these biases. Prostatespecific antigen (PSA) and Y chromosomal DNA (Yc-DNA) are the most characterized biomarkers of semen exposure. PSA and Yc-DNA can be detected up to two and 14 days following UPS. Over the course of an early antiretroviral therapy (E-ART) and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) demonstration study that was conducted among professional female sex workers (FSW) in Cotonou, Benin, under-reporting of UPS was expected, as well as a change in UPS in the PrEP group. Our objectives were thus to validate self-report of UPS by the means of PSA and Yc-DNA detection; to compare under-reporting of UPS over the last two and 14 days; and to assess trends in UPS in the PrEP group. We also aimed to compare the UPS detection capability of a novel screening test of Yc-DNA, a nested polymerase chain reaction targeting the testis-specific protein Y-encoded family of homologous genes (n-TSPY), to six other commonly used methods to detect recent semen exposure. At baseline of the E-ART/PrEP study and over a 24 months period of follow-up, UPS from the last two and 14 days were assessed every six months by questionnaire and by PSA and Yc-DNA screening. Under-reporting of UPS in the last two or 14 days was defined as reporting no UPS in the last two or 14 days while testing positive for PSA or Yc-DNA, respectively. A robust Poisson regression was used to compare under-reporting over the last two and 14 days. Trends in UPS as measured with the different tools were assessed by the means of a log-binomial regression. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to account for dependence between observations. At baseline, we observed about 20% of under-reporting of UPS among FSW from Cotonou. However, we observed no statistically significant difference between under-reporting in the last two days and under-reporting in the last 14 days. Some of our results suggest that the relative performances of each biomarker to detect UPS over its corresponding recall period are not equal, which might have prevented us to detect a difference in under-reporting over the two recall periods. No trend in UPS was observed in the PrEP group. Finally, using n-TSPY as a reference test, each of six commonly used methods to detect recent semen exposure lacked sensitivity in the detection of RSNP. In conclusion, self-report of UPS is biased and must be cautiously interpreted. A better characterization of the clearance of PSA and Yc-DNA is required in order to better evaluate the potential effect of the recall period length on under-reporting of UPS. The absence of any evidence of a trend in UPS in the PrEP group might suggests that there was no risk compensation over the PrEP demonstration study and that PrEP might be a suitable HIV prevention method to use among FSW. Our trends in UPS analyses also pointed out the necessity to objectively assess UPS by the means of biomarkers and to correct for the potential selection bias when assessing trends in UPS over the course of a longitudinal study with high attrition. Finally, the n-TSPY might be of great utility to detect UPS in observational studies where many factors might accelerate the clearance of the biomarkers.
Gbenafa, Agossa Clémence. "Prévalence et facteurs de risque des infections génitales à Neisseria Gonorrhoeae et Chlamydia Trachomatis chez les travailleuses du sexe au Bénin en 2003-2004 et évaluation d'un test rapide dans le dépistage de la gonococcie génitale." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23891/23891.pdf.
Full textBernard, Audrey, and Audrey Bernard. "Pratiques d'empowerment auprès des travailleuses du sexe : l'expérience du Projet L.U.N.E." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37590.
Full textSelon plusieurs, la stigmatisation constitue la principale difficulté vécue par les travailleuses du sexe (TDS). Considérant que les pratiques d’empowerment paraissent prometteuses pour surmonter les obstacles liés à la stigmatisation, les auteurs suggèrent de documenter les mécanismes associés à la réussite de ce type de pratiques auprès des TDS. Alors que les voix des TDS manquent dans les écrits, cette étude explore le point de vue des participantes et des alliées du Projet L.U.N.E., un groupe d’appartenance, de reconnaissance et de défense des droits « par et pour » des TDS. S’appuyant sur une démarche de théorisation ancrée, cette recherche qualitative et exploratoire documente les processus transformateurs par lesquels les pratiques d’empowerment permettent d’engendrer des retombées. En cohérence avec l’orientation pragmatique et interactionniste de la recherche, une attention est portée à « ce qui fonctionne » pour renverser la stigmatisation. À partir d’entretiens semi-dirigés menés auprès de 9 TDS et 5 alliées, cette étude identifie sept processus transformateurs: 1) Valoriser les TDS en redéfinissant leur image ; 2) Offrir un projet structurant qui permet de « faire de l’ordre dans sa vie » ; 3) Soutenir l’inclusion sociale des TDS en leur offrant un point d’ancrage ; 4) Favoriser la collectivisation en rassemblant les TDS; 5 ) Agir sur les rapports de pouvoir pour faciliter la participation ; 6) Intervenir pour améliorer les conditions de vie ; 7) Renforcer les connaissances et les compétences. Ce mémoire relève également quatre zones de tension inhérentes aux pratiques d’empowerment : l’ambivalence entre identification et distanciation par rapport au travail du sexe ; la conjugaison entre norme et marginalité, le passage du je au nous et le partage du pouvoir entre alliées et TDS. Tout en offrant une meilleure compréhension du processus d’empowerment, ce mémoire dégage des pistes pour améliorer l’intervention auprès des TDS.
According to some researchers, stigmatization is the main problem experienced by sex workers (SWs). Considering that empowerment practices seem promising for overcoming barriers related to stigmatization, the authors suggest documenting mechanisms associated with the success of this kind of practice among SWs. Although SWs’ voices are generally absent from the literature, this study explores the perspectives of the participants and allies of Projet L.U.N.E., a group set up to improve belonging, recognition and advocacy for and by SWs. Based on a grounded theory approach, this qualitative, exploratory study documents the transformative processes whereby empowerment practices create benefits. In accordance with the project’s pragmatic, interactive orientation, attention is focused on “what works” to overcome stigmatization. Based on semi-structured interviews with 9 SWs and 5 allies, this study identified seven transformative processes: (1) enhance SWs’ status by redefining their image ; (2) provide a structuring project that allows them to “get their lives on track” ; (3) support SWs’ social inclusion by giving them an anchor point ; (4) support collectivization by bringing SWs together ; (5) act on relationships of power to facilitate participation ; (6) act to improve living conditions ; and (7) upgrade knowledge and skills. This thesis also reveals four areas of tension inherent in empowerment practices: the ambivalence between identification and distancing in relation to sex work; the relationship between norms and marginality; the transition from “I” to “we”; and power sharing between allies and SWs. This thesis provides a better understanding of the empowerment process and also suggests ways to improve interventions with SWs.
According to some researchers, stigmatization is the main problem experienced by sex workers (SWs). Considering that empowerment practices seem promising for overcoming barriers related to stigmatization, the authors suggest documenting mechanisms associated with the success of this kind of practice among SWs. Although SWs’ voices are generally absent from the literature, this study explores the perspectives of the participants and allies of Projet L.U.N.E., a group set up to improve belonging, recognition and advocacy for and by SWs. Based on a grounded theory approach, this qualitative, exploratory study documents the transformative processes whereby empowerment practices create benefits. In accordance with the project’s pragmatic, interactive orientation, attention is focused on “what works” to overcome stigmatization. Based on semi-structured interviews with 9 SWs and 5 allies, this study identified seven transformative processes: (1) enhance SWs’ status by redefining their image ; (2) provide a structuring project that allows them to “get their lives on track” ; (3) support SWs’ social inclusion by giving them an anchor point ; (4) support collectivization by bringing SWs together ; (5) act on relationships of power to facilitate participation ; (6) act to improve living conditions ; and (7) upgrade knowledge and skills. This thesis also reveals four areas of tension inherent in empowerment practices: the ambivalence between identification and distancing in relation to sex work; the relationship between norms and marginality; the transition from “I” to “we”; and power sharing between allies and SWs. This thesis provides a better understanding of the empowerment process and also suggests ways to improve interventions with SWs.
Biligha, Tolane Patience. "Les travailleuses du sexe chinoises au Cameroun : perspectives anthropologiques sur une migration." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC297.
Full textThis doctoral research deals with Chinese prostitution in Cameroon. The anthropological approach used highlights life trajectories of Chinese sex workers, Cameroonian customers and prostitutes, and sex market organization in the cities of Yaoundé and Douala. Through the prism of these different actors, this thesis provides first of all analysis elements on symbolic and financial debts loads carried by Chinese women. Those both kind of debt they have to bear locks them into sex work, presented by their creditors as the only way to repayment. This study also reveals Chinese prostitutes’ influence on imaginary of sexuality of Cameroonian customers, who have the possibility to perform sexual practices usually rejected by Cameroonian sex workers
Traore, Isidore Tiandiogo. "Prise en charge des travailleuses du sexe confrontées au VIH/sida au Burkina Faso : évaluation d’un paquet d’intervention offert aux jeunes travailleuses du sexe dans la ville de Ouagadougou." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTT036.
Full textBackground: In West Africa, interventions targeting female sex workers (FSW) are crucial to impact on the HIV dynamics. However, the contents and efficacy of these interventions are unclear, and identifying the most at risk FSW in order to adapt these interventions remain challenging, partly because of the limitations of self-reported sexual behaviours. We therefore designed a comprehensive dedicated intervention targeting young female sex workers, and assessed its impact on HIV incidence in Burkina Faso and the reliability of interview data. Methods: From September 2009 to September 2010 we conducted a cross sectional study in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Then HIV-uninfected FSW aged 18-25 years were enrolled in a prospective interventional cohort. The participants were followed quarterly for a maximum of 21 months. The intervention group received a package which combined prevention and care within the same setting, and consisting of peer-led education sessions, psychological support, sexually transmitted infections and HIV care, general routine health care, and reproductive health services. At each visit, behavioural characteristics were collected and HIV, HSV-2 and pregnancy were tested. High-risk behaviour was defined as the first occurrence of any biological event resulting from unsafe sex, including unexpected pregnancy or HSV-2 or T. vaginalis infection. We used random logistic models to assess the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and the residual high risk behaviours during the intervention.We compared the cohort HIV incidence with a Bernoulli modelled expected incidence in the absence of intervention, using data collected at the same time from FSW clients and key parameters from the litterature. Results: We screened 609 FSW including 188 (30.9%) professionals. Their median age was 21 years [IQR, 19-23], and the prevalence of HIV was 10.3% among professionals and 6.5% among non-professionals. Overall, 277 (45.6%) women reported high-risk behaviours (41.2% among professionals and 47.5% among non-professionals), which were driven mainly by non-consistent condom use with regular partners. In multivariable analysis, before the intervention, HIV infection was associated with older age (AOR=1.44; 95%CI: 1.22-1.71), with being married/cohabiting (AOR=2.70; 95%CI: 1.21-6.04), and with T. vaginalis infection (AOR=9.63; 95%CI: 2.93-31.59), while previous HIV testing was associated with a decreased risk (AOR=0.18; 95%CI: 0.08-0.40).The 321 HIV-uninfected FSW enrolled in the cohort completed 409 person-years of follow-up. No participant seroconverted for HIV during the study while the expected modelled number of HIV infections were 5.05 (95%CI, 5.01-5.08) during the same follow-up (409 person-years) or 1.23 infection per 100 person-years (p=0.005). This null incidence was related to a reduction in the number of regular partners and regular clients, and to an increase in consistent condom use with casual clients (AOR =2.19; 95%CI, 1.16-4.14, p=0.01) and with regular clients (AOR=2.18; 95%CI, 1.26-3.76, p=0.005). However, the incidence of residual risk was high, at 26.7/100 person-years (95% CI, 24.1-33.7). The residual risk was higher among FSW living in couple (adjusted odd ratio [AOR] =7.47, 95% CI, 1.70-30.80) and among those for whom sex work was not the main source of income (AOR =5.53, 95% CI, 1.75-16.84). The latter also tended not to report high-risk behaviours during face –to–face interview. Conclusions: This study highlights the need for targeted interventions among young FSW focusing particularly on non-professionals, sexual behaviours with regular partners and regular HIV testing. The ANRS 1222 study intervention package which combined peer-based prevention and care within the same setting markedly reduced HIV incidence among young female sex workers in Burkina Faso, through reduced risky behaviours
Bernard, Laliberté Véronique. "Le passage d'un monde à l'autre : l'expérience des travailleuses du sexe dans l'espace prostitutionnel à Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27436/27436.pdf.
Full textOuedraogo, Mahamadou Lamine. "Prévalence du VIH et facteurs associés chez les travailleuses du sexe de la région sanitaire de l'artibonite à Haïti." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/25031/25031.pdf.
Full textBlanchette, Josée, and Josée Blanchette. "Les travailleuses du sexe à Québec : de la reconnaissance de soi à la reconnaissance sociale - Une ethnographie du Projet L.U.N.E." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/32984.
Full textCe mémoire vise à décrire comment un groupe de travailleuses du sexe et d’ex-travailleuses du sexe, en quête d’une plus grande justice sociale pour elles-mêmes et leurs paires, fait un usage stratégique des droits pour revendiquer une plus grande reconnaissance sociale. Cette recherche est basée sur une ethnographie menée au sein de l’organisme communautaire Le Projet L.U.N.E. qui est un groupe d’appartenance, de reconnaissance et de défense des droits sociaux par et pour des travailleuses du sexe, actives ou non, qui agissent à titre de paires-aidantes à Québec. Elle est fondée sur une anthropologie féministe et sur une anthropologie des droits humains. Une méthodologie de théorisation ancrée nous a amenée à retenir les concepts de genre, de pouvoir d’agir et de vie sociale des droits ainsi que la théorie de la lutte pour la reconnaissance pour nous permettre d’analyser notre problématique. Ainsi, cette recherche examine les dynamiques qui encouragent les participantes du Projet L.U.N.E. à développer leur pouvoir d’agir. Elle identifie les formes de mépris que les travailleuses du sexe peuvent rencontrer au cours de leur vie et elle discute des manières dont le Projet L.U.N.E. agit comme un vecteur de reconnaissance pour les participantes. Finalement, elle présente l’historique du contexte juridico-légal encadrant les activités reliées au travail du sexe et elle expose les différentes formes d’application et d’appropriation des droits humains par des travailleuses du sexe par une analyse des rapports aux droits en tant que pratiques sociales, discursives et performatives. Mots clés : travail du sexe, Québec, pouvoir d’agir, reconnaissance, anthropologie féministe, anthropologie des droits humains, communautaire
Bédard, Emmanuelle. "Rapports de genre, sexualité et comportements à risque des clients et autres partenaires sexuels des travailleuses du sexe de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22928/22928.pdf.
Full textThe aim of the study was to improve the understanding of the role of gender relations and sexuality on sexual behaviour at risk of HIV/AIDS among clients and other sexual partners of female sex workers (FSW) from Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. To this end, two data collection techniques were used. First, 30 qualitative interviews were conducted among clients (24) and boyfriends (6) of FSW covering the context of gender relation, sexuality, prostitution and sexual behaviours. Participants’ discourse analysis highlighted the presence of social and sexual inequality between men and women, inequality which, in a context of socio-economic precariousness, provided an explanation to prostitution phenomena and risky sexual behaviour of participants. Second, 249 questionnaires were administered to clients of FSW. These were used to examine the link between male social and sexual norms (identified by the analysis of qualitative interviews), among other psychosocial factors, and their intention to use condom. Results showed that a majority of clients (77 %) had a high intention to use condom with FSW. Logistic regression analysis showed that the principal determinants of intention to use condom were role beliefs (OR=9,2, 95% CI : 3,7-22,7), self-efficacy (OR=3,9, 95%, IC : 1,9-8,0) and perception of control (OR=3,2, 95% IC : 1,3-8,0). Discriminant analysis was used to identify significant statements of role beliefs and self efficacy. Integration of qualitative and quantitative results highlighted a female and male vulnerability to HIV/AIDS in the prostitution milieu that was embedded into social and sexual gender norms. In particular, we found that the difficulty for some men to control their sexual desire can reduce their intention to use condom with FSW while they would have a more positive intention if the FSW require them to use one. Finally, we gave some suggestions to develop further research and intervention in this prostitution milieu.
Tounkara, Fatoumata Korika. "Prévalence, incidence, persistance et facteurs associés aux infections à virus du papillome humain chez les travailleuses du sexe en Afrique de l’Ouest." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67968.
Full textFemale sex workers (FWs) represent a high-risk group for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the human papillomavirus (HPV). To our knowledge, since 2009, no study has been conducted on the epidemiology of HIV/STIs among FSWs in Mali. Also, there are no available data on the epidemiology of HPV infections in this key population in Mali and Benin.The objectives of this thesis were to (1) assess the prevalence of HIV/STIs and associated factors among FSWs in Bamako, Mali; (2) estimate HPV prevalence, distribution and factors associated with high-risk (HR) HPV infections in FSWs in Bamako (Mali) and Cotonou (Benin), and (3) estimate the incidence and persistence rates of HPV infections in FSWs in the two countries as well as factors related to both incidence and persistence of HR-HPV infections. Cross sectional studies were conducted for objectives 1 and 2, where as a longitudinal study with visits at three time points (baseline, follow-up visits at 6 months and at 12 months) were carried out for objective 3. It took place in Cotonou (Benin) and Bamako (Mali). Sociodemographic, behavioral and gynecological history data were collected. Descriptive statistics were computed. Multivariate log-binomial and Poisson regression models were used to identify factors associated with study outcomes. Overall, 353 FSWs were recruited in Mali; the mean age was 26.8 years. Concerning objective 1, HIV prevalence was 20.4% and 35.1% of FSWs had at least one STI. Factors significantly associated with HIV were older age (trend test, p < 0.0001), sex work duration ≥ 6 years, uneducated status, gonococcal and chlamydial infections (p < 0.05). In addition, younger age (trend test, p = 0.018), number of clients ≥10 during the past week, and HIV infection were significantly associated with other STIs (p < 0.05). Regarding objective 2, HPV data were available for 659 FSWs (309 in Benin and 350 in Mali). The overall HPV prevalence rates were 95.5% in Benin and 81.4% in Mali. The three most common HPV types among FSWs in Benin were HPV58, HPV16, and HPV52; this order was HPV16, HPV51, and HPV52 in Mali. In Benin, the main factors associated with HR-HPV infections were vaginal douching and gonococcal infection (p < 0.05), whereas in Mali, these factors were duration of sex work < 1 year and HIV infection (p < 0.05). Concerning objective 3, the 12-month participation rate was 51.6%, but retention for at least one follow-up visit was 68.6% (51 women not attending the 6-month follow-up visit came back at 12 months). The highest incidence rates of HR-HPV over 12 months occurred with HPV59, HPV16 and HPV35 (≥ 6.3 cases per 1000 women-months). Factors associated with HR-HPV incidence were sex work duration ≤ 1 year and HIV infection (p < 0.05). The highest HR-HPV persistence rates were observed for HPV59, HPV51/HPV52 and HPV35 (≥ 28.6%). Risk factors for HR-HPV persistence were age < 20 years or ≥ 50 years (p < 0.05); HIV and chlamydial infections as well as infection with multiple HPV types at baseline (p <0.05). In conclusion, FSWs in these West African countries are characterized by high HIV/STI prevalence, and by high rates of HPV prevalence, incidence and persistence. These data suggest the need to reconsider the conceptual framework of STI/HIV (including HPV) prevention programs aimed at FSWs in order to prevent cervical cancer among them and break the transmission chain of these STIs to the general population.
Comte, Jacqueline. "Représentations personnelles et expérience émotionnelle de la sexualité chez des femmes offrant des services d'escorte." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28010.
Full textEven though sexuality is at the heart of sex work, research has not yet focused on how sex workers experience it. It is therefore from ideological positions that different discourses argue about the moral, emotional and sexual consequences arising from the sale of sexual services, some maintaining that there is necessarily an alienation, others saying this is not the case. The aim of this study was to better understand, through testimonies from women offering or having offered escort services, how their experience of sexuality is constructed and organized. I thus individually met with 16 participants through two semi-directed interviews in order to explore the representations and the emotional experience they have regarding sexuality. The first interview focused on the perception and experience that the participants have regarding sexuality within the frame of paid sexual performances as well as during personal sexual relationships. The second interview gave space for an in-depth exploration of these themes through a discussion of their experience of eroticism in its genital and fusion aspects, of their feeling of femininity and, finally, of the way they interact in their daily life with men and women. Data analysis has been done using grounded theory methodology. The sample is mainly composed of women pursuing or accepting sexual pleasure during the paid performance of sexuality, while also including some participants who avoid feeling sexual pleasure in this circumstance. Participants from this sample chose, among different work possibilities that were offered to them, to engage themselves in the sex industry. Furthermore, most of them offer their services as independents, thus exerting more control over their work conditions than those working as employees. Results show that the emotional experience felt during a paid performance of sexuality is linked to the type of representations regarding sexuality that is being held by the sex worker. Those who pursue or accept sexual pleasure share a set of representations in which sexuality is perceived as holding the possibility of being healthy, nourishing and satisfying when expressed outside love relationships and within the frame of paid services. They believe in the legitimacy of their services and wish to bring wellness to the clients they encounter. Doing emotion work of “deep acting” (Hochschild, 1983) and creating a professional space of “bounded authenticity” (Bernstein, 2007), they put emphasis on the creation of an empathetic contact with the client, investing a part of themselves in this contact and feeling at ease regarding the increase in sexual arousal that is happening for the client as well as regarding the one that they are experiencing within themselves. As a result, they experience different types of pleasure from their work (regarding work well done; related to sexual performance; sexual pleasure) as well as a feeling of personal satisfaction and even of personal self-accomplishment through work. For their part, participants who avoid sexual pleasure share another set of representations in which sexuality is perceived as having to be expressed only within a love relationship in order to remain moral and normal. They engage themselves in sex work for its good income but, in order to maintain the significance of sexuality as an expression of the lovers' bond, they have to ensure that work sex is emptied of all similarities with private sex. The emotion work they perform is completely different from the first group. They do “surface acting” (Hochschild, 1983), playing a role in which they pretend to be sexually interested in the client while avoiding all sexual sensations as well as all emotional contact with him. They dissociate from the role but this distancing does not protect them from shame and disgust, and the encounter becomes stressful and displeasing. They therefore experience their work as being alienating even though it brings good income. In sum, this study identified two different sets of personal representations of sexuality and of sex work, these being linked to two different processes of emotion work which, in turn, lead to two different types of experiences regarding work, whether of pleasure and personal satisfaction or of displeasure and alienation.
Baptiste, Françoise. "Exploration de l'influence de la drogue sur l'alimentation des femmes travailleuses du sexe de rue et utilisatrices de drogues par injection de Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/26697/26697.pdf.
Full textParriault, Marie-Claire. "Connaissances, attitudes et pratiques vis-à-vis du VIH et des IST parmi les travailleuses du sexe en Guyane et à Oiapoque, Brésil." Thesis, Guyane, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015YANE0006/document.
Full textThe HIV epidemic in French Guiana is often described as generalized. However, some vulnerable groups appear particularly affected. Among these groups, female sex workers hold a special place because of the frequency of transactional relationships in the region. These sexual‐economic exchanges go beyond the borders since many customers from French Guiana solicit female sex workers in Oiapoque, the Brazilian border town. Despite the potential importance of sex work in the HIV epidemic, there is scarce data on the subject in the area.The main objective of this study was to address this knowledge gap and to describe the knowledge, attitudes and practices among female sex workers in French Guiana and Oiapoque in order to optimize and subsequently evaluate prevention.The results of the survey conducted in French Guiana and Oiapoque in 2010 and 2011 highlighted a number of events promoting the spread of the epidemic among female sex workers, but also promoting the spread of the epidemic in the general population. Thus, condom use was not always adequate. Although it was consistent with the customers, it was much less with intimate partners, in a common multiple sexual partnerships context. The HIV screening rate was particularly low in Oiapoque as well. Beyond the individual aspect, the structural framework clearly impacted the vulnerability of female sex workers. Thus, the non‐availability of treatment in Oiapoque, the precariousness in which people live and the legislative framework of the two countries are major barriers to female sex workers’ support.Different levels of understanding are necessary to disentangle the complexity of behaviors facing the risk of transmission of HIV among female sex workers. Prevention must be considered at each level, not only at the individual level, to be effective. Furthermore, prevention must be considered more generally to provide an efficient response to the HIV epidemic by combining behavioral, biomedical and structural prevention elements
Chrétien, Amélie. "Intervention et prise en charge: Étude de cas d'un programme éducatif destiné à des travailleuses du sexe et des survivantes d'agression sexuelle Philippines." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26607.
Full textLegendre-Dugal, Marianne. "Association entre l'utilisation d'un traitement pour les infections transmises sexuellement et une utilisation moindre du condom chez les travailleuses du sexe en Inde du Sud." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26195.
Full textOur study was part of the evaluation of the Avahan HIV prevention program targeted at female sex workers (FSW) in India. Treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) was part of the strategies used in this program. We assessed whether having received a treatment was associated with consistent condom use (CCU). This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2006-2007 among 1378 FSWs in five Indian districts. Reported CCU was lowest among FSWs who had received ≥3 treatments in the last three to 12 months with their new or occasional clients [Adjusted prevalence ratio (APR): 0.70, 95% Confidence interval (95%CI): 0.57-0.84] and for the most recent repeat client (APR 0.63, 95%CI: 0.51-0.78). Further research on the causal link between those two variables is warranted.
Cisse, Daouda. "Surveillance de seconde génération du VIH chez les travailleuses du sexe et leurs partenaires sexuels masculins au Sénégal : étude dans deux zones d'intervention du Projet SIDA 3." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23649/23649.pdf.
Full textPrelipceanu, Raluca-Gabriela. "Une approche en termes de genre de la mobilité du travail : migration et normes sociales : Une application au cas de la Roumanie." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010012.
Full textGuedou, Fernand Aime. "Étude des anomalies de la flore vaginale : Facteurs de risque, prédicteurs de la récurrence et association avec l'infection à VIH chez des travailleuses du sexe recrutées dans un essai clinique en Inde et dans deux pays africains." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29589/29589.pdf.
Full textObjectives: The present work consisted in the secondary analysis of data from female sex workers (FSW) recruited at two African and two Indian sites, in the context of a clinical trial on the cellulose sulfate vaginal gel, and had as objectives: 1) to identify risk factors for intermediate vaginal flora (IVF) and bacterial vaginosis (BV), 2) to study the association between vaginal flora abnormalities and HIV infection, 3) to identify predictors of recurrence of BV. Methods: The study included two cross-sectional and one longitudinal analyses. Both cross-sectional analyses used socio-demographic, behavioral and biological data from the screening visit of 1367 participants. The first cross-sectional analysis combined the dichotomous and polytomous logistic regressions to examine risk factors for the IVF in connection with those for BV, while the second analysis used the log-binomial regression to investigate the association between abnormal vaginal flora and HIV. The longitudinal analysis used baseline and follow-up data from 440 FSW enrolled in the clinical trial and used Andersen-Gill proportional hazard model to identify predictors of BV recurrence. Results: IVF shares most of its risk or protective factors with BV, and this supports the idea that both are parts of the same disease. Risk factors common to BV and FVI, and particularly those which are more strongly associated with IVF than with BV, are unlikely to be revealed by dichotomous regressions grouping IVF and normal flora as reference category. IVF was associated with HIV infection as strongly as BV with adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) = 1.56 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.22 to 1.98] and aPR = 1.48 (95% CI = 1.20 to 1.84) respectively. Finally, recent vaginal douching and consistent condom use (CCU) with regular partner proved to be the main predictors of recurrence of BV with adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.30 (95% CI = 1.02 - 1.64) and aHR = 0.68 (95% CI = 0.49 to 0.93) respectively. Conclusion: The dichotomization of abnormal vaginal flora isolating IVF from BV needs to be reconsidered. IVF should be considered alongside BV and treated as such in preventive strategies which should focus on the adverse effects of vaginal douching and the protective effect of CCU with all types of sexual partners.
Guédou, Fernand Aimé. "Étude des anomalies de la flore vaginale : facteurs de risque, prédicteurs de la récurrence et association avec l'infection à VIH chez des travailleuses du sexe recrutées dans un essai clinique en Inde et dans deux pays africains." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23717.
Full textObjectives: The present work consisted in the secondary analysis of data from female sex workers (FSW) recruited at two African and two Indian sites, in the context of a clinical trial on the cellulose sulfate vaginal gel, and had as objectives: 1) to identify risk factors for intermediate vaginal flora (IVF) and bacterial vaginosis (BV), 2) to study the association between vaginal flora abnormalities and HIV infection, 3) to identify predictors of recurrence of BV. Methods: The study included two cross-sectional and one longitudinal analyses. Both cross-sectional analyses used socio-demographic, behavioral and biological data from the screening visit of 1367 participants. The first cross-sectional analysis combined the dichotomous and polytomous logistic regressions to examine risk factors for the IVF in connection with those for BV, while the second analysis used the log-binomial regression to investigate the association between abnormal vaginal flora and HIV. The longitudinal analysis used baseline and follow-up data from 440 FSW enrolled in the clinical trial and used Andersen-Gill proportional hazard model to identify predictors of BV recurrence. Results: IVF shares most of its risk or protective factors with BV, and this supports the idea that both are parts of the same disease. Risk factors common to BV and FVI, and particularly those which are more strongly associated with IVF than with BV, are unlikely to be revealed by dichotomous regressions grouping IVF and normal flora as reference category. IVF was associated with HIV infection as strongly as BV with adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) = 1.56 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.22 to 1.98] and aPR = 1.48 (95% CI = 1.20 to 1.84) respectively. Finally, recent vaginal douching and consistent condom use (CCU) with regular partner proved to be the main predictors of recurrence of BV with adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.30 (95% CI = 1.02 - 1.64) and aHR = 0.68 (95% CI = 0.49 to 0.93) respectively. Conclusion: The dichotomization of abnormal vaginal flora isolating IVF from BV needs to be reconsidered. IVF should be considered alongside BV and treated as such in preventive strategies which should focus on the adverse effects of vaginal douching and the protective effect of CCU with all types of sexual partners.
Gallot, Fanny. "Les ouvrières : pratiques et représentations (des années 1968 au très contemporain)." Phd thesis, Université Lumière - Lyon II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00769646.
Full textSabourin-Poirier, Catherine. "Étude du niveau de B Lymphocyte Stimulator (BLyS) et de son impact sur les lymphocytes B en relation avec l’infection et la résistance au virus d’immunodéficience humaine (VIH) chez des travailleuses du sexe au Bénin." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16275.
Full textHIV infection leads to B cell dysregulations that disrupt efficient immune responses. Detected early after infection, these dysregulations are lasting, are not totally resolved by therapy and often lead to auto-immune defects. We have shown that excess BLyS in plasma and on the surface of blood dendritic cells (DC) of HIV-infected progressors coincides with B cell dysregulation and increased frequency of “precursor” innate marginal zone (MZ)-like B cells. In contrast, BLyS levels were normal in elite-controllers and frequency of precursor MZ-like B cells was unaltered. Instead, percentages of MZ-like B-cells presenting a more “mature” profile were decreased in the blood of these individuals, suggesting peripheral recruitment of these cells could be beneficial to the control of disease progression. Based on this, we hypothesize that control of BLyS status and innate B cells could be relevant to the understanding of natural immunity to HIV. We previously established an ongoing cohort of heavily HIV-exposed female commercial sex workers (CSWs) in Cotonou (Benin) and identified individuals who remain HIV-uninfected after several years of active prostitution. Herein, we have measured BLyS levels in the blood and cervico-vaginal lavages (CVLs) of HIV-uninfected CSWs and have compared them to those of HIV-infected CSWs and control uninfected non-CSWs. We found that BLyS levels in the blood and CVLs of HIV-uninfected CSWs were lower when compared to HIV-infected CSWs and even to controls. BLyS surface expression on T-cells, monocytes, and DC of HIV-uninfected CSWs was increased, but to a significantly lower extent than those measured in HIV-infected CSWs, albeit higher than controls. In HIV-infected CSWs, high BLyS levels were concomitant with a dysregulated blood B-cell compartment, characterized by hyperglobulinemia, increased frequency of populations presenting immature and/or innate profiles and a higher proportion of IgG+ than IgA+ plasmablasts. In contrast, contained BLyS levels in the blood of HIV-uninfected CSWs coincided with a rather preserved B-cell compartment, which reveals that “mature” MZ-like B-cells could be involved in natural immunity against HIV. These results highlight the importance of a better understanding of B cell populations and BLyS in the context of HIV resistance.
"Prévalence et facteurs de risque des infections génitales à Neisseria Gonorrhoeae et Chlamydia Trachomatis chez les travailleuses du sexe au Bénin en 2003-2004 et évaluation d'un test rapide dans le dépistage de la gonococcie génitale." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23891/23891.pdf.
Full textChevrier, Claudyne. "Citoyenneté, identité et mobilisation communautaire autour du VIH dans une organisation de travailleuses du sexe au Karnataka, en Inde." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8922.
Full textThis thesis questions the present and future possibilities for concerted actions to challenge social exclusion structures affecting social groups designated as being at risk, in part by making them more vulnerable to HIV infection. In India, the increasing attention given to sex workers (SW) by public health instances in HIV prevention contributes in shaping the identities of the targeted groups as associated to the epidemic and its prevention. The acceptance and reorganization of this label of SW act as basis for the organization of collective efforts for a SW organization in Mysore, in the state Karnataka. The members of this collective, named Ashodaya, use concerted actions to question the limits of these assigned labels (with attempts to defuse certain dynamics of social exclusion associated with stigmatization), and impose itself as a group of full-fledge citizens by including themselves in civil life as citizens representing an occupation, and not as marginalized individuals or “representative” of a disease. The inclusion of Ashodaya in the HIV prevention efforts offers an access to human and material resources that would not be otherwise available. However, it also limits its action possibilities in restricting its participation to prevention. The particular context of the engagement and the program of Avahan, Indian chapter of the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation, highlight the fragility of the work of groups like Ashodaya.
Ouedraogo, Mahamadou Lamine. "Prévalence du VIH et facteurs associés chez les travailleuses du sexe de la région sanitaire de l'artibonite à Haïti /." 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/25031/25031.pdf.
Full textBatraville, Laurie-Anne. "Étude des immunoglobulines G dirigées contre l’enveloppe du VIH-1 dans des spécimens vaginaux et sanguins de travailleuses du sexe béninoises." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12123.
Full textObjective: Characterization of the immune correlates of protection against HIV infection is crucial for the development of preventive strategies. This study examined HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) specific IgG in systemic and mucosal compartments of female Beninese commercial sex workers (CSWs). Design: 23 HIV-1-positive and 20 highly-exposed HIV-1-seronegative (HESN) CSWs were studied. Methods: HIV-1-Env specific IgG detection in sera and cervico-vaginal lavages (CVLs) from the study population was done by cell-based ELISA. The HIV neutralizing activity was evaluated with a neutralization assay. HIV-1 specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) response of the cohort was measured with a FACS-based assay evaluating the ADCC-mediated elimination of gp120-coated target cells. Results: No anti-HIV-1-Env-specific IgG, neutralizing or ADCC activities were detected in samples from HESN CSWs. Samples from HIV-1-infected CSWs presented ADCC activity in both sera and CVLs. Anti-Env IgG from sera and CVLs from HIV-1-infected CSWs preferentially recognized the Env in its CD4-bound conformation. Conclusion: Theses results demonstrate for the first time that HIV-1-infected CSWs have ADCC-mediating IgG that preferentially recognize Env in its CD4-bound conformation at the mucosal site.
Aho, Joséphine. "Prévention du VIH chez les femmes travailleuses du sexe de Conakry, République de Guinée : conseil dépistage volontaire, comportements à risque et infections sexuellement transmissibles." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5276.
Full textBackground: Female sex workers (FSW) constitute the population most at risk for HIV infection in many countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. Several interventions have been implemented in this population to reduce the risk of infection. These interventions include the promotion of condom use and the screening and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STI). However, some components are poorly represented among the interventions offered to FSW. Voluntary counselling and testing could be a useful intervention of primary and secondary prevention for this population but the acceptability of this intervention by FSW is little-known. In addition, in terms of surveillance of the epidemics, the evaluation of the validity of self-reported condom use is important as this indicator is frequently used in population surveys. More information is also needed about the importance of the desire for children in using inconsistently condoms with the main non-paying regular partner. Finally, the prevalence of STIs such as HPV-16 and the combined impact of sociodemographic, behavioural and preventive factors on HIV/STIs infection in this population need to be assessed. Objectives: The objectives of this thesis are 1) to measure the acceptability and the consequences of voluntary HIV counselling and testing among FSW in Conakry, Guinea; 2) to assess the validity of self-report condom use in this population through a biological indicator of semen, the prostate specific antigen (PSA); 3) to measure condom use with clients and non-client partners of FSW and to study the importance of the desire for children in inconsistent condom use with the main regular non-client partner and 4) to measure the prevalence of STIs and HIV and the socio-demographic, behavioural and preventive factors related to these infection outcomes. Methodology: We conducted a longitudinal study in the city of Conakry, Guinea among 421 FSW recruited in three health centers adapted for FSW. A longitudinal mixed design allowed for quantitative and qualitative data collections at baseline and one year later. Biological screening tests for STIs and HIV were performed. Results: The first article presented in this thesis showed that the acceptability of voluntary counselling and testing is high among FSW. The acceptance rate of testing, the return rate for results and disclosure of HIV status were close to 100%. This acceptability seemed to be the result of a high risk perception of HIV infection and of social pressure on FSW by the sex work stakeholders to undergo testing and to disclose their serostatus. Negatives consequences to VCT were rare. The second paper showed that self-reported recent condom use had a very low sensitivity when compared to the gold standard. Thus, most women in whom the PSA was found did not report any recent unprotected intercourse. The discrepancy between self-reported recent condom use and the presence of PSA was associated with a perceived high risk of HIV infection. The third section showed that while condom use was very common with clients, it was much less with non-client regular partners. The desire for pregnancy among SW contributed significantly to inconsistent condom use with this type of sexual partner. Socio-demographic characteristics, behavioural factors and co-infection with other STIs were associated with the presence of STIs and HIV, which were common despite all the interventions that were conducted in this population. Conclusion: In conclusion, HIV prevention among FSW is a challenge requiring the development of integrated strategies that take into account the commercial context in which these interventions are implemented but also FSW’s childbearing aspirations.
Souleye, Saadé. "Surveillance de seconde génération du VIH/SIDA chez les travailleuses du sexe et leurs partenaires sexuels dans la communauté urbaine de Niamey au Niger /." 2004. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=766857031&sid=21&Fmt=2&clientId=9268&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Full textFourcade, Lyvia. "L’immunité naturelle contre le VIH-1 est associée à un profil tolérogénique dans la muqueuse génitale des travailleuses du sexe béninoises hautement exposées et séronégatives (HESN)." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24608.
Full textMost HIV-1 infections are acquired through heterosexual intercourse. In sub-Saharan Africa, 71% of global infections are observed and 60% of new HIV-1 infections affect women. The female genital tract (FGT) constitutes a main portal of entry for HIV-1 and plays an important role in protecting the host against pathogens while maintaining a tolerance to a commensal flora. FGT immunity involves genital epithelial cells as well as dendritic cells (DCs) and many other types of immune cells which confer protection, through the production of chemokines and cytokines. We established a cohort of commercial sex workers (CSWs) in Benin and identified HIV-1 highly exposed seronegative (HESN) individuals, who remain uninfected after more than seven years of active prostitution. These HESN individuals being an exceptional model of natural immunity against HIV-1, the aim of our project is to characterize immune cells involved in protection from HIV-1 infection, in the female genital tract. We hypothesize that maintenance of low inflammatory conditions in the FGT of HESN women helps to prevent excessive immune activation likely preserving the mucosal barrier integrity and would help to maintain a protection against HIV infection. Previous studies of Beninese and Kenyan HESN have shown that these women have a low inflammatory profile in their lower FGT. Accordingly, we found that vaginal mucosa of HESN had lower soluble BLyS/BAFF levels when compared to HIV-infected CSWs (CSWs+ HIV+). BLyS/BAFF is highly recognized for its role in B-cell ontogenesis, as well as cell fate decision towards the innate marginal zone (MZ) B-cell pool. For the first time, we report the presence of genital MZ-like CD1c+ B-cells that naturally bind to fully glycosylated gp120 in the vaginal mucosa. However, CD1c+ B-cells expressing IgG are increased in the lower FGT of CSWs+ HIV+ when compared to HESN, suggesting that these cells could contribute to the hyperglobulinemia observed in the lower FGT of CSWs+ HIV+. The low levels of BLyS/BAFF found in the vaginal mucosa of HESN thus appear to preserve homeostasis of the FGT B cell compartment and CD1c+ B-cells. In addition, we detect a reactivity of IgG1 to HIV-gp41 in cervico-vaginal lavages (CVL) supernatants of HESN, which could contribute to their natural immunity. Epithelial cells and DCs are one of the earliest cell types to sense the virus in the FGT. They play a key role in the orchestration of immune responses. We characterized a "tolerogenic" endocervical myeloid HLA-DR+CD14+CD11c+ population expressing HLA-G, ILT4, CD103 and high levels of IFN-α and IL-10, that was increased in the cervix of HESN when compared to CSWs+ HIV+. In addition, frequencies of Tregs/Tr1 cells were also increased in HESN. We believe that DCs contribute to maintaining low inflammatory conditions in the FGT of HESN, preventing excessive immune activation and preserving the integrity of the mucosal barrier to maintain a protection/control against the virus. These data reflect both an antiviral response and a contribution to the control of inflammatory conditions in the FGT of HESN. To better understand the nature of tolerogenic myeloid cells, we wanted to derive monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs). However, derivation of blood MoDCs was impaired in HESN. As a result, we decided to characterize the transcriptomic profile of total blood monocytes. Preliminary results appear to demonstrate the possible role of NR4A nuclear receptors in MoDCs modulation, and possibly in tolerogenic myeloid cells in HESN. Overall, our results contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms established by HESN in natural immunity to HIV-1.
"Surveillance de seconde génération du VIH chez les travailleuses du sexe et leurs partenaires sexuels masculins au Sénégal. Étude dans deux zones d'intervention du Projet SIDA 3." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23649/23649.pdf.
Full textLiénart, Cécile. "Concilier travail et famille : l'adéquation entre les politiques et la situation des travailleuses atypiques au Québec." Mémoire, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4126/2/M12139.pdf.
Full textGeraldo, Nassirou. "Évaluation de la prévalence du VIH, de Neisseria gonorrhoeae, de Chlamydia trachomatis, des caractéristiques sociodémographiques et des comportements sexuels des clients masculins des travailleuses de sexe au Bénin /." 2004. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=885679051&sid=6&Fmt=2&clientId=9268&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Full textAhoyo, Arsène Bienvenu. "Prévalence du VIH et des infections génitales à gonocoque et à chlamydia et les facteurs associés chez les travailleuses du sexe au Bénin dans le cadre de l'enquête de surveillance de seconde génération /." 2004. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=845761401&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=9268&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Full textCouture, Marie-Claude. "Comportements sexuels à risque, VIH/ITS et violence dans les milieux prostitutionnels de St-Marc et Gonaïves, Haïti." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/2778.
Full textMale clients of FSWs are a high risk group for HIV and are considered a “bridge” of transmission between FSWs and women in the general population, through unprotected sex. In spite of their high risk behaviours, clients of FSWs have rarely been studied and they have been the target of few interventions. Therefore, the specific objectives of this thesis were to examine 1) estimate the prevalence of HIV, syphilis and HSV-2 (herpes simplex virus 2) infections and their associated risk factors among clients of FSWs in Haiti, to 2) examine the determinants of intention to condom use, and 3) estimate the prevalence of violence towards their intimate partners and its association with sexual risky behaviours. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 378 clients visiting commercial sex sites in St-Marc and Gonaives, in Haiti. A structured questionnaire and dried blood spot samples were used to collect the behavioural and biological data. Our first research paper found that HIV/STI prevalence was remarkably high among clients of FSWs. These men had many sex partners and condom use differed, depending on the category of partner. Multivariate analysis indicated that clients who had tried marijuana, were practicing Voodoo, had a history of STI or were infected with HSV-2 were more often HIV-positive. Living in Gonaives, not being Protestant, being employed, and having tried marijuana were associated with syphilis infection. Older clients, residents of Gonaives and Voodoo practitioners were more likely to be infected with HSV-2. The second article revealed that subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and attitudes were predictors of intention to use condoms within this population. Clients having had a previous STI and who used condoms the last time they had sexual intercourse with a FSW were more likely to have the intention to use them in the future. The last article showed that prevalence of lifetime IPV was high among clients of FSWs. Moreover, history of emotional and physical IPV were strong predictors of inconsistent condom use with the different sexual partners. The fact that these abusive men are also more likely to be infected with an STI puts their sexual partners at high risk of infection. In summary, this study suggested that clients of FSWs likely act as a bridge population facilitating the spread of HIV/STI throughout the general population in Haiti and that violence seemed to play a role in the transmission. Our findings highlight the importance of STI/HIV prevention interventions addressing this vulnerable population, including gender-based violence.